2- 3 cover

^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh ,d =kSekfld if=kdk
gSA bl if=kdk dk eq[; mís'; gS f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa] 'kSf{kd iz'kkldksa rFkk 'kks/drkZvksa dks
,d eap iznku djuk] f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa tSlsμf'k{kkn'kZu] f'k{kk euksfoKku] f'k{kk dh
ledkyhu leL;k,a] ikB~;Øe ,oa izfof/ lacaèkh uohu fodkl] varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij f'k{kk dk
Lo:i] fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa f'k{kk dh fLFkfr vkfn ij ekSfyd rFkk vkykspukRed fparu dks izksRlkfgr
djuk vkSj f'k{kk ds lq/kj vkSj fodkl dks c

ifj"kn~ dh ^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* ,oa ^izkbejh f'k{kd*
=kSekfld if=kdkvksa ds xzkgdksa] ikBdksa rFkk ys[kdksa ls fuossnu
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh mYysf[kr nks =kSekfld if=kdk,a f'k{kk
txr esa jk"Vªh; Lrj rFkk jkT; Lrj ij gks jgs vusd iz;ksxksa] vuqla/kuksa] dk;ZØeksa o
xfrfof/;ksa dks ikBdksa rd igq¡pkus osQ lqxe ekè;e gSaA bu if=kdkvksa dk izdk'ku
fo'ks"k :i ls fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa dk;Zjr f'k{kkfonksa] f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa
rFkk ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa dks lefiZr gSA buosQ izR;sd laLdj.k esa ,sls uohure ys[kksa
osQ izdk'ku dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS tks 'kSf{kd uhfr;ksa ls lacafèkr gksa] xq.kkRed
lqèkkj dh fn'kk esa mYys[kuh; iz;ksx gkas] vf/xe dks lq#fpiw.kZ rFkk xzkÞ; cukus dh
fn'kk esa futh vuqHko vFkok 'kks/ dk;Z gksa] fofHkUu 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa osQ fooj.k gksa]
f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k laca/h izHkkoh lkexzh gksA 'kSf{kd mi;ksfxrk ls ;s if=kdk,¡ vR;Ur
egRoiw.kZ gSa rFkk ifj"kn~ bUgsa ewy ykxr ls Hkh cgqr de dher ij ikBdksa dks miyC/
djkrh gSA
bu if=kdkvksa ds fy, mRÑ"V Lrj osQ f'k{kkizn izHkkoh ys[k lg"kZ Lohdkj fd,
tkrs gSa rFkk muosQ izdk'ku osQ mijkar leqfpr ekuns; nsus dh Hkh O;oLFkk gSA ys[k dh
fo"k;oLrq 2500 ls 3000 'kCnksa esa ;k vf/d Vafdr :i esa gksuk okaNuh; gSA ;fn
ys[kd vius ys[kksa osQ lkFk lhMh ;k Ýyksih vkSj Lo;a dk bZ- esy dk irk Hkst losaQ
rks lqfo/k gksxhA Ñi;k vius ys[k fuEu irs ij Hkstsa μ
foHkkxkè;{k (if=kdk izdks"B)] izdk'ku foHkkx
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016
vè;{k] izdk'ku foHkkx }kjk jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh
110 016 ds fy, izdkf'kr rFkk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- }kjk eqfnzrA

ISSN 0972-56
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk
o"kZ 30 vad 4 vizSy 2010
bl vad esa
laikndh; 3
f'k{kk dk foLrkj & johanzukFk VSxksj 5
21oha lnh esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk & Lkquhrk oqQekjh ukxj ,oa
oqQN leL;k,¡ oqQN lek/ku vfUofr flag 14
lh[kus dk feFkd & tkWu gkWYV 23
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk 'kks/ dh voLFkk & 'kadj 'kj.k 30
'kkafr f'k{kk ,oa fo|ky;kssa eas 'kkafr laLo`Qfr & vkyksd xkfMZ;k ,oa
dh vo/kj.kkμoqQN fopkj.kh; fcUnq Ikq"is'k ikBd 45
v¡xsz”kh f'k{k.k & ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 52
flusek dk 'kSf{kd lanHkZ & fouksn vuqie 84
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa gks jgs 'kks/ dk;ks± μ eksgEen ;wuql gqlSu ,oa
dh xq.koÙkk mUu;u gsrq iz;kl eksgEen bj'kkn gqlSu 90
Ikjh{kk esa udy osQ dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa funku & vf'ouh oqQekj xkSM+ 96
mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjr vè;kidksa dh & jhuk flag ,oa
d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk dk vè;;u fnus'k oqQekj xqIrk 102
ikB~;Øe vudgh & vuhrk xqIrk ,oa
^tks dgh lks dgh ij oqQN vudgh Hkh jgh* euh"kk feukspk 111

laikndh;
^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* dk ;g vad
fo|ky;h iwoZ f'k{kk ls ysdj mPp f'k{kk
rd] 'kSf{kd izfØ;k osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa ls
tqMs+ ys[kksa dks lesVs gq, gSA vad dh 'kq#vkr
johanzukFk VSxksj osQ fuca/ksa osQ ladyu ls pqus
x, ,d ys[k ^f'k{kk dk foLrkj* ls dh xbZ
gSA vkt ls yxHkx vkB n'kd igys xq#nso
}kjk ,d laHkk"k.k osQ :Ik esa dgs x;s ;s
'kCn orZeku f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa xq.kkRed
lq/kj ykus vkSj mls tu&tu rd igq¡pkus esa
vkt Hkh egRoiw.kZ izrhr gksrs gaSA orZeku
lnh esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh oqQN leL;kvksa
vkSj muosQ lek/kuksa dk ftØ fd;k gS
lquhrk oqQekjh ukxj ,oa vfUofr flag us
vius ys[k ^21oha lnh esaa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk
O;oLFkkμoqQN leL;k oqQN lek/ku* esaA
^lh[kus dk feFkd* ys[k osQ tfj;s tkWu
gkWYV us ljy 'kCnksa esa ^lh[kus* laca/h HkzkfUr;ksa
dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ys[kd us
Li"V fd;k gS fd ^lh[kuk* osQoy fdrkch
Kku vFkok fo|ky; rd gh lhfer ugha
gS] lh[kus osQ dksbZ fo'ks"k vuqHko ugha gksrs]
cfYd gj vuqHko ls ge oqQN u oqQN
lh[krs gSaA
vHkh gky gh esa ,d jk"Vªh; lekpkj
i=k esa ;g [kcj Nih Fkh fd gekjs ns'k esa
v¡xzsth Hkk"kk cksyus@tkuus okyksa dk izfr'kr
fgUnh osQ ckn nwljs LFkku ij gSA v¡xszth
gekjh fo|ky;h ikB~;p;kZ dk fgLlk Hkh gS
vkSj cgqr ls fo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kk dk ekè;e
HkhA ^jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ fd :ijs[kk 2005*
osQ vUrZxr xfBr ,d jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg
}kjk fyf[kr vk/kj i=k ^v¡xzsth f'k{k.k*
dks bl vad esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS tks ;g
ekudj pyrk gS fd v¡xzsth Hkkjr tSls
cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa ,d oSf'od Hkk"kk gS vkSj
mldh 'kq#vkr fo|ky;ksa esa nsj ls exj
nq#Lr rjhosQ ls dh tkuh pkfg;sA bl
vk/kj&i=k esa fo|ky;h Lrj ij v¡xzsth
Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ls lacaf/r fofHkUu fcUnqvksa
dh fo'ys"k.kkRed ppkZ dh xbZ gSA 'kSf{kd
izfØ;k dks le>us o mlesa cnyko ykus esa
^'kks/* vFkok ^vuqla/ku* egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSaA ns'k esa 'kSf{kd izfØ;k ls tqM+s

4 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ tqykbZ 2009
'kks/ dk;ksaZ dh fLFkfr ij fo'ys"k.kkRed
fVIi.kh dh xbZ gS 'kadj 'kj.k osQ ys[k
^Hkkjr esa f'k{kk 'kks/ dh voLFkk* esaA eksgEen
;wuql gqlSu ,oa eksgEEkn bj'kkn gqlSu us
vius ys[k esa fo'ofo|ky;h Lrj ij gks jgs
'kks/ dk;ksZa dks csgrj cukus osQ iz;klksa dh
ppkZ dh gSA ^mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjr
vè;kidksa dh d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk dk
vè;;u* uked 'kks/ijd ys[k }kjk jhuk
flag ,oa fnus'k oqQekj xqIrk us d{kk esa
f'k{kdksa }kjk viuk, tkus okys fofHkUu
O;ogkjksa dks n'kkZ;k gSA ,d vU; 'kks/ijd
ys[k ^ikB~;Øe vudghμtks dgha lks dgh
ij oqQN vudgh Hkh jgh* esa vuhrk xqIrk
,oa euh"kk feukspk us fnYyh jkT; esa py
jgs ulZjh f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk la{ksi
esa fo'ys"k.k izLrqr fd;k gSA
bl vad esa 'kSf{kd izfØ;k osQ oqQN
vU; egRoiw.kZ eqíksa ls tqM+s ys[k Hkh 'kkfey
gSa tSls fouksn vuqie dk ys[k ^flusek dk
'kSf{kd lanHkZ*] tks ;g crkrk gS fd 'kSf{kd
izfØ;k esa flusek dk mi;ksx djosQ oSQls
mls vkSj Hkh izHkko'kkyh o jkspd cuk;k tk
ldrk gSA vkyksd xkfMZ;k vkSj iq"is'k ikBd
dk ys[k fo|ky;ksa esa 'kkafr f'k{kk ,oa 'kkafr
laLo`Qfr dh LFkkiuk ls tqM+s igyqvksa dh
ppkZ djrk gSA vf'ouh oqQekj xkSM+ us vius
ys[k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ o xEHkhj leL;k
^ijh{kk esa udy* osQ dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k
fd;k gS vkSj mls jksdus osQ fy, oqQN lq>ko
Hkh fn, gSaA bl vad esa 'kkfey ys[kksa ij ge
vkiosQ fopkjksa dk Lokxr djsxsa A
vdknfed laikndh; lfefr

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 5
f'k{kk dk foLrkj*
johanzukFk VSxksj
lHkh dks f'k{kk feys bl ckr ij ge yxkrkj ”kksj nsrs vk jgs gSaA blosQ fy, vusd
dne Hkh mBk, x, gSa vkSj vc f'k{kk izkIr djuk cPpksa dk ekSfyd vf/dkj cu
x;k gSA ijUrq f'k{kk ls gekjk D;k rkRi;Z gS\ oSQls bls tu&tu rd igq¡pk;k tk,]
fo|k f'k{kk ls oSQls fHkUu gS\ f'k{kk esa vk/qfudhdj.k dk okLrfod vFkZ D;k gS\
f'k{kk osQ foLrkj osQ D;k&D;k lk/u gks ldrs gS\ f'k{kk D;k osQoy mikf/ iznku
djus osQ fy, nh tk, vFkok mls thou ls tksM+k tk, vkfn fcanqvksa ij ppkZ djrk
johUnzukFk VSxksj }kjk iQjojh 1933 dks dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; esa fn, x, Hkk"k.k dk
fyf[kr :Ik esa izdkf'kr ;g ys[k vkt Hkh mruk gh egÙoiw.kZ vkSj lkFkZd izrhr gksrk
gS vr% ikBdksa osQ fy, bls ;gk¡W iqu% Ikzdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA
HkksX; oLrqvksa dk Hk.Mkj tek gks mBs] vkSj
jlksbZ?kj esa pwYgs ij crZu p

6 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
ge ;g Hkwy tkrs gSa fd ,slk dksbZ ns'k ugha gS
tgk¡ fo|ky; osQ ckgj lektO;kih vukSipkfjd
f'k{kk dh foLr`r ifjf/ u gksA
fdlh le; gekjs ns'k esa Hkh ,slh ifjf/
FkhA eè;;qxhu ;wjksi dh rjg gekjs ns'k esa Hkh
'kkL=k&f'k{kk gh iz/ku FkhA ;g f'k{kk fo'ks"k :Ik
ls ikB'kkykvksa esa nh tkrh Fkh] ysfdu bl fo|k
dh i`"BHkwfe lkjs ns'k esa O;kIr FkhA fof'k"V Kku
vkSj lk/kj.k Kku esa fuR; vknku&iznku FkkA
iafMr eaMyh vkSj vif.Mr turk esa ^vksfll*
vkSj e#Hkwfe tSlk oSijhR; ugha FkkA ns'k dk
dksbZ vuknj izkIr Hkkx ugha Fkk tgk¡ jkek;.k]
egkHkkjr rFkk ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa dh /eZO;k[;k
u dh tkrh gksA ;gh ugha] tulk/kj.k dh
fpÙkHkwfe ,sls rRoKku ls flafpr Fkh ftlosQ
fy, dfBu vè;olk; vko';d gksrk gSA isM+
dks tks [kkn fn;k tkrk gS ;g ;fn ikuh ls
vPNh rjg rjy gks tk, rHkh isM+ mls viuh
'kk[kk&iz'kk[kkvksa esa xzg.k dj ikrk gSA fdlh
fnu gekjs ns'k esa dfBu fo|k Hkh jl ls
foxfyr Fkh vkSj loZlk/kj.k dk eu mlls
lapkfjr FkkA lkoZtfud fuek.kZ dk;Z /eZ dk gh
vax FkkA xk¡o&xk¡o esa tyk'k; cuk, tkrs Fks_
yksx vkil esa feydj Lo;a viuh r`".kk dk
mik; djrs Fks] mlosQ fy, ljdkjh desVh dh
t#jr ugha FkhA mlh rjg ns'k dh fo|k dk Hkh
lekt esa vius&vki forj.k gksrk Fkk ;fn ,slk
u gksrk rks vkt lkjk ns'k ccZjrk osQ va/dkj esa
fueXu gksrkA ml le; fo|k fo}kuksa dh futh
laifÙk ugha Fkh--- og lkjs lekt dh laink FkhA
,d fnu eq>s ,sls lkekU; xk¡o osQ fdlkuksa
us fueaf=kr fd;k tgk¡ v[kckjksa osQ iUus myVus
dh vkokt rd lqukbZ ugha iM+rh FkhA vfèkdrj
yksx eqlyeku FksA esjs LokxrkFkZ xkus&ctkus dk
vk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkA 'kkfe;kus esa feV~Vh osQ
rsy dh ykyVsu ty jgh Fkh] cM+s&cwsa ;k
u le>sa] ,d vthc Lokn mUgsa feyrk gS tks
nSuafnu thou dh uhjl rqPNrk dks Hksndj ,d
,slk jkLrk [kksy nsrk gS tks mUgsa ^fpjaru* dh
vksj ys tkrk gSA
ns'k esa cgqr izkphu dky ls gh ;gh gksrk
vk;k gSA yksxksa us ,d fofp=k jlksiyfC/ osQ
lkFk dFkk,¡ lquh gSaμ/qzo&izÈkn dh dFkk] lhrk
dk ouokl] d.kZ dk dop nku] gfj'pUnz dk
loZLo R;kxA fdrus gh nq%[k Fks] vfopkj Fkk]

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 7
thou ;k=kk esa ix&ix ij vfuf'pÙkk FkhA
ysfdu bu lcosQ osQ lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk dk ,d
,slk izokg Hkh Fkk tks HkkX; dh foeq[krk osQ
chp euq"; dks viuh vkarfjd laifÙk dh vksj
ys tkrk Fkk] tks euq"; dh ml Js"Brk dk
mTToy ifjp; nsrk Fkk ftls voLFkk dh ghurk
NksVk ugha cuk ldrhA vejhdh ^Vk¡dh* }kjk
vkSj dksbZ dke Hkys gh gks] ;g dke ugha gks
ldrkA
vU; ns'kksa esa b/j oqQN fnuksa ls vfuok;Z
f'k{kk dk izoÙkZu fd;k x;k gSA gekjs ns'k dh
tuf'k{kk dks vfuok;Z ugha cfYd LoSfPNd
dgk tk ldrk gSA ,slh f'k{kk nh?kZdky ls pyh
vkbZ gSA mlosQ ihNs dHkh dksbZ dkuwu ugha jgk]
dksbZ tcjnLrh ugha jghA mldk Lor% lapkj
?kj&?kj esa gksrk jgk] tSlsμlkjs 'kjhj esa jDr
izokfgr gksrk gSA
le; cny x;kA f'kf{kr lekt jkt&}kj
dh vksj rkdrs gq, ea=kh&lHkk esa izos'k djus dk
vf/dkj ek¡xus yxkμdHkh d#.k d.B ls]
dHkh o`Qf=ke vkØks'k osQ lkFkA xk¡o&xk¡o esa ihus
dk ikuh iafdy gks x;kμm/j 'kgjksa esa }kj&}kj
ij uy dk ikuh cgus yxkA ge fofLer gksdj
dg mBs] ;gh gS mUufrA ns'k dk o`gr~ :Ik
gekjh n`f"V ls vks>y gks x;k_ ns'k dk tks izk.k
vkyksd dh rjg lkjs ns'k esa izlkfjr FkkA og
NksVs&NksVs oasQnzkas esa izfrlagr gks x;kA
vktdy ge ftls ,T;qosQ'ku dgrs gSa
mldk vkjaHk 'kgj esa gksrk gSA O;olk; vkSj
ukSdjh mlosQ ihNs&ihNs vkuq"kafxd :Ik ls pyrs
gSaSA ;g fons'kh f'k{kkfof/ jsyxkM+h osQ fMCcs esa
tyus okys nhi dh rjg gSμdejk mTTkoy
gS] ysfdu ftl izns'k ls jsy xqtj jgh gS og
lSdM+ksa ehyksa rd va/dkj esa yqIr gSA dkj[kkus
esa cuh xkM+h gh ekuks lR; gS] vkSj izk.k&osnuk
ls ifjiw.kZ leLr ns'k vokLrfod gSA
uxjfuokfl;ksa osQ ,d ny dks bl lq;ksx ls
f'k{kk feyh] lEeku vkSj laifÙk feyhA os dgyk,]
^vkyksfdr*] ^,aykbVs.M*A ysfdu ml vkyksd
osQ gsrq lkjs ns'k esa lEiw.kZ xzg.k yx x;kA LowQy
osQ cSap ij cSBdj ftUgksaus v¡xzs”kh osQ lcd
nksgjk;s mudh vk¡[ks f'k{kknhfIr ls pdkpkSa/ gks
xbZaA mudh n`f"V esa f'kf{kr lekt gh iwjk ns'k
gSμmuosQ fy, eksji¡[k gh eksj gS] gkFkhnk¡r gh
gkFkh gSA mudk ukV~;eap dkUlok| ls eq[kfjr
gS] ysfdu usiF; esa gSa ns'k osQ xk¡o] tgk¡ jksx
vkSj vKku tek gks x, gSa] tgk¡ u ihus dks ikuh
gS u pyus dks jkLrsA uxjh lqtyk&lqiQyk gks
xbZ gS] vkSj ogha vkjksX; fuosQru iui jgs gaS]
f'k{kk osQ fy, izklkn [kM+s gks jgs gSaA ;g ckr
è;ku esa j[kuh pkfg, fd ns'k osQ izkar&izkar osQ
chp foPNsn dh ,slh ?kkrd Nqjh vc rd
dHkh ugha pykbZ xbZ FkhA bldks vk/qfudrk
dk y{k.k dgdj bldh fuank djus ls dke
ugha pysxk] D;ksafd fdlh lH; ns'k esa ,slh
gkykr ugha gSA nwljs ns'k esa vk/qfudrk lIreh
osQ p¡nzek dh rjg vkyksd vkSj va/dkj osQ nks
[k.Mksa esa foHkkftr ugha gqbZ gSA tkiku esa ik'pkR;
fo|k dk izHkko Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa cgqr vYidky
rd jgk gS] ysfdu ;gk¡ og fo|k tksM+ yxkbZ
gqbZ iqjkuh xqnM+h ugha cuhA ogk¡¡¡ ifjO;kIr fo|k
osQ vlj ls ns'k osQ eu esa fparu&'kfDr dk

8 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
lapkj gqvk gSA ;g fparu ,d gh lk¡ps esa

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 9
,d o"kZ xqtjrs tkrs gSa] blh nSR;koLFkk esaA oSQls
mudh j{kk gksxh ;fn chp&chp esa oks vuqHko
u djsa fd fdl etnwjh osQ vykok euq"; osQ
ikl ^eu* uke dh dksbZ pht gS tgk¡ nqHkkZX; osQ
nklRo ls Åij mBdj lk¡l yh tk ldrh gSA
fdlh fnu yksxkas dks bl rjg dh r`fIr fnykus
osQ fy, lkjs lekt us ;Ru fd;k Fkk] D;ksafd
lekt us bu lk/kj.k yksxksa dks viuk le>dj
Lohdkj fd;k FkkA lekt tkurk Fkk fd buosQ
Ikru esa lkjs ns'k dk iru gSA ysfdu vkt
muosQ eu dh Hkw[k feVkus osQ fy, dksbZ enn
ugha djrkA muosQ dksbZ vkReh; ugha gSa μ chrs
gq, ;qx dh ryNV ls gh os cspkjs fdlh rjg
vius&vkidks lkaRouk nsrs gSaA oqQN fnuksa esa ;g
ryNV Hkh pwd tk,xhA fnuHkj osQ Je vkSj
nq%[k osQ ckn muosQ fujkuUn edkuksa esa nhi
tysxkA xku dk Loj ugha lqukbZ IkM+sxkA c¡kl osQ
taxy esa fcYyh cksysxh] dHkh vkl&ikl dh
>kfM+;ksa esa fl;kj cksysaxs μ vkSj mlh le;
uxj osQ f'k{kkfHkekuh yksx fctyh dh jks'kuh esa
flusek ns[kus osQ fy, HkhM+ yxk,¡xsA
gekjs ns'k esa ,d vksj] lukru f'k{kk dk
Ikzokg #d x;k gS] tulk/kj.k osQ fy, Kku dk
vdky iM+k gS_ nwljh vksj] vk/qfud ;qx dh
fo|k dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk gSA bl fo|k dh /kjk
ns'k dh turk dh vksj ugha cgrhA bldk ikuh
vyx&vyx txgksa ij tek gks x;k gS_ iRFkj
osQ oqQ.M cu x, gaS_ nwj&nwj ls ;gk¡ vkdj
i.Mksa dks nf{k.kk nsuh iM+rh gS] fdrus gh fu;e
fuHkkus iM+rs gSaA eankfduh f'kokth dh tVkvksa
ls uhps mrjrh gaS] lk/kj.k yksxksa osQ fy,
?kkV&?kkV ij izLrqr gksrh gS] dksbZ Hkh vius ?kV
esa mldk izlkn Hkj ldrk gSA ysfdu gekjs ns'k
dh vk/qfud fo|k oSlh ugha] mldk osQoy
fof'k"V :i gS] lk/kj.k :i ughaA blfy,
v¡xzs”kh lh[kdj ftUgksaus oSf'k"V~; izkIr fd;k gS
muosQ eu dk loZlk/kj.k osQ lkFk lke×tL;
ugha gSA ns'k esa lcls rhoz tkfr&Hksn blh {ks=k
esa gS] ;gk¡ Js.kh&Js.kh esa vLi`';rk gSA
v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk esa voxqf.Br fo|k gekjs eu
dh lgofrZuh gksdj ugha py IkkrhA blhfy,
geesa ls vusd yksx ftl ek=kk esa f'k{kk ikrs gaS
ml ek=kk esa fo|k ugha ikrsA pkjksa vksj osQ
okrkoj.k ls ;g fo|k fofPNu gSA gekjs ?kj
vkSj LowQy osQ chp Vªke pyrh gSa] eu ugha
pyrkA LowQy osQ ckgj gekjk ns'k gS_ nksuksa esa
dksbZ lg;ksx ugha] cfYd fojks/ gh gSA bl
foPNsn osQ dkj.k gekjh Hkk"kk vkSj fparu LowQy
osQ cPpksa dh rjg gks x, gSaA uksVcqd osQ 'kklu
ls os eqDr ugha gSaA gekjh fopkjcqf¼ esa lkgl
dk vHkko gS_ iqLrdksa esa fn, gq, n`"VkUrksa osQ
lgkjs og Mjrs&Mjrs ix c

10 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
gS] ysfdu ;g uko Hkh unh osQ nwljs rhj ls
;Fks"V ek=kk esa [kk| lkexzh ugha yk ikrhA ftl
fo|k us orZeku ;qx dh fpÙk'kfDr dks fofp=k
:iksa esa O;Dr fd;k gS] fo'o&jgL; osQ u;s&u;s
izos'k }kj [kksy fn, gSa] ml fo|k dk gekjs
c¡xyk lkfgR; osQ eksgYys esa cgqr de vkuk
tkuk gSA tks eu fopkj djrk gS] fparu djrk
gS] cqf¼ vkSj O;ogkj esa ;ksx LFkkfir djrk gS]
og rks chrs gq, ;qx esa gh iM+k gS tks eu
jlksiHkksx djrk gS mlus vo'; vk/qfud
Hkkstu'kkyk osQ vk¡xu esa ;k=kk djuk IkzkjEHk fd;k
gSA LoHkkor% bl jlksiHkksxh eu dk >qdko ml
fn'kk esa gS tgk¡ efnjk dk forj.k gksrk gS] tgk¡
dh ok;q u'khyh xa/ ls vksr&izksr gSA
c¡xyk lkfgR; esa vf/drj dgkuh&dfork
ukVd dks gh LFkku feyk gSA ;g miHkksx osQ
vk;kstu gSa] 'kfDr osQ ughaA ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa
fofo/ 'kfDr;ksa osQ lg;ksx ls gh fpÙkksRd"kZ
lEHko gqvk gSA ogk¡¡¡ ns[kk tkrk gS fd euq";Ro
'kjhj&eu&izk.k lHkh fn'kkvksa esa O;kIr gSA blfy,
ogk¡¡¡ ;fn =kqfV;k¡ gSa rks gksa] ,d rjg ls IkfjiwfrZ
Hkh gSA oVo`{k dh dksbZ Mky pkgs vk¡/h esa VwV
xbZ gks] fdlh txg dhM+k yx x;k gks] fdlh
lky ckfj'k de gksus ls isM+ oqQN lw[k&lk x;k
gks ysfdu bu lcosQ ckotwn cjxn tek gqvk
gS] mlus vius LokLF; dks] viuh cfy"Brk
dks l¡Hkkyk gSA ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa eu dks mldh
fo|k] f'k{kk lkfgR; lcus feydj fØ;k'khy
j[kk gSA bu lcosQ mRd"kZ ls gh mldh deZ'kfDr
vDykar jgh gS] fodflr gqbZ gSA
gekjs lkfgR; esa jl dk gh izk/kU; gSA tc
dksbZ vla;e ;k fpÙk&fodkj vuqdj.k osQ jkLrs
ls bl lkfgR; esa izos'k djrk gS rks ogh
,dkfUrd gks mBrk gS] dYiuk&'kfDr dks #X.k
foykflrk dh vksj ys tkrk gSA izcy izk.k&'kfDr
;fn tkx`r u gks rks 'kjhj dk {kqnz fodkj Hkh
fo"kSys dhM+s dk :Ik /kj.k djrk gSA gekjs ns'k
esa blh ckr dh vk'kadk gSA blosQ fy, tc gesa
nks"k fn;k tkrk gS rks ge ik'pkR; lH;rk dk
n`"Vkar nsrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSaμ^vk/qfudre lH;rk
dh ;gh ifj.kfr gS*A ysfdu vk/qfud lH;rk
dh tks fparu'khy] izcy] lexzrk gS mls ge
Hkwy tkrs gSaA
eSa tc xk¡o esa jgrk Fkk] lk/q&lk/dksa dk
os"k /kj.k fd;s gq, yksx dHkh&dHkh esjs ikl
vkrs FksA lk/uk osQ uke ij os mPNa[ky
bfUnz;&ppkZ djrsA blesa mUgsa /eZ dk izJ;
izkIr FkkA mUgha ls eSaus lquk gS fd f'k";ksa dh
Ükà[kyk ls ;g izJ; 'kgjksa esa Hkh miyC/ gSA
/eZ osQ uke ij ;g ikS#"k?kkrd ykylk blhfy,
O;kIr gks ikrh gS fd gekjs lkfgR; vkSj lekt
esa mu miknkuksa dk vHkko gS ftuls egku~ fparu
dks rFkk cqf¼ dh lk/uk dks vkJ; fey losQ]
eu dks dfBu xos"k.kk osQ fy, mRlqd j[kk tk
losQA
vUÙkksxRok blosQ fy, c¡xky osQ lkfgR;dksa
dks nks"k ugha fn;k tk ldrkA ;g dguk rks
vklku gS fd gekjk lkfgR; lkjxfHkZr ugha gS]
ysfdu fdl rjg mls lkj;qDr cuk;k tk ldrk
gS ;g fu.kZ; djuk mruk lgt ughaA #fp osQ
laca/ esa yksx lroZQ ugha gaS] D;ksafd #fp osQ {ks=k

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 11
esa fdlh dk 'kklu ugha pyrkA jl&lkexzh ls rks
vf'kf{kr #fp Hkh fdlh&u& fdlh rjg Lokn
izkIr dj ysrh gSA ;fn og le>s fd mlh dk
cks/ jlkuqHkwfr dk pje vkn'kZ gS rks bl ckr ij
cgl NsM+uk csdkj gSμ,slh cgl dk dksbZ vUr
ughaA dfork&dgkuh &ukVd osQ ck”kkj esa ftUgsa
le>nkjksa dk jktiFk ugha feyrk gS os vkf[kj
nsgkr esa [ksr dh ixMf.M;ksa ij pyrs gSa os tgk¡
fdlh rjg dk eglwy ugha yxrkA ysfdu
euu&;ksX; fo|k [ksr dks ugha] ml flag}kj dks
ikj djosQ gh feyrh gS ftl ij dM+k igjk yxk
gksrk gSA ftu ns'kksa ls y{eh vkSj ljLorh izlUu
gSa] ogk¡¡¡ osQ yksx bl fo|k rd igq¡pus osQ fy,
u;s&u;s iFk rS;kj djrs jgrs gSaA nwj vkSj fudV]
?kj esa vkSj ?kj ls ckgj] ewY;oku oLrqvksa dk
vknku&iznku pyrk jgrk gSA gekjs ns'k dks Hkh
;gh djuk gksxk_ ij foyEc djus ls dke ugha
pysxkA
c¡xky osQ vkdk'k ij nqHkkZX; osQ ckny
pkjksa vksj ls tek gks x, gSaA fdlh le;
jktnjckj esa c¡xkfy;ksa dh ;Fks"V izfr"Bk FkhA
Hkkjr osQ vU; izns'kksa esaa c¡xkfy;ksa us deZ{ks=k esa
[;kfr izkIr dh gSA os f'k{kk izlkj.k osQ vxz.kh
jgs gSaA dHkh mUgsa yksxksa dh J¼k vkSj voqaQfBr
o`QrKrk izkIr FkhA vkt jktiq#"k muls #"V gSa]
vU; izns'kksa esa muosQ izfr tks vkfrF; Hkkouk Fkh
og laoqQfpr gks xbZ gSA }kj vo#¼ gSA c¡xky
dh vkfFkZd nqxZfr Hkh cgqr c

12 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
lcls igys gesa f'kf{kr eu dh vko';drk
gSA LowQy&dkWyst osQ ckgj f'k{kk osQ foLrkj dk
lk/u gS lkfgR;A ysfdu lkfgR; dks lokZaxh.k
:Ik ls f'k{kk dk vk/kj cukuk gSA mldks xzg.k
djus dk iFk lcosQ fy, lqxe cukuk gSA blosQ
fy, ge fdl fe=k dh enn ys ldrs gSa\ fe=k
rks vktdy nqyZHk gks x, gSaA blhfy, eSa c¡x
ns'k osQ fo'ofo|ky; osQ }kj ij lgk;rk&;kpuk
dj jgk gw¡aA
'kjhj osQ v¡x&izR;¡x esa efLr"d vkSj Luk;qty
dk vfofPNu ;ksx ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
fo'ofo|ky; dks efLr"d dk LFkku nsdj ns'k
osQ leLr 'kjhj osQ Luk;qra=k dks izsj.kk nsuh
gksxhA iz'u ;gh gS fd fdl rjg ;g ckr
lEHko gks losQxhA esjk lq>ko gS fd ,d gh
ijh{kk osQ tky esa ns'k dks lesV fy;k tk,A ;g
O;oLFkk ,slh lgt vkSj O;kid gksuh pkfg,
fd LowQy&dkWyst osQ ckgj Hkh ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ
izfr mRlkg mRiUu gksA fo'ofo|ky; izR;sd
ftys esa ijh{kk oasQnz LFkkfir dj ldrk gS tgk¡
?kj dh fL=k;k¡ vkSj os lc iq#"k] tks fofHkUu
dkj.kksa ls LowQy esa HkrhZ ugha gks ldrs]
vodk'kdky esa viuh ps"Vk ls vf'k{kk dh
yTtk dks nwj dj loasQA cgqr ls fo"k;ksa dks
lw=kc¼ djosQ fo'ofo|ky; esa fMxzh iznku dh
tkrh gSA ysfdu eSaus ftl {ks=k dh LFkkiuk dk
lq>ko fn;k gS ogk¡¡¡ mikf/ nsus osQ fy, bl rjg
dh cgqyrk t#jh ugha gSA vf/drj ns[kk tkrk
gS fd O;fDr osQ eu esa fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; osQ
fy, izoh.krk gksrh gSA mlh fo"k; ij ;fn og
vf/dkj izkIr dj ysa rks mls lekt esa mfpr
LFkku feyuk pkfg,A bl vf/dkj ls mls
oafpr j[kus dk eSa dksbZ dkj.k ugha ns[krkA
fo'ofo|ky; ;fn vius ihB LFkku osQ
ckgj Hkh O;kid :Ik ls viuh lÙkk izlkfjr
djs] rks c¡xyk Hkk"kk esa ;Fkksfpr l¡[;k esa f'k{kk
osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrdksa dh jpuk lEHko gksxhA
vU;Fkk c¡xyk lkfgR; dk fo"k;&nSU; nwj ugha
gks ldrkA ftu f'k{k.kh; fo"k;ksa osQ Kku dh
vkRelEeku ek¡x djrk gS muosQ vè;;u osQ
fy, ;fn ckè; gksdj v¡xzs”kh dh 'kj.k ysuh
iM+s] rks bl vfdapurk ls ekr`Hkk"kk lnk viekfur
jgsxhA tks c¡xkyh osQoy c¡xyk gh tkurs gSa mUgsa
D;k f'kf{kr lekt esa loZnk fuEu Js.kh ij gh
jguk gksxk\ ,d ,slk le; Hkh FkkμeSa c¡xyk
ugha tkurk*] vkSj] ns'k osQ yksx Hkh mldk xkSjo
djrs FksA og fnu chr pqdk gSA ysfdu vkt
Hkh c¡xky osQ Nk=kksa dks ;g dgrs 'keZ ls flj
>qdkuk iM+rk gS fd ^eSa osQoy c¡xyk Hkk"kk gh
tkurk gw¡A* ,d vksj jktuhfrd {ks=k esa ge
Lojkt izkIr djus osQ fy, dBksj nq%[k lg
ldrs gSa] ysfdu f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa Lojkt izkIr
djus dk mRlkg geesa ugha gSA vkt Hkh ns'k esa
,sls yksx gSa tks lksprs gSa fd f'k{kk dks c¡xyk
Hkk"kk osQ vklu ij fcBkus ls mldk ewY; de
gks tk,xkA tc igys&igy yksx foyk;r dh
;k=kk djus yxs rks v¡xzsft+;r dk u'kk bl rjg
prs gSa fd f'k{kk&ljLorh dks lkM+h igukus
ls ekugkfu gksxhA ysfdu ;g Li"V gS fd gekjs
?kj dh nsoh lkM+h igudj gh vkjke osQ lkFk

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 13
py&fiQj ldrh gSA Å¡ph ,M+h osQ twrs iguus
ls mls ix&ix ij vlqfoèkk gksxhA
fdlh fnu] tc esjh vk;q vYi Fkh ij
'kfDr vf/d] eSa v¡xzs”kh lkfgR; osQ uewuksa dks
i

14 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
21oha lnh esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk
oqQN leL;k,¡ oqQN lek/ku
lquhrk oqQekjh ukxj*
vfUofr flag**
;g loZfofnr rF; gS fd f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ
lk/u gSA ;g fdlh O;fDr lekt ,oa ns'k osQ fy, fu.kkZ;d eksM+ gksrh gSA f'k{kk osQ
izpkj&izlkj }kjk ns'k osQ fodkl dks okafNr xfr ,oa fn'kk nh tk ldrh gSA ;g
f'k{kk ,slh gks tks vius lekt dh fofo/ vko';drkvksa dks iwjk dj losQA
oS'ohdj.k ,oa mnkjhdj.k osQ bl nkSj esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk ,d fu.kkZ;d nkSj
ls xqtj jgh gSA viuh f'k{kk O;oLFkk }kjk ns'k dh fofHkUu vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus dh bl izfØ;k esa mls fdu {ks=kksa esa vf/d è;ku nsus
dh vko';drk gS\ izLrqr ys[k esa blh ckr ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
fdlh Hkh ns'k dh f'k{kk dk Lo:Ik mlosQ
dky] ifjfLFkfr ,oa ifjos'k lkis{k gksrk gSA ;s
lc ifjorZu'khy gSa blfy, budk Lo:Ik Hkh
cnyrk jgrk gSA ;g bDdhloha lnh gSA
oS'ohdj.k] lwpuk izks|kSfxdh ,oa oSKkfud lksp
bl lnh dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA lekt bUgha ewyHkwr
izfØ;kvksa }kjk ifjpkfyr gks jgk gSA Li"V gS
fd vkt dh f'k{kk dk Lo:i bUgha izfØ;kvksa
ij vk/kfjr gks ijUrq Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk
vkdyu djus ij Nfo oqQN vkSj gh fn[krh gSA
vktknh osQ Ng n'kd chr tkus osQ i'pkr
tc ge Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk vkdyu
djrs gaS rks ikrs gSa fd ;w¡ rks f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa
vHkwriwoZ ifjorZu gq, gSaA fo|ky;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh l¡[;k esa csrgk'kk c

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 15
Hkh c

16 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
vksj ge ukjh l'kfDrdj.k ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa
rFkk tutkfr;ksa osQ fodkl ,oa mRFkku dh ckr
dj jgs gSa vkSj nwljh vksj gekjs fo|ky;ksa esa
,slh ikB~;iqLroasQ i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 17
vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ykHkkfUor dj jgs gaS] ;g
ns[ks tkus dh t#jr gSA
vHkh gky gh esa Hkkjrh; fo|ky;h f'k{kk
O;oLFkk dh xq.koÙkk ij ,-,l-bZ-vkj- osQ ,d
vè;;u osQ vuqlkj pkj o"kZ dh fo|ky;h
f'k{kk iwjh djus okys 38» cPps NksVs&NksVs
okD;ksa okyk og iSjkxzkiQ ugha i

18 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
fy, eqÝr ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk vf/dkj vfèkfu;e*
osQ izkjaHk esa pkj izdkj osQ fo|ky;ksa osQ vfLrRo
dks ekU;rk ns nh xbZ gS tks bl izdkj gS&
1- ljdkjh fo|ky;_
2- vuqnku izkIr fuft fo|ky;_
3- fo'ks"k Js.kh osQ fo|ky;_ ,oa
4- vuqnku u ikus okys fuft fo|ky;A
;gh ugha ljdkj Lo;a vukSipkfjd f'k{kk
(ukWu iQkeZy) osQ uke Ikj vf/dk¡'k cPpksa dks
oSdfYid fo|ky;ksa] f'k{kk xkjaVh oasQnzksa bR;kfn
esa nks;e ntsZ dh f'k{kk miyC/ djk jgh gS tks
f'kf{kr djus osQ uke ij osQoy lk{kj djrh gSA
bl izdkj f'k{kk osQ HksnHkko osQ nwj djus dh
ctk, mls ,d izdkj ls ekU; ,oa iq"V gh
fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g Hkkjr esa f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa
c

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 19
l{ke ugha gks ikbZ gSA vxys pkj o"kksZa esa fo'o
dh 25» Je'kfDr Hkkjr esa gksxhA 10 Li"V gS
fd bl Je'kfDr dk ykHk ysus osQ fy, rFkk
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcwr djus osQ fy,
mPp f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ykus dh
vko';drk gSA
mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk osQ fy, Hkkjr
ljdkj us lu~ 1957 esa ;w-th-lh- dh LFkkiuk
dh] ijarq xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, tks
vf/dkj bl vk;ksx dks fn, tkus pkfg, Fks os
ugha fn, x,A blosQ vykok ,d ntZu ls
vfèkd O;kolkf;d ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ]
ftlesa gjsd dks vius {ks=k ls lacaf/r vf/dkj
fn, x, tSls esfMdy dkmafly vkWiQ bafM;k]
,-vkbZ-lh-Vh-bZ- bR;kfnA ijUrq buesa fdlh izdkj
dk leUo; u gksuk Hkh ,d leL;k gSA
fo'ofo|ky; vkSj ifj"kn Hkh vf/dkjksa dks
ysdj vkil esa yM+rs jgrs gaS vkSj f'k{kk dh
xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kus dh ftEesnkjh ,d nwljs
ij Mkyrs jgrs gSaA
f'k{kk osQ futhdj.k us ,d vksj ljdkj
dks mPp f'k{kk osQ nkf;Ro ls oqQN gn rd
eqDr rks dj fn;k ysfdu blosQ lkFk gh futh
laLFkkuksa dks f'k{kk dks O;olk; cukus dh NwV
Hkh fey xbZA f'k{kk dk futhdj.k cqjk ugha
c'krsZ bls O;olk; u cuk;k tk, vkSj bldh
xq.koÙkk osQ lkFk dksbZ le>kSrk u fd;k tk,A
ijarq orZeku esa vPNh futh laLFkkvksa vkSj
10 pUlkSfj;k] eqosQ'k 2009] Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk & leL;k,a ,oa lek/ku- ;kstuk 53-9 i`- 27&30
11 iky[khokyk- uuh 2003] ge fgUnqLrkuh- jktiky ,aM lal- i`- 140&144
12 pUlkSfj;k] eqosQ'k 2009] Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk & leL;k,a ,oa lek/ku- ;kstuk 53-9 i`- 27&30
Lrjghu laLFkkvksa osQ eè; varj djuk dfBu gS
iQyLo:Ik f'k{kk osQ oasQnz fMfxz;k¡ ck¡Vus okyh
laLFkk,¡ cudj jg xbZ gSaA
lu~ 1983 esa vejhdk ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr
^deh'ku iQkWj ,Dlhysal bu ,tqosQ'ku* us viuh
^n us'ku ,V fjLd* fjiksVZ esa vejhdk turk
dks psrkouh nsrs gq, dgk Fkkμ
^gekjs lekt esa f'k{kk dh cqfu;kn lkekU;
Lrj dh ;ksX;rkvksa osQ dkj.k detksj gksrh
tk jgh gS rFkk Hkfo"; esa jk"Vª rFkk turk
osQ fy, [krjk cu ldrh gSA* 11
;g dFku orZeku esa gekjs ns'k osQ fy, Hkh
mruk gh izklafxd gS ftruk rc vesfjdk osQ
fy, FkkA
Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk dh iz.kkyh dksbZ NksVh ugha
fiQj Hkh ldy jk"Vªh; vk; osQ vuqikr osQ :Ik esa
mPp f'k{kk ij gksus okyk O;; 1980&81 esa 0-
98» Fkk tks 1994&95 esa ?kVdj 0-35» vkSj
2006&07 esa ek=k 0-22» gh jg x;k gSA izfr
O;fDr f'k{kk ij gksus okyk ljdkjh O;; 1990&91
esa fujarj ?kVrk gh pyk x;kA bl ij xaHkhjrkiwoZd
fopkj fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA 12
buosQ vykok Hkh Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk
reke rjg dh ijs'kkfu;ksa ls tw> jgh gS tSls
HkkSfrd ,oa ekuo lalk/uksa dh deh] vkfFkZd
raxh rFkk f'k{kk dk ekè;e bR;kfnA bu lHkh
leL;kvksa ls eqfDr Ikkuk ;fn vklku ugha gS rks
dfBu Hkh ugha gSA vko';drk gS rks osQoy

20 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa IkfjorZu ykus osQ fy, jktuSfrd
laxBuksa esa bPNk 'kfDr dh ;fn os pkgsa rks oqQN
Hkh laHko gSA
;gk¡ Ikz'u ;g gS fd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa D;k
ifjorZu djus pkfg,\ bl Ikz'u dk mÙkj ko vkt Hkh mrus gh izklafxd gSa ftrus
ml le; Fks tc bUgsa xfBr fd;k x;k FkkA
;fn okLro esa ns'k osQ lkjs cPpksa dks
vPNh] xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk nsuh gS rks ljdkj dks
,sls dkuwu vkSj uhfr;k¡ cukuh pkfg, ftueas
fuEu ckrsa lqfuf'pr gksaμ
loZizFke rks ;g vko';d gS fd ns'k esa
leku fo|ky; iz.kkyh ykxw gks] ftlls fd
fo|ky;ksa dh fofo/rk lekIr gks tk, vkSj
lcdks f'k{kk osQ leku volj feysA tc rd
ns'k esa leku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ykxw ugha gksxh rc
rd f'k{kk dk vf/dkj dkuwu csekuh gSA orZeku
f'k{kk O;oLFkk ljdkj dh nksgjh ,oa vLi"V
uhfr;ksa dk ifj.kke gS tgk¡ f'k{kk dk LFkku
lk{kjrk us] fo|ky; dk LFkku vukSipkfjd
f'k{kk osaQnzksa us vkSj f'k{kd dk LFkku v¼Z
f'k{kdksa us ys fy;k gSA
ns[kk x;k gS fd fofHkUu izos'k ijh{kkvksa esa
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls vkus okys cPpksa dh vis{kk
'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ cPpksa dks vf/d liQyrk feyrh
gSA dkj.k Li"V gS fd 'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ CkPpksa dks
lqfo/k,¡ vf/d feyrh gSa vkSj leLr ugha rks
vf/dk¡'k cPps v¡xzs”kh LowQyksa esa ik;k
13 ,d d{kk ,d i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 21
tk ldrk gSA dkj.k gS fd fo"k; dks le>us ls
igys v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk dks le>us esa ekufld fodkl
esa ck/k iM+rh gS vkSj fo"k; dks jVus osQ vfrfjDr
dksbZ fodYi ugha jg tkrkA
gekjs ns'k esa v¡xzs”khnk¡ yksxkas osQ le{k jkstxkj
osQ volj vf/d lqyHk gaS blfy, yksx v¡xzs”kh
i

22 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
tgk¡ rd mPp f'k{kk dk iz'u gS blosQ fy,
vko';d gS fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks Lora=krk nh
tk, μ lksp esa] fopkj esa Lora=krkA u, ikB~;Øeksa
dk fuekZ.k fo'ofo|ky; esa gksuk pkfg,A
fo'ofo|ky; esa Hkh ;g Lora=krk vkSj Lok;Ùkrk
f'k{kdksa rd tkuh pkfg,A fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa Hkh
foHkktu ,slk gks fd os ,d nwljs ls feydj
iQys&iwQys u fd fcYoqQy vyx gksdj jg tk,A 17
mPp f'k{kk vkSj Je cktkj osQ laca/
etcwr fd, tkus pkfg,A csjkstxkjh vkSj dkS'ky
dh deh dh leL;k dk gy fudkyus osQ fy,
,sls mik;ksa dh vko';drk gS tks mPp f'k{kk
vkSj ukSdfj;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+ ik,A O;olkf;d
Ikzf'k{k.k vkSj mPp f'k{kk osQ chp laca/ksa dks
etcwrh iznku dh tk,A blls Nk=k viuh f'k{kk
vkSj cktkj esa vkus okys jkstxkj voljksa osQ
chp laca/ cuk ik;saxs rFkk mldk iwjk ykHk
mBk loasQxsA ;'kiky lfefr fjiksVZ (2009)esa
fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ,-vkbZ-lh-Vh-bZ-]
,e-lh-vkbZ-,- tSlh 13 fu;ked laLFkkvksa dks
lekIr dj pquko vk;ksx dh rjg ,d
17 ;'kiky- 2009- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa lekt osQ chp laokn vko';d] ;kstuk 53-9 i`- 7&9
loZlekfgr jk"Vªh; mPp f'k{kk ,oa vuqla/ku
vk;ksx osQ xBu dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gS tks
Lokxr ;ksX; gS vkSj bls tYnh ls tYnh xfBr
dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
fodkl vkSj uokpkj dh u;h 'krkCnh dh
vksj c

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 23
dbZ yksxksa dks 'kk;n yxsxk fd irk ugha D;ksa eSa
^lh[kus* dh ctk, ^djus* ;k ^phtksa dks csgrj

24 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
eSa tks oqQN tkurk gw¡] mlesa ls vf/dk¡'k
eSaus LowQy esaa ugha lh[kk gSA bruk gh ugha] ;g
lc eSaus mu fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ugha lh[kk gS ftUgsa
yksx ^lh[kus dh fLFkfr;k¡* dgrs gSa] vFkkZr os
vuqHko ftuls eSa dksbZ [kkl pht lh[kus osQ
edln ls xqt#¡A eSa tks oqQN Hkh djrk gw¡ og
^oqQN lh[kus osQ edln* ls ugha djrkA eSaus
laxhr o laxhr jpuk osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN lh[kk
gS og fjglZy vkSj dk;ZØeksa esa tk&tkdj
lh[kk gSA eSa ogk¡¡¡¡ laxhr osQ ^ckjs esa lh[kus* ugha
tkrkA eSa rks ogk¡¡W blfy, tkrk gw¡ D;ksafd ogk¡¡W
tks oqQN ns[krk lqurk gw¡ og eq>s vPNk yxrk
gSA vU; ns'kksa vkSj vius gh ns'k osQ vU;
bykdksa dh ;k=kkvksa osQ nkSjku eSaus mu txgksa osQ
ckjs esa dkiQh oqQN lh[kk gSA exj eSa ogk¡¡W
^lh[kus* ugha] yksxksa ls feyus&tqyus vkSj oqQN
dke djus x;k FkkA fiNys ,d&nks o"kksaZ ls eSaus
vius 'kgj ckWLVu esa vU; ukxfjdksa osQ lkFk
feydj ,d [kjkc o oqQfVy rFkkdfFkr uxj
fodkl ;kstuk dks #dokus ;k de&ls&de
oqQN nsj rd Vyokus osQ fy, dke fd;k gSA
blesa eSaus dkuwu] jktuhfr vkSj uxj dh vFkZ
O;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa dkiQh oqQN lh[kkA fdUrq eSa
bl dke esa ;g lc lh[kus osQ fy, ugha
cfYd vius uxj dks ywV vkSj rckgh ls cpkus
osQ fy, tqM+k FkkA eSa dbZ fdrkcsa vkSj if=kdk,¡
ik fd,A ,d lpeqp thoUr lekt esa
lkjs yksx ,slk gh eglwl djsaxsA dksbZ ugha pkgrk
fd ckdh yksx vKkuh] gqujghu ;k csoowQiQ cus
jgsa rkfd og mUgsa vklkuh ls Ny loasQ ;k mu
ij fu;U=k.k dj loasQ ;k mudh dher ij [kqn
/uoku cu tk,¡A ,YMkml gDlys }kjk fyf[kr
^cszo U;w oYMZ* esa ,d ik=k oYMZ daVªksyj eqLriQk
eks.M dgrk gS fd ,d iz;ksx osQ crkSj ,slk ,d
lekt xfBr fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa lc vYiQk gh
vYiQk (vDyeUn) Fks] exj ;g pyk ugha vkSj
dHkh py ugha ldrk FkkA gDlys xyr FksA
gekjh iuMqCch ,slk gh ,d lekt Fkk (vkSj Hkh
dbZ gSa)] vkSj og fdlh vU; rjhosQ ls py gh
ugha ldrk FkkA =kklnh ;g gS fd dbZ yksxksa dks
fliQZ ;q¼ osQ le; gh ,sls lekt esa jgus dk
ekSdk feyrk gSA

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 25
^lh[kus osQ vuqHko* dh ckr osQ lkFk
fnDdr ;g gS fd bLkls yxrk gS fd vuqHko
nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa μ ,d os ftuls ge oqQN
lh[krs gSa] vkSj nwljs os ftuls ge oqQN ugha
lh[krsA fdUrq ,slk rks dksbZ vuqHko ugha gksrk
ftlls ge oqQN uk lh[ksaA ge tks Hkh djsa] ;k
tks Hkh gekjs lkFk gks ;k gekjs lkFk fd;k tk,]
mlls ge oqQN u oqQN rks lh[krs gh gSaA ;g gks
ldrk gS fd tks oqQN ge lh[ksa og gesa vfèkd
tkudkj ;k vKkuh cuk ns] vf/d le>nkj ;k
vf/d ukle> cuk ns] T;knk l'kDr ;k detksj
cuk ns] exj ge oqQN u oqQN lh[krs t#j gSaA
D;k lh[kk] ;g ml vuqHko rFkk mlls Hkh
T;knk bl ckr ij fuHkZj gksrk gS fd ml
vuqHko osQ ckjs esa ge oSQlk eglwl djrs gSa\
bl fdrkc dk ,d izeq[k fcUnq ;g gS fd ,sls
vuqHkoksa ls lh[kus dh laHkkouk cgqr de gksrh
gS tks gesa gekjs 'ks"k thou dh egÙoiw.kZ o
fnypLi phtksa ls xgjs esa tqM+s gq, u yxsaA
ftKklk dHkh fuBYyh ugha gksrh] ;g okLrfod
ljksdkjksa vkSj okLrfod t#jrksa esa ls iSnk gksrh
gSA blls Hkh t#jh ckr ;g gS fd ge tcju
vuqHkoksa ls ;k ,slh phtksa lss oqQN vPNk ugha
lh[k ldrs ftUgsa fdlh nwljs us izyksHku nsdj]
/edkdj] nknkfxjh djosQ yYyks&pIiks djosQ
;k NyiwoZd gels djok;k gksA ,sls vuqHkoksa ls
vdlj ge xqLlk] vkØks'k vkSj mlls Hkh
T;knk [kqn osQ izfr uiQjr lh[krs gSa ;g lkspdj
fd geus vius vkidks nwljs osQ }kjk /fd;k,
tkus vkSj bLrseky fd, tkus dh b”kktr nh]
fd ge prqj o l'kDr cudj izfrjks/ vkSj
badkj u dj loasQA oqQN yksx nyhy nsaxs fd
vf/dk¡'k yksx jkstejkZ dh ftUnxh esa dbZ lkjs
uhjl] ckjEckj nksgjk, tkus okys fujFkZd dke
djrs gSa] tSls HkhM+&HkkM+ esa ?kaVksssa dkj pykuk]
Vsfyfotu ns[kuk vkfn] ftuls os oqQN ugha
lh[krsA fdUrq lPpkbZ ;g gS fd os oqQN u
oqQN lh[krs t#j gSaA ew[kZrkiw.kZ dke djus okys
yksx ml dke ls vkSj dke dks djus dh
viuh etcwjh ls uiQjr djuk lh[krs gSa vkSj
/hjs&/hjs mu lkjs yksxksa ls uiQjr djuk lh[krs
gSa ftUgsa ;g dke ugha djuk iM+rkA HkhM+&HkkM+
esa dkj pykus okys yksx vU; dkj pkydksa]
iSny yksxksa dks ,d ck/k] ,d mRikr] vkSj ;gk¡
rd fd 'k=kq osQ :Ik esa ns[kuk lh[krs gSa tks mUgsa
viuh eafty rd ugha igq¡pus ns jgs gSaA blh
izdkj ls Vsfyfotu ns[kus okys ckj&ckj ;g
lh[krs gSa fd insZ ij fn[kus okyss ^okLrfod*
;k ^dkYifud* yksx gj ek;us esa muls csgrj
gSa&vf/d ;qok] vf/d [kwclwjr] vf/d prqj]
vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh] vf/d rst] vf/d cgknqj]
vf/d lEiUu] vf/d izlUu] vf/d lEekfurA
varr% tc dkYiukyksd ls ;FkkFkZ esa ykSVus]
FkosQ&FkosQ mBdj Vh-oh- can djus dk oDr
vkrk gS rks muosQ fnekx esa ;gh fopkj vkrk gS
fd ^dk'k] eSa muosQ tSlk gksrkA*
dksbZ vuqHko gesa fdl rjg cnysxk] ;kuh
ge mlls D;k lh[ksaxs] ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj
gS fd ml vuqHko dh xq.koÙkk D;k gS] mlls
gesa fdruk larks"k] vkuUn vkSj jksek¡p feyk ;k
ughaA blfy, tSlk fd eSaus ^cPps vliQy oSQls
gksrs gSa* esa fy[kk Fkk] ;fn dksbZ cPpk ,slh

26 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
fLFkfr esa gS tks mls viekutud Mjkouh vkSj
d"Vnk;d yxrh gS rks og ml pht dks ugha
lh[k ldrk vkSj ugha lh[ksxk tks f'k{kd mls
fl[kkus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gS] vkSj ;fn lh[k
x;k rks ,dk/ fnu esa Hkwy tk,xkA blfy, fte
guZMu dh xw¡xh d{kk (ns[ksa gkm Vw lokZbo ;ksj
usfVo yS.M) osQ cPps d{kk esa os phtas Hkh ugha
lh[k ikrs Fks tks os LowQy ls ckgj bruh vPNh
rjg ls dj ysrs FksA blhfy, yksx rHkh lh[k
ldrsa gSa tc os n`s ^psyks* ctkrs
cgqr lky ugha gq, gSaA eq>s ;g ok| cgqr vPNk
yxrk gS] eSa bls ?kUVksa ctkrk jgrk gw¡] dM+h
esgur djrk gw¡ vkSj eq>s mEehn gS fd ,d fnu
bls vPNs ls ctk lowQ¡xkA T;knrj yksx dgsaxs fd
eSa tks oqQN dj jgk gw¡ mls ^psyks ctkuk lh[kuk*
dgrs gSaA gekjh Hkk"kk esa blosQ fy, dksbZ vkSj
yÝt gh ugha gS fdUrq ;s 'kCn gekjs fnekx esa
bl fofp=k fopkj dks tUe nsrs gSa fd fuEufyf[kr
nks izfØ;k,¡ loZFkk vyx&vyx gSa μ (1) psyks
ctkuk lh[kuk] vkSj (2) psyks ctkukA bldk
vk'k; ;g gS fd igys eSa izFke izfØ;k d#¡xk
vkSj mls iwjk dj yw¡xk fiQj eSa izFke izfØ;k dks
jksd dj nwljh izfØ;k 'kq# d#¡axkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa
eSa ^ctkuk lh[k tkus rd* ^ctkuk lh[krk jgw¡xkA*
blosQ ckn eSa ^ctkuk* 'kq# dj nw¡xkA
Tkkfgj gS fd ;g cdokl gSA ;s nks vyx&
vyx izfØ;k,¡ ugha] ,d gh izfØ;k gSA ge
fdlh pht dks djosQ gh mls djuk lh[krs gSaA
vkSj dksbZ rjhdk gh ugha gSA tc ge igyh ckj
dksbZ dke djsaxs rks 'kk;n vPNh rjg ugha djsaxsA
exj ;fn ge bls djrs jgsa] gekjs lkeus vuqdj.k
gsrq vPNs ekWMy gksa] vkSj tc gesa t#jr eglwl
gks rc ennxkj lykg fey tk, vkSj gj ckj ge
ml dke dks Hkjld vPNs ls vPNk djsa] rks ge
bls csgrj djus yxssaxsA le; osQ lkFk ge bls
cgqr vPNs ls djus yxsaxsA ;g izfØ;k dHkh
lekIr ugha gksrhA cf

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 27
f'k'kq ^rS;kjh* ugha dj jgk gS
f'k{kkfon~ gj le; ^gquj* dh ckrsa djrs gSa]
i

28 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
rjg ugha gks ikrkA gks ldrk gS fd og ,d
yݔk Hkh u i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 29
vkSj jlk;u osQ vius vklikl dh futhZo
nqfu;k osQ ckjs esa loky iwNus osQ vyx&vyx

30 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk 'kks/ dh voLFkk
'kadj 'kj.k*
;g ys[k ns'k esa LowQyh f'k{kk ls lacaf/r 'kks/ dk;ksaZ dh leh{kk gSA ;g leh{kk nks o"kZ
ls vf/d le; rd fofHkUu 'kks/&i=kksa] 'kks/&la{ksiksa] 'kks/&fjiksZVksa vkSj 'kks/&izLrkoksa
osQ voyksdu ij vk/kfjr gSA lkFk gh] 'kks/ ls lacaf/r dbZ lsfeukj] dk;Z'kkyk
vkfn osQ vuqHko Hkh blesa 'kkfey gSaA tku iM+rk gS fd f'k{kk 'kks/ ,d Hkkjh Bgjko
dh fLFkfr esa IkQ¡lk gqvk gSA yxHkx lHkh 'kks/ dk;Z ,d gh f?kls&fiVs fons'kh ekWMy
vkSj fof'k"V 'kCnkoyh (tkxZu) dk va/kuqdj.k gSaA muls dksbZ ubZ tkudkjh ;k
fo'ys"k.k 'kk;n gh feyrk gSA fIkQj] oSls lrgh 'kks/ dk;Z djus okys Hkh vf/d ugha
feyrsA f'k{kk&'kks/ dks izksRlkgu vkSj vkfFkZd lg;ksx nsus okyh lfefr;ksa esa Lohdkj
fd, tkus yk;d 'kks/&izLrko cgqr de vkrs gSaA f'k{kk 'kks/ esa eqDr fparu osQ ekxZ
esa Hkk"kk dk vojks/ Hkh cgqr cM+k gSA v¡xzs”kh ls ,d vksj Li"V vfHkO;fDr vkSj
oSpkfjd vknku&iznku esa ck/k vkrh gSA nwljh vksj] blls py jgs f'k{kk dk;ksZa dh
dbZ dfe;k¡ fNih Hkh jg tkrh gSaA bl iwjh leL;k esa mfpr ekxZ&n'kZu dk vHkko Hkh
,d cM+k dkjd gSA f'k{kk 'kks/ dh orZeku voLFkk ls lacaf/r ;g lHkh fu"d"kZ de
ls de pkj lkS ls vf/d 'kks/&la{ksiksa] fjiksZVksa] izLrkoksa] Ik=kksa vkfn osQ vè;;u osQ
mijkar fy, x, gSaA
Ekgku :lh ys[kd lksY>sfufRlu osQ miU;kl
oSaQlj okMZ esa ,d lkfgR; izseh ik=k gSμ
|ksedkA vius fcLrj ij iM+s og iqLroasQ i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 31
ugha iM+rkA* ftl ljyrk ls |ksedk og dgrk
gS] og Nw ysus okyh gSA ij lksfo;r dky osQ
ys[ku ij mlosQ vuqHko dk varfuZfgr lans'k
xaHkhj gSA
;fn vkt Hkkjr esa f'k{kk 'kks/ laca/h iwjs
lkfgR; dks |ksedk i

32 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
f'k{kk&'kks/ dh eq[; Ikgpku cu xbZ gS] ftls
izk;% Bhd ls le>k Hkh ugha tkrkA 1 fdUrq ml
'kCnkorh osQ izfr vknj bruk gS fd fcuk le>s
Hkh mls iwjs fo'okl ls nqgjk;k tkrk gS] rkfd
izLrqr i=k dks 'kks/&Ik=k le>k tk,A
furkar fotkrh; ekWMyksa vkSj ekudksa ij
fuHkZjrk osQ dkj.k gekjs f'k{kk&'kks/ osQ iszjd
O;fDrRo Hkh iw.kZr% fons'kh fo}ku gh jg x, gSaA
oqQN o"kksZa igys cMksnjk osQ ,d izfrf"Br
fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kk&'kks/ laca/h ys[ku dk
izf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy, ,d ik¡p fnolh; dk;Z'kkyk
gqbZA mlesa 70 ls vf/d ;qok ysDpjj] 'kks/&
Nk=k mifLFkr Fks] rFkk mUgsa 'kks/ osQ fofHkUu
i{kksa dh tkudkjh rFkk izf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy,
ik¡p fnuksa esa dksbZ 25 fo'ks"kK IkzksisQlj vk, FksA
yxHkx lHkh izf'k{kq vkSj izf'k{k.k cqf¼eku o
drZO;fu"B yksx Fks] tSlk izk;% ugha ns[kk tkrkA
fdUrq mu ik¡p fnuksa] nl l=kksa esa brus yksxksa osQ
fopkj&foe'kZ esa dHkh ,d ckj Hkh fdlh Hkkjrh;
f'k{kk&fpard dk uke ugha fy;k x;kA
og dksbZ viokn ?kVuk ugha FkhA 'kks/&xazFkksa]
Ik=kkas] vkfn osQ var esa nh xbZ iqLrd ,oa lUnHkZ
lwph esa Hkh n;kuan ljLorh] johUnzukFk VSxksj]
Jh vjfoUn] foosdkuan] egkRek xk¡/h] fxtwHkkbZ
c/sdk] MkW- jk/ko`Q".ku~] egknsoh oekZ vkfn uke
'kk;n gh dHkh feyrs gSaA tcfd vk/qfud
Hkkjr esa Bhd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa bu euhf"k;ksa dk
cM+k vonku jgk gSA fdarq vkt f'k{kk esa budh
dksbZ izsj.kk ugha >ydrh] ;|fi bldk dgha
dksbZ dkj.k ugha crk;k tkrkA u gh dHkh fopkj
djosQ ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS fd budh dksbZ
mi;ksfxrk vc f'k{kk fparu ;k foe'kZ dks ugha
jghA rc buosQ uke xqe gksus dk blosQ vfrfjDr
dksbZ dkj.k ugha tku iM+rk fd bu lcdk LFkku
dfri; fons'kh Ikzsjdksa us Lor% ys fy;k gSA ;g
dksbZ ns'kh fons'kh okyk ladh.kZ roZQ ugha gS]
cfYd ml ,dkafxrk vkSj ijeq[kkisf{krk dk
laosQr gS ftlls orZeku f'k{kk xzLr tku iM+rh
gSA
,d dfBu ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh vkSj fons'kh
ekud dks viuk vkn'kZ eku ysus ls ekufld
tM+rk ls cpk ugha tk ldrkA D;ksafd og
vius ifjos'k ls dVk&N¡Vk ;kaf=kd fopkj cu
tkrk gSA gekjs lekt dh leL;kvksa] Hkkoukvksa]
vko';drkvksa vkSj fof'k"Vrk ls og de gh
tqM+ ikrk gSA bl izdkj] ,d iwjk fo"k; oSpkfjd
tM+Ro dk f'kdkj gks x;k gSA ,d lhfer izdkj
dh xfrfof/ f'k{kk 'kks/ dk i;kZ; cu xbZ gSA
LowQyksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa] f'k{kdksa vFkok ekrk firkvksa
ls ckj&ckj iz'u iwNuk] mÙkjksa dks ,d=k djuk
vkSj mudh rkfydk cukdj oqQN o.kZu dj nsuk
gh vf/dk¡'k gksrk gSA ml IkzfØ;k esa ftu
fofp=k] IkkfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkofy;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk
gS] mudh dksbZ vko';drk ;k vFkZ Hkh Li"V
ugha gksrkA fiQj Hkh] fujarj ,slh gh xfrfof/ gh
ns'k Hkj esa nqgjkbZ tk jgh gSA fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ
1 bl izlax esa fo'oizfl¼ fo}ku xqUukj feMZy dh fVIi.kh è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS] ^lekt foKku esa fopkjksa dks Li"V vkSj lh/s :i esa j[kus dh
egku ijaijk jgh gSA fdarq gky osQ n'kdksa esa lekt foKkfu;ksa esa vius dks ,d vuko';d] foLr`r vkSj fofp=k 'kCnkoyh esa can dj ysus
dh izo`fr vk xbZ gSA blls izk;% os ,d&nwljs dh ckrsa le> ugha ikrs] dHkh&dHkh rks viuh ckr Hkh ughaA* vkWCtsfDVfoVh bu lks'ky fjlpZ
(yanu % tsjkYM MdoFkZ] 1969)] i`- 42- ;g ckr gekjs f'k{kk&'kks/ ij lVhd cSBrh gSA

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 33
MkWDVjsV 'kks/&xzaFkksa rFkk f'k{kk&'kks/ dh vdknfed
Ikf=kdkvksa dks ljljh utj ls ns[kus ij gh ;g
ckr Li"V gks tkrh gSA
fiNys o"kksZ esa izLrqr ,sls 'kks/] mudh
fjiksVksZa] lkj&la{ksi] 'kks/&ys[kksa] u, 'kks/ osQ
vusd izLrkoksa] vkfn lkexzh osQ vè;;u osQ
i'pkr~ dksbZ voyksdudrkZ fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kksZa
ij igq¡prk gSA fuLlansg] ;g fu"d"kZ fcYoqQy
lVhd vkSj 'kr&izfr'kr gh gksa] ,slh ckr ughaA
fdlh fu"d"kZ esa vfrjatuk vFkok Hkwy Hkh gks
ldrh gSA fdarq bu ls Hkkjr esa f'k{kk&'kks/ dh
orZeku voLFkk dks le>us esa lgk;rk fey
ldrh gSA
fLFkfr dks rqyukRed :i ls le>us osQ
fy, fpfdRlk&'kks/ dh ,d dYiuk djsaA D;k
,slk lkspk tk ldrk gS fd fpfdRlk&'kks/ osQ
uke ij 'kks/drkZvksa dks osQoy FkekZehVj dk
mi;ksx djuk fl[kk;k tk,] gj rjg osQ FkekZehVj]
jksfx;ksa ij] LoLFk yksxksa ij] fHkUu ekSle esa]
fHkUu LFkkuksa ij] fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esaμfdarq
osQoy FkekZehVj dk mi;ksx] vkSj blls feyus
okys ifj.kke] lkFk gh jksfx;ksa&MkWDVjksa&ulksZa ls
vLirky dh O;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa rjg&rjg osQ
iz'u] muosQ mÙkjksa dks ladfyr djosQ fo'ys"k.k
dj nsuk&ek=k bUgha lhfer dk;ksZa dks ;fn
fpfdRlk&'kks/ dk eq[; vax cuk fn;k tk,]
rks oSQlk izrhr gksxk] dksbZ Hkh bls gkL;kin vkSj
ew[kZrkiw.kZ le>sxkA D;ksafd fpfdRlk&'kks/ gj
rjg osQ jksx] gkfudkjd thok.kqvksa] fofHkUu jksx
osQ y{k.kksa] nokvksa] fpfdRlk midj.kksa] jksxksa dh
jksdFkke osQ mik;] vkfn vl¡[; izdkj osQ
vè;;uksa ls tqM+rk gSA ij f'k{kk&'kks/ dh fLFkfr
le>us osQ fy, gesa mlh dYiuk ls rqyuk
djuh gksxh] tks Åij dh xbZ gSA
f'k{kk {ks=k esa 'kks/ dk;Z dk yxHkx 90»
izk;% LowQyksa esa Nk=kksa] f'k{kdksa osQ chp iz'ukoyh]
lk{kkRdkj ekè;e ls i

34 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
ftu ij 'kks/drkZ dHkh è;ku ugha nsrsA laHkor%
ekufld tM+rk osQ vlj esa vU; fo"k;ksa esa oqQN
Lej.k djuk mi;ksxh gksxk%f'k{kk dk n'kZu] f'k{kk
dk bfrgkl] fofHkUu Ikzdkj dh O;oLFkk,¡] f'k{kk esa
ifjorZu] egku f'k{kk fpardkas osQ thou] dk;Z vkSj
vuqHko] IkkB~;p;kZvksa dk lkekftd] nk'kZfud
ewY;k¡du] enjlk f'k{kk fofHkUu n`f"V;ksa ls
ikB~;iqLrdksa dh tk¡p ij[k] LowQyksa esa cPpksa dks
nh tkus okyh ltk,¡] LowQyksa esa LdkmfVax vkSj
jk"Vªh; osQMSV dksj (,u-lh-lh-) dh Hkwfedk vkSj
mikns;rk] f'k{kd la?kksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj dk;Z] gj
txg iSQy jgs V~;w'ku vkSj dksfpax lsaVj] f'k{kdksa
vkSj f'k{kk&laca/h dfeZ;ksa osQ p;u vkSj fu;qfDRk
dh izfØ;k,¡ vkSj budk ewY;k¡du] Hkkjr osQ vl¡[;
LowQyksa esa ^vuqifLFkr f'k{kdksa* 2 dk ekeyk] lekt
osQ fofHkUu oxkasZ dh vius cPpksa dh f'k{kk osQ ckjs
esa vkdk¡{kk,¡ vkSj vis{kk,¡] iwjc vkSj if'pe dh
f'k{kk i¼fr;ksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡] etgch vkSj muosQ
laiznk;ksa }kjk pkfyr f'k{kk oasQnz rFkk mudh Hkwfedk]
fofHkUu ns'kksa esa f'k{kk&ra=kksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u]
Nk=kksa dk jktuhfr ls laca/ vFkok Nk=k jktuhfr
vkfn&vkfnA bu xaHkhj] pqukSfriw.kZ fo"k;ksa ij Hkkjr
esa dksbZ 'kks/ vè;;u [kkstuk ,d fujk'kktud
Ikz;kl gksxkA tcfd ;gk¡ gj o"kZ lSdM+ksa dh l¡[;k
esa 'kks/&izca/] Ik=k fy[ks tkrs gSaSA vusd vdknfed
if=kdk,¡ Ikzdkf'kr gksrh gSaA dgha Hkh mDRk fo"k;ksa
Ikj dksbZ lkFkZd ys[ku Ik

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 35
losZ{k.k] muosQ fy, Ikz'ukoyh] muosQ fopkj ;k
lk{kkRdkj ysus dh ;kstuk feyrh gSA blosQ
fy, cukbZ xbZ iz'ulwph ;k lk{kkRdkj dh
:Ik&js[kk dks 'kksèkdrkZ viuk ^midj.k* (Vwy)
dgrs gSaA Ikzk;% 'kks/fof/ vkSj midj.k dks
vyx&vyx ns[k] le> ikuk Hkh dfBu gksrk
gSA ekuks midj.k vkSj fof/ ,d gh pht gksA
mu iz'u dks Nk=kksaa] f'k{kdksa] ekrk&firkvksa vkfn
ls iwNdj tks mÙkj izkIr gksrk gS] ogh eq[;
'kks/ ekuk tkrk gSA iqu% mlh osQ izLrqfrdj.k]
tks dbZ ckj iw.kZr% nqgjko gksrk gS] dks 'kks/ ls
feyk ifj.kke vFkok ^IkzkfIr* (iQkbafMaXl) dh
laKk nh tkrh gSA ;g fdlh 'kks/&i=k ;k xzaFk
dk vafre fgLlk gksrk gSA bl izLrqfr esa Hkh ,d
gh ckr vusd ckj fHkUu&fHkUu vè;k;ksa ;k
mi&'kh"kZd osQ varxZr fy[kh feyrh gSA ^izzkfIr*
okys fgLls esa izk;% mnkjrkIkwoZd lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa
dh vkykspuk] mins'k vkSj lykgsa Hkh Hkjiwj
ek=kk esa jgrh gSaA ftudk 'kks/ izfØ;k osQ nkSjku
feyh lkexzh ls dksbZ laca/ gksuk Hkh vko';d
ugha ekuk tkrkA
bl izdkj mn~ns';] fof/ vkSj izkfIr osQ
rhu Hkkxksa esa gjsd 'kks/ fooj.k fy[kk tkrk gSA
;g osQoy fdlh 'kks/ dh tkudkjh nsus dk
:Ik Hkj gks] ,slh ckr ughaA dbZ ckj bu rhu
Hkkxksa esa fdlh izdkj oqQN ckrsa] vk¡dM+s Hkj nsuk]
mUgsa nqgjkrs jguk Hkj 'kks/drkZ viuk dk;Z
ekurk gSA ,slk Hkh yxrk gS ekuks mn~ns';] fof/
vkSj izkfIr;ksa dks Lora=k :i ls fy[kk x;k gksA
mudk vkil esa lqlaxr laca/ ugha gksrkA mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] mn~ns'; esa ftruh ckrsa fy[kh feyrh
gSa muesa ls dbZ dk IkzkfIr okys Hkkx esa irk Hkh
ugha feyrkA ekuks ifj.kke fy[krs gq, 'kksèkdrkZ
Hkwy x;k fd mlus mlh 'kks/ osQ vkjEHk esa
dksbZ vU; mn~ns'; Hkh j[ks FksA Li"Vr%] ,sls
'kks/ esa mlosQ mn~ns'; dk mldh miyfC/ ls
laca/ cuk, j[kus dh fpUrk ugha feyrhA Ikwjh
lkexzh Ik

36 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
'kks/&ys[ku gksus dk ,d izek.kA pkgs mlls
ikBd dks dksbZ ubZ tkudkjh ;k O;k[;k u Hkh
feyrh gksA
fdarq xaHkhj ewY;k¡du esa ,sls 'kks/&dk;Z dks
lkFkZd ugha dgk tk ldrkA dbZ ckj 'kks/drkZ
dk Hkze ;k vKku Lo;a mlosQ gh 'kCnksa esa Li"V
>ydrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc og vius
'kks/ osQ mn~ns'; fxukrs gq, vl¡[; cM+s&cM+s]
csesy vkSj fofp=k y{; ,d lkFk 'kkfey dj
ysrk gSA okLro esa 'kks/ fdlh ,d fcanq ij gh
oasQfnzr gks ldrk gSA ml fcanq osQ fdlh u,
igyw dh [kkst vFkok fdlh Kkr igyw dh ubZ
O;k[;k nsuk gh 'kks/ dgykrk gSA rHkh og
igys ls gh miyC/ Kku&HkaMkj esa dksbZ ;ksxnku
djrk gSA fdarq f'k{kk&'kks/ laca/h fjiksVksaZ vkSj
ys[kksa ls dbZ ckj yxrk gS ekuks 'kks/ dk ;g
vFkZ gh u gksA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ,d 'kks/&i=k
esa mlosQ igys y{; osQ :i esa ;g fy[kk
feyrk gS & ^Vw LVMh n buiqV~l izksokbMsM ck;
Vhpj Vªsfuax baLVhP;w'ku fciQksj ,aM M~;wfjax
LowQy ,Dlihfj;sal izksxzke Vw gsYi izksLisfDVo
VhplZ bu Msosyfiax ikWftfVo ,VhP;wM VqokM~Zl
Vhfpax*A ;g osQoy izFke y{; gSA blosQ vkxs
vusd vkSj y{; j[ks x, gSa tks rsjg i`"Bksa osQ
ml 'kks/&i=k dks gkfly djuk FkkA ml igys
y{; esa gh nks brus cM+s dk;Z gS] ftuosQ lkFkZd
vè;;u esa fdlh xaHkhj vè;srk dks yacs le;
rd ilhuk cgkuk iM+sA fdarq mDr 'kks/drkZ ,sls
y{;ksa osQ otu ls voxr ugha yxrkA blh
dkj.k dbZ ckj 'kks/drkZ vius 'kks/ dh izkfIr;k¡
fy[krs gq, vius gh }kjk fu/kZfjr oqQN y{;ksa
dks Hkwy tkrk gSA ,sls 'kks/ iwjs t:j gks tkrs gSaA
mUgsa fxu Hkh fy;k tkrk gS] fdlh laLFkku dh
fjiksVZ esa mldk mYys[k Hkh gks tkrk gS] fdarq
muls fdlh dk ykHk ugha gksrkA okLro esa mUgsa
dksbZ i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 37
nqgjkus okys oqQN u, yksx t:j rS;kj gks tkrs
gSaA fdarq okLro esa dksbZ lkFkZd 'kks/ djus dh
mudh {kerk esa o`f¼ ugha gksrhA os fofHkUu
rduhdksa (VwYl) ls oqQN lhfer fdLe osQ
vk¡dM+s bdV~Bk dj ysus dh fof/ vo'; tku
ysrs gSaA
fdarq ^vk¡dM+s bdV~Bk djuk 'kks/ ugha gSA
mu tqVk, x, vkWadM+ksa ;k rF;ksa ij fparu djuk
'kks/ dgykrk gSA* 6 bldh f'k{kk vkerkSj ij
'kks/&fof/ dk;Z'kkykvksa esa ugha feyrhA 'kks/
dj ldus osQ fy, D;k {kerk gksuh pkfg,]
dksbZ 'kks/ fo"k; oSQls r; fd, tk,¡] muosQ
fy, D;k i

38 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
&i=kksa] izca/ksa] ifj;kstukvksa esa dksbZ ekSfyd 'kh"kZd
feyuk Hkh dfBu gks x;k gSA
bl ekufld tM+rk dk gh ,d igyw ;g
gS fd yxHkx lHkh 'kks/&fo"k;ksa dk n`f"Vdks.k
HkkSfrdoknh gSA f'k{kk ls lacaf/r HkkSfrd&
lqfo/k,¡&CySdcksMZ] LowQy Hkou] ikB~;iqLrdksa
dk vkdkj] otu ;k miyC/rk] ?kj ls LowQy
dh nwjh] f'k{kdksa dks feyus okyh lqfo/k,¡ ;k
mudh deh] ijh{kkiQyksa dk izfr'kr] jkstxkj ls
f'k{kk dk laca/] vkfnA ,slk ugha fd ;g f'k{kk
laca/h vè;;uksa ls ckgj gSa] ;k fd budk
egÙo de gSA ckr ;g gS fd f'k{kk laca/h
laiw.kZ fparu] vè;;u vkSj foe'kZ bu HkkSfrd
rRoksa rd gh lhfer jgrk gSA vkxs Hkh] LowQyh
f'k{kk lekIr dj ysus osQ ckn Nk=k oSQlh ukSdjh
ikrk gS] D;k dekrk gS] fdlh LowQy ls fdrus
Nk=k fons'k tkrs gSa] vkfn gh fopkj.kh; vkSj
mYys[kuh; ppkZ gksrh gSA 'kks/ esa Hkh ;gh
HkkSfrdokn gkoh gSA 'kks/ fo"k; r; djus esa
v&HkkSfrd inksa] fof'k"Vrkvksa dk lekos'k de
gh gksrk gSA ^beks'kuy baVsfytSal* vkSj ^,osQMfed
,phoesaV* tSls in vusd ckj 'kks/&fo"k; vkSj
i=kksa esa vkrs Hkh gSa rks mlessa lkj ugha gksrkA
D;ksafd 'kks/drkZ bUgsa Hkh ewyr% HkkSfrdoknh
n`f"V ls gh ukirs gSaA pfj=k fuekZ.k] lkaLo`Qfrd
vkSj ukxfjd ewY;ksa dk vtZu] lkeatL; O;fDro
dk fodkl] vkReksiyfC/ tSls v&HkkSfrd rRoksa
dks xaHkhj vè;;u ;k 'kks/ dk fo"k; ugha
cuk;k tkrkA ekuks euq"; osQoy miHkksx djus
okyk izk.kh ek=k gksA mldk dksbZ HkkoukRed
vkè;kfRed] lkaLo`Qfrd txr u gksrk gksA
f'k{kk&'kks/ esa HkkSfrdoknh n`f"V dk ,dkf/dkj
blh ls Li"V gS fd tks 'kks/drkZ futh thou esa
/kfeZd] lkaLo`Qfrd #fp osQ O;fDr Hkh gSa] os
Hkh 'kks/ esa ,sls fo"k; ugha ysrs tks f'k{kk osQ
fdlh vHkkSfrd Ik{k dks mBkrk gksA blfy, Hkh
f'k{kk 'kks/ esa fo"k;ksa] vè;;uksa dk mckmQ
nqgjko feyrk gSA
vius ladh.kZ n`f"Vdks.k vkSj #Vhu fo"k;ksa
rd lhfer jgus osQ dkj.k gh f'k{kk 'kks/ esa
yxs yksxksa dh nqfu;k Hkh lhfer gks xbZ gSA u
ckgj osQ yksx muosQ dk;ksaZ esa #fp ysrs gSa] u gh
f'k{kk&f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks muosQ earO; tkuus dh
dksbZ ijokg jgrh gSA ekuks f'k{kk vdknfedksa
dh viuh nqfu;k gS] ftldk vU; yksxksa ls dksbZ
laca/ ughaA ^gj dksbZ vius ckjs esa lksprk gS]
ns'k osQ ckjs esa ughaA ;g f'k{kk osQ gj vax esa
fxjkoV dk ,d cM+k dkj.k gSaA 9 ;g fVIi.kh
oqQN gn rd bl dk Li"Vhdj.k gks ldrh gS
fd D;ksa f'k{kk 'kks/ ls tqM+s yksx vkil esa gh
,d nwljs dks lacksf/r djrs gSa] ml o`gr
lekt dks ugha ftlesa os jgrs&thrs gSaA blhfy,
muosQ }kjk fd, 'kks/ lekt osQ fy, O;kogkfjd 10
ewY; ugha j[krsA bldh fpark Hkh ugha dh tkrhA
'kks/ djus okys Lo;a larq"V gSa fd mUgksaus
Ik;kZIr vkSj vPNk dke fd;k gSA ;g vU; ckr
9Ikzks- gqoqQe flag] vè;{k] xf.kr f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 27 iQjojh 2009-
10f'k{kk 'kks/ vkSj uhfr lan'kZ foHkkx osQ iwoZ vè;{k izks- euthr lsuxqIrk osQ vuqlkj] ^f'k{kk 'kks/ dh gekjh O;oLFkk esa fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj
dk lkFk ugha pyk gSA eSa ugha tkurk D;ksa*

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 39
gS fd muosQ vf/dk¡'k #Vhu 'kks/ dk;Z Hkh
cM+h ek=kk esa fuEuLrjh; gh gksrs gSaA 11
laiw.kZ f'k{kk 'kks/ osQ vR;ar lhfer fo"k;ksa
esa ca/s jgus dk lcls IkzR;{k mnkgj.k gS] fd
'kks/kfFkZ;ksa us gj 'kgj esa pyus okys O;Lr
dksfpax lSaVjksa Ikj dksbZ 'kks/ ugha fd;k gSA ;g
dksfpax lsaVj ns'k osQ gj Hkkx esa de&ls&de
rhu n'kd ls py jgs gSaA mudh mifLFkfr vkSj
mi;ksfxrk ls f'k{kk ls tqM+k dksbZ O;fDr vutku
ughaA rc mu Ikj dksbZ 'kks/ u feyuk D;k
n'kkZrk gS\ ;gh fd tc dksbZ 'kks/drkZ vius
fy, dksbZ 'kks/ IkzLrko cukuk pkgrk gS rks og
okLro esa ckgj lekt esa >k¡d dj ugha ns[krk
fd ogk¡¡a D;k py jgk gS] D;k fn[k jgk gS] D;k
cqBykrs gSaA D;ksafd ,sls lSaVj fdlh
bykosQ esa gj rjg osQ le`¼] lqO;ofLFkr futh]
ljdkjh LowQyksa osQ gksus osQ ckotwn iui jgs gSaA
muesa i

40 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
leqfpr f'k{kk esa /u osQ vHkko osQ fdlh roZQ
dk leFkZu ugha djrkA
bl ifj?kVuk osQ vè;;u esa ^fjlkslZ Øap*
dk jksuk jksus okyh n`f"V my>u esa iM+ tk,xhA
,slk vè;;u f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa /ukHkko osQ
vykok] dbZ vHkkSfrd rRoksa osQ vHkko dh vksj
bafxr djsxk ftl dkj.k ,sls lSaVj iQy&iwQy
jgs gSaA ;g rRo gS&laiUu LowQyksa esa Hkh Lrjh;
f'k{kk dk vHkko] LowQyh f'k{k.k osQ dk;Z dks
feyrk de vknj] f'k{kdksa osQ p;u esa ykijokgh]
LowQy osQ izca/u esa fu"Bk dk vHkko] vkfnA
;g lc ,sls rRo gSa ftudk /u dh deh ls
laca/ ugha gSA ;g lekt osQ ewY;ksa] ekufldrk
vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd fLFkfr ls vf/d tqM+h leL;k,a¡
gSaA budk funku osQoy ctV c

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 41
lkekftd okrkoj.k Hkh ,slk gS fd okLrfod
'kks/ dks IkzksRlkgu ugha feyrkA yksx rqjar dksbZ
IkQy pkgrs gSa] tcfd vPNk 'kks/ Ikzk;% nh?kZ
dk;Z vkSj fparu dk Ikfj.kke gh gks ldrk gSA
gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kk esa 'kks/ vkSj vè;;u dh
Hkk"kk v¡xzs”kh dk gksuk Hkh vPNs 'kks/ osQ fodkl
esa ,d cM+h ck/k gSA lkFk gh] bl Hkk"kk;h ckèkk
ls fdlh 'kks/ dh xq.koÙkk dk okLrfod ewY;k¡du
ugha gks IkkrkA D;ksafd ^'kksèk dh Hkk"kk f'k{kdksa dh
Hkk"kk ugha gSA ;g f'k{kk fo"k; dh ,d cM+h
leL;k gS*A 15 ;g osQoy f'k{kdksa dh ckr ughaA
lekt osQ o`gr fgLls] pkgs mlesa fdrus gh
cqf¼eku] fopkj'kkhy yksx D;ksa u gksa] f'k{kk 'kks/
laca/h ys[ku vkSj dk;Z Ikj foe'kZ esa Hkkx ugha
ysrsA D;ksafd ;g lc v¡xzs”kh esa gksrk gS] tks lekt
dh Hkk"kk ugha gSA blh dkj.k] cqjs ;k fuo`Q"V 'kks/
dk;ksaZ dk leqfpr ewY;k¡du Hkh ugha gks IkkrkA
D;ksafd o`gr lekt dh n`f"V ls og cpk jgrk
gSA
fLFkfr ;g gS fd Ikzfrf"Br osaQnzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa
osQ pqus gq, 'kks/kFkhZ Hkh v¡xzs”kh osQ lkekU;
IkkfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dk Li"V vFkZ Bhd ls ugha
tkursA vFkkZr~] ftu 'kCnksa dk os ckj&ckj Ikz;ksx
djrs gSa] muosQ ckjs esa Hkh mudh le> tSlh&rSlh
gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ^MkVk*] ^lksf'k;ksykWftdy*]
^,FkuksxzkfiQd*] ^Ikzkslsl* tSls 'kCnksa dk vFkZ Hkh
'kks/&o`fÙk Ikk, dbZ Nk=k vf/dkjIkwoZd ugha crk
IkkrsA ;kuh ,sls Nk=k] tks ns'k Hkj ls 'kks/&o`fÙk
vkosnudrkZvksa esa Ikanzg esa ,d osQ vuqikr esa pqus
x, gSaA muosQ tkjh 'kks/ dk;ksaZ dh leh{kk osQ
fy, gks jgh ,d cSBd esa ;g Ikk;k x;k fd dbZ
'kks/&Nk=k mu v¡xzs”kh 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k djus esa
Hkh vleFkZ gSa] ftudk os Ikz;ksx dj jgs gSaA ;g
fLFkfr rc gS tc os fdlh u fdlh vuqHkoh
Ikzksis+Qlj osQ funsZ'ku esa dk;Z dj jgs gSaA
blls laosQr feyrk gS fd v¡xzs”kh dh
ck/k u osQoy mudh gS tks v¡xzs”kh esa ugha
fy[krs&cksyrs] cfYd mudh Hkh gS tks viuk
vdknfed dke blh Hkk"kk esa djrs gSaA 'kks/
ys[ku Ikj gks jgh ,d dk;Z'kkyk esa fdlh us IkwNk
fd ^,UuksVsVsM fcfCy;ksxzkiQh* (Annotated
bibliography) dk D;k vFkZ gS] rks ml l=k dk
lapkyu dj jgs Ikzksi+Qslj mÙkj ugha ns losQA blh
rjg] ^fjlpZ vkfVZdy* vkSj ^fjlpZ uksV* esa
varj IkwNus Ikj vusd ofj"B IkzksiQslj Hkh vlgtrk
eglwl djrs gSa] tcfd ;g Iknkoyh o"kksaZ ls
'kksèk&Ikf=kdkvksa esa Ikz;qDr gks jgh gSA dgus dk
vFkZ ;g fd v¡xzs”kh osQ fotkrh; ekè;e osQ
dkj.k Hkh 'kks/ dh xq.koÙkk IkzHkkfor gksrh gS]
D;ksafd ekè;e dh dfBukbZ gekjs fopkjksa dh
vfHkO;fDr vkSj laiw.kZ vknku&Ikznku osQ chp
nhokj cu tkrh gSA ge pkg dj Hkh viuk laiw.kZ
ugha ns IkkrsA
,sls dkj.kksa ls f'k{kk 'kks/ osQ vius
ewY;k¡dudrkZ Hkh v¡xzs”kh esa fy[kh 'kks/&lkefxz;ksa
dks Ikzk;% ljljh utj ls gh ns[krs gSaA tSlk mQij
laosQr gS] os 'kks/&IkzLrkoksa vkSj dk;ksaZ dks fdafpr
mnkjrk ls ns[krs gSaA blfy, 'kks/&Ik=k ;k IkzLrko
esa ekStwn Hkk"kk;h vux

42 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
gSaA mlesa fn, x, IkkfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa rFkk vU;
fooj.kksa ls Lo;a dksbZ vFkZ fudky dj vkxs c

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 43
osQ :i esa mUgsa ;g lc djuk gh gksA f'k{kk
'kks/ osQ u, fo"k; ysrs] ml ij dke djrs]
fjiksVZ tek djrs 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa dk ys[ku oqQN ,slk
gh vkHkkl nsrk gSA vius 'kks/ dk;ksaZ osQ ckjs esa
mUgsa bldk dksbZ Hkku ugha fd ;g lc fdl
mi;ksx dk gSA
,sls 'kks/dehZ vius vki esa izFke nks"kh
ugha] ;fn mUgsa vius dk;Z dh okLrfod mikns;rk
dh dksbZ fpark ugha gSA bl fcanq ij mudh
fLFkfr lekt foKku fo"k; osQ iqjkus lksfo;r
LdkWyjksa tSlh gh gSA vius vki esa os cqf¼eku]
;ksX; vkSj drZO;fu"B yksx gksrs FksA varfj{k
foKku lesr izko`Qfrd foKku osQ gjsd {ks=k esa
mudh miyfC/;k¡ fdlh Hkh mUur ns'k osQ
led{k FkhaA fiQj Hkh D;k dkj.k gS fd yxHkx
lkr n'kdksa rd (eksVs rkSj ij 1922&86 osQ
chp) muesa dksbZ n'kZu 'kkL=kh] jktuhfr 'kkL=kh]
bfrgkldkj ;k lkfgR; leh{kd ugha gks ldk
ftldk uke Hkh fy;k tk losQ D;ksafd bu
fo"k;ksa esa ogh :lh yksx ml nkSjku lnSo ,slh
phtsa fy[krs] izdkf'kr djrs] izlkfjr djrs jgs
tks izk;% o`Qf=ke] vFkZghu vkSj feF;k lkfgR;
FkkA mUgsa bldk fo'ks"k Hkku u Fkk fd muosQ }kjk
fy[kk x;k ^lkbfUVfiQd* 'kks/&lkfgR; gkL;kLin
:i ls vlR; gSA bldk dkj.k Fkk fd mUgksaus
vkjaHk ls gh oqQN tM+&lw=kksa dks ,slk oSKkfud
fn'kk&funsZ'kd eku j[kk Fkk ftlosQ vuq:i gh
vè;;u] 'kks/ vkfn gks ldrs FksA pw¡fd mlh
dks mudk iwjk lekt] mQij ls uhps rd]
fn'kk&funsZ'kd ekurk Fkk blfy, lHkh dks fo'okl
Fkk fd tks os dj jgs gSa] og mi;qDr gSA mlosQ
vkSfpR;] mi;ksfxrk vkfn ij mUgsa lansg u FkkA
D;ksafd mldh ij[k djus dh muosQ ikl dksbZ
Lora=k] okLrfod dlkSVh ugha FkhA vkt Hkh
if'pe ,f'k;k vkSj fdUgha tM+&fo'oklkas osQ
funsZ'k esa pyus okys lektksa esa bfrgkl] jktuhfr]
f'k{kk n'kZu vkSj lkfgR; fo"k;ksa esa ogh jksx vkSj
[kkyhiu ns[kk tk ldrk gSA tgk¡ [kqys vkSj
Lora=k fparu dks fdUgha iwoZ&fu/kZfjr ^loksZPp
fl¼kar* dk vuqikyu djus osQ fy, foo'k
fd;k tkrk gSA
oqQN mlls feyrh&tqyrh fLFkfr gekjs f'k{kk
'kks/ dh Hkh gSA vius lHkh igyqvksa esa f'k{kk
dk laiw.kZ vFkZ muosQ fØ;kdykiksa esa unkjn
fn[krk gSA gekjs egku f'k{kk fpardksa us f'k{kk
dk tks vFkZ crk;k] le>k;k gS] og ekuks
orZeku f'k{kk 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, fujFkZd gks x;k
gSA ,d lhfer] ladh.kZ xfrfof/ gh f'k{kk&'kks/
gSA blhfy, okLro esa f'k{kk esa 'kks/ mu xfrfofèk;ksa
dk uke Hkj gS tks blosQ varxZr fofHkUu f'k{kk
laLFkkuksa }kjk dh vkSj djokbZ tk jgh gSA ,d
#Vhu O;kikj] ,d izk.kghu] vuq"Bku] ftlosQ
?kksf"kr mn~ns'; vkSj okLrfod miyfC/;ksa esa
cgqr varj gSA dksbZ Hkh nl 'kks/&i=k ;k izca/
,d cSBd esa ns[kk tk,] rks muesa dksbZ lkFkZd
fopkj ;k uohu rF;ksa dk ladyu Hkh tYn
ugha feyrkA tku iM+sxk fd muls dksbZ lqlaxr
tkudkjh vkSj fu"d"kZ fudyus dh vf/d fpark
Hkh ugha dh xbZA laHkor% 'kks/ dh ,d fof'k"V
'kCnkoyh dk muesa iz;ksx gksus osQ dkj.k gh
,slh izLrqfr;ksa dks 'kks/&i=k ;k izca/ eku dj
izfr"Bk nh tkrh gSA blesa lansg gS fd ,sls

44 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
xfrfof/;k¡ fdlh dBksj ckSf¼d ijh{k.k esa
vius uke ij [kjh mrj losaQxhA
laHkor% ;gh dkj.k gS fd fdlh laLFkku esa
'kks/&i=kksa] iwjh dh xbZ 'kks/&ifj;kstukvksa dk
,d&,d dj xaHkhj ewY;k¡du djus] mu ij gj
igyw ls fopkj djus] rFkk muls dksbZ fu"d"kZ
fudkyus] rFkk 'kks/drkZ dks mldh tkudkjh
nsus dh dksbZ ijaijk ugha gSA ,d fu;ec¼ dk;Z
dh rjg 'kks/ pyrs vkSj Ikzdkf'kr gksrs gSaA muls
oqQN IkzkIr gksrk gS ;k ugha] ;g ckr gh vIkzklafxd
cuh jgh gSA lkekU;r% mu Ik=kksa] Ikzca/ksa vkSj
fjiksVksaZ dks 'kk;n gh dksbZ okLro esa Ik

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 45
'kkafr f'k{kk ,oa fo|ky;kssa eas 'kkafr
laLo`Qfr dh vo/kj.kk
oqQN fopkj.kh; fcUnq
*ofj"B izoDrk] f'k{kk ladk;] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] m- iz-
**'kks/ Nk=k] f'k{kk ladk;] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] m- iz-
vkyksd xkfMZ;k*
Ikq"is'k ikBd**
orZeku oSf'od ;qx esa tgk¡ Kku osQ foLr`r Lo:Ik ,oa fur uohu rduhdksa dk
vH;qn; gqvk gSa] ogh vlfg".kqrk] dV~Vjokn] fookn] la?k"kZ ,oa vkradokn dh
fujUrj vk'k¡dk,¡ Hkh blh vk/qfud lekt dh nsu gSA mijksDr leL;kvksa osQ funku
gsrq ckyd o ckfydkvkssa esa 'kkafr vk/kfjr O;ogkj osQ fodkl gsrq 'kkafr f'k{kk dh
ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gSA bl LkanHkZ esa vko';d gS fd fo|ky;ksa esa 'kkafr laLo`Qfr dh
LFkkiuk dh tk,A fo|ky;ksa esa fo'okl dk okrkoj.k] izo`Qfr ekuo osQ eè; lkeatL;]
U;k; djus dh 'kfDr dk fodkl ,oa vius o nwljksa osQ ekuokf/dkjksa osQ izfr lEeku
vkfn 'kkafr laLo`Qfr LFkkiuk osQ egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gaSA izLrqr ys[k esa 'kkafr laLo`Qfr dh
LFkkiuk gsrq vko';d lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; xqq.kksa dk ;FkklaHko foospu fd;k x;k gS
rFkk 'kkafr f'k{kk vè;;u&vè;kiu gsrq vko';d oqQN egÙoiw.kZ lq>koksa dks Hkh
'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
fgalk pkgs oSf'od Lrj ij] ;k jk"Vªh; Lrj ij]
;k LFkkuh; ,oa oS;fDrd Lrj ij gks mlosQ
fur u,&u, Lo:Ik tSls vlfg".kqrk] dV~Vjokn]
oxZ fookn] la?k"kZ] vkradokn osQ :Ik esa gekjs
lkeus vk jgs gaSA bu fur u, vulqy>s fooknksa
ls ;q¼ vkSj fgaLkk izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :Ik eas
tUe ys jgs gSa bu vulqy>s fooknksa ls ges'kk
;q¼ o fgaLkk tUe ugha ysrs gaSA ijUrq ;g dguk

46 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
lehphu gksxk fd fgalk vkSj ;q¼ vulqy>s
fooknkas dh dbZ laHkkfor izfrfØ;kvksa esa ls ,d
gSA izR;{k rkSj ij fgalk dk rkRi;Z ekj&dkV ,oa
,d nwljs dks 'kkjhfjd gkfu igq¡pkus rd gh
fy;k tkrk gSA ijUrq xk¡/h th osQ vuqlkj fgalk
osQoy ekj&dkV ;k 'kkjhfjd gkfu ig¡qpkus rd
lhfer ugha gksrh gS oju~ nwljksa osQ lkFk cqjk
O;ogkj djuk] nwljksa osQ izfr cqjk lkspuk] vPNk
vkpj.k iznf'kZr u djuk ,oa ijLij lg;ksx
dh Hkkouk u j[kuk Hkh fgalk gSaA orZeku vkèkqfud
lekt eas fgalk dk ;gha Lo:i lkeus vk jgk
gSA ftlosQ iQyLo:Ik v'kkafr tUe ys jgh gSA
blfy, O;fDr;ksa] lewgkas vkSj jk"Vªksa osQ lanHkZ esa
mi;qZDr vulqy>s fooknksa dks lqy>kus osQ fy,
vfgalkRed mik;

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 47
ifj"kn~ us 'kkafr osQ fy, f'k{kk fo"k; ij ,d
jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj blosQ
}kjk rS;kj fd, x, vk/kj&i=k esa fn, x,
lacafèkr fopkjksa dks jk"Vªh; ikB~p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&
2005 esa LFkku fn;kA cPpksa dks 'kkafr osQ fy,
f'k{kk nsus ls muesa 'kkafr dh LkaLo`Qfr mRiUu
gksxh tks O;fDr ls ysdj fo'o esa 'kkafr osQ
lapkj osQ :Ik esa dke djsxkA
'kkafr osQ fy, f'k{kk
'kkafr dks cy }kjk LFkkfir ugha fd;k tk
ldrk] bls osQoy lg;ksx ,oa lkeatL; }kjk
gh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS (okMZ 2001)A
dgus dk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd 'kkafr dksbZ oLrq
ugha gS] ftls cyiwoZd gkfly fd;k tk losQA
vxj lPps vFkksZa esa bls izkIr djuk gS rks gesa
O;fDr&O;fDr osQ chp le>nkjh dks vkSj
vf/d fodflr djuk gksxkA blosQ vykok u
rks ;g oa'kkuqxr y{k.k gS] cfYd bldks O;ogkj
esa fl[kk;k tkrk gSA vxj gesa okLrfod 'kkafr
izkIr djuh gS rks cPpksa dks (tks Hkfo"; essa 'kkafr
fuekZrk dh Hkwfedk Hkh fuHkk ldrs gSa) ;g
fl[kkuk gksxk fd oSQls vius fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa
o oLrqvksa dks nwljkas osQ lkFk ck¡VsA blosQ fy,
f'k{kk dks izksRlkfgr djuk gksxkA ;wfulsiQ
(UNICEF) us 'kkafr f'k{kk dks ,d ,slh izfØ;k
osQ :Ik ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS tks Kku] dkS'ky]
n`f"Vdks.k ewY;ksa o O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykus osQ
fy, vko';d Ùkoksa dks izksRlkfgr djrh gS]
ftlls cPps] fd'kksj] o ;qok bl ;ksX; gks loasQ
fd og fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ erHksnksa o fgalk dks
jksdus rFkk ,slh ifjfLFkr;ksa dks mRiUu djus esa
tks 'kkafr LFkkiuk dh vksj ys tk losQ] l{ke gks
losQA bl izdkj 'kkafr dh mi;ksfxrk dks cPpksa
osQ lanHkZ esa duoas'ku vkWu fn jkbV vkWiQ
pkbYM (1998) esa ;g dgk x;k gSaμcPpksa dh
f'k{kk dks bl izdkj funsZf'kr djuk gksxk fd os
Lora=k lekt esa ftEesnkjh;qDr thou thus osQ
fy, rS;kj gks loasQ] ftleas le>nkjh] 'kkafr]
lgu'khyrk] ySafxd lekurk vksj lHkh osQ chp
fe=krk fufgr gksA vr% f'k{kk ,d ,slk l'kDr
ekè;e gS] tks turkfU=kd jhfr ls O;fDr essa
nh?kZdkyhu ifjorZu yk ldrh gSA orZeku le;
esa vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd f'k{kk O;oLFkk
esa ,sls ifjorZu fd, tk,¡ fd Hkkoh ih

48 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
2- f'k{kk osQ }kjk fofHkUu laLo`Qfr;ksa] lektksa o
jk"Vªksa osQ chp laokn mRiUu ,oa fodflr
fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks ,d nwljs dh laLo`Qfr;ksa
dks le>us rFkk muosQ chp vknku&iznku
djus dk vk/kj izLrqr djrh gSA
3- lekt esa O;kIr fofo/rkvksa dk lEeku djrs
gq, muosQ chp lkeatL; LFkkfir djus esa
f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk lnk ls jgh gSA jaxHksn]
lkEiznkf;drk] uLyokn] tkfrokn] dV~Vjokn
rFkk vkradokn tSlh leL;kvksa dk lekèkku
djus esa f'k{kk O;fDr;ksa dks l{ke cukrh gSA
4- vUr esa f'k{kk osQ }kjk ge oS;fDrd Lrj ij
ml lkeatL; dh Hkkouk dks tkxzr dj ldrs
gSa] ftls dHkh ½Xosn dh ½f"kizKk us bl
izdkj lk{kkro`Qr fd;k Fkk (o`Q".kyky]
1993)A
la xPNèoa la onèoa la oks ekufl tkurke~]
nsok Hkkx ;FkkiwosZ ltkukuk miklrsA
lekuks e=k% lfer% lekuh eu% lg fpurses"kke~]
lekua eU=kefHk eU=k;s o lekusu os gfo"kk twgksfeA
lekuh o vko`Qfr% lekuk% ân;kfu o%]
lekueLrq oks euks ;Fkk o% lqlgklfrA
vFkkZr~ ge ijLij ,d gksdj jgaas] ijLij
feydj izse ls okrkZyki djas] leku eu ls Kku
izkIr djsa ftl izdkj Js"B tu ,d gksdj
mikluk djrs gSa] mlh izdkj ge Hkh vius
fojks/ R;kxdj viuk deZ djasA ge lcdh
izkFkZuk leku gksa] HksnHkko ls jfgr gksdj ijLij
feydj jgs] eu] fpÙk] fopkj leku gkas gekjs
ân; leku gkas] ftllsa gekjk dk;Z ijLij iw.kZ
:Ik ls laxfBr gksA bl rjg f'k{kk osQ }kjk 'kkafr
dh LFkkiuk djuk vlEHko ugha gSA
'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr
Lka;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ pkVZj (1998) osQ vuqlkj
'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr dk vk/kj] iztkra=k] lgu'khyrk]
rFkk ekuokf/dkjksas dk lEeku djuk] erHksnksa
rFkk fgalk dks jksdus osQ fy, ,d lexz n`f"Vdks.k
osQ :Ik esa fodkl] 'kkafr osQ fy, f'k{kk] lwpukvksa
dk lqxe vknku&iznku rFkk efgykvksa dh foLr`r
Hkkxhnkjh dks izksRlkfgr djuk vkSj ,sls mik;
djuk gS ftlls 'kkafr osQ fy, mi;qDRk ifjfLFkfr
mRiUu gks losQA 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr dk loZizFke
vk/kj iztkra=k dk lEeku djuk ;Fkk yksxksa esa
iztkra=k osQ izfr tkx:drk] Lora=k :Ik ls vius
fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djuk] Lora=k :Ik ls
fu.kZ; ysus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djuk gSA blosQ
vykok 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr uSfrd fodkl osQ
lkFk mu ewY;ksa] n`f"Vdks.kksa rFkk dkS'kyksas ij cy
nsrh gS tks izo`Qfr o ekuo osQ chp lkeatL;
fcBkus osQ fy, vko';d gS] blesa thus dh
[kq'kh] izse] mEehn vkSj lkgl osQ vkUrfjd
lalk/uksa osQ lkFk O;fDÙko osQ fodkl ij cy
nsrh gSA blesa ekuo vf/dkjksa osQ izfr lEeku
djuk] U;k; djus dh 'kfDRk dk fodkl djuk]
vius /eZ osQ vykok nwljs /eksaZ dks lEeku nsuk
o muosQ lkaLo`Qfrd fØ;kdykikas esa Hkkxhnkjh
osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djuk] lkekftd nkf;Ro dh
iwfrZ djus gsrq izsfjr djuk 'kkfey gSaA
Lkkekftd U;k; f'k{kk dh laLo`Qfr dk
egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA lkekftd U;k; rFkk lekurk
ftlesa xjhcksa] oafprksa] 'kksf"krksa osQ mRihM+u u
fd;s tkus laca/h lexz n`f"Vdks.k ij cy nsrh
gS] ftlessa vfgalkewyd lekt osQ fodkl ij

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 49
tksj gks] mls f'k{kk dh laLo`Qfr dk oasQnzh;
vkèkkj gksuk pkfg,A vr% 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr
ekuo lqj{kk dks le>us o mls izksRlkfgr djus
ij cy nsrh gSA
'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr dks ;wfulsiQ us bl izdkj
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSμ,d laLo`Qfr tks lkaLo`Qfrd
fofHkUUkrkvksa dks izksRlkfgr djrh gS ftlesa fo'okl]
ewY;ksa] O;ogkj o lg;ksx dh Hkkouk vkfn
'kkfey gSa] tks ijLij lqj{kk] lekurk] i`Foh osQ
lzksrksa ij blesa jgus okys izkf.k;ksa osQ chp leku
Hkkxhnkjh vkSj lkFk&lkFk jgus dks izksRlkfgr
djrh gSA ihl ,tqosQ'ku bu ;wfulsiQ (iQkamVsu]
1999) eas 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr osQ fy, fuEukafdr
RkF;ksa dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSμ
1- lHkh yksxksa osQ chp fo'okl dk okrkoj.k
mRiUu djukA
2- lHkh yksxksa dh ewyHkwr vko';drk,¡ ;Fkk]
Hkkstu] ikuh rFkk vFkZ dh iwfrZ djukA
3- ikjLifjd le>nkjh dks fodflr djukA
4- lwpukvksa osQ vknku iznku djus gsrq yksxksa
osQ chp ,d [kqyk okrkoj.k fodflr djukA
5- yksxkas esa lgu'khyrk dh Hkkouk fodflr
djukA
6- fofHkUu /ekasZa osQ izfr lEeku dh Hkkouk
fodflr djukA
7- fofHkUUk /eksZa] tkfr;ksa] laLo`Qfr;ksa o thou
'kSyh esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djukA
mi;qZDr rF;ksa osQ ekè;e ls fo|ky;ksa esa]
leqnk; esa] lekt esa] vkSj fo'o eas 'kkafr dh
laLo`Qfr osQ okrkoj.k dks LFkkfir djus esa enn
feyrh gSA 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr dh vko';drk
dks ns[krs gq, la;qDr jk"Vª dh lkekU; lHkk eas
n'kd 2001&2010 dks fo'o osQ cPpksa osQ
fy, 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr o vfgalk osQ fy,
vUrjkZ"Vªh; n'kd osQ :Ik esa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k
gSA blh lHkk esa 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr dks lHkh
ewY;ksa] n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj O;ogkj osQ rjhosQ tks
ekuo fofHkUUkrkvksa vkSj lHkh rjg osQ ekuo
vf/dkjksa osQ izfr lEeku djuk] fgalk pkgs
fdlh Hkh :Ik esa gks] vLohdkj djuk vkSj ykssxksa
osQ chp le>nkjh] Lora=krk] U;k;] lekurk]
lgu'khyrk dh Hkkouk osQ fy, izsfjr djuk gSa]
osQ :Ik eas ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA vr% 'kkafr
dh laLo`Qfr dks fodflr djus osQ fy, 'kkafr
dh f'k{kk vko';d gSA
'kkafr osQ fy, f'k{kk eas vè;;u&vè;kiu
izfØ;k&oqQN lq>ko
'kkafr f'k{kk esaa vè;;u&vè;kiu gsrq izR;{k
fof/;ksa osQ ctk, vizR;{k fof/;k¡ vf/d
mi;ksxh gSaA bl gsrq lEiw.kZ fo|ky;h ifjos'k esa
'kkafr laLo`Qfr dks viukuk ,oa fo|ky;h okrkoj.k
esa ifjyf{kr djuk vfr vko';d gSA 'kkafr
vè;;u&vè;kiu gsrq fuEu lq>kko izLrqr gSaμ
1- fo|ky;ksa esa le;≤ ij lkaLo`Qfrd
fofHkUUrkvksa esa leUo; iznf'kZr djus okys
rFkk /kfeZd mRloksa ls lacaf/r dk;ZØeksa
dk vk;kstu fd;k tk,A
2- ,slh fiQYeksa dh lwph rS;kj dh tk,] tks
'kkafr] U;k;] ,drk dks c

50 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
3- fOk|ky;ksa esa Nk=kksa ls ,sls dk;ksZa ;Fkkμ
liQkbZ] ikS/s yxkuk vkfn djk;k tk,] ftldks
lHkh cPpss fey tqydj djsa] ftlls muesa
ijLij lg;ksx dh Hkkouk fodflr gksA
4- fdlh Hkh {ks=k eas orZeku le; esa ehfM;k
dh Hkwfedk dks utjvUnkt ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vr% f'k{kk esa 'kkafr osQ iz;kl esa
ehfM;k dksss lg;ksxh cuk;k tk,] rFkk
le;≤ ij fo|ky;ksssa esa cPpksa dks
'kkafr ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa ij lacksf/r djus
osQ fy, izeq[k i=kdkjksa osQ O;k[;ku ,oa
;q¼ foHkhf"kdk] fgalk osQ ifj.kkeksa ij vkèkkfjr
pyfp=k ,oa lekpkjksa dk izn'kZu fd;k
tk,A
5- 'kkafr ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa ij fo|ky;ksa esa cPpksa
osQ chp Hkk"k.k izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu fd;k
tk, rFkk ,slh O;oLFkk dh tk, fd cPpksa osQ
fopkjksa dks de&ls&de eghus esa ,d ckj
lekpkj i=kksa esas izdkf'kr fd;k tk losQA
6- 'kkafr ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa ij fo|ky;ksa esa
le;≤ ij lsfeukj@lewg ifjppkZ dk
vk;kstu fd;k tk,A
7- fo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kdkssa o vfHkHkkodksa dh
laxks"Bh dk vk;kstu dj vfHkHkkodksa dks
'kkafr ls lacaf/r O;ogkjksa dh tkudkjh nh
tk,A
8- 'kkafr ls lacaf/r O;ogkjksa dk Kku nsus osQ
fy, f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa
dk vk;kstu fd;k tk,A
9- fo|ky;ksas esa ,d ,sls jhfMax :e dh
O;oLFkk dh tk, ftlesa 'kkafr fo"k;ksa ls
lacaf/r lekpkjksa o ?kVukvksa dh if=kdk,¡
o iqLroasQ miyC/ gksaA
10-f'k{kdksa dks 'kkafr O;ogkj osQ lanHkZ esa
cPpksa osQ lkeus ,d vkn'kZ izLrqr djuk
pkfg,] ftlls cPPks izsfjr gks loasQA
11-'kkafr osQ O;ogkj dks cPPkksa esa izksRlkfgr
djus osQ fy, oqQN cPpksa dks vPNk
O;ogkj iznf'kZr djus osQ fy, iqjLo`Qr
djus dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A
;gh ugha] vR;ko';d dne ;g gksxk fd
ge ikB~;Øeksa vkSj ikB~;iqLrdksa dks ,slk cuk,¡
ftlesa nh xbZ fo"k;oLrq cPpksa esa fnu izfrfnu
osQ vuqHkoksa ls tqM+h gkas] cPps vius vuqHkoksa
dh d{kk esa ppkZ djsa vkSj fo|ky;h Kku dks
buls tksM+dj lh[ksaA blls u le> esa vkus
okyh fo"k;oLrq osQ dkj.k iSnk gksus okyk
ruko rks ?kVsxk gh] cPpksa esa le> dk pLdk
iSnk gksxk tks ubZ rjg osQ }U}ksa dks feVkdj
'kkafr dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;d gksxkA
bl izdkj fo|ky;h ifjos'k esa 'kkafr laLo`Qfr
dh LFkkiuk dj Hkkoh ukxfjdksa esa 'kkafr mUeq[k
O;ogkj lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks
osQoy Hkkjr esa gh ugha oju lEiw.kZ fo'o esa
'kkafr osQ lans'k dks lapfjr dj losQ ,oa
izR;sd cPpk vius dks fo'o leqnk; dk
ukxfjd vuqHkwr dj losQA

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 51
lanHkZ
o`Q".kewfrZ] ts- 1992- ,tqosQ'ku ,.M flxuhfiQosQal vkWWWiQ ykbiQ] psUubZ] o`Q".kewfrZ iQkmaMs'kuo`Q".kyky
1993] osn ifjp;] fnYyh] fgUnh ekè;e dk;kZy;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh-
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 2006] us'kuy djhoqQye izsQeooZQ 2005] iksft'ku isij us'kuy iQksdl xzqi vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku
iQkWj ihl] ubZ fnYyh-
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 2005] jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005] ubZ fnYyhiQkmVsu]
,l- 1999] ,tqosQ'ku iQkj ihl bu ;wfulsiQ] U;w;kZd] ofoZaQx isij ,tqosQ'ku lsD'ku] izksxzke fMfotu]
;wfulsiQ-
;wukbVsM us'ku 1998] dYpj vkWiQ ihl (A/Res/52/13,15 tuojh 1998] http:/www.unesco.org/
jyep/07uk/uk_sum_refdoc.htm.
;wukbVsM us'ku ,lsEcyh] 53 lslu ,tsaMk vkbVe 31] 19 uoEcj 1998-
;wukbVsM us'ku tujy ,lsEcyh] 1998] fn duosa'kUk fn jkbV~l vkWiQ fn pkbYMoekZ-
oS|ukFk izlkn 1972- fo'o osQ egku f'k{kk 'kkL=kh] iVuk] fcgkj fgUnh vdkneh izdk'kuokMZ
,'kys] ts- 2001- Msoyfiax , dYpj vkWiQ ihl ,.M uku okbysal Fkzw ,tqosQ'ku /http:/
www.mkgandhi.org/articles/Peace4.htm/ }kjk ekpZ 2009 esa izkIrosYl-
yhp- lh- 2003] ,- dYpj vkiWQ Vhfpax ihl http:/www.commandreams.org/views03/
0616-01.html/ }kjk ekpZ 2009 esa izkIr-

52 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
v¡xsz”kh f'k{k.k*
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :Ikjs[kk&2005 osQ fodkl dh izfØ;k osQ nkSjku xfBr bDdhl
jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewgksa us LowQyh f'k{kk ls tqM+s fofo/ eqn~nksa tSls μ ikB~;p;kZ {ks=k]
jk"Vªh; fpark,¡ rFkk O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa ij foLrkj ls fopkj djrs gq, vk/kj&i=k
fy[kasA bu vk/kj&i=kksa esa nh xbZ ppkZvksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh
:Ikjs[kk rS;kj dh xbZA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh vksj ls le;≤ ij dh tkus okyh
cSBdksa] xksf"B;ksa] lsfeukjksa] izf'k{k.k ,oa vfHkfoU;kl dk;ZØeksa esa bu vk/kj&Ik=kksa Ikj
ppkZ dh tkrh jgh gSA
bl vad esa ^v¡xzs”kh f'k{k.k* Ikj cus vk/kj i=k esa nh xbZ ppkZvksa dks ge vkiosQ
lkFk ck¡VasxsaA bl vk/kj&i=k esa gekjs ns'k esa v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ls tqMs+ vusd eqn~nksa
Ikj foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gS tSls v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk D;ksa i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 53
1997)A1 1990 esa gekjh eqDr vFkZO;oLFkk dh
'kq#vkr ls LowQyksa esa v¡xzs”kh dh ek¡x dk foLiQksV
gqvk D;ksafd ;g le>k tkus yxk gS fd v¡xzs”kh
ls vPNs volj fey lossQaxs (nkl 2005)A
gekjs LowQyksa esa v¡xzs”kh
v¡xzs”kh dh 'kq#vkr dk Lrj
v¡xzs”kh dh bl mifLFkfr dk Li"V izHkko ;g gS
fd vkt gj dksbZ LowQy ossQ 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij
bldh ek¡x dj jgk gSA v¡xzs”kh i

54 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
dh O;oLFkk osQ vFkZ esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g
f'k{kdksa dh mu /kj.kkvksa ls r; gksrk gS tks
v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ is'ks esa fy, x, rjg&rjg
osQ vuqHkoksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gSaA 3 v¡xzs”kh f'k{k.k
dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh eksVs rkSj ij igpkuμ (d)
f'k{kd dh v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk esa fuiq.krk (Vh- ih-)*
rFkk ([k) fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk LowQy ls ckgj v¡xzs”kh ls
lkeuk vFkkZr~ Hkk"kk&xzg.k ossQ ifjos'k esa v¡xzs”kh
dh mifLFkfr (bZ- bZ-)**] ls dh tk ldrh gS
(fo|ky;ksa osQ oxhZdj.k ossQ bu vkèkkjksa dk
lanHkZ&ukx&v#yef.k 2000)A vr% oqQfj;u
(2005) uhps fn, x, pkj rjg ossQ LowQyksa ossQ
mnkgj.k nsrs gSaA
1- Vh-ih- bZ-bZ- (tSls v¡xzs”kh
ekè;e osQ futh@ljdkjh lgk;rk izkIr laHkzkr
LowQy) % fuiq.k f'k{kd] ifjos'k esa fofHkUu
Lrjksa dh v¡xzs”kh ftlesa ?kj esa ;k igyh
Hkk"kk ossQ rkSj ij v¡xzs”kh Hkh 'kkfey gSA
2- Vh-ih- bZ-bZ-] (tSls u, v¡xzs”kh ekè;e
ossQ futh LowQy ftuesa vf/dka'k v¡xzs”kh o
vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ nksuksa dk bLrseky djrs
gSa) % f'k{kd ftudh lhfer fuiq.krk gS]
cPpksa dh v¡xzs”kh dh i``"BHkwfe detksj ;k
ux.; gS vkSj vke vfHkHkkodksa esa v¡xzs”kh
ossQ lgkjs mUufr djus dh vkdak{kk gSA
3- Vh-ih- bZ-bZ- (tSls ljdkjh lgk;rk
izkIr {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;e ossQ LowQy)&tgk¡
vU; {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ lkFk v¡xzs”kh f'k{k.k
dh izFkk gSA ;s fofHkUu 'kSf{kd lfefr;ksa }kjk
LFkkfir] fd, tkrs gSa rFkk ;gk¡ fofHkUu izdkj
dh i`"BHkwfe ls vkus okys cPps gksrs gSaA
4- Vh-ih-] bZ-bZ- (tSls ljdkjh {ks=kh;
Hkk"kk ekè;e ossQ LowQy tks ftyk ;k Ukxjikfydk
f'k{kk foHkkxksa }kjk lapkfyr gksrs gSa) % xzkeh.k
Hkkjr ossQ cPpksa dh cM+h l¡[;k bUgha esa
ukekafdr gksrh gSA 'kgjh xjhcksa (ftuossQ
vius ifjos'k esa laHkor% v¡xzs”kh ikus ossQ
FkksM+s jkLrs gksa) dk Hkh ,dek=k fodYi ;gh
LowQy gSaA pkjksa izdkj ossQ LowQyksa esa v¡xzs”kh esa
buossQ f'k{kd gh lcls de fuiq.k gksrs gSaA
tgk¡ ;s mnkgj.k] LowQy izca/u ossQ izdkj vkSj
f'k{kd dh fuiq.krk o v¡xzs”kh ossQ ifjos'k ossQ chp
,d viq"V varlZaca/ lq>krs gSa] ogha bu LowQyksa esa
Hkh dbZ fofHkUurk,¡ feyrh gSaA futh v¡xzs”kh
ekè;e ossQ LowQyksa esa lh[kus ossQ voljksa esa
fofHkUurk,¡ gks ldrh gSa vkSj ;g mudh vleku
Hkk"kk izkfIr ls tkfgj gksrk gSA (ukx&v#yef.k
2005)A ftu LowQyksa esa d{kk iqLrdky; gSa] muossQ
cPps csgrj

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 55
vkus okys fo|kFkhZ vkSj muossQ vfHkHkkodksa dh
^dksfV;ksa* ossQ vk/kj ij ^laLo`Qfr* esa ,d nwljs ls
fHkUu FksA izHkq (1987 % 3) us ;g lq>ko fn;k fd
^f'k{k.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ukedj.k dks blhfy,
'kS{kf.kd izLrkoksa osQ vkSfpR; dh lhek dh tk¡p esa
lgk;d ossQ :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,* u fd laiw.kZ
oxhZdj.k ossQ fy,A
Hkkjr esa v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k (bafXy'k
ySaXost Vhfpax)
ijaijkxr :i ls v¡xzs”kh dh ius okys pkWELdh ossQ laKkukRed nkos dks
c

56 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
vuqHkoksa ls feyrk gSA gkyk¡fd vf/dk¡'k f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa
ossQ fy, ^laizs"k.k n{krk* mruh egÙoiw.kZ ugha gS
ftruk Hkk"kk esa ,d cqfu;knh ;k ewyHkwr n{krk
gkfly djuk (izHkq 1987 % 13)A lkexzh ls le`}
lS¼akfrd izfof/;ksa (tSls fd laiw.kZ Hkk"kk] dk;Z&vk/
kfjr vkSj cks/XkE; lkexzh rFkk larqfyr n`f"Vdks.k)
dk Yk{; vFkZ&ossaQfnzr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk"kk dk
vuqHko fnykuk gS rkfd Hkk"kk&O;oLFkk dh cukoV
efLr"d }kjk gh lapkfyr gksA
Hkk"kk ikB~;p;kZ ossQ y{;
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dk y{; gSμ
• ,d lqxfBr ikB~;p;kZ uhfr] tks Hkk"kk f'k{k.k
vkSj vtZu ossQ funsZ'kd fl¼akrksa ij vkèkkfjr
gks] tks LFkkuh; t#jrksa vkSj lalk/uksa ossQ
vuqowQy fofo/ rjhdksa dks viuk lossQ rFkk
tks mi;ksx ossQ fy, O;k[;kRed ekWMy
miyC/ djk,A
ikB~;p;kZ uohdj.k ossQ fiNys iz;klksa ij
fopkj gekjs foospu esa nqgjk, tkus dh leL;k
[kM+h djrk gSA fiQj Hkh ge vk'kk djrs gSa fd
Hkk"kkfonksa] euksoSKkfudksa vkSj vU; lacafèkr fo"k;ksa
dh ekSTkwnk varnZ`f"V gesa ikB~;p;kZ lacaèkh rkSj&rjhossQ
dks cnyus o le`¼ djus ossQ fy, dkjxj lq>koksa
dk lS¼akfrd vk/kj ns lossQxhA
v¡xzs”kh ossQoy vius cwrs ij dk;e ugha jg
ldrhA bls viuk LFkku ikuk gSA
• vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ lkFk
1- {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;e ossQ LowQyksa esaμcPpksa dh
vU; Hkk"kk,¡ v¡xzs”kh f'k{kk dks oSQls etcwr
dj ldrh gSa\
2- v¡xzs”kh ekè;e ossQ LowQyksa esaμv¡xzs”kh ossQ
orZeku opZLo dks ?kVkdj vU; Hkkjrh;
Hkk"kkvksa dk egÙo oSQls c

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 57
ikrk gS) ftldh lgk;rk ls dksbZ vke vkneh
egt ijh{kk ikl djus ;k O;kdj.k tkuus ossQ
ctk, ^v¡xzs”kh cksy ldus* dh vis{kk j[krk gSA 7
• vius ifjos'k dh Hkk"kk esa cksypky dh tks
cqfu;knh fuiq.krk d{kk ossQ ckgj Hkh cPpk
lgt :i ls gkfly dj ysrk gS] bl O;kid
miyfC/ dks D;k v¡xzs”kh dh d{kk,¡ Hkh
viuk ldrh gSa\ vxj gk¡] rks oSQls\
• lhfer {ks=kksa (tSls&;k=kk ,oa i;ZVu m|ksx)
ossQ fy, vko';d Hkk"kk&oqQ'kyrk,¡ blh
cqfu;knh fuiq.krk ij fVdh gksrh gSaA
,d vke laKkukRed vdknfed Hkk"kk;h
n{krk
vkn'kZ :i ls ;k lkekU;r;k f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk ,slh
LokHkkfod :i ls izkIr dh xbZ Hkk"kk&;ksX;rk ls
curh gS tks lk{kjrk esa fodkl ossQ tfj;s bls vewrZ
fopkjksa ossQ midj.k ;k vdknfed Kku ossQ xzg.k
ossQ fy, le`¼ djrh gSA vc ge ,d ^laKkukRed
vdknfed Hkk"kk;h n{krk* dh ckr dj lossaQxs
(ns[ksa dfeal 1979) ftlesa Hkk"kk vkSj lkspus dk
dkS'ky cPps ossQ LokHkkfod Hkk"kk&Kku ossQ vk/kj
ij fufeZr gksrk gSA ;gh Hkk"kk&f'k{kk vkSj Hkk"kk ossQ
tfj;s f'k{kk dk y{; jgk gSA (vDlj ;g ppkZ
ekr`Hkk"kk esa Hkk"kk&f'k{kk ossQ lanHkZ eas gksrh gSA)
• blossQ vykok Hkk"kkvksa dh ,slh laKkukRed
vkSj vdknfed oqQ'kyrk,¡ lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa
lapkfjr gks ldrh gSa] nwljh Hkk"kk esa HkhA
;g lapj.kh;rk gh mu vk/kjksa esa ,d jgh gS
ftlossQ dkj.k v¡xzs”kh dks vis{kko`Qr nsj ls ykxw
djus dh fliQkfj'k dh tkrh gSA f'k{kk esa Hkkf"kd
fuiq.krk tks cPps dh viuh Hkk"kk esa fodflr
gksrh gS] ckn esa ,d u;h Hkk"kk esa LokHkkfod :i
ls pyh tk,xhA bl fliQkfj'k osQ izfr vlarks"k
nks dkjdksa ossQ dkj.k gSμ
(d) igyk] Hkk"kkvksa esa vdknfed Hkkf"kd n{krk
dk vlarks"ktud miyfC/ Lrj] tSls i

58 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
ossQ :i esa ;fn v¡xzs”kh oQks dki- Qh 'kq#vkrh Lrj ls
gh ekè;e cukuk gS rks blossQ f'k{k.k ls nwljh
Hkk"kkvksa dh Hkh lk{kjrk esa liQyrk dks lqfuf'pr
djuk gksxk tSlk fd osLV (1941) us ntZ fd;k FkkA
ikB~;p;kZ dk Lo:iμlalk/u o izfØ;k,¡
lkexzh&le`¼ ifjos'k
Hkk"kk lh[kus ossQ fy, lkexzh ossQ lkFk le`¼
laizs"k.kkRed ifjos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
Hkk"kk,¡ vO;Dr :i ls lh[kh tkrh gSaA lqudj ;k
ius vkSj
laizsf"kr djus ossQ tfj;sA ge ,d cks/xE;
lkexzh&le`¼ ikB~;p;kZ dk lq>ko nsrs gSa ftlls
Hkk"kk ossQ lgt fodkl dh cqfu;kn cu lossQ rkfd
cksyh vkSj fy[kh xbZ Hkk"kk dks le>uk Hkk"kk
mRiknu (O;k[;ku o ys[ku) dh iwoZxkeh Hkwfedk
esa gksA ge ;g Hkh lq>k,¡xs fd lk{kjrk oSQls bl
rjg dh ikB~;p;kZ esa vFkZiw.kZ ossQ leku gh ,d rjg ls ugha le> ldus
dk cks> gSA ;g rc gksrk gS tc Hkk"kk dks egt
vius fy, ,d [kkl :i ;k fu;eksa osQ rgr
i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 59
vFkZiw.kZ Hkk"kk vtZu djsA ,slh lkexzh de ls de
d{kkvksa esa rks feyuh gh pkfg, ijarq lh[kus okyksa ossQ
vius iz;RUkksa ossQ }kjk vU; :iksa eas Hkh miyC/ gksuh
pkfg,A lh[kuk d{kk ;k f'k{kd rd gh lhfer ugha
gksuk pkfg,A lqfoèkkoafpr f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ossQ Hkk"kk&ifjos'k
dks fo'ks"k rjhdksa ls le`¼ djus dh t#jr gSA bl
fygkt ls dbZ u;h liQy [kkstsa vkSj uokpkj bl
ns'k esa fo|eku gSa ftUgsa mudh rkRdkfyd LFkkuh;
t#jrksa ossQ ijs ys tkdj O;kid cukus ossQ fy,
Nkuchu vkSj izksRlkgu dh t#jr gS] tSls var%
fØ;kRed jsfM;ks funsZ'k] y{; vk/kfjr laizs"k.k
joS;k] iw.kZ Hkk"kk vk[;ku dk;ZØe vkfnA ge bu
liQyrkvksa dk o.kZu djus dk iz;kl djsaxsA
'kq#vkrh Lrj ij v¡xzs”kh
Hkk"kk ls ifjp;μ ,d iwoZ&lk{kjrk ikB~;p;kZ
v¡xzs”kh pkgs ftl d{kk ls 'kq: gks (I - III, ;k
IV ;k V - VI) 'kq#vkrh y{; (v¡xzs”kh lh[kus
ossQ igys ;k nks lkyksa esa) ;g gS fdμ
lkFkZd fLFkfr;ksa esa v¡xzs”kh ossQ lkFk igpku
cukbZ tk, (eq[;r% cksypky ;k fyf[kr
vkSj cksyh gqbZ lkexzh }kjk) rkfd cPps dks
Hkk"kk dk dkepykÅ Kku gks lossQA
^^vc rd Hkk"kk lh[kus ossQ reke liQy
vuqHkoksa dh ,d leku fo'ks"krk ;g jgh gS
fd f'k{kkFkhZ dks ,d ;k vU; rjhossQ ls
lh[kh tkus okyh Hkk"kk ls ifjfpr djk;k
tkrk gS** (jnjiQksMZ 1987 % 18)A
• ;gk¡ ^i;kZIr v¡kdM+ksa* ls vk'k; gS fd lky
Hkj ,d ikB~;iqLrd ls fpiossQ jguk i;kZIr
ugha gSA blh lhfer lkexzh ij oqQ'ky
vf/dkj gkfly djus dh ctk, fofo/
vkSj lkFkZd Hkk"kk&lkefxz;ksa ls fujarj ifjp;
djkrs jgus ij tksj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
• bldk laca/ ewY;k¡du&fof/ ls Hkh gS]
ftldh ppkZ vkxs dh tk,xhA
vktdy 'kh?kz&lk{kj cukus vkSj yxk, x,
ikBksa ossQ mÙkj daBLFk djkus ij tksj fn;k tkrk
gSA gekjk cy lk{kjrk&iwoZ ikB~;p;kZ dh
t#jr ij gSA
ge ^O;kid lkexzh* eqgS;k djkus ossQ lq>koksa
ls 'kq: djsaxsA bl lkexzh esa ikB~;iqLrossaQ] vU;
eqfnzr lkexzh tSls cM+h fdrkcsa] d{kk iqLrdky;]
,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa lekarj lkexzh vkSj
ehfM;k lkexzh (lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, if=kdk,¡]
v[kckjksa ossQ LraHk] jsfM;ks@vkWfM;ks osQlsV~l bR;kfn)
rFkk izkekf.kd* vkSj miyC/ lkexzh dk bLrseky
'kkfey gSA 'kks/ ossQ vuqlkj nwljh Hkk"kk lh[kus
dh LokHkkfod fLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh lh[kus okys
}kjk Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx 'kq# djus ossQ iz;kl ossQ
igys rhu eghuksa dh fLFkfr ^ekSu vof/* gksrh
gSA bl vof/ esa lh[kus okyksa dks tks Hkh
lkexzh miyC/ gksrh gS] og mlossQ 'kq#vkrh
mi;ksx (pkgs og oqQN 'kCnksa] okD;ksa ossQ VqdM+ksa
vkSj iQkewZyko`Qr Hkk"kk rd gh lhfer gks) ossQ
iz;klksa dk vk/kj gksrh gSA blhfy, d{kk esa
Hkk"kk dh le> vkSj mlossQ vuqHkoksa dh
dher ij Hkk"kk ossQ 'kh?kz mRiknu ij cy
ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkk"kk dh tk¡p
ekr`Hkk"kk] gko&Hkko ;k ,d 'kCn ossQ mÙkjksa
ls dh tk ldrh gSA
• d{kk esa 'kq#vkrh mi;ksx dk fdafpr~
ifjofrZr rjhdk cks/xE; lkexzh ossQ ^Nn~e

60 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
mi;ksx* dk gks ldrk gS] dforkvksa ;k
rqdksa dks lh[kdj] Hkk"kk dk lkekU; rkSj
ij iz;ksx vkSj d{kk O;oLFkk ossQ iQkewZys
dks lh[kdj vfHkoknu ;k vuqjks/ksa dks
lh[kus osQ tfj;sA Nn~e mi;ksx dh t#jr
laHkor% ekStwnk jVaRk fof/ dks izsfjr djrh
gSA bls igpkudj vkSj ikB~;p;kZ esa bls
mfpr LFkku nsdj ckn esa okLrfod mi;ksxh
LFkku dh vksj c

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 61
o fodflr dj ldrh gSaA fu;fer :i ls
dgkfu;k¡ i

62 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
fuiq.krk vko';d gS] ogha ;g è;ku jgs
fd ;gk¡ O;kdj.k ;k lkfgR; dh fo'ks"kKrk
dh t#jr ughaA (f'k{kd oSQlh v¡xzs”kh
cksy ldrs gaS blossQ fy, ns[ksa [kaM 4-2
rFkk izHkq (iwoZor~ i`- 98)
,sls utfj;ksa vkSj rjhdksa dks vyx&Fkyx
ugha jguk pkfg, cfYd ,d O;kid laKkukREkd
n'kZu (ftlesa okW;xksfRLkdh] pkWELdh rFkk fi;kts
osQ fl¼akrksa dk lekos'k gks) ossQ rgr ,d nwljs ossQ
lg;ksxh Hkko esa gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
Hkk"kk osQ fodkl osQ fy, cks/xE; mRiknu ossQ
lkFk&lkFk cks/xE; lkexzh dh vko';drk gks
ldrh gSA lh[kus okys dk O;kdj.k Kku tks ewyr%
vO;Dr crk;k tkrk gS] volj vkus ij ;k t#jr
iM+us ij O;Dr Hkh gks ldrk gSA i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 63
tksM+uk gksxkA rqd okys o.kZ&lewgksa (xksLokeh
1999) osQ tfj;s ,d ifjofrZr èofud joS;k
viukus ls v¡xzs”kh Lisfyax dh eè;LFkrk dks
de fd;k tk ldrk gSA (tSls fd oSQV] jSV]
eSV] dkj] iQkj] LVkj] ckWy] gkWy] dkWy esa ,*
o.kZ dh èofu dh fujarjrk vFkok it/ ite,
at/ate, ot/ote vkfn o.kks± esa Loj&èofu;ksa
ossQ mPpkj.k dk vuqeku)A 'kkW dk izfl¼ mnkgj.k
(Ghoti = fish) o.kZ&lewgksa osQ 'kCn esa vk{kfjd
LFkku ossQ lanHkZghu iz;ksx ossQ dkj.k cuk gS
(v¡xzs”kh esa 'kq#vkr esa gh dk mPpkj.k
dHkh@iQ@ugha gksrk vkSj ti dh orZuh dk
mPpkj.k@'k@ges'kk tion ossQ Øe esa gksrk gS)A
,MEl (1990) us bu ekeyksa dk vPNk ifjp;
fn;k gSA iwoZ&lk{kjrk ekSf[kd xfrfof/;k¡ cPps
esa cksys vkSj fy[ks x, Hkk"kk dksMksa tSls rqd]
uke ;k 'kCnksa esa igyh èofu dh lekurk vkfn
ls laca/ cukus dh {kerk dks fodflr dj
ldrh gSA 14
,d eqnz.k&le`¼ ifjos'k
eqnz.k&le`¼ ifjos'k esa dbZ lk{kjrk iwoZ xfrfof/
;k¡ dh tk ldrh gSa] d{kk esa laossQr fpÉ] pkVZ]
dk;Z O;oLFkk dh lwpuk,¡ yxh gksuh pkfg, tSlk
fd ,d eè;oxhZ; ifjokj Hkh djrk gS (ftlls
ogk¡¡¡ ossQ cPpksa dks igyh ih

64 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
lkexzh dh cPpksa rd lqiqnZxh osQ ra=kksa dks igpkuus
dk y{; gksuk pkfg, pkgs os d{kk esa gksa ;k
ckgj_ mnkgj.kkFkZ] cPpksa ossQ fy, LowQy NwVus ossQ
ckn lkeqnkf;d lalk/u osaQnz osQ :i esa LowQy
dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
^mipkjkRed f'k{k.k* ij fn, tkus okys
ekStwnk cy dks ,sls lgk;d gLr{ksi rd ys
tkuk pkfg, tks ,d cqfu;knh liQyrk gkfly
dj lossQaA tc vf/dk¡'k cPpksa dks ^mipkjkRed
f'k{k.k* dh t#jr gks rks Li"V gS fd Lo;a ra=k
dks bldh t#jr gSA vktdy f'k{kdksa vkSj
LowQyksa dh vke f'kdk;r gS fd cPpksa dh ?kjsyw
i`"BHkwfe i;kZIr lgk;d ugha gS rks lqfo/koafpr
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks vko';d leFkZu eqgS;k djkus dk
nkf;Ro O;oLFkk dk gSA
ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij v¡xzs”kh&mPp Lrjh;
oqQ'kyrk,¡
'kCn&laxzg] iBu vkSj lkfgR;
'kCn&laxzg] iBu vkSj lkfgR; laizs"k.k laca/h
;ksX;rk vkSj nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ xzg.k vkSj fodkl ossQ
fy, vc 'kCndks'kh; Kku dks ossaQnzh; ekuk tkrk
gSA ;gk¡ rd fd igyh Hkk"kk esa Hkh tgk¡ Hkk"kk dk
O;kdj.k 10 o"kZ dh mez rd cPpk lh[k tkrk
gS] ogk¡¡¡ 'kCn&laxzg djus dk dke thouHkj
pyrk jgrk gSA* (fLeV] 2000 % 4)
vkxs ossQ Lrjksa ij 'kCn&laxzg vkSj ys[ku dk
vkèkkj le> vkSj #fp ossQ lkFk dh xbZ O;kid
i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 65
visf{kr gksrk gS (o"kZ Hkj esa de ls de 6 ikB)]
mu lewgksa esa tgk¡ f'k{kdksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
;ksX;rk miyC/ gks] Hkk"kk ossQ izfr fyax cks/ijd
ltxrk iSnk dh tk ldrh gSA ;g
ikB~;p;kZ&i;Zos{k.k utfj;k Hkk"kk&iz;ksx lacaèkh
[kkst dk vkn'kZ {ks=k gSA
ijaijkxr :i ls 'kq#vkrh Lrj ossQ ckn
Hkk"kk lh[kus dh lkexzh dk lzksr lkfgfR;d
x|_ dFkk&lkfgR; vkSj dfork gksrs gSaA tgk¡
O;kid {ks=k ossQ vf/d] lelkekf;d vkSj
izkekf.kd ikBksa dks 'kkfey djus dk pyu c

66 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
Hkk"kk dk izkFkfed ;k O;kogkfjd Kku ikus dk
jkLrk ugha gSA16 cfYd Hkk"kk {kerk dks c ossQ fy, O;kdj.k vko';d gSSA
oqQN f'k{kdksa dk ;g nqjkxzg jgk gS fd
O;kdj.k Hkk"kk dh ^'kq¼rk* (izokg ossQ foijhr)
ossQ fy, vR;ko';d gSA os ;g lksprs gSa fd
fo|kFkhZ Hkk"kk dk bruk vuqHko izkIr dj pqossQ gaS
fd os mls lkekU; xyfr;ksa dks igpkurs gq,
Ik;kZIr O;oLFkk ossQ lkFk dj ldrs gSaA
v¡xzs”kh dh d{kk ;k LowQy esa cgqHkkf"kdrk
{ks=kh; Hkk"kk ossQ ifjizs{; esa
orZeku esa v¡xzs”kh d{kk esa ekr`Hkk"kk dk izos'k xqIr
?kqliSfB, ossQ :i esa gksrk gS] mÙkj fy[kkrs le;
f'k{kd ikB ossQ lkFk&lkFk vuqokn vkSj O;k[;k*
djrk pyrk gS vkSj mls cgl djossQ vkSj le>
cukus ossQ Øe esa mi;ksx esa ykdj ;k v¡xzs”kh ls
lacaf/r djossQ lgh txg nh tk ldrh gSA izHkq
(1987) bldk ,d mnkgj.k nsrs gSa&c¡xyksj
izkstsDV esa ekr`Hkk"kk ossQ iz;ksx dh lhek dk;Z dh
t#jrksa ls lgt gh r; gks xbZ Fkh tgk¡ lkexzh
v¡xzs”kh esa Fkh vkSj tokc Hkh v¡xzs”kh esa gh vkrs
FksA ekr`Hkk"kk us gh vko';drk iM+us ij v¡xzs”kh
Hkk"kk dks cks/xE; cuk;kA ;fn v¡xzs”kh esa fofo/
izdkj dh lkexzh miyC/ gks vkSj mls le>us
dk lPpk iz;kl gks rks ekr`Hkk"kk n[kyankth ugha
djrh cfYd lgk;d gksrh gSA ozsQ'ku (1985%94)
crkrs gSa fd ^^lkFk&lkFk fd;k tkus okyk vuqokn
izHkkoh ugha gksrk**] d{kk esa nks Hkk"kkvksa dk
mi;ksx bl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS fd igyh
Hkk"kk dk i`"BHkwfe esa mi;ksx djrs gq, y{;&Hkk"kk
dh lkexzh dks cks/xE; cuk;k tk,A
v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ossQ lk/u rS;kj djus
esa ekr`Hkk"kk ossQ mi;qZDr iz;ksxksa dh le>
cukus esa f'k{kdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh fufeZr djus
dh t#jr gSA Hkk"kk&feJ.k ossQ mi;qZDr Lrj
D;k gks ldrs gSa] bl fo"k; ij f'k{kdksa dh
ekufldrk dks lacksf/r djus dh t#jr gSA
oqQN laHkkouk,¡ gSa &
(v) izkFkfed LowQyksa esa Hkk"kkvksa ossQ chp
rFkk ^Hkk"kkvksa vkSj fo"k;ksa* ossQ chp
ossQ O;o/ku gVkukμfuEu izkFkfed Lrj
ij ;k de ls de d{kk 1 ls 3 rd tks
xfrfofèk;k¡ cPps dks vius vklikl osQ
txr ossQ izfr tkx:d djus osQ fy,
gksrh gSa] os v¡xzs”kh ekr`Hkk"kkvksa ossQ lkFk&lkFk
vk ldrh gSa (nkl 2005)A bl izdkj
dh cgqHkk"kh xfrfof/;ksa ossQ fodkl ossQ
fy, lkexzh rS;kj djus vkSj f'k{kdksa ossQ
lg;ksx ls ,d Li"V izfof/ ossQ funsZ'k
rS;kj djus dh t#jr gS ftlesa ,d ls
vf/d Hkk"kkvksa dk LokHkkfod iz;ksx gks
lossQA Hkk"kk;h 'kq¼rkokn pkgs vaxszth dk
gks ;k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk] mlesa
16 O;kdj.k tSls in dks dbZ rjhdksa ls le>us dh t#jr gSA ;gk¡ ge in O;k[;k ossQ dkS'ky ;k j.kuhfr (,sls Hkko lewgksa dh igpku djsa
rkfd mudks okD; eas Bhd txg ij j[kk tk lossQ] ;k okD; ossQ foLrkj ossQ fy, mudk bLrseky djuk) dks [kkfjt ugha dj jgs gSa]
'kq#vkrh Lrj ij fuos'kksa dks vf/d cks/xE; cukus ossQ lk/u ossQ :Ik esa] fo'ks"k :Ik esa v¡xzs”kh okys ifjos'k esaA oqQN O;kdj.k (tSls
izhiksth'ku dk mi;qDr iz;ksx) dh igpku 'kCn&laxzg (bl in ossQ rgr 'kkfey gS eqgkojsnkj vkSj fuf'pr vfHkO;fDr;k¡] tSls bu Vkbe]
vkWu Vkbe) tSls LkVhd in dks lh[kus ossQ :Ik esa dh tk ldrh gSA

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 67
dksM&ifjorZu ;k dksM&feJ.k dh mnkjrk
gksuh pkfg,A
(c) ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa lekarj ikB
ykxw djukμ;g ,d gh dgkuh Hkh gks
ldrh gS tSlh ,u-ch-Vh- us v¡xzs”kh ossQ
lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh dgkfu;k¡
Nkih gSa (ns[ksa ve`rkoYyh vkSj jkes'oj
jko] 2001)A izkWfel iQkmaMs'ku us pkj
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj v¡xzs”kh esa cM+h iqLroassQ
rS;kj djkbZ gSa] lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- dh
laiw.kZ Hkk"kk n`f"Vdks.k osQ rgr f}Hkk"kh
fdrkcsa gSaA ,sls lekarj ikB ,d nwljs ossQ
;Fkkor vuqokn gksa ,slk t:jh ugha gS ij
os leku vFkZ okys gksa vkSj muesa ,d
tSlh Hkkf"kd xfrfof/ tSls&rqd]
èofu&[ksy vkfn 'kkfey gksa rkfd cPps
Hkk"kk&èofu lajpuk ossQ izfr lpsr gksaA
i

68 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
vkSj t#jrksa dks v¡xzs”kh dh lqiqnZxh dh
O;oLFkkvksa ossQ pquko ossQ lkFk tksM+us dk iz;kl
gS (ikB~;iqLrdksa dk [kaM Hkh ns[ksa)A
v¡xzs”kh ekè;e dk lanHkZ
fdlh laHkzkar 'kgjh cPps dks v¡xzs”kh osQ vykok
dksbZ nwljh Hkk"kk esa dkedkt djuk ;k fl[kkuk
,d xaHkhj pqukSrh gSA ,d ekStwnk ekWMy gS oqQN
fo"k;ksa (tSls lekt foKku) dks xSj v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk
esa i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 69
izksRlkfgr djus ls muesa O;kid #Ik ls i

70 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
ekWMy Hkk"kk;h] 'kS{kf.kd vkSj euksoSKkfud lHkh
ek;uksa esa vliQy jgkA mlossQ ckn dh ;g
ekU;rk fd f'k{kd ^f'k{kk dks lqxe cukus okyk
gS* dh fo'oluh;rk ij Hkh loky [kM+s gks
x,A tgk¡ f'k{kd dks Hkk"kk&lkexzh dk ,dek=k
vkiwfrZdrkZ cuus dh t#jr ugha gS (tks fd
ikB~;iqLrd ij mldh fuHkZjrk ls tkuk tkrk
gS) ogha fdlh Hkh d{kk&xfrfof/ ;k uokpkj
dh liQyrk Hkk"kk esa f'k{kd ossQ Hkk"kk laCk/h
lalk/uksa ls r; gksrh gSA
(v) v¡xzs”kh esa f'k{kdksa dh fuiq.krk f'k{kd ossQ
larks"k ossQ cks/ ;kuh v¡xzs”kh ius esa dfBukb;k¡
vkbZ gSa ftlls f'k{k.k&izfof/ esa fDy"Vrk
vk tkrh gSA vle dk vuqHko (Mksosjk
2005) crkrk gS fd vdknfed varoZLrq
dks f'k{kd dh viuh Hkk"kk esa Hkh izLrqr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA LowQy f'k{kdksa dks
vfuok;Zr& lsok&iwoZ izf'k{k.k vkSj lsok&dky
esa fu;fer varjkyksa ij izf'k{k.k feyuk
pkfg,_ bl ckr dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,
fd f'k{kd dks yxkrkj py jgh fu;fer
xfrfof/;ksa ls oqQN nsj ossQ fy, vyx
fd;k tk lossQA lsok&iwoZ f'k{kk ikB~;p;kZ
vkSj izf'k{kdksa dks le`¼ cukus ls ykHkkfUor
gks ldrh gS rkfd vf/xe esa gq, laKkukRed
vkanksyu dh >yd vk lossQ_ ^ikB dh
;kstuk* dks vDlj rkRdkfyd O;kogk¡¡fjd
mn~ns';ksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k tkrk gS
tcfd fo"k;oLrq] fu;eksa] ifjHkk"kkvksa ossQ
ctk, Hkk"kk vkSj 'kCn&laxzg ^fodkl* ossQ
i{k esa Ik;kZIr izek.k feyrs gSaA
(l) ;fn dkjxj fopkjksa dks igpkuuk vkSj
mi;ksx esa ykuk gS rks dk;Z ossQ LFkku ij
gh fd, tkus okys gLr{ksi vifjgk;Z gks
tkrs gSaA ^fl¼kar* (;k vdknfed Hkafxek)
vkSj O;ogkj* (;k jksteZjk dh mÙkjthfork)
rFkk fl¼kardkjksa vkSj O;ogkj djus okyksa
ossQ chp dh xgjh [kkbZ muossQ dk;ZLFkyksa
ossQ chp dh [kkbZ dk vkbZuk gSA ;fn
^izf'k{kd* Ik;kZIr l¡[;k esa miyC/ ugha
gaS rks f'k{kd Lo;alsoh lewg cuk ldrs
gSaA mUgsa i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 71
leFkZu fn;k tk ldrk gSA blls tehuh
Lrj ossQ uokpkjkas dks c gksA ekStwnk lsok&iwoZ vkSj lsokdkyhu
ikB~;p;kZ dks blh y{; dh izkfIr ossQ fy,
cnyuk gksxkA nks ,sls egÙoiw.kZ {ks=k gaS ftUgsa
f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa vo'; lfEefyr
djuk pkfg, & lh[kus ossQ euksfoKku dh le>
rFkk Hkk"kk vkSj lk{kjrk xzg.k dh izfØ;k,¡] blossQ
lkFk gh os eqís Hkh 'kkfey fd, tk,¡ ftudk ftØ
bl nLrkos”k esa gqvk gSA
ewY;k¡du
lHkh txg ijh{kk dks ikB~;p;kZ&lq/kj dh ,dek=k
;k izeq[k ck/k ekuk tk jgk gSA ewY;k¡du&fof/
dks fdl izdkj ,d vM+pu ossQ ctk, f'k{kk ossQ
fy, ,d lgk;d dkjd cuk;k tk ldrk gS\
Hkk"kk&ewY;k¡du dks fdlh [kkl ikB~;Øe esa
^miyfC/* rd lhfer ugha jguk pkfg, cfYd
bls Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk dh eki dh fn'kk esa eksM+k
tkuk pkfg,A ge Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk ossQ fujarj tkjh
ewY;k¡du ossQ oqQN rjhdksa ij ppkZ djsaXksA
fujarj tkjh lrr ewY;k¡du
fujarj tkjh] lÙk vFkok jpukRed ewY;k¡du ossQ
fy, dh xbZ fli- Qkfj'kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa }kjk crkbZ
xbZ tehuh okLrfodrkvksa vkSj leL;kvksa esa
fojks/kHkkl ;g n'kkZrk gS fd tkjh ewY;k¡du
rHkh lkFkZd gks ldrk gS tc f'k{kd vkSj
f'k{kkFkhZ viuh izxfr dk nkf;Ro Lo;a ysa] u
fd fdUgha ckgjh (okLrfod ;k dkYifud]
rkRdkfyd ;k vafre pj.k rd) ekunaMksa ossQ
vuqlkj izn'kZu djrs jgsaA f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa
dks lh[kus dh ^mifLFkfr* tks fd ,d ekufld
fodkl gS vkSj vxkspj gS 'kkjhfjd fodkl tSlk
fn[k ldus okyk ugha] dks igpku ldus esa
l{ke gksuk pkfg,A
fdlh ,sls iks"k.k dk;ZØe (Øs'k Mk;V ;k
peRdkjh fodkl dj nsus okys iks"kkgkjksa ossQ
vykok) ossQ csrqsosQiu dh dYiuk djsa ftlesa
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh m¡QpkbZ vkSj otu dh jkstkuk]
lkIrkfgd vkSj ekfld varjky ij eki djuh
iM+sA fiQj Hkh tkjh ewY;k¡du dk dke Bhd
blh varnZ`f"Vghu :Ik ls pyrk jgk gSA ;g
O;kf/ lh[kus dh izfØ;k dh xgjh le> ossQ
cxSj nwj ugha gks ldrh D;ksafd ;g izfØ;k
O;fDrxr vkSj vkRefu;af=kr gksrh gSA ;g xgjh
le> f'k{kdksa ossQ fy, vfuok;Z gS rkfd os
cPpksa dh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k vkSj fuiq.krk
ossQ lw{e ifjorZuksa dks ns[k losassQ (vkSj ljkguk
dj losaQ)A 'kk;n lHkh ewY;k¡duksa dks varr%
vkRe&ewY;k¡du dk gh y{; j[kuk gksxk (;g
'kCnkoyh nwjorhZ f'k{kk esa izpfyr rks gS ij ogk¡¡¡
bldh vuqifLFkfr [ksn dk fo"k; gS) vxj
f'k{kkFkhZ lh[kus ossQ ckjs esa fodYiksa dks LosPNk
ls pquus ossQ ;ksX; gS vkSj og ^thoui;aZr
lh[kus okyk* cuk jgrk gSA ,d f'k{kd tc
vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks tku ysrk gS eq[;r% muosQ
vkRe&ewY;k¡du dk lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ ennxkj gksrk
gS (fiQj og ,d vutkuk ewY;k¡dudÙkkZ ugha
jgrk tks miyfC/;ksa dks ekudho`Qr ekinaMksa ls
ekirk gS)A dksbZ oSQlk ewY;k¡du djrk gS mlh

72 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
ls r; gksrk gS fd cPpk viuk ewY;k¡du djkuk
pkgrk gS fd ughaA
tgk¡ LkokZf/d f'k'kq&oasQfnzr ewY;k¡du izfof/
Hkh oqQN O;fDr;ksa ossQ fy, ijs'kkuh dk dkj.k gks
tkrh gS ogk¡¡¡ ewY;k¡du dh ,d O;oLFkk gksuh gh
pkfg,] bl ckjs esa oQksbZ fookn ugha gSA loky ;g
gS fd oSQls vkSj fdrukA f'k{kkFkhZ rHkh ewY;k¡duksa esa
vkjke ls Hkkx ysrs gSa tc ges'kk vliQy gksus dk
vuqHko u gks vkSj ifj.kke dks vkxs lh[kus ossQ fy,
,d oS/ vkSj mi;qDr dne ossQ :Ik esa ns[kk tk,A
nqHkkZX;o'k vfèkdka'k cPpksa ossQ fy, f'k{kk&izfØ;k
esa ekSTkwnk ewY;k¡du fof/;ksa dh rkRdkfyd Hkwfedk
Li"V ugha gSA f'k{kkFkhZ dh orZeku fodkl vFkok
laizkfIr dh fLFkfr dk fu/kZj.k djossQ lÙk ewY;k¡du
f'k{k.k dks mRlkfgr vkSj funsZf'kr djuk pkfg,
rkfd mlossQ fudVLFk fodkl ossQ {ks=k* dh igpku
gks lossQA (Øs'ku ossQ vuqlkj tc f'k{kkFkhZ dh Hkk"kk
i Lrj ij gks rks lkexzh i +1 ossQ Lrj ij gksuh
pkfg,)A lh[kus dh miyfC/;k¡ Hkk"kk;h voljksa
dk ifj.kke gSaA uhps ge oqQN ,slh miyfC/;ksa dh
lwph ns jgs gSaμ
cksyuk
cksyus dh 'kq#vkr
(d) ekr`Hkk"kk (,¡ ) lh[kus esa cksyus dh izfØ;k&
igys ,d 'kCn tks T;knkrj laKk&in gksrs
gSa] ls nks&'kCn dk Lrj gksrs gq, dbZ 'kCnksa
okys okD; ftlesa fØ;k,¡] lgk;d fØ;k,¡]
fu/kZjd] fo'ks"k.k vkSj iwoZlxZ gksrs gSa] rd
izxfr djrh gSA lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- (tkafxM+
2005_ ^fot;k dk;kZ/hu*) ossQ oqQN 'kks/
crkrs gSa fd nwljh Hkk"kk lh[kus okyksa dh
cksyh dh izxfr Hkh blh izdkj ossQ leku
Lrjksa ls gksdj pyrh gSA lkekU;r% lh[kus
okyksa dk mudh Hkk"kk ij fu;a=k.k vkSlr
yacs okD;ksa esa >ydrk gSA nh?kZ Hkk"kk;h
lkexzh dk mi;ksx Hkk"kk mRiknu ossQ ,sls
gh ifj.kkeksa esa fn[krk gS (mÙkj nsus esaμ
tSlsμfd tc cPps dks rLohjsa fn[kkbZ
tk,¡)A blossQ foijhr tc cPpksa dks l[rh
ls d{kkvksa esa i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 73
cksyuk % mi&oqQ'kyrk,¡μ ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij t¡kp
osQ fy, cksyus dh oqQ'kyrk dks mi&oqQ'kyrkvksa
ossQ tfj;s fo'ysf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
i

74 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
dh igy ossQ fy, iwoZxkeh gksrs gSaA buls]
lh[kus ossQ iz;kl esa nh tkus okyh ftl
ikB~;p;kZRed Lora=krk dk geus lq>ko fn;k
gS] vkSj ewY;k¡du ossQ ekudhdj.k] tks izek.khdj.k
ossQ fy, vko';d gSa] dk larqyu Hkh cuk
jgsxkA
bu ekunaMksa ossQ }kjk jk"Vªh; v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk
ijh{kkvksa ossQ ,d lSV] vFkkZr~ ijh{kkvksa ossQ ,d
cSad dks fufeZr djuk gksxk ftls f'k{kd vkSj
f'k{kkFkhZ Lo&ewY;k¡du ossQ fy, iz;ksx dj ldrs
gSaA bu ijh{kkvksa dks ,d foLr`r xzsM ;k v¡dksa dh
ctk, fuiq.krk ossQ vf/d lw{e ekid r; djus
pkfg, (orZeku esa] vuns[ks mnkgj.kksa dh cks/
xE;rk ij feys vk¡dM+ksa dks ikSrk gks x;k
gksA lHkh is'kksa ossQ fy, lHkh oqQ'kyrk,¡ t#jh Hkh
ugha gksrhaA fofHkUu f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh vfHk#fp vkSj
{kerk ossQ varj dks n'kkZus okys v¡d tgk¡
jkstxkj&laHkkouk,¡ c

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 75
vkSj U;wiksVZ (1989) dk ,d Dykfldh vè;;u
O;kdj.k osQ ,d fl¼kar lctsosaQlh* (vèkZyfXur)
vkSj nwljh Hkk"kk&xzg.k dh mez ossQ chp ijLij
laca/ lq>krk gSA
cPpksa esa Hkk"kk&xzg.k osQ fy, fyucxZ (1967)
us fo'ks"k vof/ dk ,d tSfod roZZQ fn;k Fkk
fd ;g vof/ 2 ls 12 o"kZ dh mez ;k
r#.kkoLFkk rd gksrh gSA fyucxZ dh izko~QdYiuk
tho&oSKkfud :i ls 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld
lajpuk dks ,d fu;r le;kof/ ossQ vanj
lfØ; djus ossQ ckjs esa Fkh (bls laosnu'khy
le;* Hkh dgk tkrk gS)A izkS

76 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
Hkkjrh; 'kks/ cgqr de gSA tks Hkh gks] ik¡poha d{kk
(10 ls T;knk mez) ls Hkh v¡axsz”kh dh 'kq#vkr djuk
fyucxZ ossQ ^>jks[ks* ossQ varxZr gh vkrk gSA
njvly ;g elyk mruk cM+k ugha gS fd v¡xzs”kh
dh 'kq#vkr fdl mez ls gks cfYd elyk ;g gS
fd bl Hkk"kk dks lh[kus ossQ fy, D;k vuqHko vkSj
lqfo/k,¡ miyC/ gSa] yacs vliQy voljksa (d{kk
,d ls nloha d{kk rd) ossQ ctk, nks ;k rhu o"kks±
ossQ csgrj volj vf/d vPNs gSaA17 Hkkjr esa o;Ldksa dks liQyrkiwoZd fons'kh
Hkk"kk,¡ (izQkalhlh] teZu ----) fl[kkus ossQ vuqHko
ls Hkh oqQN lh[kk tk ldrk gSA blossQ vykok
fuEufyf[kr Hkkjrh; vuqHkoμ
1- llqjky dh Hkk"kk lh[k jgh cgq,¡A
2- {ks=kh; Hkk"kk&ekè;e ossQ LowQyksa ls fudys os
yksx ftUgksaus v¡xzs”kh ossQ vdknfed o ckSf¼d
{ks=k esa ewy fuokfl;ksa tSlh fuiq.krk gkfly
dh gksA
3- vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok ossQ yksxksa vkSj muossQ
ifjokj dh cgqHkkf"kdrk ij idM+A
bu vuqHkoksa dks fyfic¼ djus] lko/kuh
ls ewY;k¡du djus vkSj budh vkykspukRed
tk¡p djus dh vko';drk gSA
bl chp] liQyrk ossQ oSdfYid rjhdksa
dk izn'kZu djosQ gh lekt dh izpfyr oSdfYid
izo`fÙk;ksa dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA gesa cgqHkk"kh;
LowQy [kksyus dk y{; viukuk pkfg, tgk¡
fdlh Hkh vossQyh Hkk"kk dks ^f'k{k.k dk ekè;e*
dk fo'ks"k ntkZ gkfly u gks cfYd ogk¡¡¡
miyC/ Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx lalk/uksa ossQ lzksr
ossQ :Ik eas gksA
oSQlh v¡xzs”kh\
vius izkjafHkd cksypky ossQ Lo:Ik ls gh Hkk"kk
lkekftd ;k HkkSxksfyd cksfy;ksa dk lÙk :Ik gS
tks fd lfUudV LFkkuksa ij le> fy;k tkrk gS
ij tc LFkku lkekftd] HkkSxksfyd ;k le; ossQ
fygkt ls nwj gksa rks le>us esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA
vf/dka'k oDrk ,d ls vfèkd cksfy;ksa ;k
Hkk"kk&izdkjksa (vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjd
fofoèkrkvksa) ij vfèkdkj j[krs gSaaA Hkk"kk ossQ
ys[ku dh fofoèkrkvksa us eqnz.k ossQ vkfo"dkj ossQ
ckn ,d ekudho`Qr fdLe dk :Ik ysuk 'kq#
fd;k gS tks fo'ks"k :Ik ls f'k{kk vkSj vdknfed
thou esa ,d ekud dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS] bl
rjg ossQ laizs"k.k ossQ lkisf{kd LFkkf;Ro ossQ fy,
;g vko';d Hkh gSA Hkkjr ossQ fy, v¡xzs”kh dk
dkSu lk izdkj mi;qDr gS] bl ij cgl vf/
dre mPpkj.k (cksypky dh v¡xzs”kh) ossQ vklikl
gh fleVh jgh gS] nwljk LFkku 'kCndks'k ;k
'kCn&HkaMkj dk jgk gSA Lohdk;Z mPpkj.k dh
dlkSVh cks/xE;rk gksuh pkfg,A MsfoM fØLVYk
ossQ vè;;u dk rhu cksfy;ksa dk ekWMy tgk¡
oDrk ,d LFkkuh; cksyh (tSls iatkch&v¡xzs”kh ;k
rfey&v¡xzs”kh) ls lgtrk ls ,d jk"Vªh; cksyh
(Hkkjrh; v¡xzs”kh) ;k varjkZ"Vªh; cksyh rd igq¡p
ikrk gS] ,d mi;qDr ekWMy yxrk gSA dkWy
lsaVjksa esa ;qok Hkkjrh;ksa dh liQyrk crkrh gS fd
^mPpkj.k Vªsfuax* esa {ks=kh;rkvksa dks Hkwydj rVLFk
okpu 'kSyh viukuh gksrh gSA ;g cksyus dks
/hek djossQ vkSj Li"Vrk ls y;c¼ mPpkj.k
}kjk dki-Qh gn rd gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA
17 if'pe c¡xky esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ij xfBr ,d lnL;h; dehVh dh fjiksVZ Hkh ns[ksa] 1998] i`- 22&28-

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 77
;s gh dkjd gSa tks fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa mPpkj.k dh
èofu dks lq/kjrs gSaA
èofu dh vxj ckr djsa] rks cksypky dh
^Hkkjrh; v¡xzs”kh* dh oqQN vf[ky Hkkjrh;
fo'ks"krk,¡ crkbZ xbZ gSaA tSls la;qDr Loj dh
txg yacs Loj vkSj ewèkZU; O;atuksa dh txg
oRL;Z O;atuA Hkkjrh; v¡xzs”kh dh dbZ fo'ks"krk,¡
oDrkvksa dh ekr`Hkk"kkvksa dh >yd nsrh gSaA
;g rF; gS fd ^Hkkjr* ,d jk"Vª gS ij
^Hkkjrh;* uked dksbZ ,d Hkk"kk ugha gSA ekr`Hkkf"k;ksa
dh ;s fo'ks"krk,¡ ftruh de nqjkxzgh@ckè;dkjh
gksaxh] nwljh Hkk"kkvksa ossQ mPpkj.k dh Lohdk;Zrk
mruh gh c

78 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
pkfg, fd og fdlh rjg dh Hkh v¡xzs”kh ossQ
xzg.k eas ck/d cu tk,A ,slk Hkh ugha gS fd
v¡xzs”kh esa n{krk dh deh dh li- QkbZ Hkkjrh;
v¡xzs”kh* osQ uke ij nh tk,A O;kid ifjizs{; esa
oSf'od cktkj esa Hkkjr ossQ f'k{kdksa (vkSj
f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa) dh Hkh dki- Qh ek¡x gSA blls
gekjh v¡xzs”kh dh vf/d {kerkvksa ij fo'okl
dks vkSj cy feyuk pkfg,A 19
'kks/ ifj;kstuk,¡
Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k esa vk/kjHkwr vk¡dM+ksa dh izkfIr]
ikB~;p;kZ ossQ uokpkj vkSj mudk fØ;kUo;u
rFkk nwljh Hkk"kk vf/xzg.k dh le> oQh
lS¼kaafrd izxfr ossQ fy, 'kks/ ifj;kstukvksa
dks ekStwnk lksp ij vk/kfjr gksuk gksxkA O;kid
{ks=k ftuesa ,slh ifj;kstukvksa dh voèkkj.kk gks
ldrh gS] os gSa
1- iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk%lkekftd foKku vkSj
foKku dh ikB~;iqLrdksa dh Hkk"kk (ekSf[kd
xf.kr dh Hkh)A iz'uksa dh i¼fr vkSj Hkk"kk
ls fo"k;oLrq dk laca/A
2- (v) Hkk"kk;h lkexzh vkSj Hkk"kk;h o`f¼ %
,d lexz ifjizs{;]
(c) cksypky dh Hkk"kk (eqfnzr lkexzh ossQ
LkkFk vkSj mlossQ cxSj)]
(l) fyf[kr Hkk"kk (tksj ls cksydj i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 79
ikB~;p;kZ
• vFkZ ij cy nsus okyh lkFkZd vkSj le`¼
ikB~;p;kZ miyC/ djokus ossQ fy, fofo/
izdkj dh lkexzh miyC/ djokbZ tkuh pkfg,A
• v¡xzs”kh ekè;e rFkk {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;e okys
nksuksa izdkj ossQ LowQyksa dk y{; cgqHkkf"kdrk
gksuk pkfg,A blh rjg iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk*
dk n`f"Vdks.k viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
bu fliQkfj'kksa dk laca/ ikB~;iqLrdksa dh :ijs[kk
vkSj mi;qDr rjhdksa (tSls d{kk&iqLrdky; o
ehfM;k lkexzh) ossQ p;u ls gSA
lanHkZ
ewY;k¡du
• ewY;k¡du bl rjg gks fd og lh[kus dh
izo`fÙk dks izksRlkfgr djs u fd mlesa ck/
d cusA lÙk ewY;k¡du esa ^iksVZiQksfy;ks fofèk*
}kjk f'k{kkFkhZ dh vf/xe esa izxfr dks ntZ
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkk"kk ewY;k¡du dks oqQN
[kkl ikB~;Øeksa esa ^miyfC/* rd lhfer
u j[kdj Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk ossQ ekiu dh fn'kk
esa eksM+uk pkfg,A
• v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{k.kksa ossQ lsV rS;kj djus ls
igys Hkk"kk fuiq.krk ossQ jk"Vªh; ekunaM
fodflr fd, tkus pkfg,A
ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1999] ySaXost- bt- , Mkbukfed VsDLVμ,slst vkWu ySaXost] dkWXuh'ku ,aM dE;qfuosQ'ku- lhvkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y]
v{kjk lhjht] gSnjkckn] ,ykbM ifCy'klZμ
2001] ,Iyk;M fjlpZ bu ySaXosT+k ,tqossQ'ku-] lh-ts- nslokuh (laiknd)] ySaXost ,tqosQ'ku bu eYVhfyaxqvy
bafM;k esa] ;wusLdks] u;h fnYyh] i`ñ 210&263ve`rkoYyh]
vkj- vkSj y{eh jkes'oj jko] 2001] dksfiax fon Fkzh ySaXostst bu LowQyμ iQksdl vkWu eYVhfyaxqvy
jhfMax] fganw] ,tqossQ'kuy lIyhesaV] 13 ekpZvkWdfgy]
tsu ,aM jkstj fc;MZ (laiknd)] 1999] jhfMax MsoyiesaV ,aM n Vhfpax vkWi-Q jhfMaxμ , lkbdksykWftdy
ilZisfDVo] vkWDli+QksMZ] ;w- ossQ- ekyMu] ekl-] Cysdosy ifCy'klZ-
,MEl] eSfjyhu tSxj] 1990- fcxfuax Vw jhM] fFkafdax ,aM yfu±x ,ckmV fizaV] osQafczt-] ,e-,-] ,e-vkbZ-Vh- izsl-
,fplu] thu 1988- oMZ~l bu n ekbaM&,u baVªksMD'ku Vw n esaVy ysfDldu] vkWDliQksMZ] ;w-ossQ-] vkWDliQksMZ
;wfuoflZVh izsl-
,yfMªt] ts ykW;M] 1995] vè;k; 1] gksy ySaXosT+k Vhfpax MhdksfMax bu gkWyhfLVd DykWl:El] baxyoqM DyhÝl]
,u-ts-μ esjhy i`- 1&16-
,syh] okjfod vkSj izQkalhl eaxwHkkbZ] 1981] baisDV vkWi+Q , cqd ÝyM bu , fiQth izkbejh LowQy] LVMht bu lkmFk
isflfiQd ,tqossQ'ku 1] i`- 1&30] U;wthySaM dkmafly iQkWj ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ] osfyaxVu-
,syh] okjfod vkSj czk;u dfVax] 2001] ^n lu'kkbu bu lkmFk vizQhdk* fyVsªlh izkstsDV] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ
,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ 35] i`- 193&203-

80 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
,syh] okWjfod ,aM Úkafll eaxqHkkbZ] 1983] n baisDV vkWi-Q jhfMax vkWu lSdaM ySXaost yfuZax- jhfMax fjlpZ DokVZyh
19] i`- 53&67-
,syh] okjfod 2000] ^n iksVasf'k;y vkWI+kQ cqd ÝyM~l iQkWj jsftax fyVjslh ysoYl] baVjus'kuy fjU;qV vkWI+kQ
,tqosQ'ku 46 % 3@4- i`- 233&55-
μ 2001] dkWuDyqtuμ okWV gso oh yUMZ baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ] 35] i`- 237&46
μ 2001] xsLV ,MhVl~Z baVªksMD'ku] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ] 35] i`- 127&35
oQukxjktk] ,- lqjs'k (laiknd) 2005] jhDysfeax n yksdy bu ySaXost ikWfylh ,aM izSfDVl] egokg] ,u-ts-,yvyZce,lksfl,V~lfØLVy]
MsfoM 2004] n ySaXosT+k fjoksY;w'ku] osQafczt_ ekWyMu] ,e-,-μikWfyVh izsldfeal]
ts- 1979] fyaxq,fLVd baVjfMisaMsal ,aM n ,tqossQ'kuy MsoyiesaV vkWi+Q ckbfyaxqvy fpYMsªu] fjO;w vkWi+Q
,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ 49] i`- 222&5-
μ1984] okbfyaxqvfyTe ,aM Lis'ky ,tqossQ'ku b'kwt bu ,lslesaV ,aM isMkxkWth] DysoMu eYVhfyaxqvy eSVlZ-
Ø'ksu] LVhisQu Mh- 1985] n buiqV gk;iksfFkfllμb'kwt ,aM baIyhossQ'kal] yanu_ U;w;kWoZQ] ykaxesu-
Ø'ksu] LVhisQu Mh- vkSj Vªslh Mh- VjZsy] 1983] n uspqjy ,izkspμySaXosT+k ,Dohft'ku bu n Dykl:e- gsokMZ]
lh ,] ,yeuh izsloqQekj]
xhrk] 2005] Vhfpax bafXy'kμ, VhplZ ilZisfDVo] eSllZ- ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'koqQekjnkl]
';keyk] 1993] , ossQl iQkWj yuZj&pks"ksu VsDlV~l ,t buiqV bu ,MYV ySaXosT+k yfuZax] ,e-fiQy Fkhfll]
lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y] gSnjkcknoqQfj;u]
tkWu] 2005] uksV~l i-QkWj n ehfVax vkWi+Q n us'kuy i+Qksdl xzqi vkWu Vhfpax vkWi+Q bafXy'k] ,aM uksV vkWu
baVªksMD'ku vkWi-Q bafXy'k ,V n izkbejh LVst] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th-μ bafXy'k-
[kku] ulh#n~nhu] 2005] baVªksMD'ku vkWi+Q bafXy'k ,t+ , lCtsDV ,V n izkbejh ysoy] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th-] bafXy'kxksLokeh]
m"kk] 1999] iQksuksykWftdy MsoyiesaV ,aM jhfMax ckbZ ,ukykWth] ,fifyaxq,LVhd ,aM esVkfYkaxq,LVhd
b'kwt- tsu vkWdfgy vkSj jkstj fc;MZ (laiknd) jhfMax MsoyiesaV ,aM Vhfpax vkWi+Q jhfMax&,- lkbdksykWftdy
ilZisfDVo] vkWDliQksMZ] ;w-ossQ-] ekWyMu] ekl] Cysdosy ifCy'klZ- i`- 174&200xszMksy]
MsfoM] 1997] n i~Q;qpj vkWi-Q bafXy'k] yanu] fczfV'k dkmaflypkWELdh]
ukWe] 1975] fjÝysD'kal vkWu ySaXosT+k ÝysU;w;kWoZQ] isaFkkWu cqDltkWtZ]
ih-Vh- 1977] fczftaxu n xSi fcVohu LowQy ,aM dkWystμ fjiksVZ vkWiQ , VªkbZ&vkmV vkWI+kQ n LVs;jos jhfMax
dkslZ- lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- cqysfVu 13 %1] i`- 37 % 49tkaxhM+]
xhrk] 2005] fyVjslh ,aM ySaXost MsoyiesaVμ , gksy ySaXost ilZisfDVo] ih,p- Mh- Fkhfll] lh-vkbZ-bZ-
,iQ-,y-] gSnjkckn-
Msfol] ikWy vkSj ekfjvks fjuokWyqØh] 1988] fMDVs'kuμ U;w eSFkM~l] U;w ikWflfcfyVht] oSQafczt gSaMcqDl iQkWj ySXaost
VhplZ] lhfj”k ,fMVj iSuh mj] oSQafczt] oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl-
Mksosjk] LoIu] 2005] bDysfDVflTe bu esFksMkWykWth] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th- bafXy'knkl]
fcØe ossQ] 2005] iQksdl vkWu bafXy'k- eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th- bafXy'k-

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 81
ukx v#yef.k] ,l] 2000] VkbIl ,aM esuhiQsLVs'kal vkWi-Q yfuaZx fMfiQdYVht bu bafM;u Dykl:e~l] isij iztsaVsM
,V n iQLVZ vkWfj,aVs'ku izksxzke iQkWj LowQy VhplZ] us'kuy baLVhV~;wV iQkWj ifCyd dk&vkWijs'ku ,aM pkbYM
MsoyiesaV (,u-vkbZ-ih-lh-lh-Mh)] csaxyq#] bafM;k]
μ] ,l- 2005] ySaXosT+k vVSuesaV~l ,aM yfu±x vkWizpqfufVtμ Iok;aVlZ iQkWj , U;w oQWfjoqQye izQseooZQ] eSllZ]
,u-,iQ-th-] bafXy'kukx
v#yef.k] ,l-] oh- jsM~Mh] vkSj ,l- cDys] 2003] VkjxsfVax iQksuksykWftdy fjizstsaVs'kal ossQu gsYi bu n vyhZ
LVsTl vkWi+Q jhfMax bu , ukWu&MkWfeusaV ySaXosT+k] tuZy vkWi-Q fjlpZ bu jhfMax 26&1] i`- 49&68] Lis'ky b';w
vkWu n MsoyiesaV vkWi-Q fyVjslh veax ckbfyaxqvy ,aM eYVhfyaxqvy fpYMsªu] ;w-ossQ-] Cysdosy ifCy'klZizHkq]
,u-,l- 1987] lsdaM ySaXosT+k isMkxkWth] vkWDli+QksMZ_ U;w;kWoZQ] vkWDli+QksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsliQkWlsV]
,-ts- vkSj vkj-vkbZ- fudksylu] 1991] okWD;qcyjh Vªsfuax iQkWj fpYMsªu fon Mk;ysfDl;k] tuZy vkWi-Q yfuZaax
fMlsfcfyfVt 24&6- i`- 379&83isQfyDl]
ikWy] 1998] yfuaZx Vw jhM bafXy'k % n feDlM dksM os& fofo;u cSjh vkSj vkFkZ esduhy (laiknd)
}kjk ikWfylh ,aM iSzfDVl bu ySaXosT+k ,tqossQ'ku] gkaxdkax] fMikVZesaV vkWi-Q owQfjoqQye LVMht] ;wfuoflZVh
vkWi-Q gkaaxdakx- i`- 175&193eSF;w]
jkek] 1997] iQkbuy fjiksVZ (, lejh)μ lh-ch-,l-bZ-&bZ-,y-Vh- owQfjoqQye baIyheasVs'ku LVMh] lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-
,y-] gSnjkckn] fMikVZesaV vkWi-Q bosY;q,'kujnjiQksMZ]
fofy;e bZ- 1987] lSdaM ySaXosT+k xzkej yfuZax ,aM Vhfpax] yanu_ U;w;kWoZQ] ykaxesufjiksVZ
vkWi-Q n ou&esu dfeVh vkWu bafXy'k bu izkbejh ,tqossQ'ku] 1998] ifc=kk ljdkj] xoZesaV vkWi-Q osLV c¡xky
}kjk fyf[kr] vè;k; i¡kp] ^n vjfy;j] n csVj* , Uksbth Lisl] i`- 22&28osLV]
ekbdy] 1941] yfu±x Vw jhM , iQkWjsu ySaXosT+k] ykWaxesal ;w-ossQ- (yfu±x Vw jhM , iQkWjsu ySaXosT+k] ,aM vnj
,lt vkWu ySaXosT+k Vhfpax- (u;k laLdj.k) yanu] U;w;kWoZQ] ykWxesal] xzhu 1955foMkWlu]
,p- th- 1978] Vhfpax ySaXosT+k ,t oQE;qfuossQ'ku] vkWDlI+kQksMZ] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsllkgw]
laè;k] 2005] bZ-,y-Vh- ls esVsfj;Yl ,aM eSFkM~l nsV ooZQ] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th-] bafXy'klDlsuk]
vkj- ih- 2005] ySaXosT+k ,aM dYpj] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th-&bafXy'kfLeV]
ukWjcVZ ,aM ekbosQy esdkFkhZ (laiknd) 1997] okWD;qcyjhμ fMLØhI'ku] ,Dohft'ku ,aM isMkxkWth] oSQafczt]
oaSQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslfLeV]
ukWjcVZ] 2000] okWD;qcyjh bu ySaXosT+k Vhfpax- oSQafczt] oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl-
Luks] oSQFkjhu bZ-] ,p- ossQulhuk] ts- Mh- Vsaiy] vkSj ,l- lgys- 1991] fxfoax iQkWeZy MsfiQfu'kalμ , fyaxq,LVhd
vkWj esVkfyaxq,LVhd Ldhy\ ,ysu ckfyLVkWd (laiknd) esa] ySaXosT+k izkslsflax bu ckbZfyaxqvy fpYMªsu- oSQafczt]
oaSQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl] i`- 90&112-
Luks] oSQFkjhu bZ-] ,e- lwlsu culZ] vkSj isx xzhfI+kQu (laikndx.k) 1998] fizosaVhax jhfMax fMfiQdYVht bu ;ax
fpYMsªu] dfeVh vkWu n fizosa'ku vkWI+kQ jhfMax fMfiQdYVht bu ;ax fpYMªsu] dfe'ku vkWu n fcgsoh;jy ,aM
lks'ky lkbalsl ,aM ,tqossQ'ku] us'kuy fjlpZ dkmafly] okWf'kaxVu Mhlh] us'kuy ,ossQMeh izsl-
LVsukWfop] dhFk bZ- 2000] izksxzsl bu vaMjLVSafMax jhfMaxμlkbafVfiQd iQkmaMs'kal ,aM U;w izaQfV;lZ] U;w;kWoZQ] fxyiQksMZ
izsl-

82 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
lquokuh] fot; oqQekj] 2005] n bafXy'k ySaXosT+k ,aM bafM;u dYpj] eSllZ-] ,u-,iQ-th-] bafXy'k-
'kkeyk] ,l-ossQ- 2005] us'kuy oQfjoqQYke izsQeooZQ iQkWj LowQy ,tqossQ'ku] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th-] bafXy'kgMylu]
ljkg] 1994] fyVjslh MsoyiesaV vkWI+kQ lSdaM ySaXosT+k fpYMsªu- bu izsQM tsuslh (laiknd) ,tqosQfVax lSdaM
ySaXost fpYMªsu] n gksy pkbYM] n gksy owQfjoqQye] n gksy dE;qfuVh] i`- 129&158 oSQafczt] oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh
izsl-
'kCndks'k@lanHkZ lkexzh
ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1999] fMD'kujht vkj vuizsfMDVsoy] bafXy'k ySaXosT+k Vhfpax tuZy 53&4- i`- 262&69ve`rkoYyh]
vkj-] ,- tkuk] vkSj fot;k] 2003] LVwMsaV~l vaMjLVSfMax vkWi+Q fMD'kujh baVªhtμ ,- LVMh fon fjLisDV
Vq iQksj yuZl fMD'kujht bafM;u tuZy vkWiQ ,IykbM fyaxq,LVhDl 29 % 1] i`- 5&20nkl]
fcØe ossQ- 2004] oMZ ekLVjμ yuZl fMD'kujh vkWi+Q ekWMuZ bafXy'k] gSnjkckn& vkWfj,aV ykaaxesufiQ'kj]
mVs] 1994] yfu±x oM~lZ izQkWe daVsDLVj ,aM fMD'kujtμ ,u ,DlisfjesaVy daijhtu] ,IykbM lkbdksfyaxqfLVDl
15 % 4] i`- 551&74-
Mk;LysfDl;k laca/h lkexzh
FkkWelu] ,e-bZ- vkSj bZ-ts- okWVfdal] 1993] Mk;LysjfDl;kμ , Vhfpax gSaMcqd] yanu] gqjZ ifCy'klZekbYl]
Vh-vkj- 1995] Mk;LysfDl;kμn djaV LVsV~l vkWI+kQ n VeZ] II, pkbYM ySaXosT+k Vhfpax ,aM Fksjsih 2% 1] i`- 23&33osY;wfVuks]
ÚSad] vkj- 1979] Mk;LysfDl;kμ F;ksjh ,aM fjlpZ] daSfczt] ekl-] ,e-vkbZ-Vh- izsl-
lkexzh&le`¼ iz.kkyh
ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1995] ehfM;k ,aM ySaXosT+k ,Dohft'ku] vkj- ossQ- vfXugks=kh vkSj ,- ,y- [kUuk (laikndx.k)]
bafXy'k ySaXosT+k Vhfpax bu bafM;kμ b'kwt ,aM buksos'akl] i`- 181&86] u;h fnYyh] lsT+k-
Ø'ksu] LVhisQu] 1989] oh ,DokW;j okWD;qcyjh ,aM Lisfyax ckbZ jhfMaxμ ,fM'kuy ,foMsal iQkWj n buiqV
gkW;iksfFkfll] ekWMuZ ySaXosT+k tuZy] 73 % 4] i`- 440&64ozQ'ksu]
LVhi+Qu] 1983] n fMu bu n gsMμ buiqV ,aM n ySaXosT+k ,DOkhft'ku fMokbl] tkWu MCY;w- vkWyj] tw- vkSj
isVªhfl;k ,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laikndx.k)] esFkM~l nSV ooZQμ , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;kt iQkWj ySaXosT+k VhplZ]
i`- 295&301] jkWyh] eklμ U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ-
VjsZy] Vªslh Mh] 1983] n uspqjy ,izkWp Vq ySaXosT+k Vhfpaxμ ,u viMsV] tkWu MCY;w- vkWyj] tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k ,fjpMZ&vesVks
(laikndx.k)] esFkM~l nsV ooZQμ , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;kt iQkWj ySaXosT+k VhplZ] i`-
267&283] jkWyh] ekl-& U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ-
U;wekoZQ] fyvksukMZ] 1983] gkm ukWV Vw baVjisQ;j fon ySaXost yfu±x] tkWu MCY;w- vksyj] tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k ,fjpMZ&vesVks
(laiknd)] esFkM~l nSV ooZQμ , LekWjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;kt iQkWj ySaXosT+k VhplZ] i`- 49&55]
jkWyh] ekl-μU;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ] (fjfizaVsM izQkWe baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ vesfjdu fyaxq,LVhd] 32&1-2- 1966)izHkq]
,u- ,l- 1987] lSoaQM ySaXosT+k isMkxkWth vkWDliQksMZ] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslμ1998]
Vhfpax bT+k ,V eksLV gksfiax iQkWj n csLV] isij MsfyoMZ ,V n jhT+kuy bafXy'k ySaXosT+k lsaVj lsfeukj] lkmFk
bLV ,f'k;u fefuLVªhT+k vkWI+kQ ,tqossQ'ku vkWxZukbT+ks'ku] flaxkiqj-

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 83
esdukejk] tkWu] 1983] ulZjht] LVªhV~l] ,aM Dykl:Elμ le daisfjtUl ,aM fMMD'kal] bu tkWu MCY;w- vkWyj]
tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k ,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laikndx.k) esFkM~l nsV ooZQ % , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWi+Q vkbfM;kt iQkWj ySaXosT+k
VhplZ] i`- 259&266] jkWyh] eklμ U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ-
izkekf.kd lkexzh
LVªhosal] ihVj] 1987] baVj,D'ku vkmVlkbM n Dykl:eμ ;wfT+kax n dE;qfuVh- foYxk ,e- fjolZ (laiknd)] 1987]
baVj,DVho ySaXosT+k Vhfpax] i`- 170&176] U;w;kWoZQ& oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslekys]
,ysu] 1987] ikWbVªh ,aM lkax ,T+k bisQfDVo ySaXost yfuZax ,DVhfofVT+k] foYxk ,e- fjolZ (laiknd) esa 1987]
baVj,fDVo ySaXosT+k Vhfpax] i`- 93&109] U;w;kWoZQ& osQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl-
d{kk&d{k lkexzh
jeu] m"kk] 2003] , ikWV vkWi+Q ykbV] fcx cqDl] gSnjkckn] LikoZQ bafM;kjko]
y{eh jkes'oj] 2005] LikoZQ ft;ksxzkiQh] gSnjkckn] LikoZQ bafM;kμ2003]
LikoZQ twfu;j ft;ksxzkiQh] gSnjkckn] LikoZQ bafM;k-
'khy] 2003] vaMj n csM] fcx cqDl] gSnjkckn& LikoZQ bafM;k-
lanHkZ iqLroassQ
fVDowQ] ,e- ,y- 2004] bZ-,y-Vh- bu bafM;k] Uk;h fnYyh] vkWfj,aV ykaxesugkso]
ekbdy ts- ,- 1984] , VhplZ xkbM Vq n lkbdksykWth vkWi+Q yfu±x] vkWDli+QksMZ] baySaM_ U;w ;koZQ]
,u-okbZ-ch- Cysdosy-

84 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
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Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 85
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86 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
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Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 87
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LVkby dks izHkkfor ugha dj jgh gS cfYd vc
blus lkekftd ewY;ksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djus dh
rkdr gkfly dj yh gSA lkekftd leL;kvksa
dks flusek us vius yxkrkj izHkko ls bruk rjy
cuk fn;k gS fd fgalk] vijk/] O;fHkpkj]
cykRdkj vc oqQN Hkh gesa cspSu ugha dj ikrkA
flusek osQ bl izHkko dks le>rs gq, if'peh
ns'kksa esa 50 osQ n'kd ls gh fiQYe vè;;u ij
xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djuk 'kq# dj fn;k FkkA
f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa vkSj euksoSKkfudksa osQ fy, ogk¡¡a ij
fpark dk fo"k; Fkk fd cPps ftruk le; Ldwy
esa O;rhr djrs gSa mlls dgha vf/d Vsyhfotu
osQ lkeusA vius vè;;u esa mUgksaus ik;k fd nks
o"kZ dh mez ls gh tc cPps ekr`Hkk"kk lh[kus dh
'kq#vkr djrs gaS Vsyhfotu vkSj fiQYe tSls
n`';&JO; ekè;eksa ls Hkh lans'k xzg.k dh 'kq:vkr
dj nsrs gSA nks rhu lky osQ cPps dk dkVZwu
usVooZQ osQ vkxs 'kkar iM+s jguk dksbZ la;ksx ugha]
cfYd gesa ;g Lohdkj djuk pkfg, fd cdk;nk
mls ns[k jgk gksrk gS] eglwl dj jgk gksrk gSA
flusek vkt gekjh thou 'kSyh esa 'kkfey
gks pqdk gSA [kkuk [kkuk] vkWfiQl tkuk] Ldwy
tkus dh rjg flusek dks Hkh geus viuh
vfuok;Zrk esa 'kkfey dj fy;k gSA gesa ;kn gS
dkWyst tkus osQ ckn Hkh fiQYe if=kdk,¡ geus
vfHkHkkodksa ls fNidj i

88 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
flusek ns[kus dk fu.kZ; /hjs&/hjs cPpksa osQ gkFkksa
esa fleVrk pyk x;kA mUgsa eryc flusek ls
ugha] cl flusek ?kj osQ esys vkSj flusek osQ insZ
ij lqyHk ^opqZvy* nqfu;k ls FkhA vkSj vfHkHkkodksa
osQ fy, mUgsa flusek ys tkuk okLro esa dgha u
dgha mUgsa vius Hkjs&iwjs lekt ls dkVus dh
,d {kfriwfrZ FkhA ysfdu ;g ^{kfriwfrZ* okLro
esa fdl rjg mudh le> dks viuh nqfu;k osQ
izfr tM+ cuk jgh Fkh] geus bl ij xkSj djus
dh t#jr ugha le>hA
vkt bl fLFkfr esa tc flusek osQ izokg
dks jksdk ugha tk ldrk] D;k csgrj ;g ugha
fd yksxksa dks flusek ns[kus ls jksdus osQ ctk,
mls flusek ns[kuk fl[kk,¡A fl[kkus dk vFkZ gS
cdk;nk fiQYe vè;;u vkf[kjdkj vè;;u
dk mn~ns'; D;k gS! dksbZ Hkh fo"k; lkfgR; gks]
foKku gks] dyk gks ;k rduhd gks ge D;ksa
i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 89
ikWfylh 1980 dks ;kn djus dh t#jr gS
rkfd flusek osQ izfr cpiu ls gh ,d lgh
le> fodflr gks losQA ;g ,d fnu dh
dksf'k'kksa ls ugha gks ldrk] yxkrkj fof/or
vè;;u ls gh cPpksa esa lgh vkSj xyr flusek
dh le> dks fodflr dh tk ldrh gSA cPpksa
dks egku fiQYedkjksa dh Dykfld fiQYesa fn[kkus
dh xaHkhj dksf'k'k 'kq# dh tkuh pkfg,] rkfd os
MsfoM /ou vkSj foey jkW; dk iQoZQ eglwl
dj loasQA
lkfgR; osQ lkFk geus dksf'k'k dh] vkt NksVs
ls cPps dks Hkh izsepan vkSj izse oktis;h dk iQoZQ
ekywe gSA vkt dh lPpkbZ gS fd yksxksa dks flusek
ns[kus ls ge jksd ugha ldrs gSa] dksf'k'k dj ldrs
gSa fd os flusek dks flusek dh rjg xzg.k djsa] ,d
LoLFk vkykspdh; le> osQ lkFkA

90 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa gks jgs 'kks/ dk;ks± dh
xq.koÙkk mUu;u gsrq iz;kl
eksgEen ;wuql gqlSu*
eksgEen bj'kkn gqlSu**
fo'ofo|ky; dk dk;Z Kku osQ forj.k osQ lkFk gh Kku dk l`tu djuk Hkh gksrk gSA
fo'ofo|ky; eas f'k{k.k ,oa 'kks/ ,d nwljs osQ iwjd ,oa ijLij lg;ksxh fØ;k,¡ gaSA
Hkkjr esa mPp xq.koÙkk okys laLFkkuksa osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k izfr o"kZ yxHkx ik¡p yk[k
Hkkjrh; Nk=k fons'kh fo'ofo|ky;kas esa mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus tkrs gSaA blosQ lkFk gh
miyC/ Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa@laLFkkuksa ls MkWDVjsV dh fMxzh ysus okyksa dh l¡[;k Hkh
egt rhu yk[k gh gSA vr% Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk ,oa 'kks/ osQ {ks=k esa Js"B laLFkkuksa dks
[kksyus@lapkfyr laLFkkuksa osQ xq.koÙkk Lrj esa o`f¼ djus] fo|kfFkZ;ksa essa xq.koÙkk;qDr
'kks/ djus ,oa xq.koÙkk ;qDr f'k{kk izkIr@iznku djus dh {kerk fodflr djus osQ
fy, fo'ks"k iz;kl dh vko';drk gSA
;fn fo'ofo|ky; Kku dk l`tu u dj osQoy
Kku osQ forj.k rd gh lhfer gks tkrk gS rks og
fo'ofo|ky; ugha oju fo|ky; dgykus osQ
yk;d gSA fo'ofo|ky; dk eq[; dk;Z Kku osQ
forj.k osQ lkFk gh Kku osQ {ks=k ls ckgj
fudydj vKku osQ {ks=k esa tkdj u, Kku dh
[kkst dj tuekul rd igq¡pkuk gSA izks- ;'kiky
osQ vuqlkj] tks Kku osQ egklkxj esa Mqcdh
*ofj"B vè;kid] izkFkfed fo|ky;] Hkkstiqj jkeukFk] HkwVk] cjsyh] mÙkj Ikzns'k-
**ofj"B vè;kid] izkFkfed fo|ky;] iQrsgiqj] HkwVk] cjsyh] mÙkj Ikzns'k-
yxkuk fl[kk,] ogh fo'ofo|ky; gSA gekjs
vklikl tks oqQN Hkh ?kfVr gks jgk gS ml lcdh
i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 91
tkdj Kku dk fodkl djrs jgsaA izks- Mh- ,ldksBkjh
osQ vuqlkj fo'ofo|ky; dh Js"Brk
mlosQ f'k{kdksa dh Js"Brk ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA
fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{k.k ,oa 'kks/ ,d nwljs osQ
iwjd ,oa ijLij lg;ksxh fØ;k,¡ gSaA fo'o osQ
mÙke fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh igpku muosQ ;gk¡ gks
jgs 'kks/ksa dk Lrj gksrk gSA ^Hkkjr foKku fjiksVZ*
osQ vuqlkj ,d vjc ls vf/d vkcknh okys
Hkkjr esa MkWDVjsVksa dh l¡[;k egt rhu yk[k gS]
ftlesa foKku osQ MkDVjsVksa dh l¡[;k ek=k ,d
yk[k gSA ;fn gesa fo'o esa f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa
viuh igpku cukuh gS rks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk
gksxk fd gekjs fo|kFkhZ xq.koÙkk ;qDr 'kks/ djus
,oa xq.koÙkk ;qDr f'k{kk izkIr ,oa iznku djus dh
{kerk Lo;a esa fodflr djsaA ,slk djus osQ fy,
gekjs f'k{kdksa dks vkèkqfudre vkSj dfBure
fo"k;ksa dks ljy] ljl] lqcks/ cukdj Nk=kksa rd
igq¡pkus dk iz;kl djuk gksxkA Hkkjrh; m|ksx
laxBu ^,lkspSe* dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj vesfjdk]
vkLVªsfy;k] baXySaM] dukMk] teZuh vkfn ns'kksa esa
mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus osQ fy, lk

92 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
vkSipkfjd rjhosQ ls foHkkxksa }kjk fu/kZfjr fd;k
tk,xkA O;fDrxr Nk=k ,oa f'k{kd ij fujh{kd
dk vkoaVu ugha NksM+k tk,xkA ;g fu;e roZQ
laxr ugha yxrk D;ksafd ih,p-Mh- dk;ZØe
yEch vof/ dk gksrk gS] ftlesa 'kksèkdrkZ ,oa
'kks/ i;Zos{kd dk ckjEckj fopkj&foe'kZ gksrk
gSA vPNs okrkZyki osQ fy, nksuksa osQ O;fDrRo
yfuZax ,oa Vhphax LVkby esa oqQN lekurk
vko';d gSA vr% 'kks/ Nk=k ,oa 'kks/ i;Zos{kd
dks Hkh ,d nwljs dks pquus osQ fy, U;wure
vko';d Lora=krk nh tkuh pkfg,A blosQ fy,
fo'ofo|ky; dks ih,p-Mh- dk;ZØe gsrq p;fur
'kks/kfFkZ;ksa ,oa miyC/ 'kks/ i;Zos{kdksa dh vkilh
lgefr i=k osQ vk/kj ij] fuf'pr le; lhek
osQ Hkhrj 'kks/kFkhZ dk iathdj.k lacaf/r i;Zos{kd
osQ lkFk djuk pkfg,A bl dk;Z esa fo'ofo|ky;
}kjk lacaf/r fo"k; osQ i;Zos{kd] mudh ;ksX;rk
,oa muosQ funsZ'ku esa iw.kZ ,oa py jgh ih,p-
Mh- dh tkudkjh] 'kks/ Nk=kksa dks miyC/
djkus gsrq dkmfUlfyax dk;ZØe visf{kr gSaA
'kks/kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u djrs le; i;Zos{kd dks
vkj{k.k osQ fu;eksa dk Hkh ikyu djuk pkfg,A
,slk djus ls lekt osQ ;ksX; ,oa lekt osQ
lHkh oxks± osQ 'kksèkkfFkZ;ksa dks 'kks/ djus dk
volj miyC/ gks losQxkA
'kks/ izfØ;k
'kks/kfFkZ;ksa dk i;Zos{kd osQ lkFk iathdj.k gksus
osQ mijkUr] fo'ofo|ky; dks 'kks/ Nk=kksa dks
'kks/ izfØ;k fl[kkus osQ mn~ns'; ls fofo/
fo"k;ksa dh fjlpZ eSFkMksykWth ij Ng ekg dk
lS¼kfUrd dkslZ djkus dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A
blosQ O;kogkfjd i{k dks fl[kkus gsrq bu Ng
ekg osQ Hkhrj gh lacaf/r 'kks/ i;Zos{kd }kjk
'kks/ Nk=k ls fdlh ,d lkekU; leL;k osQ
fujkdj.k gsrq 'kks/&i=k rS;kj djkuk pkfg,A ,slk
djus ls 'kks/kFkhZ vius fo"k; dh 'kks/ fof/ osQ
lS¼kfUrd ,oa O;kogkfjd i{k dks lh[k losQxk]
iQyLo:i og ih,p-Mh- gsrq p;fur leL;k
dk vè;;u xq.koÙkkiwoZd dj losQxkA izk;%
'kksèkkFkhZ ih,p-Mh- gsrq leL;k p;u osQ fy,
vius 'kks/ i;Zos{kd ij fuHkZj jgrk gS] ftlls
'kks/ dh ekSfydrk izHkkfor gksrh gSA vr%
'kks/kFkhZ dks viuh ,osQfMfed ykbiQ esa fo"k; ls
lacaf/r vkus okyh leL;kvksa ij fparu ,oa
i;Zos{kd ls fopkj&foe'kZ osQ mijkUr Lo;a gh
'kks/ leL;k dk p;u djuk pkfg,] ftlls 'kks/
dk;Z iw.kZ gksus rd 'kks/kFkhZ esa leL;k osQ lekèkku
osQ izfr ftKklk cuh jgus osQ dkj.k] 'kks/ dh
xq.koÙkk eas i;kZIr o`f¼ lqfuf'pr dh tk losQA
'kks/ leL;k osQ p;uksijkUr 'kks/drkZ] 'kks/ dk;Z
izkjEHk dj nsrk gSA leL;k ls lacafèkr lkfgR; osQ
xgu vè;;u gsrq 'kks/kFkhZ fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa
,oa oasQnzzh; laLFkkuksa osQ iqLrdky;ksa dk Hkze.k
djrk gS] ftlosQ fy, dkiQh /u dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA vr% fo'ofo|ky; dks ^'kks/ lgk;rk
dks'k* dh LFkkiuk dj 'kks/kfFkZ;kas dks visf{kr
Nk=ko`fÙk nsus dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A gkyk¡fd
fofHkUu osaQnzh; egRo osQ laLFkkuksa }kjk 'kks/
Nk=ko`fÙk iznku dh tk jgh gS ijUrq tks Nk=k ;g
Nk=ko`fÙk ikus ls oafpr gSa mUgsa fo'ofo|ky;
viuh vksj ls Nk=ko`fÙk nsdj 'kks/dk;Z esa vkus

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 93
okyh /u laca/h leL;kvksa dks de dj ldrk
gS] ftlls 'kks/ dh xq.koÙkk esa o`f¼ lqfuf'pr
dh tk ldrh gSA oSKkfud fo"k;ksa osQ vuqla/kuksa
esa iz;ksx'kkyk dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gS vr%
vuqla/ku oasQnzksa dh iz;ksx'kkykvksa dks lHkh
vko';d lalk/ukas ,oa midj.kksa ls lqlfTtr
gksuk vko';d gSA ekufodh fo"k;ksa osQ vuqla/
kuksa esa vè;;ujr pjksa osQ ekiu gsrq izekiho`Qr
ijh{k.k Hkh fo'ofo|ky; }kjk vuqla/ku oasQnzksa
dks miyC/ djkus gsrq /ukiwfrZ djuh pkfg;sA
pw¡fd 'kks/ dh xq.koÙkk] 'kks/ osQ pjksa osQ ekiu
gsrq iz;qDr midj.kksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS vr%
'kks/dÙkkZ dks ekiu midj.k osQ p;u esa fo'ks"k
lko/kuh j[kuh pkfg,A ijh{k.k fuekZ.k lh[kus
dh n`f"V ls izR;sd 'kks/dÙkkZ dks vius 'kks/ ls
lacaf/r fdlh ,d pj osQ ekiu gsrq midj.k
Lo;a cukuk pkfg, rFkk 'ks"k pjksa osQ ekiu gsrq
uohure ekudho`Qr midj.kksa dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg,A
fo'ofo|ky; osQ fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ vuqlaèkku
oasQnzksa ij mPpLrjh; dEI;wVjho`Qr iqLrdky;
dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg;s ftlesa lacaf/r
fo"k; dh vf/dre egÙoiw.kZ iqLrosaQ] 'kks/
if=kdk,¡] 'kks/ losZ] ,UlkbDyksfifM;k] 'kCndks'k]
'kks/ xzaFk ,oa b.VjusV vkfn dh O;oLFkk gksA
oS'ohdj.k ,oa rduhdh osQ bl ;qx esa 'kksèkdrkZ
dks b.VjusV dk mi;ksx djus esa n{krk gkfly
gksuh pkfg, D;kasfd fcuk blosQ mi;ksx ls og
lwpukvksa osQ cgqr cM+s usVooZQ ls vufHkK jg
tkrk gSA iqLrdky; osQ [kqyus dk le; izkr% 8
ls jkf=k 12 rd gksuk pkfg, ftlls 'kks/ Nk=kksa dks
iqLrdky; tkus osQ fy, le; lhek osQ ca/u ls
eqfDr fey losQ rFkk og vf/dre le; rd
iqLrdky; dk iz;ksx dj loasQA 'kks/ i;Zos{kdksa
dh 'kks/ ;ksX;rk dks mPpho`Qr djus osQ mn~ns';
ls fo'ofo|ky; dks izR;sd nks o"kZ osQ vUrjky
ij dk;Z'kkyk dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg, rkfd
f'k{kd Lo;a dks le; osQ vuqdwy vixzsM dj
losaQA blosQ lkFk gh fo'ofo|ky; dks fofHkUu
fo"k;ksa osQ 'kks/ Nk=kksa dks fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh
izo`Qfr ,oa 'kks/ fof/ dk uohure Kku nsus osQ
fy, ,dho`Qr 'kks/ dk;Z'kkyk dk okf"kZd vk;kstu
djkuk pkfg,A izR;sd 'kks/ Nk=k dks vius 'kks/
xzaFk ls de ls de nks 'kks/ i=k vius 'kks/ dk;Z
osQ nkSjku] fo'ofo|ky; }kjk vk;ksftr okf"kZd
lsehukj esa izLrqr djus dh vfuok;Z 'krZ gksuh
pkfg,] ftlls 'kks/ dk;Z esa lqxerk ,oa xq.koÙkk
cuh jgsA 'kks/ xazFk fo'ofo|ky; esa tek djus ls
iwoZ 'kks/ Nk=k dks de ls de ,d 'kks/&i=k
jk"Vªh; Lrj dh 'kks/&if=kdk esa izdkf'kr djkuk
pkfg, ftlls mldh 'kks/ n{krk izfrfcfEcr gks
losQ] lkFk gh vfxze 'ks"k 'kks/ dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk
cuk, j[kus osQ fy, vko';d i``"Biks"k.k izkIr gks
losQA blh dM+h esa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx
('kks/) fofu;e] 2009 osQ vUrxZr fufeZr fofu;e
fd ^^'kks/xzaFk izLrqr djus osQ iwoZ Nk=k dks foHkkx
esa ,d lk{kkRdkj nsuk iM+sxk tks fd leLr
ladk; lnL;ksa ,oa 'kks/ Nk=kksa osQ fy;s [kqyk gksxk
rkfd fVIif.k;k¡ ,oa lq>ko izkIr gks loasQ] ftudks
fujh{kd osQ lq>ko ij MªkWÝV 'kksèk xazFk esa
lfEefyr fd;k tk losQ**] Hkh ,d Lokxr ;ksX;
dne gS ftlls fuf'pr :i ls 'kks/ dh xq.koÙkk
c

94 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
ewY;k¡du
izk;% ns[kk tkrk gS fd 'ksk/ xzaFk fo'ofo|ky;
esa tek djus osQ eghuksa ckn Hkh ckcw laLo`Qfr
osQ pyrs 'kks/ xzaFk osQ ewY;k¡du gsrq ewY;k¡du&
dÙkkZvksa osQ ukeksa dh lwph ugha cu ikrh gS]
rnksijkUr nwljk foyEc] ewY;k¡dudrkZvksa }kjk
O;LÙkkvksa osQ pyrs ,DlsIVsal fjiksVZ dks le; ls
u Hkstus ij gksrk gS ftlosQ dkj.k 'kks/ xzaFk dk
ewY;k¡du vuko';d :i ls eghuksa@o"kks± yVdk
jgrk gSA bl leL;k dks nwj djus osQ fy,
fo'ofo|ky; dks pkfg, fd og 'kks/xzaFk tek
djus osQ oqQN eghus iwoZ gh ewY;k¡dudrkZvksa osQ
iSuy ,oa mudh ,DlsIVsal fjiksVZ dh izfØ;k
izkjEHk dj nsa rkfd 'kks/ xzaFk tek gksus rd
ewY;k¡dudÙkkZ dh ,sDlsIVsal fjiksVZ vk tkus ij
'kks/ xzaFk dks ewY;k¡dudÙkkZ osQ ikl rqjUr Hkstuk
lqfuf'pr fd;k tk losQA bl O;oLFkk osQ fy,
'kks/ i;Zos{kd dks pkfg, fd og 'kks/xzaFk tek
gksus osQ laHkkfor le; ls Ng ekg iwoZ
fo'ofo|ky; osQ fjlpZ lsy dks lwfpr dj ns
rkfd fo'ofo|ky; iSuy ,oa ,DlsIVsal dh
izfØ;k izkjEHk dj nsA 'kks/xzaFk dk ewY;k¡du x`g
jkT; osQ ,d fo'ofo|ky; osQ f'k{kd ,oa vU;
jkT; osQ ,d oasQnzh; fo'ofo|ky; osQ f'k{kd ls
djk;k tkuk pkfg,A nksuksa ijh{kdksa dh tk¡p
vk[;k vkus osQ mijkUr ,d ekg osQ Hkhrj 'kks/
Nk=k dh ekSf[kd ijh{kk djk nsuh pkfg,A ekSf[kd
ijh{kk dh iwoZ lwpuk lHkh foHkkxksa osQ f'k{kdksa ,oa
Nk=kksa dks nh tkuh pkfg, ftlls os Hkh ijh{kk esa
izfrHkkx dj 'kks/ Nk=k ls iz'u iwNdj vius Kku
esa o`f¼ dj loasQA
fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (,e-fiQy-
@ih,p-Mh- mikf/ osQ fy, U;wure ekud ,oa
izfØ;k) fofu;e] 2009 osQ vuqlkj fo'ofo|ky;
}kjk ih,p-Mh- mikf/ iznku djus dh ?kks"k.kk
mijkUr] 'kks/ xzaFk dh lkWÝV izfr fo'ofo|ky;
vuqnku vk;ksx dks ,d ekg osQ Hkhrj bl vk'k;
osQ lkFk izsf"kr djuh gksxh fd mldks bfUiQfycusV
ij Mkydj leLr laLFkkvksa@fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks
miyC/ djk;k tk loasQA fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku
vk;ksx dk 'kks/ xq.koÙkk dh n`f"V ls ;g ,d
ljkguh; iz;kl gSA orZeku esa fo'ofo|ky; }kjk
iznku dh tkus okyh ih,p-Mh- fMxzh osQ vk/kj
ij 'kks/ xzaFkksa dh xq.koÙkk esa foHksnhdj.k ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% 'kks/xzaFk dh ewY;k¡du
vk[;kvksa ,oa ekSf[kd ijh{kk dh vk[;kvksa osQ
vk/kj ij ih,p-Mh- fMxzh ij xszM vafdr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk ,slh O;oLFkk
dj fn, tkus ij 'kks/ Nk=k ,oa i;Zos{kd vPNk
xzsM izkIr djus osQ fy, 'kks/ izfØ;k osQ nkSjku
dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk ij è;ku oasQfnzr djrs jgsaxs ,oa
mÙke xzsM ikus ij vfxze 'kks/ dk;Z gsrq vfHkizsfjr
,oa izksRlkfgr gks losQxsaA blosQ vfrfjDr 'kks/
ifj.kkeksa dks 'kks/ fo"k;ksa osQ Åij ykxw djkus osQ
iz;kl Hkh fo'ofo|ky; dks djus pkfg, rkfd
'kks/ lef"V Hkh 'kks/ ifj.kkeksa ls ykHkkfUor gks
losQA blosQ fy;s fo'ofo|ky; dks viuh 'kks/
if=kdk izdkf'kr djkuh pkfg, ftlesa lHkh
,okMsZM+ ih,p-Mh- 'kks/xzaFkksa osQ lkj dks Nkik tk
loasQA vk'kk gS fd ;fn fo'ofo|ky; mijksDr
lq>koksa dks vey esa yk losaQ rks 'kks/dk;ks± dh
xq.koÙkk eas fuf'pr :i ls mUu;u gks losQxkA

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 95
lanHkZ
oqQekj] fujatu] vHkkoksa ls f?kjh mPp f'k{kk] nSfud tkxj.k] 14 vDVwcj 2008-
Mksjk;jkt] ,- tksliQ] 2009- ,sUgsfUlax n DoWkfyVh vkWaiQ ih,p-Mh- Fkhfll bu bafXy'k] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt]
47 (14)] 16izlkn]
,l-oh-osQ- 2006- Vhfpax ,.M fjlpZ bu gk;j ,tqosQ'kuμ n izlsUV fluSfj;ks] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt] 44
(22)] 11-
Hkkjr dk jkti=k] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (,e- fiQy-@ih&,p-Mh- mikf/ osQ fy, U;wure ekud ,oa
izfØ;k) fofue;] 2009] Hkkx&III, [k.M&4] i`"B&4050] 4051] izkf/dkj ls izdkf'kr] 11 tqykbZ
2009eYgks=kk]
,l-ih- 2009- ,fiLVkseksyksftdy b';wt fjysfVM Vw DoWkfyVh fjlpZ bu ,tqosQ'ku] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt]
47 (29)] 4eqfyef.k]
oh-,p- 2009- Vhfpax ,.M fjlpZ bu ;wfuoflZVht] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt] 47 (17)] 1-
;'kiky] Kku dks eqDr dhft, % lk{kkRdkj] vej mtkyk] 25 ekpZ 2009flag]
vkj-ih- 2008- DoWkfyVh ,';ksjsUl bu ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ μ v DosLV iQkWj ikflfcfyVh] ;wfuoflZVh
U;wt] 46 (48)] 10-

96 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
Ikjh{kk esa udy osQ dkj.kksa dk
fo'ys"k.k ,oa funku
v'ouh oqQekj xkSM+*
cPpksa us D;k lh[kk ;g tkuus osQ fy, ewY;k¡du djuk vko';d gSA Ikjh{kk,¡ ewY;k¡du
izfØ;k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ tfj;k gSA ijUrq ijh{kkvksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk udy djus ls
ewY;k¡du IkzfØ;k fu"IkzHkkoh gks tkrh gS vkSj cPpksa dk lgh fu"iknu ugha gks ikrkA
cPps udy D;ksa djrs gSa] blosQ fy, dkSu&dkSu ls dkj.k ftEesnkj gSa vkSj Nk=kksa dks
udy djus ls oSQls jksdk tk ldrk gS&vkfn eqn~nksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS bl 'kks/
ijd ys[k esaA
gekjs lEeq[k ckyd osQ lgh ewY;k¡du dk y{;
gksrk gSA bl y{; dh izkfIr osQ fy, ge
ijh{kkvksa dk vk;kstu djrs gSa] fdUrq vkt Nk=kksa
}kjk ijh{kk eas udy djuk ,d fparuh; fo"k;
gh ugha vfirq f'k{kk esa O;kIr ,d chekjh gSA
blls ewY;k¡du izfØ;k gh fu"izHkkoh gks tkrh gS
vkSj f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; gh lekIr gks tkrk gSA
blls Hkh vf/d cqjh ckr ;g gS fd blls d{kk
esa gksus okyh i

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 97
2- ekè;fed Lrj osQ Nk=kksa }kjk udy lkexzh
j[kus okyh fNih txgksa dk vè;;u djukA
3- ekè;fed Lrj osQ Nk=kksa dh udy dh izo`fÙk
osQ fy, Ikzsjd rRoksa dk vè;;u djukA
4- udy dh Ikzo`fÙk dks jksdus gsrq okafNr lq>koksa
dk vè;;u djukA
vè;;u dh fof/
'kks/dÙkkZ }kjk izLrqr vè;;u dh izo`Qfr dks
è;ku esa j[ks gq;s o.kZukRed losZ{k.k fof/ dk
iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
vè;;u esa iz;qDr U;k;n'kZ
bl vè;;u esa 'kks/drkZ us Perposive Non
Random Sampling fof/ }kjk vkxjk e.My
osQ nloha d{kk osQ mu 100 Nk=kksa dks lfEefyr
fd;k tks udy djrs idM+s x;s ;k ftUgksaus
udy djuk Lohdkj fd;kA
vè;;u esa iz;qDr midj.k
izLrqr vè;;u esa LofufeZr iz'ukoyh }kjk 'kksèkdÙkkZ
us Nk=kksa] lkfFk;ksa] vfHkHkkodksa ,o vè;kidksa ls
iz'ui=k] ijh{kk O;oLFkk] iz'kklu ,oa ?kj osQ
i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/r vusd iz'u iwNsA
vè;;u osQ fu"d"kZ
vè;;u osQ fu"d"kZ Kkr djus gsrq LofufeZr
iz'ukoyh ls izkIr mÙkjksa dk fo'ys"k.k djosQ
udy dh izo`fÙk osQ dkj.k Kkr fd;s x;s
ftudh foospuk 'kks/dÙkkZ }kjk fuEukafdr Øe
esa dh x;h gSA
1- Nk=k }kjk vius vè;;u ij i;kZIr le;
u nsuk
38» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd os ,d ls nks ?kaVk
viuh fnup;kZ esa vè;;u osQ fy, lqjf{kr
j[krs gSaA 26» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd os nks ?kaVs ls
pkj ?kaVs vius ?kj vè;;u djrs gSaA pkj ls N%
?kaVs vè;;u djus okys Nk=kksa dk izfr'kr 30
jgkA 6» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd os ?kj ij fcYoqQy
gh vè;;u ugha djrs gSaA de vè;;u djus
ls Nk=k dh detksjh cuh jgrh gS vkSj ;gh
detksjh mls udy dh izo`fÙk dh vksj vxzlj
gksus osQ fy, izsfjr djrh gSA
2- Nk=kksa esa Hk; dk vHkko
32» Nk=kksa us ;g Lohdkjk fd os udy djrs
le; Hk; dk vuqHko ugha djrs gSaA ge ns[krs
gSa fd vkt dk ijh{kkFkhZ vuq'kklughu gksrk
pyk tk jgk gSA uSfrdrk ls og cgqr ijs gSA
vius ls cM+ksa dk lEeku djuk tSls O;kogkfjd
xq.k ls og oafpr gSA vius vè;kid }kjk mls
uqdlku ugha igq¡pk;k tk,xk] bl ckr ls og
fuf'pUr gSA vr% fuMj gks ijh{kk Hkou esa og
udy osQ lHkh lk/u viukrk gSA
3- Nk=kksa }kjk fu;fer d{kkvksa esa vuqifLFkr
jguk
52» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd muosQ vè;kid fu;fer
:i ls d{kk esa ugha vkrs gSaA 30» Nk=kksa us
crk;k fd muosQ vè;kid mUgsa izHkko'kkyh

98 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
d{kk esa mifLFkr ugha jgus okys Nk=kksa dk
18» gSA
4- Nk=kksa dk ?kj osQ dk;ksaZ esa layXu gksuk
'kr~&izfr'kr Nk=kksa us ?kj osQ dk;ksaZ esa layXu
gksuk Lohdkj fd;k gSA izkIr mÙkjksa osQ fo'ys"k.k
osQ vk/kj ij Nk=k ?kj ij fuEufyf[kr dk;ksaZ esa
layXu ik, x, gSaμ
1- ?kj ij ikuh HkjukA
2- vukt ykuk ,oa vukt filkukA
3- [kkuk cukukA
4- [ksrh ,oa O;kikj esa ekrk&firk dks lg;ksx nsukA
5- i'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky djukA
6- ?kjsyw lkeku [kjhnukA
7- v[kckj cspukA
bl dkj.k Nk=k dks vius vè;;u osQ fy,
le; fudky ikus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA ijh{kk
dh rS;kjh osQ fy, og viuk ekul ugha cuk
ikrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ijh{kk Hkou esa og
udy dk lgkjk ysrk gSA
5- vfHkHkkod
gkykafd 8» Nk=kksa us ;g crk;k fd muosQ
vfHkHkkod Hkh mudh bl Ikzo`fÙk esa lfØ;
Hkkxhnkj gSaA ge ns[krs gSa fd oqQN Ikgq¡p okys
vfHkHkkod vius cPps dh Ikjh{kk Hkou esa cSBd
O;oLFkk ls ysdj lacaf/r Ikjh{kk Hkou esa d{kd
dh fu;qfDr rd vius IkzHkko dks cuk, j[krs gSaA
os vius Ikfjfpr vè;kidksa ls cjkcj lEioZQ
cuk, j[krs gSaA lkFk gh Ikzk;ksfxd Ikjh{kkvksa esa
vfHkHkkod bUVjuy ,oa ,DlVju ewY;k¡dudÙkkZvksa
rd Hkh viuh Ikgq¡¡p dk ekè;e

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 99
vuqdj.k osQ vk/kj Ikj djrs gSaA vius lkFkh
dks yxkrkj udy esa liQyrk IkzkIr djrs ns[k
mldk eu ykykf;r gks gh mBrk gSA blls
Ikjh{kk Hkou osQ vf/dk¡'k Nk=k udy dh vksj
Ikzsfjr gksrs gSaA
9- vè;kid
32» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd muosQ vè;kid mUgsa
udy djrs le; Ikjh{kk Hkou esa ugha IkdM+rs
gSaA 18» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd udy djus esa
vè;kid Hkh mudh lgk;rk djrs gSaA vuqHko
osQ vk/kj Ikj ,slk dk;Z vè;kid viuk dkslZ
le; Ikj Ikw.kZ u djk Ikkus dh otg ls] futh
LokFkZ dh otg ls ;k vius e/qj lkekftd
lEidksaZ dh otg ls gh djrs gaSA dbZ vè;kid
Ikjksidkjh loZfgrk; O;kid n`f"Vdks.k viukrs
gSaA ,slk dj os Nk=k dks udy osQ fy,
IkzksRlkfgr djrs gSaA
10- Ikz'u&Ik=kksa dk nks"kiw.kZ gksuk
82» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd Ikz'u Ik=k osQ ^v* Hkkx
esa os udy djus ls liQyrk IkzkIr djrs gSaA
40» Nk=kksa us udy laosQrksa osQ lgkjs djuk
Lohdkj fd;k gSA ,slk gksus Ikj ^v* Hkkx dh
mi;ksfxrk lekIr&lh gks tkrh gS vkSj og Nk=kksa
dks udy dh izo`fÙk esa lg;ksxh osQ :Ik esa
IkfjofrZr gks tkrh gSA 42» Nk=kksa us Lohdkjk fd
mUgsa lh/s Ikz'uksa esa udy djus esa liQyrk
feyrh gSA
11- cSBd O;oLFkk
36» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd Ikjh{kk Hkou esa muosQ
cSBus dh mfpr O;oLFkk ugha gksrh gSA 40»
Nk=kksa us crk;k fd mUgsa Ikjh{kk Hkou esa Ik;kZIr
nwjh Ikj ugha cSBk;k tkrk gSA cSBd O;oLFkk esa
izR;sd Nk=k osQ chp visf{kr nwjh ok¡Nuh; gS]
fdUrq bldk vHkko Ikk;k tkrk gSA vr% vuqfpr
cSBd O;oLFkk Nk=k dks udy osQ fy, Ikzsfjr
djrh gSA
12- iz'kklu dh ykijokgh
40» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd mUgsa Ikjh{kk fu;eksa
dh tkudkjh ugha nh tkrh gSA 30» Nk=kksa us
crk;k fd mUgsa udy djus ls ugha jksdk tkrk
gSA 60» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd mUgsa udy djrs
gq, Ikz/kukè;kid }kjk ugha IkdM+k tkrk gSA
oSls 46» Nk=kksa us udy djrs gq, idM+s tkuk
Lohdkj fd;k gS] fdUrq 30» Nk=kksa us gh ;g
crk;k fd IkdM+s tkus dk IkzHkko muosQ Ikjh{kk
Ikfj.kke Ikj IkM+kA IkzkIr mÙkjksa ls fofnr gqvk
fd Ikjh{kd vius gh Lrj Ikj mUgsa lkèkkj.k
n.M nsdj NksM+ nsrs gSaA vuqHko osQ vk/kj Ikj
bldk dkj.k oqQN Ikjh{kdksa dh ;g vk'kk gksrh
gS fd mudk vf/dkjh bl laca/ esa muls Hkh
dgha vf/d lgkuqHkwfriwoZd fopkj djrk gS
;k oqQN bl laca/ esa IkzR;{k :Ik ls lkeus
vkuk ugha pkgrsA vr% Ikz'kklu }kjk Ikjh{kkFkhZ
osQ lkFk lgkuqHkwfr j[kuk] Ikjh{kkFkhZ dks udy
osQ fy, IkzksRlkgu nsuk gks tkrk gSA
13- fNih txgksa Ikj udy dh lkexzh j[kuk
Nk=k fNih gqbZ txgksa Ikj udy dh lkexzh
j[krs gSa ftuls os vklkuh ls ugha IkdM+s tkrsA
ugha IkdM+s tkus Ikj os bl Ikzo`fÙk dks nksgjkrs
jgrs gSaA Nk=kksa osQ IkwNs tkus Ikj tkudkjh feyh

100 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
fd os udy laca/h lkexzh fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa
Ikj j[krs gSa ;k fy[krs gSaμ
1- 'kVZ@deh”k dh dkyj osQ vUnj
2- IkSu ;k IkSu osQ [kksys osQ vUnj
3- vaxwBh osQ vanj
4- ekSts ;k twrksa osQ vUnj
5- NksVh IykfLVd dh FkSyh esa Mkydj eq¡g osQ
vUnj
6- IkSaV dh eksjh osQ vUnj
7- tsc ;k pksj tsc osQ vUnj
8- uhdj dh tsc osQ vUnj
9- deht osQ uhps rqjikbZ okys LFkku osQ vUnj
10- dej osQ csYV osQ uhps
11- ?kM+h dh csYV osQ uhps
12- dku esa vVdk dj cM+s ckyksa dks mQij ys
tkdj
13- nhokj Ikj Ikgys fy[kdj
14- IkSM Ikj ;k bULVªwesaV ckDl esa fy[kdj
15- xf.kr osQ lw=k mÙkj&IkqfLrdk nsrs gh ji-Q
dk;Z okys LFkku ij fy[kdj
16- Ikqjkus Ikz'u&Ik=k dh NikbZ osQ chp IksfUly
ls fy[kdj
17- Ikz'u&Ik=k Ikj fy[kdj mldk vknku&Ikznku
djrs gq,
18- twrksa osQ uhps fpidk dj
19- deht osQ cVu osQ Ikkl vVdk dj
20- Vscqy ;k Ikkl esa f[kM+dh vkfn osQ fdlh
Nsn esa vVdkdjA
21- mÙkj&IkqfLrdk vkSj Ikz'u&Ik=k osQ uhps chp esaA
IkzkIr vk¡dM+ksa osQ vk/kj Ikj udy dh Ikzo`fÙk
osQ fy, nks"kh oxZokj fLFkfr fuEukuqlkj gSμ
Ukdy osQ fy, Lohdkjus okys
nks"kh dkjd Nk=kksa dk izfr'kr
1- Nk=k 48» Nk=kksa us
2- vfHkHkkod 16» Nk=kksa us
3- lkFkh 40» Nk=kksa us
4- vè;kid 46» Nk=kksa us
5- iz'ui=k 46» Nk=kksa us
6- ijh{kk O;oLFkk 35» Nk=kksa us
7- iz'kklu 58» Nk=kksa us
8- ?kj dk i;kZoj.k 20» Nk=kksa us
rkfydk
mi;qZDr rkfydk osQ vuqlkj fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd
udy osQ Ikzsjd rRo Øekuqlkj fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
1- Ikz'kklu
lcls Ikgyk Ikzsjd rRo Ikz'kklu gS tks viuh
xyr uhfr;ksa] fu.kZ;ksa]

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 101
dh

102 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjr vè;kidksa dh
d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk dk vè;;u
jhuk flag *
fnus'k oqQekj xqIrk **
fdlh jk"Vª osQ fodkl esa mPp f'k{kk dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA ;g f'k{kk mPp
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ gksuh pkfg,A f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk cgqr gn rd f'k{kd osQ O;ogkj ls
izHkkfor gksrh gS ftls Nk=k f'k{kd ijLij var%fØ;k osQ voyksdu ls Kkr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA izLrqr 'kks/ izi=k esa d{kk esa f'k{kdksa osQ O;ogkj dks Kkr fd;k x;k gSA bl
'kks/ }kjk ;g rF; lkeus vk;k gS fd O;k[;ku osQ lkFk uksV~l nsus rFkk Nk=kksa dks
i`"Biks"k.k nsus esa 67&70 izfr'kr f'k{kd izHkkoh gSa tcfd f'kf{kdkvksa dk ek=k 33»
gSA ogha ^Nk=kksa dks mfpr fn'kk funsZ'ku nsus* esa f'kf{kdk,¡ vf/d n{k ikbZ xbZaA
vè;;u ls Li"V gS fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa cnyko ykus dh vko';drk
gS ftlls fd f'k{kd vius Nk=kksa ls laca/ cukus esa n{k gks ik,¡A ;gh ugha ;g 'kks/
lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk dks Hkh js[kkafdr djrk gSA
fdlh Hkh jk"Vª osQ fodkl esa ogk¡¡¡ dh mPp
f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
gksrk gSA okLro esa fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk vkfFkZd]
rduhdh] oSKkfud vkfn {ks=kksa esa fodkl ,d
lhek rd ogk¡¡¡ osQ mPp f'k{kk esa fodkl osQ
Åij fuHkZj djrk gSA pw¡fd f'k{kk osQ izlkj esa
o`f¼ djosQ rFkk f'k{kk Lrj dk mUu;u djosQ
jk"Vªh; fodkl dh nj dks c

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 103
lcls egÙoiw.kZ dkjd gksrk gSA lEiw.kZ f'k{kk iz.kkyh
dk foLrkj f'k{kd dh xq.koÙkk ij fuHkZj gSA
d{kk f'k{k.k f'k{kd vkSj Nk=k osQ chp
ijLij var%fØ;k dh izfØ;k gksrh gSA ,d
lqO;ofLFkr voyksdu iz.kkyh esa funsZ'kkRed
vfèkxe] f'k{kd Nk=k ijLij mfpr var%fØ;k
dh igpku rFkk f'k{k.k oxhZdj.k dk iw.kZ
izfrfufèkRo gksrk gSA
bl izdkj Li"V gS fd voyksdu i¼fr
}kjk f'k{k.k xfrfof/;ksa] f'k{k.k n{krk rFkk blosQ
?kVdksa osQ izfr tkx:drk mRiUu dh tk ldrh
gSA pw¡fd fdlh ns'k dk fodkl xq.koÙkk;qDr
f'k{kk ls izHkkfor gksrk gS vkSj f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk
f'k{kd O;ogkj ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA f'k{kd
O;ogkj dks Nk=k f'k{kd ijLij var%fØ;k osQ
voyksdu }kjk Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
vr% f'k{kdksa osQ d{kk esa O;ogkj dks Kkr
djus dk iz;kl izLrqr 'kks/ izi=k esa fd;k x;k
gS rkfd ;g Kkr fd;k tk losQ fd d{kk
f'k{k.k osQ fdu {ks=kksa esa f'k{kdksa dk O;ogkj
f'k{k.k n{krk osQ vuq:i gS rFkk dgk¡ mUgsa vkSj
vf/d izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gS rkfd os
Hkfo"; esa ,d ;ksX; f'k{kd cu losaQA
iklh vkSj 'kekZ (1982) us ekè;fed Lrj
osQ f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk dks ysdj ,d
vè;;u fd;k rFkk vè;;u ls izkIr fd;k fd
iz'u iwNuk] ikB dk izkDdFku nsuk] d{kk
O;oLFkkiu djuk] ';keiV dk iz;ksx djuk]
mfpr Hkk"kk esa ikB~; dks izLrqr djuk bR;kfn
f'k{k.k fof/;ksa osQ izfr 70&80 izfr'kr f'k{kdksa
esa n{krk ik;h x;hA
ikafM;u (1983) us f'k{kd osQ O;fDÙko]
vf/xe 'kSyh vkSj f'k{k.k&;kstuk osQ chp lkekU;
laca/ dk izR;;kRed voyksdu fd;kA fu"d"kZ
esa ik;k x;k fd f'k{kd dk O;fDÙko] vf/xe
'kSyh mldh f'k{k.k ;kstuk ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA
tsBh] jsuw vkSj oqQekj] ch- (2007) us f'k{kd
izHkko'khyrk dk vè;;u fd;k vkSj ik;k fd
f'k{kdksa dk O;fDÙko] f'k{k.k ;kstuk] f'k{kd Nk=k
var%fØ;k] funsZ'ku bR;kfn f'k{kd dh vU;
n{krkvksa dh vis{kk vf/d egÙoiw.kZ gaSA
frokjh] th-,u- (2001) us izkFkfed f'k{k.k]
f'k{kdkas dh n{krk vkSj izf'k{k.k vko';drk ij
voyksdukRed vè;;u esa ik;k fd f'k{kdksa esa
lkeqnkf;d lalk/u lzksr dk d{kk f'k{k.k esa
iz;ksx djuk] Nk=kksa dks funsZ'ku nsuk] fØ;kRed
vuqla/ku djuk] vuqorhZ lsok nsuk bR;kfn osQ
izfr de n{krk ik;h x;hA
f'k{kdksa dh n{krk dks ysdj iky jktsUnz
(1993) jke panzkdj vkSj fuykoj (1997) HkkfV;k]
vkj- (2006)] ulhek] lh- (2006)] iBkfu;k
(2001), jkts'oj (2002) us vè;;u fd;k vkSj
f'k{kdksa dks fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa vkSj vfèkd n{k gksus
osQ fy, izf'k{k.k dks vko';d ekukA
mi;qZDr vè;;uksa ls Li"V gS fd mPp
f'k{kk osQ xq.kkRed vfHko`f¼ dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ
?kVd f'k{k.k n{krk gS tks fd f'k{k.k osQ le;
ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA blh fcUnq dks è;ku esa j[krs
gq, ;g izklafxd gS fd ;g voyksfdr fd;k
tk, dh D;k f'k{kd okLro esa d{kk dh ftEesnkfj;ksa
dk fuoZgu mfpr fof/ ls djrs gSa\

104 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
vè;;u osQ mís';
1. mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjr f'k{kd rFkk
f'kf{kdkvksa dh 'kkfCnd d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk
dh rqyuk djukA
2. mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjr f'k{kd rFkk
f'kf{kdkvksa dh v'kkfCnd d{kk f'k{k.k
n{krk dh rqyuk djukA
ifjdYiuk,¡
1- (d) mPp f'k{kk Lrjh; f'k{kd rFkk
f'kf{kdkvksa dh 'kkfCnd izR;{k d{kk
f'k{k.k n{krk esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha
gSA
([k) mPp f'k{kk Lrjh; f'k{kd rFkk
f'kf{kdkvksa dh 'kkfCnd vizR;{k d{kk
f'k{k.k d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk esa lkFkZd
vUrj ugha gSA
2- (d) mPp f'k{kk Lrjh; f'k{kd rFkk
f'kf{kdkvksa dh v'kkfCnd ldkjkRed
d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk esa lkFkZd vUrj
ugha gSA
([k) mPp f'k{kk Lrjh; f'k{kd rFkk
f'kf{kdkvksa dh v'kkfCnd udkjkRed
d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk esa lkFkZd vUrj
ugha gSA
lef"V rFkk U;kn'kZ
izLrqr leL;k osQ vè;;u gsrq bykgkckn
fo'ofo|ky; esa dk;Zjr leLr f'k{kdksa dks
lef"V osQ :i esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSaA
U;kn'kZ gsrq dyk ladk; esa vè;kiujr~ oqQy
60 f'k{kdksa dk p;u fd;k x;k ftlesa 30
f'k{kd rFkk 30 f'kf{kdkvksa dks fy;k x;k gSA
'kks/ midj.k
izLrqr leL;k osQ vè;;u osQ fy, 'kks/dÙkkZvksa
}kjk fufeZr ^d{kk voyksdu ekiuh* dk fuekZ.k
fd;k x;k gSA
voyksdu ekiuh dk fuekZ.k
bl ekiuh esa f'k{kd osQ mu f'k{k.k O;ogkjksa
dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS ftudk iz;ksx f'k{kdksa
osQ }kjk d{kk vè;kiu oQh vof/ esa fd;k
tkrk gSA ^d{kk voyksdu ekiuh* osQ fuekZ.k osQ
fy, ^ySaMlZ dh Js.kh iz.kkyh (Category
System) dk vuqdj.k fd;k gS rFkk bl d{kk
voyksdu ekiuh dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk
x;k gSμ
1. 'kkfCnd d{kk var%fØ;k& 'kfCnd d{kk
vUr%fØ;k dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
x;kμ
(d) izR;{k d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk ftlesa mi;qDr
f'k{k.k lkexzh dk p;u djuk] d{kk dks
#fpdj cukuk] Nk=kksa dks lh[kus osQ fy,
izksRlkfgr djuk lfEefyr gSA
([k) vizR;{k d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk ftlesa mi;qDr
mnkgj.k nsuk Li"V Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx]
vuq'kklukRed okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djuk
lfEefyr gSA
2. v'kkfCnd d{kk var%fØ;kμ v'kkfCnd
d{kk vr%fØ;k dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k x;k gSA tks d{kk f'k{k.k osQ le;
ifjyf{kr gksrk gS&
(d) ldkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;kμ ftlesa
Øe'k% d{kk esa izlUu jguk Nk=kksa osQ mÙkj
dks lquuk bR;kfn gSA

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 105
([k) udkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;kμ ftlesa Øe'k%
f'k{k.k osQ izfr mnklhu jguk] d{kk esa
l[r cus jguk] ckr&ckr ij ukjktxh
iznf'kZr djuk bR;kfn gSA
iznÙk l¡dyu
iznÙkksa osQ l¡dyu osQ fy, izR;sd f'k{kd osQ
d{kk f'k{k.k O;ogkj dk rhu&rhu ckj voyksdu
fd;k x;k gSA
iznÙk fo'ys"k.k
izLrqr leL;k vFkkZr~ mPp f'k{kk Lrjh; f'k{kd
rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa dh 'kkfCnd f'k{k.k n{krk osQ
rqyukRed vè;;u osQ fy, dkbZ oxZ (χ 2 ) rFkk
izfr'kr fo'ys"k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA v'kkfCnd
f'k{k.k O;ogkj osQ vè;;u osQ fy, izfr'kr
fo'ys"k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
mís'; 1 'kkfCnd d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk dh
O;k[;k
rkfydk 1 osQ voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd d{kk
esa Nk=kksa dks vf/d lh[kus osQ fy, ^izksRlkfgr
djuk* ij dkbZ oxZ dk eku 8-43 gS tks fd
(df = 2) osQ -05 lkFkZdrk Lrj osQ rkfydk
eku ls vf/d gSA
rkfydk 1
f'k{kd rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa dh izR;{k d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk dh
rqyuk osQ fy, χ 2 ijh{k.k
Ø- f'k{kd f'kf{kdk voyksdu
la- in χ 2 (2×3
vf/d de vizHkkoh ;ksx vf/d de vizHkkoh ;ksx eku ij)
izHkkoh izHkkoh izHkkoh izHkkoh df = 2
1- mi;qDr f'k{k.k lkexzh 22 5 3 30 15 5 10 30 5-08
dk p;u djuk (73-33) (16-67) (10) (50) (16-67) (33-33)
2- f'k{kd }kjk d{kk dks 17 7 6 30 14 10 6 30 0-818
#fpdj cukuk (56-67) (23-33) (20) (46-67) (33-33) (20)
3- d{kk esa Nk=kksa dks 20 6 4 30 11 4 15 30 8-43*
vf/d lh[kus osQ fy,
izksRlkfgr djuk
(66-67) (20) (13-33) (36-67) (13-33) (50)
4- f'k{kd }kjk Nk=kksa ls 18 6 6 30 11 7 12 30 3-75
iz'u iwNuk&
(i) KkukRed iz'u
(60) (20) (20) (36-67 (23-33) (40)
(ii) vfHkle.kkRed iz'u 10 3 17 30 6 2 22 30 1-84
(33-33) (10) (56-67) (20) (6-67) (73-33)
(iii) vilj.kkRed iz'u 8 2 20 30 6 2 22 30 2-61
(26-67) (6-67) (66-67) (20) (6-67) (73-33)
* -05 Lrj ij lkFkZd

106 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
vr% bls -05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij Lohdkj
fd;k tkrk gSA bl n{krk osQ fy, udkjkRed
ifjdYiuk dks vLohdkj djrs gq, dg ldrs
gSa fd bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; esa dk;Zjr f'k{kd
rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa dh izR;{k d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk
dh bl f'k{k.k n{krk esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA
izfr'kr fo'ys"k.k lss voyksfdr gksrk gS fd
tgk¡ vf/dkf/d 66-67» f'k{kd rks ogha osQoy
36-67» f'kf{kdk, gh Nk=kksa dks vf/d lh[kus
osQ fy, izHkkoh

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 107
rkfydk 2 osQ voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd
d{kk f'k{k.k osQ vizR;{k f'k{k.k n{krk dk
tc voyksdukRed fo'ys"k.k dkbZ oxZ osQ
ekè;e ls fd;k x;k rks Nk=kksa dks ^mfpr fn'kk esa
funsZf'kr djuk* tSls f'k{k.k O;ogkj dk dkbZ oxZ
eku 6-67 vk;k tks fd (df = 2) osQ -05 osQ
lkFkZdrk Lrj ls vf/d gSA vr% ;g in -05
Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA n{krk osQ fy, udkjkRed
ifjdYiuk dks vLohdkj djrs gq, dg ldrs gSa
fd f'k{kdksa rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa osQ f'k{k.k O;ogkj
esa bl in osQ fy, vUrj ik;k x;kA
blh izdkj ^d{kk esa O;k[;ku osQ lkFk uksV~l
nsuk* rFkk ^d{kk esa Nk=kksa dks mfpr i`"Biks"k.k
nsuk* tSls μ f'k{k.k O;ogkj dk dkbZ oxZ eku
Øe'k% 10-38 rFkk 10-46 vk;k tks (df = 2)
osQ -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj osQ rkfydk eku ls vfèkd
gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gaS fd ;s in -01 Lrj
ij lkFkZd gaSA vr% ;gk¡ udkjkRed ifjdYiuk
dks vLohdkj djrs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fd
d{kk esa ^O;k[;ku osQ lkFk uksV~l nsuk* rFkk d{kk
esa Nk=kksa dks ^mfpr i`"Biks"k.k nsuk* tSlsμf'k{k.k
O;ogkj osQ izfr f'k{kdksa rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa dh
n{krk esa lkFkZd varj gSA
(1) ldkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;k
rkfydk 3
izfr'kr fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd Nk=kksa dks
mfpr fn'kk esa funsZf'kr djuk* in ij 40» f'k{kd
rks ogha 63-33» f'kf{kdk,¡ izHkkoh ik;h x;haA
vFkkZr~ f'kf{kdk,¡ Nk=kksa dks fn'kk&funsZ'ku djus esa
f'k{kdksa dh vis{kk vf/d izHkkoh ik;h x;haA
vU; inksa tSls ^d{kk esa O;k[;ku osQ lkFk
uksV~l nsuk* rFkk Nk=kksa dks ^mfpr i`"Biks"k.k nsuk*
osQ fy, f'k{kd Øe'k% 70» rFkk 67» n{krk
iznf'kZr djrs gSa rks ogha ek=k 34» rFkk 33»
f'kf{kdk,¡ gh buosQ izfr n{krk dks iznf'kZr djrh
gSaA vFkkZr ge dg ldrs gS fd bu inksa osQ fy,
f'k{kd lewg f'kf{kdk lewg ls vf/d izHkkoh gSA
rkfydk osQ voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd vU;
d{kk f'k{k.k O;ogkj osQ izfr f'k{kd rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa
osQ izHkko dk izfr'kr yxHkx leku Lrj dk gSA
bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd ^O;k[;ku osQ
lkFk uksV~l nsuk*] ^Nk=kksa dks mfpr fn'kk esa funsZf'kr
djuk*] bR;kfn f'k{k.k O;ogkjksa osQ izfr f'k{kdksa
}kjk f'kf{kdk;sa dh vis{kk vf/d n{krk iznf'kZr
dh x;hA
mís'; 2 v'kkfCnd d{kk var%fØ;kμ d{kk esa
f'k{kdksa rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa osQ v'kkfCnd d{kk
vUr%fØ;kRed n{krk dh rqyuk rkfydk 3 esa
fn[kkbZ xbZ gSaA
dFku f'k{kd » f'kf{kdk »
(v) d{kk esa vkRefo'okl izdV djuk 83-33» 83-77»
(c) Nk=kksa osQ mÙkj dks è;kuiwoZd lquuk 56-67» 58-67»
(l) Nk=kksa osQ mÙkj osQ izfr ldkjkRed Hkko 36-67» 40-42»
(n) d{kk esa izlUurk dk okrkoj.k cukuk 40» 36»
(;) Nk=kksa osQ izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro izdV djuk 50 53

108 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
v c l n ;
f'k{kdksa osQ ldkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;k dh rqyuk gsrq izfr'kr js[kk fp=k
rkfydk 3 esa v'kkfCnd d{kk var%fØ;k osQ
izfr oqQy f'k{kdksa }kjk iznf'kZr dh x;h n{krkvksa
dk izfr'krh; fo'ys"k.k fuEu izdkj gS&
ldkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;k
• d{kk voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd lokZf/d
83» f'k{kdksa esa rFkk 84» f'kf{kdkvksa us
d{kk esa vkRefo'okl dk Hkko ifjyf{kr
gqvkA
• 57» f'k{kd rFkk 58» f'kf{kdkvksa }kjk
d{kk esa Nk=kksa }kjk dgh x;h ckr dks
è;kuiwoZd lqurs ik;k x;kA 50» f'k{kd
rFkk 53» f'kf{kdkvksa }kjk Nk=kksa osQ izfr
vius mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ izfr tkx:drk iznf'kZr
dh x;hA
• 40» f'k{kdksa rFkk 36» f'kf{kdkvksa }kjk
d{kk dks #fpdj cukus dh n{krk iznf'kZr
dh x;h rks ek=k 37» f'k{kdksa rFkk 40»
f'kf{kdkvksa }kjk gh Nk=kksa osQ mÙkj osQ izfr
ldkjkRed Hkko iznf'kZr fd;s x, vFkkZr
blosQ }kjk Nk=kksa }kjk fn;s x;s mÙkjksa osQ
izfr iz'kalk dh x;hA
rkfydk 4
(2) f'k{kdksa dh udkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;k
dh rqyuk
dFku f'k{kd» f'kf{kdk »
(v) f'k{k.k osQ izfr mnklhu jguk 36-67» 36»
(c) d{kk esa l[r jguk 50» 54»
(l) fpM+fpM+kiu iznf'kZr djuk 43-33» 52»
v c l
f'k{kdksa osQ ldkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;k dh rqyuk gsrq izfr'kr js[kk fp=k
udkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;k
• d{kk voyksdu osQ le; ik;k x;k fd
50» f'k{kd rFkk 54» f'kf{kdk,¡ d{kk esa
l[r cus jguk ilan djrh gSa ftldk dkj.k
;g gks ldrk gS fd vf/drj f'k{kdksa }kjk
ekuk tkrk gS d{kk esa Nk=kksa ls vf/d
fe=kor O;ogkj djuk d{kk esa vuq'kklughurk
dks c

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 109
• 37» f'k{kdksa rFkk 36» f'kf{kdkvksa }kjk
d{kk esa mnklhurk dk Hkko O;Dr fd;k x;k
vFkkZr~ f'k{kdksa }kjk d{kk f'k{k.k osQ le;
d{kk okrkoj.k rFkk f'k{k.k osQ izfr vius
O;ogkj ls dksbZ fo'ks"k yxko ugha iznf'kZr
djrs ugha ik;k x;kA
fu"d"kZμ vè;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ fuEufyf[kr gS&
d{kk esa O;k[;ku osQ lkFk uksV~l nsuk] rFkk Nk=kksa
dks vè;;u osQ fy, mfpr i`"Biks"k.k nsuk] tSls
f'k{k.k O;ogkj dks tgk¡ 67&70» f'k{kdksa }kjk
vf/d izHkkoh

110 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
lq>ko
• mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjr v/;kidksa dks
Nk=kksa ls lgt laca/ cukus osQ fy, izf'k{k.k
fn;k tk,A
• f'k{kdksa dks Nk=kksa dks Lo;a lh[kus osQ fy,
mn~cksf/r djuk pkfg,A
• f'k{kdksa }kjk d{kk vuq'kklukRed okrkoj.k
osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, mfpr f'k{k.k fof/ dks
viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
• f'k{kdksa dks vius fo"k; rFkk lkekU; f'k{k.k
n{krk esa vkSj vf/d n{k gksus osQ fy,
lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh
pkfg,A
• d{kk esa f'k{kdksa o Nk=kksa dk vuqikr mfpr
gks rkfd f'k{kd Nk=kksa ls izHkkoh

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 111
ikB~;Øe vudgh
^tks dgh lks dgh ij oqQN vudgh Hkh jgh*
vuhrk xqIrk*
euh"kk feukspk**
detksj uhao okyh bekjr tYnh /jk'kk;h gks tkrh gSA ulZjh f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
f'k{kk dh vk/kjf'kyk gS] izFke lksiku gSA ;fn ;g vius vki esa etcwr ugha gksxh
rks f'k{kk vius mn~ns'; ls HkVd tk,xhA bl ukrs f'k{kk dh egÙoiw.kZ dM+h f'k{kd
Lo;a fn'kkghu gksxkA ,slh fLFkfr esa Lo;a ekxZfoghu f'k{kd Nk=kksa dk funsZ'ku Hkyk
fdl izdkj dj ik;sxk\ vr% ulZjh f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe osQ ikB~;Øe dks lÙk~
xfreku le; dh ekax osQ vuq:i

112 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
fy, vR;Ur vko';d gSA dEI;wVj osQ iz;ksx
o egÙo ls lHkh HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gSa ijUrq
,slh voLFkk esa iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
ikB~;Øe esa bl fo"k; dks xEHkhjrk ls ugha
fy;k x;k gSA blls lacaf/r dksbZ vè;k; vkSj
ipkZ ikB~;Øe esa ugha yxk;k x;k gSA baVjusV
ij feyus okyh Kkuo/Zd fo"k;oLrq dh egÙkk
ls vkt dkSu ifjfpr ugha gSA bl ykHk ls iwoZ
izkFkfed f'k{kd D;ksa oafpr jgas\
cky LokLF;
^cky LokLF; ,oa iks"kkgkj* ikB~;Øe esa laØked
jksxksa dh tks lwph nh xbZ gS og cgqr iqjkuh gS
tSls eysfj;k] VkbiQkbM] vkW=k'kks/ vkfnA bl
lwph esa vusd ledkyhu jksxksa tSls LokbZu Ýyw]
cMZ Ýyw] Msaxw vkfn dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k
gSA ikB~;Øe esa cky LokLF; osQ laca/ esa dbZ
izdj.k gSa ijUrq buesa vkt osQ cPps dh eq[;
leL;kvksa dk dksbZ ftØ ugha fd;k x;k gSA
nwljh rjiQ orZeku le; esa cPpksa esa iQkLV
iwQM [kkus dh xyr vknrsa fodflr gks jgh gSa]
tSls eSxh ^tc Hkw[k yxs nks feuV esa rS;kj*! ;s
ckydksa osQ LokLF; dks izHkkfor dj jgh gSaA
;gk¡ rd fd bl fo"k; ls lacaf/r iwoZ izkFkfed
f'k{kdksa dks tks x`g foKku izk;ksfxd dk;Z djok;s
tkrs gSa muesa vDlj ^iQkLV iwQM* cukuk fl[kk;k
tkrk gSA tSls pkÅfeu] cxZj] cszMjksy] lekslk]
idkSM+s vkfnA
Vsyhfo”ku vkSj cPps
,d vksj Vsyhfotu ns[kus ls cPPkksa ij dkiQh
oqQizHkko iM+ jgk gSa elyu vk¡[kksa dh jks'kuh
de gksuk] vU; egÙoiw.kZ dk;ksaZμ [ksydwn]
LokLF; x`gdk;Z vkfn dks cPps ut+jvUnkt
dj nsrs gSaA Vsyhfotu dk ,d vU; oqQizHkko
;g gS fd vkt osQ Nk=k igukos lacaf/r dbZ
u;s rkSj rjhosQ lh[krs tk jgs gSaA NksVs cPps Hkh
e¡gxh czkUM osQ diM+s iguuk pkgrs gSaA ,slh
izo`fÙk;kssa dks O;olk;h c

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 113
iqjkuh Jo.k lkexzh
,d vU; ikB~;fo"k; ^dk;ZØe vk;kstu* esa
ikrs gSa fd ogk¡¡¡ ij ftu lquus dh fof/;ksa ;k
midj.ksa dh lwph nh xbZ gS og Hkh vR;Ur
iqjkuh gS tSls oSQlsV] VsifjdkMZj vkfnA orZeku
dkyhu vk/qfud midj.kksa] MhohMh] lhMh]
dEI;wVj vkfn dk lekos'k ugha fd;k x;k gSA
iz'kklfud =kqfV;k¡
mijksDr ppkZ rks ,u-Vh-Vh- dk;ZØe osQ ikB~;Øe
ls lacaf/r gSA ;gk¡ oqQN vU; =kqfV;ksa dk o.kZu
Hkh vfuok;Z gSA iz'kklfud vfu;feÙkkvksa o
ykijokfg;ksa dh otg ls Hkh ,u-Vh-Vh- dk
fuèkkZfjr IkkB~;Øe dkiQh IkzHkkfor gksrk gSA
mnkgj.kr% IkkB~;Øe tYnckth esa djokuk IkM+rk
gS vkSj le;kuqlkj Ikwjk ugha gks IkkrkA iQyLo:i
,u-Vh-Vh- dk;ZØe dh o laLFkkvksa dh vogsyuk
dh tkus yxh gSA dgk tkrk gS fd ^vPNh
'kq#vkr vk/s dke dk vUr gSA* ;gk¡ ij vkjEHk
gh vUrghu&lk yxrk gS rks vUr dk rks dguk
gh D;kA
• loZizFke rks bl dk;ZØe esa nkf[kys gh le;kuqlkj
ugha gksrsA yxHkx dbZ lkyksa ls nkf[kys yxkrkj
foyEc ls gks jgs gSaA
• nwljs ijh{kk ifj.kke dk le; ij ?kksf"kr u
gksuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dbZ izdkj dh ijs'kkfu;ksa
esa Mky nsrk gSA
• rhljs mPp vf/dkfj;ksa osQ rcknyksa o
iz'kklfud dfe;ksa dh otg ls izek.k&i=k o
vad rkfydkvksa dk foyEc ls feyukA dbZ
ckj rks ,slk Hkh gqvk gS fd 2004] 2007
dk izek.k i=k izkIr gks x;k ysfdu 2005]
2006 dk ughaA bldk dkj.k mPPk vfèkdkfj;ksa
osQ rcknyksa dh og ls gLrk{kj u gksuk
crk;k x;kA
• ,d vU; lcls cM+h =kqfV tks ut+j vkrh gS
;g gS fd ulZjh f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh
lqpk: :i ls ns[kjs[k o funsZ'ku dk u gksukA
mijksDr of.kZr lHkh ikB~;Øe laca/h o
iz'kklfud =kqfV;ksa dks ns[krs gq, vUrr% gekjk
;gh lq>ko gS fd ,u-Vh-Vh- ikB~;Øe dks
ledkyhu t#jrksa osQ eqrkfcd

114 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010
NCERT EDUCATIONAL JOURNALS
Revised Rates w.e.f. 1.1.2009
Title Single Annual
Copy Subscription
School Science Rs 55.00 220.00
A Quarterly Journal for
Secondary Schools
Indian Educational Review Rs 50.00 100.00
A Half-Yearly Research Journal
Journal of Indian Education Rs 45.00 180.00
A Quarterly Journal of Education
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk (=kSekfld) Rs 50.00 200.00
(BharatiyaAadhunik Shiksha)
A Quarterly Journal in Hindi
Primary Teacher Rs 65.00 260.00
A Quarterly Journal for
Primary Teachers
izkFkfed f'k{kd (=kSekfld) Rs 65.00 260.00
(Prathmik Shikshak)A Quarterly
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Indian EducationalAbstracts Rs 75.00 150.00
A Half-yearly Journal
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The Chief Business Manager
Publication Department,NCERT
Sri Aurobindo Marg
New Delhi 110 016

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 115
vf/d tkudkjh osQ fy, o`Qi;k www.ncert.nic.in nsf[k, vFkok dkWihjkbV i`"B
ij fn, x, irksa ij O;kikj izca/d ls laioZQ djsaA

116 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010