Untitled

Njhoikf;FhpatHfNs!
jtpHf;f Kbahj fhuzq;fspdhy; ,e;j ,jo; cq;fSf;F rw;W gpe;jp
fpilf;fpwJ. giwapd; njhlHr;rpia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Muk;g
Ntiyfspd; epkpj;jk; ,e;j jhkjk;.
ehq;fNs vjpHghHj;jpuhj msTf;F 'giw"f;F fpilj;j tuNtw;Gk; MjuTk;>
vq;fis cw;rhfg;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,e;j cw;rhfk; jhd; giwapd; juj;jpw;F
cj;juthjkspf;Fk;. fpukj;jpw;F cw;rhfkspf;Fk;. 'giw" ntspaPl;L tpoh
NehHNt ghWk; gFjpapy; epfo;j;jg;gl;lNghJ mjpy; fye;Jnfhz;l
ngUe;njhifapdUk;> fUj;J Kd;itj;jtHfs;> mjid rpwg;ghf elj;jp
Kbf;f xj;jhir Ghpe;j ez;gHfSf;Fk; ehq;fs; ed;wpAilatHfs;. NkYk;
,yq;ifapy; 'giw" tpkRdf;$l;lk; nfhOk;G jkpo;r;rq;fj;jpy; ez;gH
Fkudpd; ce;Jjypdhy; Vw;ghlhfp elj;jg;gl;l $l;lj;jpy; tpkHrd
ciuahw;wpa NguhrphpaH rptj;jk;gp> fyhepjp.nry;tp jpUr;re;jpud;> rhpepfH
tpf;Nd];tud;> K.nghd;dk;gyk;> MfpNahUf;Fk;> kl;lf;fsg;gpy; "giw"
tpkHrdf; $l;lj;jij Vw;ghL nra;J elj;jpa ez;gH n[a;rq;fH> kw;Wk;
nfhOk;gpy; "giw" thrfH tl;lk; xd;iw cUthf;f xj;jhir Ghpe;j ez;gH
Nahjpypq;fk; kw;Wk; ez;gpfs; midtUf;Fk; ,jaG+Htkhd ed;wpfs;. ,ij
tpl 'giw" Fwpj;j tpkHrdq;fs;> nra;jpfs;> vd;gdtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jpa
jpdf;Fuy;> tPuNfrhp> RlHxyp> jpdfud;> ,yq;ifapy; 'giw" gw;wpa
fye;Jiuahliy elj;jpa '&gthfpdp njhiyfhl;rpr;Nrit"> ,yq;if
xypgug;Gf;$l;Lj;jhgdk; vd;gdtw;wpw;Fk;> yz;ld; 'jPgk;" njhiyf;fhl;rp>
capHepoy;> Mfpadtw;wpw;Fk; ed;wpfs;. ,it "giw"apd; nra;jpia cyfk;
KOtJk; nfhz;L Nghf vkf;F cjtpd. vq;fs; gzpia ,yFthf;fpd.
ekf;F ntspapy; ekJ jiytpjp
muRf;Fk;> tpLjiyg; GypfSf;Fkpilapyhd Ghpe;JzHT cld;gbf;if
100tJ ehis fpl;bf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. vtUNk vjpHghHj;jpuhj Ntfj;Jld;
Ngha;f;nfhz;bUe;j "rkhjhd Kd;Kaw;rpfs;" fle;j rpy jpdq;fshf kPz;Lk;
kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mtek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w rk;gtq;fs; rpy epfo;e;j
tz;zkpUf;fpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; khj;jpuky;y ntspehLfspy; trpf;Fk;
jkpoHfs; kj;jpapYk; ",d;Dk; rpy ehl;fspy; Fok;gpLk; Nghy ,Uf;F..."
vd;gij Nfl;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
,U jug;GfSf;Fkhd ntspehl;L mOj;jq;fis rhjfkhNt mNdfUk;
ghHf;fpd;w Nghf;fhdJ Mgj;jhdJ. ekJ epfo;r;rpepuy;fisAk;> ekJ
jiynaOj;ijAk; jPHkhdpf;fpd;w nghWg;ig mtHfsplk; jhiu
thHj;JtplKbahJ. ,j;jid tUl ,og;Gf;fs;> mHg;gzpg;Gf;fs;> Jauq;fs;
midj;jpdJk; mWtil vjphpfspd; iffSf;F toq;fp tplKbahJ. rHtNjr
2
giw giw giw
(njhlHr;rp ,Wjpg;gf;fk;)
giw-2002-Nk

� khpahij (gL) nfhiyfSk;> mbg;gil kdpj chpikfSk;
epyh ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
� fPopwq;Fk; fOFfs;
Nrud;..................................................................................................................................................... 6
� "Vf gpujpepjpj;Jt" nfhs;ifAk; murpay; [dehafKk;
J];ae;jp ............................................................................................................................................. 9
� rpq;fs r%f mikg;gpy; ,d;Wk; njhlUk;
"fd;dp"g; ghpNrhjid
ruh........................................................................................................................................................ 13
� jypj;jpd; Fwpg;Gfs;
mUe;jjpad; .................................................................................................................................... 20
� Njrpathjk;- 'etPd fhty; nja;tk;"
[hnd];.............................................................................................................................................21
� vdJ ghHitapy;
rKj;jpud; .......................................................................................................................................... 32
� Rtp]py; ngz;fs; - rk cupikf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; !
n[ae;jpkhyh................................................................................................................................... 35
� ftpij- "fUg;gd;"
RjhrPyd; ............................................................................................................................................ 40
� jkpo; K];yPk; cwTfs;
(tlf;F fpof;F jkpo; K];yPk; ,df;fytuq;fspd; mfg;ghL)
[dhg; vk;.I.vk;.nkh`pjPd;...................................................................................................41
� vd;l Gs;sapu thg;ght...
rf;futHj;jp.......................................................................................................................................47
� xl;Lnkhj;j r%f mf;fiwapypUe;Jk;
J}f;fpnawpag;gl;Ls;s
kiyaf jypj;Jfs;.
vd;.rutzd; .................................................................................................................................48
� thrfHfsplkpUe;J .................................................................................................................. 55
� aho; E}yf vhpg;G ....................................................................................................................... 57
� E}y; mwpKfk;.............................................................................................................................. 58
giw-2002-Nk
cs;Ns...
3

khpahij (gL) nfhiyfSk;
mbg;gil kdpj chpikfSk;
4
epyh
f le;j 24.01.02 md;W
RtPld; ehl;by; ,lk;ngw;w
rk;gtk; Gyk;ngaHe;J thOk;
kf;fspilNa gyj;j tpthjq;fis
cUthf;fpAs;sJ. jq;fsJ
fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fSf;F
Kuzhf xU RtPld; ehl;L
thypgiu fhjypj;j 26taJila
JUf;fpa FHjp];jhd; ,d
,];yhkpa ngz;kdp mtuJ
je;ijapdhy; Rl;Lg; gLnfhiy
nra;ag;gl;Ls;shH;. ,r;rk;gtk;
];fd;bNetpa ehLfspy;
mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf may;ehL vd;wtifapy; NehHNt
nld;khHf; Nghd;w ehLfspy; xU mrhjhuz epiyia
Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk; gw;wpAk; jq;fsJ
vjpHfhy tho;itj; jPHkhdpf;Fk; chpikfs; gw;wpAk; ,jpy;
ngw;NwhHfspd; gq;fspg;G gw;wpAk; gyjug;gl;l tplaq;fs;
njhlHG rhjdq;fshYk; r%f Ma;thsHfs;
murpay;thjpfshYk; tpthjq;fSf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpy; rpynjhlHG rhjdq;fs; re;jHg;gj;ij
gad;gLj;jp ,dKuz;ghLfisAk; FNuhj
kdg;ghz;ikiaAk; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; tpjkhf nrayhw;wp
tUfpd;wd. ,jw;F murpay; thjpfSk; Jiz NghAs;sik
tUe;jj;jf;f nrayhFk;. mNj rkak; ,J njhlHghf njhlHG
rhjdq;fspy; ,lk; ngw;w tpthjq;fs; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wq;fs;
vkJ czHit jl;bnaOg;Ggitahf kl;Lkz;wp ngz;fs;
kw;Wk; vkJ gps;;isfs; kPjhd vkJ Mjpf;fk; gw;wp xU
kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;f;F tha;g;ghf mike;jpUe;jij
kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.
(gjpkh \pd;lhy; (Fadime sahindal) vd;w ngz; RtPld;
thypgiu fhjypj;J te;jhH 1998y; mt;thypgH fhH tpgj;jpy;
,we;J tpl;lhH. vdpDk; ghj;jpkhtpd; ngw;Nwhuhy; kfspd;
fhjy; tptfhuj;ij ,yFthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy.
gy jlitfs; ,tH FLk;gj;jhhpd; nfhiyg; gaKWj;jYf;F
cs;shfp te;jhH ,ijapl;L ,thpw;;F nghyp]; ghJfhg;G
toq;fg;gl;L te;jJ. RtPld; njhlHG rhjdq;fspYk; kf;fs;
kj;jpapYk; ,tH ed;F mwpKfkhdtuhf ,Ue;J te;jhH.
vdpDk; jdJ rNfhjhpapd; tPl;bw;F nrdwpUe;j rkak;
mq;F te;jpUe;j jdJ je;ijahuhy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH.
,thpd; fhjy; njhlHG KbTngw;W Vwj;jho 3tUlq;fs;
giw-2002-Nk

fle;j gpd;dNu ,f;nfhiy ele;jpUg;gjhy;
kdpj capHfis tpl fyhr;rhu gz;ghl;L
tplaq;fs; vkJ md;whl tho;tpy;
nrYj;Jk; Mjpf;fk; njspthfpAs;sJ.
,r;rk;gtk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l gLnfhiy
vd;gjpNyh my;yJ kpfTk; kpNyr;rj;jdkhd
nranyd;gjpNyh khWgl;l
fUj;jpw;f;F ,lkpy;iy. ,t;thwhd
nray;fs; rl;lj;jpdhy; fLikahf
jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kjk; nkhop fyr;rhu
gz;ghLfs; vd;gd xU tiuaiwf;fg;ghy;
jdpkdpj Msikapy; Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;JtJ Kw;wpYk; jtph;f;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. xU kdpjd; MNzh ngz;Ndh
jq;fspd; vjpHfhyk; gw;wp jPHkhdpf;fTk;
jq;fsJ tho;f;ifj; Jiziaj;
NjHe;njLf;Fk; chpikAk; KOikahf
toq;fg;gly; mtrpak;. ngw;NwhH Fwpj;j
xU tuk;gpw;Fs; ey;y topfhl;bfshf
nrayhw;wNy tuNtw;fj;jf;fJ. vdpDk;
kpfg; ngUk;ghyhd Gyk;ngaH tho;
r%fj;jpy; ngz;fSk; gps;isfSk;
fyr;rhuk; gz;ghL tl;lj;jpw;f;Fs;
cs;shf;fg;gl;L %iyr;ryitAk;
nra;ag;gl;L tpLfpd;wdH. ,jdhy;
,r;r%fj;jpw;F fpilf;fNtz;ba gy
rhjfkhd mk;rq;fs; fpilf;fhky; xNu
tl;lj;jpw;f;Fs; Roy Ntz;ba epiy
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g; Gyk; ngaH r%fj;jpypUe;J
Njhd;w Ntz;ba gy r%f
tpQ;Qhdpfs; rpe;jidahsHfs; njhopy;-
El;g ty;YdHfs; Njhd;whkNy kiwe;J
tpLfpd;wdH. fyhr;rhuk; vd;gJ vt;thW
,dj;jpw;F ,dk; kjj;jpf;F kjk; nkhopf;F
nkhop NtWgLfpd;wNjh mNjkhjphp
fyhr;rhunkd;gJ fhyj;jpw;f;F fhyk;
khw;wkila Ntz;Lk;. vd;gij tpl mJ
khw;wkile;Nj te;Js;sJ vd;gJ jhd;
cz;ik. jtpu fyr;rhunkd;gJ epue;jukhdjy;y.
mr;#oypw;Fk; ehk; thOk; rKjha
xOq;F tpjpfSf;Fk; vw;g nefpo;r;rpj;
jd;ik nfhz;ljhf mikjy; mtrpak;.
,J jtwhapd; kdpjFyk; ,d;Dk; Ntl;-
giw-2002-Nk
ilahb thOk; r%fkhfNt fhzg;gLk;.
gj;jpkh ]pd;lhy; Nghd;W gy ngz;fs;
,d;dKk; rpj;jputijf;Fk; nfhiyg;
gaKWj;jy;fspw;Fk; csshf;fg;gl;b-
Ue;jhYk; $l xU rpy rk;gtq;fisj; jtpu
ngUk;ghyhd rk;gtq;fs;
%bkiwf;fg;gl;L tpLfpd;wd. njhlHe;Jk;
,t;thwhd rk;gtq;fs; ,lk;ngWtij
jtpHfNth my;yJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; vz;zpf;ifia
Fiwf;fNth Ntz;Lkhapd;
,J njhlHghd fUj;jpay; mbg;gil
khw;wKk; khw;Wf; fyhr;rhuq;fs; gw;wpa
rpe;jidj; njspTk; mtrpak;.
,g;gLnfhiy njhlHghf ntspte;j
nra;jpfs; epr;rakhf ,q;F thOk; Gyk;
ngaH r%fj;jtHfs; gyiu ghjpj;jpUf;Fk;
me;jstpw;f;F ngUk;ghyhd njhlHG
rhjdq;fs; ,t;tpilaj;jpy; kpff;fLikahd
Nghf;if filg;gpbj;jpUe;jd.
,f;nfhiyapy; rk;ke;jg;gl;l ,U gphptpdUk;
Gyk;ngaHe;J thOk; r%fnkd;gjhYk;
mtHfs; ,];yhk; kjj;ij
NrHe;jtHfs; vd;gjhYk; toikNghy rpy
njhlHGr; rhjdq;fs; nghWg;Gld;
ele;Jnfhs;shik kl;Lkd;wp cz;ikf;F
khwhd nra;jpfis vJtpj jaf;fKkpd;wp
ntspapl;Lk; te;jd. ,t;thwhd gLnfhiyfs;
,];yhk; kjj;jpw;FhpaJ vdTk;
tWikapy; thLk; 3k; cyf ehLfspNyNa
,it ,lk;ngWtjhfTk; njhlHG
rhjdq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp gy murpay;thjpfSk;
nghWg;gw;w tpjj;jpy; mwpf;iffs;
nra;jpfs; ntspapl;bUe;jdH. Mdhy;
cz;ikapy; ,it cyfpYs;s gy r%fq;fspYk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gNj cz;ik.
fpwp];Jt kjg;gphpTfs; ,e;J> A+j
kjq;fspnyy;yhk; ,t;thwhd gLnfhiyr;
rk;gtq;fs; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; ,lk;ngw;W
tUfpd;wd mit r%fg; gpd;dzpapYk;
vz;zpf;ifapYk; khWgl;bUf;fyhk;
Mdhy; mbg;gilapy; mg;gl;lkhd
Mjpf;f ntwpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
5

nfhiyfNs. ,it jdpj;J xNu xU
kjj;jpw;Nfh chpanray;fsy;y.
(kjk; mgpdndd;w Nghijt];Jf;F
rkkhdJ vd;gJ cyfpYs;s xt;nthU
kjq;fspd; tuyhw;iwAk; Gul;bg;ghHj;jhy;
ed;F Gyg;gLk; kjq;fspd; Njhw;wk; r%f
eyd;fis ikag;gLj;jp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;
gl;bUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mit epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l
xU r%f mikg;ghf
Njhw;wk; ngw;W tsHr;rpailaj;
njhlq;fpaJk; jdpkdpjeyd;fSk; mjid
ikag;gLj;jpa xLf;FKiwfSk;
r%feyd; r%f xOf;fk; vd;w FWfpa
tl;lj;jpw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;L te;jd.
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,e;j kjq;fspd; MSik
fyhr;rhug; gz;ghl;L tplaq;fspYk;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j Muk;gpj;jJ. mNj r%f
xOq;F(?) tpjpfis fyhr;rhu gz;ghl;L
tplaq;fspYk; nrYj;jp mtw;iw jkJ
KSikahd fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L
te;Js;sd ,jid NkYk; Cf;fg;gLj;jp
epiy epWj;JtJ Nghy; fle;j fhy cyf
tuyhWk; (kd;duhl;rp fhydpj;Jt Mjpf;fk;)
mike;Js;sJ. NkYk; Mzhjpf;f
kdg;ghd;ikia ikag;gLj;jpa
nghUshjhu fl;likg;Gk; ,f; fyhr;rhu
ghuk;ghpaq;fis fl;bf;fhf;Fk; tifapy;
jpl;lkplg;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L
te;Js;sJ.)
,r;rk;gtj;jpy; mjpJaukhd tplak;
ahnjdpy; ,t;tplak; gw;wpa tpthjq;fs;
njhlHG rhjdq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w NghJ
rpyH ,jid epahag;gLj;jpAk; nfhiyahspapd;
nraiy epahag;gLj;jpAk;
$wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fshFk;. ,it ,e;ehl;L
kf;fspilNa ngUk; mjpUg;jpia
cUthf;fpapUe;jikia gj;jphpiffspy;
ntspte;j thrfH fbjq;fs; %ykhf
czuf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. gy ,];yhkpa
r%f mikg;Gf;fs; ,jw;Fk; ,];yhkpa
kjj;jpw;Fk; vJtpj njhlHGkpy;iy vd
mwpf;iffs; ntspapl;bUe;j NghJk;
6
njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; ,lk; ngw;w tpthjq;fspy;
,t;tikg;Gf;fs; gyTk; Nfs;tpf;F
rhpahd gjpy; $wKbahJ jpz;lhbaijAk;
G+rpnkhOfp gpur;ridf;Fhpa
tplaq;fspypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;s
Kad;wikAk; mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhf
,Ue;jJ.
,];yhkpa kjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfSk;
nfhs;iffSk; INuhg;gpa kf;fspilNa
gutyhf mjpUg;jpia Njhw;Wtpj;Js;s
NghJk; gy r%f Ma;thsHfshy;
rhjfkhd fzNzhl;lj;jpNyNa ,];yhk;
mZfg;gLfpd;wJ. cz;ikapy; ,];yhk;
,d;W jd;id kPs;xOq;fikg;gpy;

cilj;njwpa Ntz;ba flik ,];yhkpa
ehLfisAk; mikg;Gf;fisANk rhUk;.
gjpkh \pd;lhypd; kuzk; xU
Ntjidahd rk;gtkhapUe;jhYk;
,q;Fs;s Gyk;ngaH kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
Fwpg;ghf ,sk;ngz;fs; kj;jpapy;
tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJld; jkJ
chpikfSf;fhf NghuhLk; #o;epiyiaAk;
cUthf;fpAs;sJ. NehHNtapy; gy
CHtyq;fs; ,q;Fs;s
ngz;epiythjpfshYk; rpy ,];yhkpa
mikg;Gf;fshYk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lik
tuNtw;fj;jf;fJ. RtPldpy; gy
Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; xd;Wjpuz;L
jPg;ge;jk; Ve;jp Chtyk; nrd;W jkJ
mjpUg;jpia ntspapl;bUe;jdH.
gjpkhtpd; ,Wjpr;rlq;fpy; RtPld; ehl;L
,sturpAk; fye;J nfhz;lik
tuNtw;fj;jf;fJ. ,thpd; cly; mthpd;
fhjyhpd; fy;yiwf;F mUNfNa mlf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
gj;jpkh \pd;lhypd; capH ,t;Tyif
tpl;Lg;gphpe;J tpl;lhYk; mthpd;
epidTfSk; fUj;Jf;fSk; ,yFtpy;
mopahJ. Gyk;ngaHe;J thOk; ,sk;
re;jjpapdH gyH mtH vjpHNehf;fpa mNj
gpur;ridia vjpHNehf;fpAs;sdH. jq;fsJ
vjpHfhy tho;it jPHkhdpf;Fk; mbg;gil
kdpj chpikfs; $l mtHfSf;F
tsq;fg;glhkypUg;gJ vJtpjj;jpYk;
epahakhdjy;y. ,t;tpilaj;jpy; r%f
mwpQHfSk; Clfq;fSk;
murpay;thjpfSk; Gyk;ngaH kf;fspd;
mikg;Gf;fSk; xU jpl;lkpl;l
Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Gyk; ngaH kf;fspd; gpur;ridfs; ntWk;
rl;lj;jhNyh my;yJ murpay; thjpfspd;
re;jHg;gthj tha;Ngr;RfshNyh
jPHf;fKbahJ. epahakhd Nehf;fq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ghpe;JzHTld;
$ba fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wNk rhpahd jpirapy;
,t;tpsk; re;jjpia ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; ,J
giw-2002-Nk
rhHe;j fy;tpAk; Gyk;ngaHe;j r%fj;jpy;
,tHfspd; r%f mq;fPfhuKk; mtrpak;.
,tw;iw rPuhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd;
%yNk vjpHfhyj;jpy; gjpkh
\pypd;lhypw;f;F Vw;gl;l KbtpypUe;J
vkJ re;jjpapiu ehk; fhg;ghw;wyhk;.
epyh 140202.
Gyk; ngaHe;J thOk; ,sk; re;jjpapdH
INuhg;gpa ,sk; re;jjpapdUld;
xg;gpLifapy; ,uz;Ltifahd fyr;rhu
Kuz;ghLfis vjpHNehf;FtJld;
ngUk;ghyhNdhH ,t;fyhr;rhu
Kuz;ghl;lhy; r%f cstpay;
jhf;fq;fspw;F cs;shfpAs;sdH.
mz;ikapy; NehHNtapy; Gyk;ngaH
r%fj;jpy; ,isa re;jjpapdH gw;wp
Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpy; Gyk; ngaHe;J
thOk; ,sk; re;jjpapdH NehHNt[pa
re;jjpapdUld; R%fkhd cwTfisg;
Ngzpte;jhYk; mtHfSld; neUq;fpa
ez;gHfshf ,Uf;f Kbtjpy;iy. ,jw;fhd
fhuzk; ngw;NwhHfs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;JtUk;
neUf;Fjy;fNs fhuzk; vdj;
njhpate;Js;sJ. kpfg; gy ntsp ehl;Lg;
ngw;NwHfs; jq;fsJ gps;isfs;
NehHNt[pa fyhr;rhuj;ij cs;thq;fp
tpLthHfs; vd;w mr;rNk ,t;thwhd
neUf;FjYf;F vd mwpa tUfpwJ. ,f;
fyhr;rhu Kud;ghLfs; ,sk; re;jjpapdhpd;
,ay;ghd tho;ifia ghjpg;gJkl;Lkd;wp
mr;r%fj;jpd; KdNdw;wj;jpw;F
mtrpakhd mwptpayhsHfspd;
gq;fspg;Gk; fpl;lhky; nra;JtpLfpd;wJ.
ed;F gbf;Fk; ,sk;ngz;fs; gyH kjk;
fyhr;rhuk; vd;w FWfpa tl;lj;jpw;Fs;
cs;thq;fg;gl;L gbg;ig ,ilapy;
epWj;jptpl;L FLk;gtho;tpy; xd;wpj;J
tpLfpd;wdH. ,J ,d;W Ntfkhf
tsHe;JtUk; mwptpay; njhopy;El;g
r%fj;jpy; Gyk;ngaHe;Njhhpd; gq;fspg;ig
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kOq;fbj;JtpLk;.
7

fPopwq;Fk fPopwq;Fk fPopwq;Fk
fOFfs; fOFfs; fOFfs;
8
Nrud;
tl mnkhpf;fh INuhg;gh kw;Wk; NkiyehLfs; vq;Fk;
mz;ikapy; jpiuaplg;gl;L kpy;ypad; fzf;fhf tUkhdk;
ngw;WtUk; Black Hawk Down vd;w khngUk;
jpiug;glj;ijg; gw;wp Nfs;tpg;gl;bUg;gPHfs;. mnkhpf;fj;
Njrpathjj;ijAk; mnkhpf;f tpRthrj;ijAk; %yfskhfTk;>
%ytskhfTk; ($lNt Vuhskhd gzj;ijAk;) ,l;Lg;
gpukhz;lkhd Kiwapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L tpsk;guk;
nra;ag;gl;L cynfq;Fk; tpdpNahfk; nra;ag;gl;l
,e;jg;glk; xf;NlhgH 3;;k; jpfjp 1993,y; Nrhkhypahtpd;
jiyefuhd nkhfhbRtpy; mnkhpf;f rpwg;Gg; gilapdH
epfo;j;jpa jhf;Fjy; xd;iwg; gw;wpaJ.
tsikahfNt Holywood ngUe;jahhpg;Gf;fs; mnkhpf;f
ntspAwTf; nfhs;iff;F ,zf;fkhfTk; mnkhpf;f
tpRthrj;ij Cwitg;gjhfTk; mnkhpf;fhtpd; McDonald...
Nike fyhrhuj;ij cynfq;Fk; gug;GtjhfTNk mike;J
tUfpd;wd. ngUepjp epWtdq;fspd; JizAk; murpay;
gyKk; ty;yhl;rpAk; ,e;j fyhrhu gz;ghl;L Nkyhjpf;fg;
gutYf;F xU gpujhd fhuzk;. vdpDk; nrg;nlk;gH 11
epANahHf; thrpq;ld; jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fg; gpw;ghL mnkupf;f
muRf;Fk; Holywoodf;Fk; ngU KjyhspkhUf;Fk; ,d;Dk;
mokhd fyhrhu cwTfs; Vw;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. jhf;Fjy;fs;
,lk;ngw;Wr; rpy thuq;fspd; gpw;ghL Holywood ,d; vy;yh
Kf;fpakhd jahhpg;ghsHfs;; newpahsHfs; fjhrhpaHfis
G]; nts;is khspifapy; re;jpj;jhH.
mnkhpf;f Njrg;gw;iwAk; tPuj;ijAk; rpj;jhpf;Fk;
cd;djkhd jpiug;glq;fisj; jahhpf;Fk;gbAk;
giw-2002-Nk

mnkhpf;fhtpd; nfhs;iffis tpkHrdk;
nra;ahj KiwapYk; mnkhpf;f uhZtj;jpd;
eltbf;iffisg; Gz;gLj;jhj KiwapYk;
,e;jg;glq;fs; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
G]; NfhhpapUe;jhH. ,e;jf;Nfhhpf;ifapd;
tpisthf mnkhpf;fhtpd; fdT fhR)
njhspw;rhiy thpirahfg; glq;fisj;
jUfpwJ. Black Hawk Downkk; njhlHe;J
Collakral Damage. Vidait njhlUk;.
,Jtiu Military- Industrial Complex
vd;W toq;fg;gl;L te;j mnkhpf;f
tphpthjpf;fj;Jf;F ,g;NghJ ehk;
toq;ff;$ba nghUj;jkhd ngaH Military
Industril-Entertaiment Complex
vd;gjhFk;.
Xf;NlhgH 3 1993 Nrhkhypahtpy; vd;d
ele;jJ vd;gijAk; mr;rk;gtq;fspd;
gifg;Gyj;ijAk; njhpe;J nfhs;tJ Black
Hawk Down jpiug;glj;jpd; murpaiyg;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;s NkYk; topnra;Ak;.
xf;NlhgH 3> 1993 md;W Nrhkhypahtpd;
jiyefhpy; jkf;Fs; Nkhjpf; nfhz;bUe;j
MAjf;FOf;fSs; xd;wpd; jiytH
KfkJ `guh ma;Bl; vd;gtiu my;yJ
mf;FOtpd; NtW jiytHfisg;
gpbg;gjw;nfd 160 mnkhpf;f rpwg;Gg;
gilapdH nkhfbRtpy; jiuapwq;f
Kw;gl;ldH. mtHfSila Kaw;rp KOj;
giw-2002-Nk
Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. gjpndl;L
mnkhpf;fg; gilapdH nfhy;yg; gl;ldH.
vOgj;ije;J NgH fhakile;jdH. xUtH
capUld; gpbf;fg;gl;lhH. mnkhpf;f
uhZtj;jpd; Gfo;ngw;w Black Hawk
n`ypnfhg;uHfs; nehUq;fp tPo;e;jd. 500-
1000 tiuahd Nrhkhypag; nghJkf;fs;
md;wpuT jhf;Fjypd; NghJ caphpoe;jdH.
Mnkhpf;fg; gilapdhpd; cly;fis
Nrhkhypa kf;fs; njUtpy; ,Oj;Jr;
nrd;wij fdlhtpd; Toronto Star
ehNsl;bd; epUgH Nghy; tw;]d; vLj;j
glj;Jf;F Gsl;tH tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Nrhkhypa kf;fspd; NfhgjJf;F vd;d
fhuzk;? nghJthfNt ve;j kf;fSf;Fk;
ntspehl;Lr; rf;jpfshy; Msg;gLtJ
xt;thjJ MFk;. Nrhkhypah kf;fs; kl;Lk;
,J tpjp tpyf;fhf KbAkh? vdpDk;
xf;NlhgH 3 md;W ele;Njwpa
rk;gtq;fSf;F Fwpg;ghd fhudq;fSk;
cs;sd.
mNjtUlk; A+iy khjk; 12k; Njjp
mnkhpf;fhTk; If;fpa ehLfs; mitAk;
guh ma;Bl;bd; kPJ jhf;Fjy;
njhLj;jpUe;jdH. ma;Bbd; Fyf;
FOkkhd "Trib Habr Gidr" kf;fspd; xd;W
$ly; xd;wpd; NghJ mnkhpf;fg; gilfs;
jhf;Fjy; elj;jpapUe;jd. ,f;Fyf; FOtpd;
9

KjpNahH vOj;jhsHfs; ftpQHfs;
Gj;jprPtpfs; vdg; gytifahNdhH xd;W
jpuz;bUe;j $l;lj;jpd;kPJ mnkhpf;fg;
gilapdhpd; Cobra uf n`ypnfhg;uHfs;
gjpdhW Tow VTfizfisAk; 2000 rpW
gPuq;fpf; Fz;LfisAk; Vtpd vd;;W
Washington post ehNsL njhptpj;jpUe;jJ.
VTfizj; jhf;FjYf;F Kd;ghf $l;lk;
eilngw;w khbapd; gbf;fl;Lfis
n`ypnfhg;uHfs; jhf;fp
mopj;jpUe;jikahy; vtUNk jg;g
Kbatpy;iy. Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhNdhH
gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l ,f;$l;lk;
mnkhpf;fh Kd;nkhope;jpUe;j rkhjhdj;
jpl;lj;ij ghprPyid nra;tjw;nfdNt
$baJ vd;gij ,q;F Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
Nrhkhypahtpd; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk;
mdHj;jq;fSf;Fk; %yfhuzq;fspy;
xUtuhd rHthjpfhhp Siad Barre apd;
nfhLq;Nfhyhl;rpiaj; njhlHe;J Mjhpj;J
te;jJ mnkhpf;fh. Mz;Lf;F 50kpy;ypad;
nlhyHfs; tiu Siad Barref;F MAj
cjtpia mnkhpf;fh toq;fp te;jJ. ,jw;F
If;fpa ehLfs; mitapd; mg;Nghija
nrayhsH ehafk; Gl;u]; Gl;u]; fhypAk;
Mjuthf ,Ue;jhH.
Nrhkhypahtpd; nghUshjhur;
rpf;fy;fSf;F NtW fhuzKk; ,Ue;jJ.
80fspy; rHtNjr ehza epjpak; (IMF)
Nrhkhypahtpy; mKy;gLj;j epHg;ge;jpj;j
nfhs;iffs; ehl;bd; twpa kf;fisNa
nghpJk; ghjpj;jJ. Nghjhjw;F tul;rpAk;
NrHe;Jnfhz;lJ. fpuhkg; Gwq;fspypUe;J
Vuhskhd ,isQHfs; gbj;NjhH
efuq;fis Nehf;fp ,lk;ngaHe;jdH.
Vuhskhd Foe;ijfs; gl;bdpahy;
,we;jd. xU fhiyr; rhg;ghl;il tpl xU
nk\pd; Jg;ghf;fpia ,yFthf
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. gj;J
taJ Foe;ijfs; v.Nf.-47
Jg;ghf;fpfSld; njUtpy; eil gapy;tJ
rhjhuzkhd tplakhfp Ngha;tpl;lJ.
10
Xf;NlhgH 3> 1993 md;W gpbgl;l
mnkhpf;f gilapdUf;F ele;j mtyj;ij
kl;LNk rpj;jhpf;fpw Black Hawk Down
jpiug;glk; mjd; newpahsH nrhy;tJ
Nghy murpay; mw;w glk; my;y. me;jg;
glj;jpy; tUk; xU mnkhpf;fg; gilahs;
nrhy;tij ,q;F Fwpg;gplyhk;:
KjyhtJ Fz;L cd;Dila
jiyg;gf;fkhf CLUtpf;nfhz;L Nghd
me;jf; fzNk murpay; mJkhjphpahd
vy;yh...... tUk; ntspNa gwe;JtpLk;.
,e;jg; glj;jpd; murpaYk; ,Jjhd;
FWfpa fhyf; fz;Nzl;lj;jpy; nfhLq; NfhyiuAk;
nfhiyahspfisAk;
ez;gHfshfTk; Ml;rpahsHfshfTk; Vw;W
Mjhpj;J tUfpw mnkhpf;ff; nfhs;if
[dehafj;jpw;Fk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;Fk;
cjthJ. rpW MAjq;fs; fz;zpntbfs;
Jg;ghf;fpfis cw;gj;jp nra;J tpw;gid
nra;tJ vd;gtw;iwj; jilnra;tijAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;JtijAk; mnkhpf;fhtpd;
Jg;ghf;fp tpw;gidahsHfs; rq;fk; mtHf-
Sila gykhd ngUepjp epWtdq;fSk;
mDkjpf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy. ,tHfs;jhd;
N[hH[; G];Rf;Fk; mtUila FbauRf;
fl;rpf;Fk; kpf mjpf mstpy; gzk;
toq;FgtHfs;. ,tHfSila gyk;
ePbf;Fk; tiu cyfshtpa ve;j rkhjhd
cld;gbf;iff;Fk; mnkhpf;f muR xj;J
tuhJ. khwhf vq;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gJ
vd;dntd;why; mnkhpf;f Njrpaj;ijAk;
mnkhpf;f tpRthrj;ijAk; nfhz;lhLfpw
Holywood jpiug;glq;fs;. mtw;iwg;
ghHj;J mg;gbNa gpujpgz;Dfpw
Bolywood kw;Wk; jkpo; jpiug;glq;fs;.
giw-2002-Nk

"Vf gpujpepjpj;Jt" nfhs;ifAk;
murpay; [dehafKk;
J];ae;jp
mJNt jk;ikAk;
Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspy; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk; vd $wp
te;jdh;.
2000 Vg;uy; MidapwT gilj; jsj;ij tpLjiy
Gypfs; ifg;gw;wpaJld; murpay; rkepiy tpLjiy
11

GypfSf;F rhjfkhf khw;wkila
,th;fSk; jkJ epiyg;ghLfis mtru
mtrukhf khw;wpf; nfhz;L jk;ik
tpLjiy GypfspdJk;

,ilapyhd cwT> gpughfuDf;Fk;
kiyaf jkpoh;fSf;Fkpilapyhd cwT
Kw;wpYk; murpay; jhh;g;ghpkpf;f
cwthFk;.
Mdhy; MWKfk; njhz;lkhNdh
Nrhtpdprj;jpdhy; mlf;FKiwf;-
Fs;shFk; ,U Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd
cwtpw;F gpd;GykhapUf;Fk; murpay;
fhuzpfspd; mhpthpfisNa
Ghpe;Jnfhs;shJ mNj fq;fhzp
fyhr;rhuj;Jld; murpay; elhj;jplyhk;
vd epidj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;.
tpLjiy GypfSf;Fk; kiyaf
jkpoh;fSf;FkpilapYs;s murpay;
gpizg;ig ,.njh.f.Tk; MWKfk;
njhz;lkhDk; jkJ FWfpa murpay;
eyd;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s
Kay;fpd;wdh;. nghpaJiu mg;gbr;
nrhd;dhh;... rpd;dJiu ,g;gbr; nrhd;dhh;
vd Jiukhiuf;fhl;b njhopyhsiu
,af;Ftpf;Fk; fq;fhzpapd; mbikj;jd
rpe;jid Kiwiaj;jhd; MWKfk;
murpaypYk; filgpbf;fpwhh;. kiyaf
jkpohpd; murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F
njhlh;e;Jk; Vf Fj;jif Kjyhspahf
,Ue;J ,k;kf;fis njhlh;e;Jk;
jkf;fhd thf;fspf;Fk; mbikfshf
itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf> kiyaf jkpohpd;
md;Gf;Fhpa gpughfudpd; ngaiu
MWKfk; Njitaw;W cgNahfpj;jpUg;gJ
fz;bf;fj; jf;fjhFk.;. mbg;gilapy;
,U Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd murpay;
cwit mrpq;fg;gLj;jpa Fw;wj;ij
MWKfk; nra;jpUf;fpwhh;.
giw-2002-Nk
kiyaf jkpoh; vd;Nghh; jdpahd
Njrk;. jhk; vj;jifa murpaiy
Kd;ndLg;gJ> jkf;fhd murpay;
jiyik ahh; vd;gij jPh;khdpg;gJ
midj;Jk; kiyaf jkpoh; rhhe;j
tplakhFk;. ,J r%fj;jpd; xt;nthU
rhjhuz gpui[Ak; ed;fwpe;j murpay;
mhpthpahFk;. kiyaf jkpohpd; jiyth;
vd $wpf;nfhs;Sk; MWKfk;
njhz;lkhDf;F ,e;j cz;ik njhpahJ
Nghdnjg;gb? ,jpypUe;J xU
jiyikahf nraw;gLk; jiyikia
MWKfk; ,oe;Jtpl;bUg;gJ jhdNd
njhpfpwJ.
tpLjiy Gypfshy; Fwpg;gpl;l murpay;> ,uh[je;jpu
Njit rhh;e;J ,d;W Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; Vfgpujpepjpj;Jt
nfhs;ifia> Vida kiyaf> K];ypk; Njrq;fsJ
murpaYf;F jiyikNaw;wpUg;gth;fs; jkJ Ra eyd;f-
Sf;fhf gpuNahfg;gLj;j Kay;tJ rpe;jidapNyNa
nfy;ypnawpag;gl Ntz;bajhFk;.
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13

MWKfk; Nghd;Nw K];yPk;
fhq;fpu]; jiyth; `f;fPKk; jd;id
tlf;F fpof;F K];yPk;fspd; Vf
gpujpepjpahf rpj;jhpj;J tUfpwhh;.
kiyaf kw;Wk; K];ypk; murpay;thjpfs;
rpWghd;ik Njrq;fspd;
$l:Lf;Fs; ,Ug;gjhy; kpf ,yFthf
Vfgpujpepjpj;Jt nfhs;ifia jhKk;
filgpbj;jplyhk; vd epidf;fpwhh;fs;.
Vfgpujpepjpj;Jt nfhs;ifia rpWghd;ik
Njrq;fspd; murpaypd;
tifkhjphpahf;f Kidfpwhh;fs;. ,J
vj;jid mgj;jkhdJ?
jkpoPo tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
,d;W filgpbf;fg;gLk; Vfgpujpepjpj-
;Jtk; vDk; nfhs;ifahdJ jw;fhypfkhdJjhd;.
mJNt ,y;yhj xd;whfNt
,Uf;fpwJ. ,r;r%fq;fspy; [dehafk;
14
vd;gJ murpay; muq;fpw;$lhfj;jhd;
r%fj;jpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpYk;
tpLjiy Nghuhl;l murpaYf;$lhf
NkYk; cah;e;j gz;gpy; [dehafk; gw;wpa
tpopg;Gzh;it kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
Vw;gLj;jpl KbAk;. murpay; jsj;jpy;
[dehafj;jpw;fhd fjTfs; milf;fg;gLkhapd;
r%f tho;T NkYk; ,Wf;fkhdjhf>
td;KiwAk; mjpfhuj;Jt
mlf;FKiwfSk; kpf;fjhf khWk;.
vdNt Vfgpujpepjpj;Jt murpay;
nfhs;ifahdJ [dehaf murpay;
nfhs;iff;F vd;Wk; vjpuhdjhfNt
,Uf;fpwJ.
tpLjiy Gypfshy; Fwpg;gpl;l
murpay;> ,uh[je;jpu Njit rhh;e;J
,d;W Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; Vfgpujpepjpj;-
Jt nfhs;ifia> Vida kiyaf>
K];ypk; Njrq;fsJ murpaYf;F
jiyikNaw;wpUg;gth;fs; jkJ Ra
eyd;fSf;fhf gpuNahfg;gLj;j Kay;tJ
rpe;jidapNyNa nfy;ypnawpag;gl
Ntz;bajhFk;.
giw-2002-Nk

pq;fs r%f mikg;gpy; ,d;Wk; njhlUk;
"fd;dp"g; ghpNrhjid
ruh
giw-2002-Nk
fle;j 2000Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 26Mk; jpfjp
ntspahd jp Iyd;l; (The Island) gj;jphpifapd; Kw;gf;f
nra;jpapy; fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjpg;G Kiw
njd;dhrpahtpNyNa ,yq;ifapy; jhd; epyTfpwJ vd;W
NguhrphpaUk; nlhf;lUkhd rpwpahdp g];ehaf;f rhbaik
Fwpj;J Iyz;l; gj;jphpifapy; Nk> A+d; khjq;fspy; kPz;Lk;
tpthjj;jpw;F te;jJ.
mtH Fwpg;gpl;lJ ,J jhd;>
"njd;dhrpahtpNyNa ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;>
gq;fshNj\;> Neghs;> khiyjPT> G+l;lhd; vq;FNk
,y;yhj fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjpf;Fk; Kiw ,yq;ifapy;
khj;jpuk; jhd; epyTfpwJ. Ma;nthd;wpd;gb xU ngz;
KjyhtJ jlitahf ghYwT GhpAk;NghJjhd;
ngz;ZWg;G topahf ,uj;jk; ntspNaWtjhf
,yq;ifapy; 85 rjtPjkhdtHfs; ek;Gtjhf
njhptpf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; 20-25 rjtPjkhd ngz;fSf;F
KjyhtJ jlitahf ghYwTGhpAk; NghJ ,uj;jk;
ntwspNaWtjpy;iy vd;gJ tQ;Qhd hPjpahf
cWjpnra;ag;gl;l xd;W."
nlhf;lH rpwpahzp g];ehaf;f Fwpg;gpLifapy; jk;kplk;
15

tUk; jk;kplk; tUk; ngz;fspy;
fzprkhdtHfs;> jhd; fd;dpj;jd;ikia
,of;ftpy;iy vd;W cWjpr;rhd;wpjo;
jUk;gb Ntz;b tUfpd;wdH>
ngUk;ghYk; nfhOk;gpd; ,Ujakhf
,Uf;fpw gFjpapypUe;J $l ,e;j
cWjpr;rhd;wpjo; Nfhhp mjpfstpdH
tUtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH> NkYk;
mtH ,g;gbf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
"rkPgj;jpy; jha;nahUtH jdJ 3
taNjAila rpwpa Foe;ijia
fd;dpj;jd;ikf;fhd rhd;wpjo; jUk;gb
mioj;J te;jhH. mf;Foe;ijf;F
ghYWg;gpy; Vw;gl;l fhankhd;wpd;
fhuzkhf vjpHfhyj;jpy; fd;dpj;
jd;ikia re;Njfpf;Fk; xd;whf
khwptplf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf mJ
fhag;gl;ljdhy; Vw;gl;lJ vd;W
rhd;wpjo; jUk;gb Nfhhp me;jj; jha;
te;jpUe;jhH. kpfTk; gbj;j
tplakwpe;jtHfs; $l ,g;gb nra;tj
Mr;rhpaj;ijj; jUfpwJ. rkPgj;jpy; xU
NguhrphpaH xUtH $l jdJ kfSf;F
fd;dpj; jd;ikia cWjp nra;Ak;
rhd;wpjo; Ntz;b te;jpUe;jhH." vd;fpwhH
mtH.
rpwpahdp g];ehaf;f ,yq;ifapy;
ngz;zpa nraw;ghl;lhsHfspy;
xUtUk;> FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;L
rq;fj;jpd; ,af;FdUk;> ngz;fspd;
kUj;Jt Rfhjhu tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J
epiwa vOjp> Ngrp te;jpUg;gtUk; $l.
10 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; rpq;fsr;
r%fj;jpy; epyTk; fd;dpj;jd;ik
ghpNrhjid gw;wpa xU tphpthd
fl;Liunahd;iwAk; vOjpapUe;jhH.
,f;fl;Liu gpd;dH jkpopYk;
nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;L "ngz; cly;
IjPfq;fspypUe;J cz;ikf;F ntspNa"
vDk; E}ypy; NrHf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
16
rpwpahzp g];ehaf;ftpd; fUj;J
Iyd;l; gj;jphpifapy; ntspte;jijj;
njhlHe;J rpy Mq;fpyk; gbj;j rpq;fs
Mz;fs; gjpyspf;fj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;.
,tHfspd; thjj;jpd; rhuhk;rj;ijg;
ghHj;jhy;> ,tHfs; ,g;NghJk; epyTk;
fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid Kiw gw;wpa
jfty;fis kWf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,J
rpq;fs r%fj;jpy; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J
,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;Wk; ,J
INuhg;gpahplk; Fwpg;ghf A+j
ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; ,Ue;jnjd;Wk;>
fhydpj;Jt fhyj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;f
kjj;jpd; nry;thf;NfhL ,JTk; $lNt
,yq;if rpq;fs kf;fsplk;
Cd;wptpl;lnjd;Wk; thjk;
itf;fpd;wdH. A+j kugpy; ,Ue;jjw;F
Mjhukhf gp.V.Mhpajpyf;f vd;gtH
iggps; thrfq;fisAk; Mjhuk;
fhl;LfpwhH. 17Mk; E}w;whz;by; nuhgHl;
nehf;]; vOjpa Fwpg;Gfis Mjhuk;
fhl;b NrHe;J tho;jy; (living together)
,U fztHfSld; xNu Neuj;jpy;
tho;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs;
rpq;fstHfsplk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.
mg;gbg;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ INuhg;gpa
ehLfspy; ,g;NghJ jhd; ,j;jifa
eilKiwfs; tof;fpypUf;fpd;wd>
ehq;fs; vg;NghNjh Kd;Ndhbfshf
,Ue;jpUf;fpNwhk; vd;gd Nghd;w
thjq;fisAk; fhl;lj; jtwtpy;iy.
rhuhk;rj;jpy; ,t;thjq;fs; rpq;fs
,dj;jpd; ngUkpjj;ij
typAWj;JtjhfTk;> mJ fiwgbahj
mg;gOf;fpy;yhj "Gdpjkhd" kuigf;
nfhz;lnjd;fpw thjj;ij
mbg;gilahf kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ.
,J ve;j ,df;FOkj;jplkpUe;J
njhw;wpf;nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;j NghJk;>
,d;Wk; r%f tof;fpypUf;Fk; xU
giw-2002-Nk

ghuJ}ukhd nfhLik vd;gJ gw;wpAk;>
,d;W fw;nghOf;fk; gw;wpa GidTfs;>
IjPfq;fs; vd;gtw;iw tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tJ> mjid ePf;FtJ
vd;gdtw;iw ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l
MNuhf;fpakhf ciuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ ,d;dKk; tul;rp
epiyapy; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ.
nrhj;Jlik rpj;jhe;jk; nrhj;ij
xd;WFtpj;J ikag;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;>
VyNt ,Uf;Fk; nrhj;J
Jz;lhlg;glhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhfTk;>
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l FLk;g myFk;> mjid
Rw;wp fl;lg;gl;l Gdpjj;JtKk;>
$l;Lf;FOkq;fshf Mf;Ftjw;fhf
Mf;fg;gl;l rpj;jhe;jq;fSk;
,t;tifg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jfpd;wd. Mzhjpf;f r%f
mikg;igg; nghWj;jtiu ngz;iz
clikahf itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; FLk;g
myif ftdkhfg; NgzTkhf ,e;j
fw;nghOf;fq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw
ftdkhf ifnfhz;ld. Mdhy;
,d;iwa eilKiwapy; ,e;j Njw;wq;fs;
Nkw;Njhw;wj;jpy; njhpahtpl;lhYk;>
Foe;ij> FLk;gk;> xOf;f kuGfs;> fw;G>
J}a;ik> Gdpjk;> nfsutk;> me;j];J vd
fw;gpf;fg;gl;bUg;gij ehk;
ntspg;gilahff; fhz;Nghk;.
,e;j tifapy; jhd; fw;nghOf;fk;
gw;wpa kjtop GidTfs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs;>
mur ae;jpuk; nfhz;bUf;fpw rl;lq;fs;>
gpur;rhu rhjdq;fs;> fy;tp thapyhf kpff;
ftdkhf ek;gr;nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
Mjpf;f mjpfhu mikg;Gfspd; ,Ug;G
,t;thwhd GidTfis ek;gitj;jypy;
jhd; jq;fpapUg;gij ehk; mwpNthk;.
fw;nghOf;fk; gw;wp jkpo; kugpy;
,Uf;fpd;w ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,jpfhr>
Guhzq;fs;> kunghOf;fq;fs;
giw-2002-Nk
vd;gdtw;iwg; gw;wp Gjpjhff;
$wj;Njitapy;iy. ,e;j fw;nghOf;fk;
gw;wpa vjpHghHg;G vd;gJ
rHttpahgfkhd xl;Lnkhj;j
Mzhjpf;f fl;likg;Gk; Ntz;bepw;Fk;
xd;W. vdNt jhd; Mz;fs;
ifapypUe;j fle;j mjpfhu mikg;Gfs;
vy;yhNk ,yFthf fw;nghOf;fj;ij
typAWj;Jk; rpj;jhe;jq;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;J tbtikj;J gug;g Kbe;jJ.
me;j tifapy; fd;dpj;jd;ik
ghpNrhjid Kiwnad;gJ gy ehLfspy;
gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fNshL
,izf;fg;gl;Lk;> gy ehLfspy;
ntspj;njhpahj kuGfshfTk;
tof;fpypUe;J tUfpd;wd. rkPgj;jpy;
JUf;fp nra;jpg; gj;jphpifnahd;wpy;
ntspahd nra;jp ,jid cWjp nra;jJ.
(ghHf;f ngl;br; nra;jp)
rpq;fs r%f mikg;gpy; epytptUk;
fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid Kiwia
,e;j gpd;Gyk;nfhz;Nl Muha
Ntz;bAs;sJ.
rpq;fs r%fj;jpy; epyTk;
fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid KiwahdJ
rpq;fs rhjpaikg;ig kWjypj;Jtpl;L
ghhf;f KbahJ. fd;dpj;jd;ik
ghpNrhjidapy; ,d;Wk; ,yq;ifapy;
nfhtpfk (rpq;fs rhjpag; gbepiyapy;
KjyhtJ rhjpahf ,Uj;jg;gl;Ls;s
,e;j rhjp jkpo;r;r%fj;jpy;; nts;shUf;F
rkkhd tptrhaj;ij rhHe;j rhjp)
rhjpapYk;> mjd; fpisr;rhjpfshd ujy>
nfhtp> gl;b Nghd;wrhjpfNs mf;fiw
fhl;b tUtjhf rpq;fs rhjpak; gw;wp
Ma;T nra;gtHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.
mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf caH
kj;jpajutHf;fj;jpdhplk; mjpfsT
,Ug;gjhf $wg;gLfpwJ.
rk;gpujhaG+Htkhf Nfhyhfykhd
17

Kiwapy; jpUkzj;ij elj;j jFjpAs;s
rpq;fs ngsj;jH caH kj;jpaju
tHf;j;jpdhplNk jpUkzr;rlq;Ffspy;
xd;whf ,e;j fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid
elf;fpwJ. ,e;j fd;dpj;jd;ik
ghpNrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;tJk; rpq;fs
rhjpaikg;gpy; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l rhjpahd
N‘d vDk; rhjpiar; NrHe;jtHfNs.
,r;rhjpapdH jkpo;r;r%fj;jpy; tz;zhH
rhjpf;F xg;ghd ryitj; njhopiy
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rhjpahf
,Uj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j rhjpapdH;
vz;zpf;ifapy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;
ehl;by; gy ghfq;fspy; gue;J thOk;
rhjpapdH. ,tHfSf;F mur kw;Wk;
epyg;gpuGj;Jt guk;giuapdUf;F
khj;jpuNk Jzp Jitg;gJ
rhjpj;njhopyhf itf;fg;gl;lJ. Mz;
ngz; vd ,UghyhUk; Fwpg;gpl;l caH
rhjpapdhpd; tPLfSf;Fr; nrd;W
Jzpfisr; Nrfhpj;J Jzpfspy; fl;b
jiyapy; Rke;Jnfhz;L nrd;W
Jitg;gH. Vida jho;j;jg;gl;l
rhjpapdhpd; Jzpfis ,tHfs; Jitf;f
khl;lHfs;. "gyp" vDk; rhjpapdNu
mjid nra;tnud NguhrphpaH Uy;g;
gPhp]; Fwpg;gpLthH.
caH rhjpapdUf;F ,tHfspd;
Njit ,e;j Jzp Jitg;gij tplTk;
NtW topfspYk; Njitfs; ,Ue;jd.
gpwg;G> G+g;giljy;> jpUkzk;> kuzk;
Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfspYk; N`d khkhtpd;
my;yJ "nwjp nee;jh" (Jzpkhkp)
MfpNahuJ cjtp Njitg;gLfpwJ.
,tHfspd; ,e;j Nrit gw;wp r%fj;jpy;
nghJthf Nfyp nra;Ak; Nghf;Fk;
epyTtjhf nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
jpUkz Kjyputpd; NghJ jpUkzf;
fl;bypy; tphpg;gjw;fhf nts;is
tphpg;nghd;W kzkf;fSf;F
18
toq;fg;gLk;. Kjy; ghYwtpd; NghJ
kzg;ngz;zplkpUe;J rpwpjsT ,uj;jk;
,e;j nts;is tphpg;gpy;gLtJ mts;
fd;dp vd ep&gpf;Fk; kpfr; rhpahd
rhd;nwd fUjg;gLk;.
vdJ rpq;fs ed;gp xUtH nfhOk;;G
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jd;NdhL
gapd;wtiu jpUkzk; Kbj;j NghJ
fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid
KiwapypUe;J jg;g nraw;ifahfNt
,uj;jf;fiwia nts;isj; Jzpapy;
glitj;jhHfs;. ,d;W xU rpq;fsr;
#oypy; ngz;zpa vOj;jhsuhf
,Uf;Fk; ,tH> rk;gpujhaq;fs; vg;gb
tplakwpe;jtHfisAk; ,Oj;Jitj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwJ vd;gij mbf;fb
Fwpg;gpLthH. ,t;thW kzkfd;
fd;dpj;jd;ikia vjpHghHf;fpwhNdh
,y;iyNah> jkJ kfs;
fd;dpj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lts; vd;W
ngz;tPl;lhUk;> jdJ kfd;
fd;dpj;jd;ikAs;s ngz;izj;jhd;
jpUkzKbj;jhH vd;gij khg;gps;is
tPl;lhUk; ngUkpjk;nfhs;Sk;
rlq;fhfTk; ,J ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jr;
rlq;if nra;ahtpl;lhy; r%fj;jpy;
nfsutj;jpw;F ,Of;F NehpLk; vd;W
gak;nfhs;tijAk; fhzKbfpwJ.
rk;gpujha G+Htkhd FLk;gq;fspy;
nts;isj;Jzpia ghpNrhjp;j;Jg;
ghHf;Fk; epfo;r;rp jpUkzj;jpw;F mLj;j
ehs; elf;Fk;. ,WjpAk;; cWjpAkhd
Kbitj; njhptpf;f tpguq;fSld;
KbT $Wtjw;fhf> jpUkzj;
jk;gjpahpd; cwtpdg; ngz;fSld;
"nwjp nee;jh" mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gLthH.
rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,uz;lhk; gazk;
vdg;gLk; "njtdp fkd" tpd; NghJ
(mjhtJ NjdpyT fopg;gij Kjy;
ehSk; nts;isj;Jzp ghHg;gJ
giw-2002-Nk

kWehisf;F khw;wg;gLk;.) ,J
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,jw;Fhpa
rk;gpujhaq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
1. kzkfs; ,uz;lhk; gazj;jpw;F
rptg;G Milahy; myq;fhpf;fg;gLths;.
2. kzkfdpd; jhahH rptg;G kyHr;
nrz;L nfhLj;J kzkfis
tuNtw;ghH.
3. kzkfdpd; FLk;gj;jpdH> kzg;
ngz;zpd; ngw;NwhUf;F rptg;G
G+f;fis mDg;gp itg;ghH.
4. kzg;ngz;> kzkfs; tPl;Lf;F
tUk;NghJ wghd; mbj;J gl;lhR
nfhSj;jg;gLk;.
5. kzkfdpd; jahH> tpNrl
ghpRfisf; nfhLj;J kzg;
ngz;iz tuNtw;ghs;.
giw-2002-Nk
nts;is tphpg;gpy; ,uj;jf;fiw
fhzg;glhtpby;> mjhtJ kzg;ngz;
ghPl;irapy; Njhy;tpaile;jtnsd;why;>
mg;ghtpg; ngz; gfpuq;fkhfNt
mtkjpg;Gf;Fs;shths;. mj;jifa
jUzj;jpy; kzg;ngz; elhj;jg;gLk;
tpjkhdJ ,uz;lhk; gazj;jpw;F
mspf;fg;gLk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpYk;>
Fwpg;gpl;l FLk;gq;fspdJk;
gpuNjrq;fsJk; rk;gpujhaq;fisg;
nghWj;Jk; NtWgLk;. ,uz;lhk;
gazj;jpd;NghJ "ghPl;irapy; Njwhj"
kzg;ngz; njhlHghf filgpbf;fg;gLk;
rk;gpujhaq;fs; rpy..
1. ,uz;lhk; gazj;jpw;F
Mlk;gukw;w nts;isr; Nriy
cLj;Jk;gb kzg;ngz;iz
tw;GWj;Jjy;.
2. kzkfdpd; jhahH nts;is
kyHfSld; kzkfis
19

vjpHnfhs;ths;.
3. kzkfdpd; jha; tuNtw;fhky;
kzkfdpd; je;ij my;yJ ahUk;
xU Mizf;nfhz;L kzkfis
tuNtw;gJ.
4. Rthpy; khl;bapUf;Fk; glq;fis
kWgf;fkhfj; jpUg;gpj;
njhq;ftply;.
5. kzkfdpd; cwtpdH
kzg;ngz;zpd; cwtpdHfis
cgrhpf;f khl;lHfs;. mtHfis
mtkjpf;Fk; tpjkhf jpUkz
myq;fhu Nkiriaj; jtpHj;J
Xukhfg; Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk;
Nkirapy; cztUe;Jk;gb
mtHfSf;Fj; njhptpg;gJ.
6. cgrhpg;gjw;F Kd; nfhz;ilg;
gyfhuq;fspd; nfhz;ilia
cilj;J tpLtJ.
7. midj;J tpUe;jpdHfspd;
Kd;epiyapYk; kzkfdpd; jhahH
Irpq;rPdpapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l
nts;is Nwhrhg;G+nthd;iw
Nff;fps; itg;ghs;.
8. thiog;goj;ij mbapypUe;J
NjhYhpj;jy;.
9. tpUe;jpdHfs; Kd;dpiyapy;
kzkfd; FLk;gj;jhH jkJ
mjpUg;jpia njhptpf;Fk; tpjkhf
rpW nrhw;nghopit elhj;Jjy;. (,J
kpf mhpjhfNt elf;Fk;.)
"J}a;ik"ahd kzg;ngz;
fpilf;fhjijapl;L jkJ tUj;jj;ijj;
njhptpf;Fk; nrhw;nghopit Mw;wptpl;L
mtHfis tuNtw;gJk; epfOk;.
kzg;ngz; "fd;dp" ,y;iy vd;W $wp
kPsTk; kzg;ngz;zpd; ngw;Nwhhplk;
xg;ilf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfSk; ,jd; NghJ
epfo;e;Js;sd. ,e;j rk;gpujhaq;fis
20
Nkw;nfhs;shj ,lq;fspy; $l
Kjyputpd; NghJ ,uj;jk;
ntspNawhtpl;lhy; fle;jfhy
xOf;fj;ij re;Njfpj;J kidtpapd; kPJ
tpuf;jpnfhs;Sk; epiyikAk;
njhlHfpwJ.
rpq;fs jpUkz tpsk;guq;fisg;
ghHf;ifapy; ngUk;ghyhd tpsk;guq;fs;
jkJ "J}}a;ikahd">
"fd;dpj;jd;ikAs;s kfSf;F" Nghd;w
tplaq;fs; kzkfd; Njit
tpsk;guq;fspd; NghJ kzkfs; jug;G
tpsk;guq;fspy; fhzyhk;. Mdhy;
kzkfs; Nfhhp tpLf;fg;gLk;
tpsk;guq;fspy; kzkfd;
fw;nghOf;fKs;std; vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLtjpy;iy. mNjNtis>
mNj tpsk;guj;jpy; fw;Gs;s ngz;
Nfhug;gLk;.
mJ Nghy rpq;fs rQ;rpiffs;
gj;jphpiffs; vd;gtw;wpy; kUj;Jt
kw;Wk; ghypay; Fwpj;j gpur;rpidfis
thrfHfs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J Nfs;tp gjpy;
gFjpf;F fpilf;fg;ngWgtw;wpy;
ngUksthdit kzkhfhj
ngz;fsplkpUe;J vd;gJk;>
mtHfsplkpUe;J mjpfk; vOg;gg;gLk;
Nfs;tp fd;dpj;jd;ikAld;
njhlHGilait vd;Wk; nlhf;lH.
rpwpahzp g];ehaf;f Fwpg;gpLtJ
ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
"fd;dp" vd tof;fpy; cs;s
mHj;jg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s fUj;J:jpUkzkhfhj
,sk;ngz;> fd;dpfopahj
ngz;> jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;shky;
tho;gts; Nghd;wd. Mdhy; ,ij tpl
,d;ndhd;Wk; Nkw;gb epiyikfspd;gb
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mJ jhd;
"KjyhtJ ghYwtpd; NghJ ,uj;jk;
ntspNaWk; ngz;Nz
giw-2002-Nk

fd;dpj;jd;ikAilats;" vd;gJ.
vdNtjhd; jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd;
,sk; ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; fd;dpj;jd;ik
ghpNrhjidapy; jhk; Njhw;WtpLNthNkh
vd;fpw mr;rKk;> gPjpAkhf xU
csr;rpf;fYf;F Ml;gl;L thoNehpl;-
Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf fd;dpr;rt;T ghjpg;G
Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;fpw mr;rk;> ,J
tpisahl;bd; NghJ my;yJ irf;fps;
Xl;Lk; NghJ> fbdkhd Ntiyfspd;
NghJ> my;yJ VjhtJ xU Kiwapy;
Vw;gl;l fhaq;fspd; tpisthf ,J
Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L. ,g;gbahd
re;jHg;gq;fshy; jhd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
ngz;Nzh my;yJ ngw;NwhHfNsh ,J
,d;d fhuzj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;lJ vDk;
kUj;Jt rhd;wpjiog; ngw KidfpwhHfs;.
rpwpahzp g];ehaf;f jdJ
fl;Liuapy; ,g;gbf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
"xU ehs; jhnahUj;jp jdJ %d;W
taJila kfis vd;dplk; nfhz;L
te;J kfspd; fd;dpjjd;ik mope;J
tpl;ljh vdg;ghpNrhjpj;jg; ghhf;Fk;gb
mOjthW nfQ;rpdhs;. jha; rkayiwapy;
fPNo cl;fhHe;jpUe;J fj;jpahy;
fhyhy; mOj;jpagb fPiu mhpe;jpUf;fpwhs;.
rpWkp mt;topahf XLk; NghJ
fj;jpapd; nky; tpOe;J gpl;lj;ij
ntl;bf; nfhz;lhs;. fhaj;jpdhy;
Foe;ijapd; vjpHfhyj;jpw;F vJtpj
jpq;Fk; NeuhJ vd ehd; $wpaNghJ
me;jj; jhapd; Kfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l
MWjiyAk;> kfpo;r;rpiaAk; mijg;
ghHj;j xUtuhy; jhd;ek;gKbAk;. mjd;
gpd;dH jdJ Foe;ij fd;dp jhd;
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; rhd;wpjo;
juKbAkh vd;W Nfl;lhs;. ,t;thwhd
fd;dpj;jd;ik rhd;wpjo;fs; ,Ug;gjhf
vdf;F njhpahJ. vd;whYk; ,t;thwhd
rhd;wpjo; Nfhug;glhky; vdf;F xU
giw-2002-Nk
thuk; foptJ mG+HtkhdJ." vd;fpwhH.
,yq;ifapy; epyTk; nfhba
gpur;rpidfSf;F Kd;dhy; ,j;jifa
Nkhrkhd rk;gpujhaq;fSk; eil-
Kiwapy; epytj;jhNd nra;fpwJ. Gdpjk;>
J}a;ik> jPl;L> Jlf;F Nghd;w IjPfq;fSk;>
%lek;gpf;iffSk; GidTfshf
Mf;fp mtw;Wf;F epWtd tbtk;
nfhLj;J mjd; njhlHr;rpiag;
NgZtjpy; ntw;wp fz;L te;Js;s
Mzhjpf;f r%f mikg;ig ntWk;
tHf;f r%f mikg;ghy; jiyfPohf
Gul;btplKbahJ. mjw;F Nghjpa
rpj;jhe;j gyk;nghUe;jpa gz;ghl;Lg;
Gul;rpAk; mtrpakhdJ.
,Wjpahf rpwpahzp g];ehaf;f $wpa
$w;NwhL Kbf;fyhk;. "Ma;Tfspd;gb
76tPjkhd Mz;fs; fd;dpg;
ngz;fisNa jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s
tpUk;GfpwhHfs;. jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ
,e;j mj;jid Mz;fSf;Fk;
fd;dpg;ghpNrhjid elhj;jg;gl;lhy;
vj;jid NgH rpj;jpailthHfs;?"
1. The Island 2000 Nk>A+d; gj;jphpiffs;.
2. vd;.rutzd; - rpq;fs rhjpaikg;G
gw;wp 1999 xf;NlhgH> brk;ghpy;
ntspte;j rhpepfH.
3. ngz; cly; IjPfq;fspypUe;J
cz;ikf;F ntspNa - ngz;fs;
mgptpUj;jp epiya ntspaPL
4. cGy; uh[pj;j - nfhOk;G
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gj;jphpifj;Jiw
fw;iff;fhf rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l rpq;fs
nkhop Ma;Tf;fl;Liu
5. fhypq;f bAlH rpy;th - rhjpak;>
tHf;fk; kw;wk; khwptUk; ,yq;ifr;
r%fk; - %yk; rpq;fsk;
6. f;hpah jw;fhy jkpo; mfuhjp.
21

22
1
mUe;jjpad;
jypj;jpd;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Gfyplj;jpy; rhjpaj;jpd; ghj;jpukhdJ ngUkstpy;
,q;Fs;s me;j];jpid cWjp nra;tjw;fhd xd;whf
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
ntspehLfspy; ehk; jdpj;J ,Uj;jg;gl;l epiyapy; ekJ
gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fis NgZtjw;$lhf fpilf;fpd;w MWjy;>
epidTfs;> kw;Wk; mLj;j re;jjpapdUf;F mjid
flj;Jtjpy; re;Njhrk; fpilj;jhYk;. gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;
vd;fpw ngauhy; ehk; $lNt NrHj;Jf;nfhz;L nry;fpd;w
gy mjpfhuj;Jt> muh[f> gpw;Nghf;Ff; $Wfs; cs;sd.
mtw;iw xOFtJk;> mjid VidNahUf;F Cl;LtJk;>
gyUf;Fk; kdtpUg;igf; nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,itNa
me;j];ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd fhtpfshfptpLfpd;wd.
Nghl;bfspd; tpisTfshf me;j];Jf;F Jizahf CH> rhjp>
tHf;fk; vd;gitAk; NrHe;J tpLfpwJ.
,d;iwa Gyk; ngaH #oypy; rhjpaj;jpd; tbtq;fs;
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mjd; jiyKiw khw;wk;>
fhykhw;wk;. me;je;jehl;Lr; r%fj;jpdUldhd xd;Wfyj;jy;>
vd;gd fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,q;Fs;s rhjpaj;jpy; khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;. Mdhy; Gyk;ngaHe;j Kjyhk;
jiyKiwapdH kj;jpapy; tpUk;gpAk; tpUk;ghkYk;
rhjpaj;jpd; $Wfis ghJfhj;J tUtij vtUk;
kwj;JtplKbahJ.
Gyk;ngaH #oypy; Vida rhjpapdUk; tHf;f epiyapy;
rkkhfNth my;yJ caHe;J epw;fpd;w NghNjh mjid
"nghWf;fKbahj" caH rhjpapdH VidNahiu "kl;le;jl;l"
rhjpia ghtpg;gij fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
"rhjpg;gphptpidiag; Nghy Gyk;ngaH #oypy; ",af;fk;"
",af;fky;yhNjhH" vd;fpw ,U tifr; rhjpapdH
Njhd;wpapUf;fpwhHfs; njhpAkh? vd;W ez;gH xUtH
Nfl;lNghJ mjd; gpd;dhy; cs;s murpaiy tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,d;W Gypfisr; #o ikag;gl;Ls;s
mzpNrHf;iffis ghHf;fpd;w NghJ gpuNjrthjKk;>
rhjpaKk; mjpy; vg;gb njhopw;gLfpd;wd vd;gjid
ghHf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. tpLjiyg; Gypfsplk;
,yq;ifapy; fhz;fpd;w khw;wq;fis ntspehLfspy;
fhzKbtjpy;iy vd;fpw fUj;J ngha; ,y;iy.
giw-2002-Nk

Njrpathjk;:
Njrpathjk;:
giw-2002-Nk
'etPd 'etPd fhty; fhty; nja;tk;"
nja;tk;"
[hnd];
[hnd];
kh
kh
khHf;]paj;jpd; kfj;jhd tuyhw;Wj; Njhy;tpia
Njrpathjk; njhlHghd mjd; Nfhl;ghL
gpujpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,e;j Njhy;tpapy; ,d;Dk; gy
mk;rq;fSk; ,Uf;f$Lk; ,tw;wpy; rpy mjpfkhf
tpthjpf;fg;gl;Lk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Vfhjpgj;jpak;> muR>
Fiwe;JtUk; ,yhg tPjKk; kf;fs; tWikapy; Ko;FtJk;
vd;gd njhlHghf khHf;]paj;jpd; gw;whf;Fiwfs; gioa
NghHf;fsq;fs; jhd;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,tw;wpy; vJTNk
Nfhl;ghl;LstpYk; rhp> my;yJ murpay; eilKiwapYk;
rhp Njrpa thjg; gpur;ridiag; Nghy; Kf;fpakhdjhfNth>
mbg;gilahdjhfNth ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Nkiya
rpe;jidapy; Vida kuGfs;$l Njrpathj njhlHghf
mjpfk; rpwg;ghf vijAk; nra;J tpltpy;iynad;gJk;
cz;ikjhd;. ,q;F khHf;]paj;g; NghyNt
23

fUj;JKjy;thjKk; n[Hkd; tuyhw;W
Kjy;thjKk;> jhuhz;ikthjKk;> r%f -
lhHtpd;thjKk;> etPd r%ftpaYk; $l
,tw;iwNa nra;fpd;wd. ,J
khHf;]pthjpfSf;Fr; rpW MWjsypf;fyhk;.
Mdhy;> khHf;]pathjpfs; jkJ
fUj;Jf;fSf;F tpQ;qhdG+Htkhf chpik
ghuhl;LtjdhYk;> mtw;wpd; murpayd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mtHfspd; Nghl;bahsHfsJ
fUj;Jfistpl kpfTk; mjpfk;
vd;wtifapy; etPd tuyhw;wpy;
ikakhdJk;> jg;gf;f KbahjJkhf xU
r%f epfo;Tg; Nghf;F njhlHghf mtHfs;
VidNahiutpl mjpfk; nra;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd xUtH vjpHghHg;gJ jtpHf;f
KbahjjhfpwJ. ,e;j Njhy;tp jtpHf;f
Kbahjjhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gNj vdJ
Ma;thFk;. mJ jtpHf;f KbahjJjhd;
vd;gjij ,g;NghJ Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;
$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rhuhk;rj;jpy;
nghUs;Kjy;thj mHj;jj;jpy; ,jid
,d;Dk;rpwg;ghf Ghpe;J nfhs;sKbAk;. xU
rpe;jid Fiw vd;w tifapy; tuyhw;Wg;
nghUs;Kjy;thjkhdJ> ,e;jg;
gpur;rpidapy; jhd; rpf;fy; nfhz;bUe;j
ePbj;jJk;> mopTfukhdJkhd Kl;Lf;
fl;ilapUe;J kpf rpwg;ghd Kiwapy;
jg;gpj;Jk; nfhs;s mjdhy; KbAk;.
MapDk;> ,t;thW nra;tjw;F mJ
mNefkhf "khHf;]paj;ij tpiyahfg;
nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,e;j fLQ;
NrhjidapypUe;J nghUs;Kjy;thjkhdJ
tLf;fNsh> khw;wq;fNsh md;wp jg;gpj;J
nry;yKbahJ vd;gNj xU ntspg;gilahd
fhuzq;fshFk;. tuyhw;wpy;
khHf;]prj;jpy; ajhHj;jg+Htkhd ,lk;>
mjd; rpy gw;whf;Fiwfs; (Limitations)
kw;Wk; etPd tuyhw;W tsHr;rpAld;
mjid fz;%bj;jdkhf gpize;Jtpl;l
rpy gpuf;iQg+Htkhf NtHfs;
Nghd;wtw;wpDhlhfNt ,e;j jtWf;F ,l;L
nrd;w fhuzj;ij ehk; fz;L
nfhs;sKbAk; vd;gNj me;j fhuzkhFk;.
24
khHf;]paj;ij ntWkNd ghuhl;b
nfhz;buhky;> ,jid tuyhw;wpd; xU
gFjpahf vd;gJ mHj;jkhFk;. ,e;j
mHj;jj;jpy; Nfhl;ghl;bdJk;> eilKiwapdJk;
Gdpjge;jk; vd;gjw;F ve;j
njhlHG fpilahJ. tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;
NghHitapy; fUj;JKjy;thj jj;Jtj;jpy;
,Ue;J (,Wjpahf kjj;jpy; ,Ue;J)
khHf;]pak; vLj;J nfhz;l nja;tk; Nghd;w
Njhw;wg;ghl;il vd;nwd;iwf;Fkhf
,og;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.
Njrpathjj;jpd; kPjjhd khHf;]paj;
"Njhy;tpfs;" vkf;F jj;Jt hPjpapyhd>
fUj;jhf;fk; rhHe;jitfshfNt Kjypy;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. khHf;]; Kjy; fpnuk;rp
tiuapyhd kfhj;jhd ehkq;fs;
,t;tp\paj;jpw;F NghjpasT ftdk;
nrYj;jtpy;iy. mt;tp\aj;ijf;
ifahSk;NghJ mjid Neubahf
Kfk;nfhLg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf> ,jidj;
mt;tg;NghJ my;yJ gl;Lk;glhkYk;
ifahz;ldH. ,e;j gpur;ridia kpfTk;
NeubahfNt ifahs Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
[hH NgurpdJk;> x];bhpah - `q;Nfhpa
NgurpdJk; r%f [dehafthjpfs; $l
jkf;Fs; tphpthd ,zf;fj;ij vl;l
Kbatpy;iy. 1914k; Mz;L; mjpHr;rpkpf;f
rk;gtj;jpw;F gpd;dH khHf;]pathjpfs; ,e;j
giw-2002-Nk

tpthjj;Jf;F ,Nj msT jPtpuj;Jld;
jpUk;gTk; tpUg;ghHtj;ij xUNghJk;
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. 1925 Mz;Lf;F
gpd;dH mtHfs; mij tpUk;gpa NghjpYk;
$l ,g;gpur;rid njhlHghd nydpdJ
epiyg;ghLfs; vdf;fUjg;gl;lit kpjhd
"topghL" cUthfptpl;l epiyapy; mijr;
nra;tJ murpay; hPjpahfTk;> cstpay;
hPjpahfTk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhdjhf
Mfptpl;bUf;fpUe;J.
,tHfsJ jaf;fq;fSf;F "Njrpag;
gpur;rid" njhlHghf ];lhypd; fl;LiuNa
(1912) KbTfl;lg;gl;lJ. ,j;NjhL ,ize;j
gpwF tphpthf cld; epfo;thf khngUk;
rHthjpfhhp ];lhypdhy; vOjg;gl;l ,Nj
Ehy; Gjpa kfj;jhd Gdpj Nfhl;ghl;lhf
khw;wg;gl;lJ. 1914 ,w;F Ke;jpa KbTwhj
khngUk; tpthjj;jpd; kpfTk; kpjkhd
kpr;r nrhr;rq;fSld; xd;whf mike;j ,e;j
fl;LiuahdJ ve;j tpjkhd
Kf;fpaj;JtKk; mw;wjhFk;. Gjpa
epiyikfspy; ,J> nydpd; GfOld;
];lhypdpd; ngaiuAk; NrHj;J nfhs;s
toptFj;J. ,jdhy;jhd; ,d;Wtiuapy;
,J vy;yhtpjkhd fl;rp kh;f;]pthjpfspdhYk;
vq;Fk; fpspg;gps;isNghy
xg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xOq;F ikag;ngw;w
khHf;]pkhdJ miu Ehw;whz;Lf;F Nkyhf
,e;j kpfTk; mr;RWj;jiyj; jUk;
mghafukhd tuyhw;W tpNuhjpiaf;
ifahs;tjpy; ,e;j miuFiwahd fUtp
kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jJ. ,e;j tuyhw;W
tNuhjpapd; gykhdJ ];lhypd;fpuhbd;
jpUg;GKid tiuapy; khHf;]paj;ij
mwNt xopj;J fl;Lk; epahj;Jf;Fj; jd;id
thpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
fUj;Jf;fspd; tuyhw;wpy; ,JNthH
Jauk;je;j mj;jpahkhFk; Mdhy;> ,J
jd;dstpy; vijAk; tpsf;ftpy;iy.
mt;thW mJ tpsf;fpf; $Wtjhf xUtH
epidj;jhy;> khHf;]pak; xd;W jpul;bAs;s
ngUkstpyhd Gul;rpfu mwpthw;wy;
giw-2002-Nk
tifapdq;fspy; vq;NfhNthH ,lj;jpy;
Njrpathjk; njhlHghd Nfhl;ghLk;
epr;rpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$Wtjhd xU kUl;rp njhlHe;J ,Ue;J
tUk;. ehk; Nuhrh Yf;rk;gHf;> xl;Nlh ghtH
MfpNahiutpl mwpthw;wypy; tpQ;rpatHfs;
my;y. Nrhryprj;jpw;F Njrpathjk;
Vw;gLj;jf;$ba neUf;fbahdJ> gha;r;ry;
$baJkhd gz;Gfs; Fwpj;J ehk;
,tHfistpl kpfTk; fLikahd gpuf;iQ
cilatHfSky;y. MfNt ehk; tplh
Kaw;rpAld; Njlypy; ,f;-
Nfhl;ghL khHf;]pd; vOj;Jf;fs; ,ilNa
Mo;flypy; mfo;e;njLj;j Kj;jha; epr;rak;
Njhd;Wk;> khHf;Rk;> vq;nfy;Rk; jkf;fpilNa
vOjpf; nfhz;l fbjq;fspYk;> Fwpg;Gf;fspYk;
$l mit Mq;fhq;Nf rpjwpf;
fpilf;f$Lk;.
NtW thHj;ijapy; nrhd;dhy;>
",j;Njhy;tp" mbg;gilapNyNa fUj;jhf;fk;
rhHe;jJ> mfepiyahdnjhd;W vd;W
xUtH ek;gpdhy; ,e;j kUl;rpahdJ gioa
epfo;Tfis jpUg;gpghHj;jhy;> mJ ifnfh-
Lj;JjTk; vd;gjhf mike;J tpLfpwJ.
,e;j nraw;ghlhdJ khHf;rpathjpfspd;
topgLk; gphptpdUf;F mjpf ftHr;rp jpul;-
Ltjhf mike;J tpLfpwJ. (nghJthfNt
NknyOe;jthhpahf ghHf;fg;gl;l) gpd;tUk;
Ehypd; gFjpfis kdjpw;nfhz;lhy;
"mtH"... . ",jidj;jhd;" kdjpw; nfhz;-
Ls;shH. nydpd; - ];lhypd; my;yJ
khHf;]; - Vq;fy;]; ,e;j Mokhd ghHitahdJ
Nuhrh yf;rk;NgHf;fpd; mtjhdpg;-
Gfshy; epiwTnra;agl Ntz;bait.
,t;thW ,tw;iw czuj;jiyg;gLtH.
vkJ Kd;Ndhbfis ehk; cz;ikapNyNa
Nghw;Wtjhdhy;> mJ vk;kplk;
,e;j rlq;Ffspd; gadw;w jd;ikia
,dq;fz;L nfhs;SkhW NfhUfpwJ.
mtHfsJ "Njhy;tp" ahdJ ntWkNd
fUj;jhf;fk; rhHe;jhfNt my;yJ mf
epiyahdjhfNth ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ve;j
25

tpjkhd Mokhd Nfhrq;fspdhYk; ,ij
tFf;fTk; ,y;iy vd;gJjhd; cz;ikahFk;.
mj;jifa xU Nfhl;ghl;bw;F
mtrpakhd rpy tp\aq;fis tuyhw;W
hPjpahd tsHr;rp mt;Ntisapy;
Njhw;Wtpj;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,JNghd;w 1914k;
Mz;Lf;Fg; gpe;jpa NkYk; ,uz;L
jiyKiwfspy; JaukpF fhytiuia mJ
fdpe;jpUf;fhJ. xU kpfTk; tphpthd
mHj;jj;jpy; ,e;j cz;ikahdJ
khHf;rpaj;jpw;F ,ay;ghfNt Mgj;jhdjhf
,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,J tuyhw;Wg;
nghUs;Kjy;thjjpw;F mw;g mstpy; $l
mtkjpg;ghf mikahJ.
jj;JthHj;j jtWfs; jd;gq;fpw;F vk;ik
cz;ikahd tuyhw;iw Nehf;fp jpUg;gTk;
nry;YkhW nra;fpd;wd. ,e;j fle;jfhy
jiyKiwdUf;F etPd Njrpathjj;jpd;
GjpuhdJ jd;id mwpKfk; nra;J nfhz;l
nghUs;tif epiyikfSf;F ,e;j
jiyikahdJ vk;ik jpUg;Gfpd;wJ.
"Qhdf;fz;izf;" nfhz;buhj epiyia
mtHfsJ kpfTk; fLikahd
FiwghLfSlNdNa (under very
limitations) mjid Kfk; nfhLf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. cyf tuyhw;wpd; etPd
Kjyhspj;Jt tsHr;rpapd; tphpr;rkhd>
kpfTk; ikakhd mk;rkhf Njrpathjk;
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Vida rpe;jid
Kiwikfisg; NghyNt (Specialize
system) fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; tuk;gplgl;l
epiyapy; khHf;rpakhdJ ,e;j tsHr;rpNah
my;yJ mijj; njhlHe;J Kjyhspj;Jt
tuyhW vLf;fg; NghFk; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd
tbtj;ijNah Kd;dNu mwpe;J nfhs;Sk;
Mw;wiy nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
Njrpathjj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; cs;s
rpf;fnyd;dntd;why; > ,e;j gpur;ridia
26
mZFtjw;F ,Njtpjkhd KiwapaYk;
Mw;wy; Njitg;gLfpwJ vd;gJjhd;.
Njrpathjk; gw;wp nghJthf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
fUj;Jfs;
,t;tsT mwpKfkhf $wg;gl;litahFk;.
Nkw;nfhz;L nry;tjw;F
Kd;ghf> ,e;j tplak; njhlHghf rpe;jpf;Fk;
kpfg;ngUghyhd khHf;rpathjpfSk;
(gpwUk; $l) vt;thW ,uz;lf epiyapy;
CryhLfpwhHfs; vd;gij epidTgLj;jpf;
nfhsa;Nthk;.
xU Gwj;jpy; NjrpathjkhdJ xU ey;y
tp\akhf> etPd tuyhw;wpy; murpay;
hPjpapYk; jhHkPf hPjpapYk; NeHkiw
rf;jpahf Njhd;Wtijj; jtpHf;f KbahJ.
mJ me;epa xLf;FKiwapy; ,Ue;J
jk;ik tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fg;
NghuhLfpd;w> gytPdkhd> tsHr;rp Fd;wpa
ehLfspd; rpj;jkhf ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
,e;j nghUspy; ghHj;jhy;> Mgphpf;f kw;Wk;
yj;jPd; mnkhpf;fr; Rje;jpug; NghHfs;
eilngw;w fhyk; Kjy; ,e;Njh-rPdj;jpd;
rkPgfhyg; Nghuhl;lk; tiuapy; ,e;j
mHj;jj;jpy; XH Kw;Nghf;fhd mk;rkhfNt
Njhd;WfpwJ. kWGwj;jpy; ,e;j gjg;
gpuNahfkhdJ ,j;jhypag; gh]p]j;jpd;
tuyhw;Wf;Fk; 1930k; Mz;Lfspd; Nghjhd
[g;ghdpa ,uhZtthj muRf;Fk; n[duy;
V.Nfhy;> n[duy; mkPd;> cz;ikapNy
gaDs;sjhf mikaNtz;Lkhdhy;->
Njrpathjk; njhlHghf xU Nfhlghl;bd;
,yf;fhdJ ,e;j ,uz;lf epiyapy;
,uz;L Kiwfis jOtpahf mika
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epfo;T Nghf;fpd; NeHkiw
(+ve) vjpHkiw (-ve) vd;w gf;fq;fs;
,uz;Lf;Fk; Nkyhf vOe;J ,e;j epfo;Tg;
giw-2002-Nk

Nghf;if KOikahf ghHg;gjhf ,J
mika Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jtpjkhf khj;jpuNk>
ehk; ,jd; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; nghpJk;
jhHkpfkag;gl;l ghHitapUe;Jf; nfhz;L
vOe;j> ,jpy; xU tpj czHTld;$ba
xU tuyhw;Wg; g+Htkhd ghHitia
ngwyhk; vd ehk; vjpHghHf;f KbAk;.
(fle;j fhyj;jpy;> tpQ;Qhdg+Htkhd vd;w
gjkhdJ rpj;jhe;j hPjpapy; J\;gpuNahfk;
nra;ag;gl;bUg;gjhy;> ,e;j ghHitia
ehd; "tpQ;Qhdg+HtkhdJ" vd;W
$wkhl;Nld;> Mff;Fiwe;jJ ,jid xU
ey;y ghHitnadf; $WNtd;.) ,jidr;
nra;tjw;F ,jd; Kuz;ghLfspYk;
mHj;jk; fhzf;$bajhf xU tifahd
tpsq;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpDs; (Explanatory
Framework) ,e;j epfo;Tg; Nghf;if
itg;gJ mtrpakhdjhfpwJ.
,e;j rl;lfk; vJ vd;w Nfs;tp
vOfpwJ. ,q;F nka;ahd gazj;ij
juty;y xNunahU Jizahjhu rl;lfk;
(Framework of reference) ,Uf;Fkhapd;
mJ cyf tuyhW KOikANkahFk;
vd;gJ vdJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.
mj;jifanjhU khngUk; rpf;fyhd
gpur;ridia Fwpj;J vkf;F Njitg;gLk;
njspthd Njhw;wj;ij nfhLg;gjw;F
gjpndl;lhk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjp (Mff;
Fiwe;jJ) Kjyhd tuyhw;W tsHr;rpfspd;
nghJthd Nghf;F khj;jpuNk cjt KbAk;.
xt;nthU ehlhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mDfj;
njhlq;FtJ vd;w tpjj;jpy; nraw;gLk;
,e;j gpur;rid njhlHghd ngUk;ghyhd
mDFKiwfs; jhf;fKs;sitahf
mikatpy;iy. Njrpathjk; vd;w
nrhy;ypd; rpj;jhe;jNk> vkf;F> kdpj
rKfkhdJ rhuhk;rj;jpy; NtWgl;l>
jdpj;Jtkhd gyEhW Njrq;fisg;
nfhz;lJ vdTk;> ,it xt;nthd;Wk;
jkf;nfd nrhe;jkhd jghy; Kj;jpiufisAk;>
Njrpa Md;khitAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
(my;yJ nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;)
vd;W ghpe;Jiug;Gfs; %yk;> vkJ mDF-
giw-2002-Nk
Kiwia ,e;j topapNyNa Jhz;LfpwJ>
vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. Njhg;gpd;
,ufrpaj;ij jdpkuq;fshf NfhUthjhfTk;
,jidg; $wyhk;. mjpH\;ltrkhf>
nghJg;Gj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; toikahfNt
rpije;j miu - cz;ikNa ,JthFk;.
vkJ mf;fiwf;Fhpa mHj;jj;jpy;
$wpdhy;> ,y;iy Njhg;Gjhd; jdp
kuq;fis tpsf;FfpwJ vd;gNj rhpahdJ
MFk;. jiuaikg;Gfs;> kz;> fhyepiy
Nghd;w Gtpapaypy; rpy nghJthd
epiyikfs; jhd; ve;j kuq;fis> vt;tsT
mlHj;jpahf> vt;tsT Jhuj;jpw;F tsHf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gd epHzapj;jJ. NtWthHj;ijapy;
$Wtjhdhy;> gpuQ;R Gul;rp>
ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp vd;gtw;wpw;F>
,d;iwf;F ,ilapUe;j cyf murpay;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy mk;rq;fs;
jhd; "Njrpathjj;ijia" mjd; kpfTk;
nghJthd mHj;jj;jpy; epHzapj;jpUf;fpwJ.
ehk; ,d;Dk; ,r;rfhg;jj;jpy; jhd;
thOfpd;Nwhk;. MapDk;> gpur;rpidAld;
Nghuhba Kd;ida Nfhl;ghl;lhsHfis
tpl ,e;j rfhg;jj;jpy; ePz;l fhyk;
tho;e;Js;Nshk; vd;w kpjkhd
mD$yj;ij ehk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;.
jw;Nghija vkJ mD$y epyikapy;>
,g;Nghf;fpdJk; mjd;
JidtpisTfspdJk; rpy xl;Lnkhj;jkhd
Fztpay;Gfisj; njspthf
czHe;J nfhs;tjpy; mtHfistpl xusT
Nkyhd epiyapy; ehk; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;.
vk;khy; $l ,jidr ;nra;aKbatpl;lhy;>
mJ vkf;F mjpfkhf vijAk;
$wg;NghtJ fpilahJ.
mLj;jhw;Nghy;> Njrpathjk; gw;wp
vkf;F rpy fUj;Jfisj; jUfpd;w
nghJthd tuyhw;W tsHr;rpapd;
mk;rq;fs; ahit vd;gJ gw;wp ehk; Muha
Ntz;Lk;. ,r;re;jHg;gj;jpy; ,t;tplak;
rk;ge;jkhd Guhzj;Js; RUf;fkhf Mo;e;J
ghHg;gJ cjtpahf mikaf;$Lk;.
27

murpay;> kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd
khztHfs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf "F];jhg;
GNshngHbd;" nghJthf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fUj;Jfspd;
mfuhjpapy;... xU gpujpia xUtH
jahhpj;jhuhdhy;> "Njrpathjk;" vd;w
gjg;gpuNahfk; gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fg;gLk;
vd epidf;fpd;Nwhk;. Njrpathjk; :
,g;gjj;jpd; rkfhy mHj;jj;jpw;F nghpJk;
xj;jpUf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lij
ehk; 1790 fhyq;fspNyNa (mNg ngUty
1798) fhzf;$bajhf ,Ug;gpDk;$l>
,g;gjkhdJ gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bd;
gpw;gFjpf;F Kd;G kpfTk; mhpjhfNt
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ gj;njhd;gjhk;
Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy ,Ue;J Njrpak;
ghuk;ghpak; kuGfs; kw;Wk; Ngr;R Nghd;w
fhuzpfSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l Gjpa>
caHepiyg;gL;l Kf;fpaj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
midj;J r%fq;fSf;Fg; nghJthfj;
fhzg;gLk; xU tsHr;rp fl;lk; vd;w
tifapy;> Njrpathjk; gw;wpa fUj;jhf;fj;ij>
nghUs;Kjy;thjk;> fUj;JKjy;thjk;
Mfpa ,uz;L fUj;Jguk;giy Vw;W
nfhs;fpd;wd;. rKjhak; ,e;jfl;lj;jpd;
Clhf fl;lhakhf nry;y Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij ,e;jg; gpw;fhyj; Nfhl;ghLfs;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd. (cjh. vg;. vq;nfy;];>
vy;. nthd; uhq;fp> tp.,.nydpd;>
vg;.nkapdpf; Nghd;Nwhhpd; thrq;fisg;
ghHf;fTk;) rk;ke;jg;gl;l r%f xUthf;fq;fSf;Fs;
cs;shHe;J nraw;gLk;
Fwpg;ghd rf;jpfs; my;yJ ce;jy;fs; ,e;jf;
fl;lj;jpd; fhuzpfshf $wg;gLtijAk;
,e;jf; Nfhl;ghLfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
vdNt> NjrpathjkhdJ cs;shHe;J
epHzapf;fg;gl;l xU mtrpakhf
,Uf;fpwJ. khHf;rpathjpfs; ,J Njrpar;
re;ijg; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;f
$ba Njrpa Kjyhsp tHf;fk;
Mfpatw;wpd; Njhw;wj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fUj;JKjy;thjpfs; ,J>
tuyhw;W tsHr;rpapy; epr;rak; jd;id
28
ntspg;gLj;jpahf Ntz;ba rKjhaj;jpy;
cs;shHe;Js;s Md;khTld; nghJthd
MSikAld; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,uz;L fz;Nzhl;lq;fSNk> r%f
ghpzhkj;jpd; ,e;jf;fl;lkhdJ> mLj;Jtu
,Uf;Fk; ,d;Dk; jpUg;jpfukhd
epiyikfisf; nfhz;l "rHtNjrpak;"
vd;gjw;fhd mtrpakhd Kd;epge;jidahff;
fUJfpd;wd. (nghUs;Kjy;thjj;ijg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; ghl;lhsptHf;f
my;yJ Nrhrypr rHtNjrpak;> fUj;JKjy;thjj;ijg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; cyf
Md;khtpd; caHe;j xj;jpirT.) xH
MNuhf;fpakhd Njrpathj;ij Kd;dNu
tsHj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s r%jhaq;fspdhYk;
kl;LNk ,e;j epiyik milaKbAk;.
kpjkhd epakhd NjrpathjkhdJ ,e;j
mHj;jj;jpy; Nghw;wg;gLk; mNjNtis ,e;j
tuyhw;W tuk;Gfis tpQRfpd;w kpjkw;w>
my;yJ kpifahd NjrpathjkhdJ
MNuhf;fpakw;wjhfTk; Mgj;jhdjhfTk;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. (",dntwp (Chauvinism)
gw;wpa NkYs;s Fwpg;ig ghHf;f) cyhftpa
hPjpapy; epyTk; kughHe;j ek;gpf;iffs;
ehl;Lg; Gwtpaypd; ,e;j gFjpapy; rhuk;rk;
ahnjdpy;> Njrpathjk; vd;gJ
cs;shHe;jhPjpapy; epHzapf;fg;gl;l
r%fj;jpd; Njit > Vw;w tsHr;rpf; fl;lk;>
kughHe;j my;yJ epygpuGj;Jt r%fj;jpw;Fk;>
Njrpa fhuzpfgy; Fiwe;jsT
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; (my;yJ kdpj
tuyhw;wpd; rpf;fy; Fiwe;j) vjpHfhyj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapy; vg;gTk; xU ,lj;jpy;
mike;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. xU
tsHr;rpapf; fl;lkhf ,Uf;Fk; ,J>
rpyNtisfspy; jtWfg; Ngha;tplyhk;
my;yJ ntwpgpbj;J xlyhk; vd;gJ
tUj;jjf;fNj. ,JNthH GjpuhFk;. xU
tsUk; gUtk; vt;thW xU nfhba
Neha;ahf khwKbAkh? epGzHfs;
,ijg;gw;wp vijf; $wpdhYk;
Njrpathjj;jpd; Fzhk;rkhd ,ul;ilahd
cs;shHe;j gz;G Fwpj;J mtHfs;
giw-2002-Nk

cld;gLfpd;wdH. rk;ge;jg;gl;l
rKjhaj;jpd; mf Njitfs; rpytw;wplDk;
rpy jdpetHfSlDk; cstpay; Njitf-
SlDk; $l mJ njhlHGilajhfpd;wJ.
kf;fspdq;fSf;Fk; egHfSf;Fk; xU
Kf;fpakhd gz;lj;ij> "milahsj;ij
toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,tw;Wld; gpize;jhf
jdpj;Jtkhd> ,yFtpy; ,dq;fhzj;jf;f
jd;dpiy (Subjectivity) xd;W ,q;F
,Uf;fpd;wJ. Njrpathjk; gw;wpehk; NgRk;
Nghnjy;yhk; "czHTfs;"> "ce;jy;fs;">
cj;Njrmgpyhi\fs;"> "chpajhf" ,Uf;Fk;
Ntzhthf;fs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;dtw;why;
mjhtJ ,e;j
,lj;jpy; vkJ mf;fiwf;FhpanghUspy;
cz;ikahf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> mg;NghJg;$l
,J nray;gl KbahjjhfNtapUf;Fk;.
NjrpathjkhdJ xU rpj;jhe;jkhf
,Uf;fpwJ. ,jd; mHj;jk;ahnjdpy;>
"Njrpathjj;jpd;" gpbapy; ,d;dKk;
,Uf;Fk; xU r%f cyfpd; nghJthf Vw;W
nfhs;sg;glj;jf;f "jtwhd gpuf;iQahf"
,J ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJjhd;. tuyhw;W
tsHr;rpapy; me;j tbtq;fshffhike;J
me;j
ahjhHj;jJld; tho xU topKiwiaNa
ehk; "Njrpathjk;" vd ngahpLfpd;Nwhk;.
,e;j tbtq;fs; cz;ikapNyNa vt;thW
mike;jpUe;jhYk;> mij Nehf;fp Kf;fpa
jlq;fyhf jUtjahf ,JfUjg;glyhk;.
mj;jifa jiyaha jlkhf ,Ug;gJ>
tsHr;rpgw;wpa fUj;jhf;fk; my;yJ r%f
giw-2002-Nk
nghUshjhu tsHr;rp vd;gtw;wpw;Fk;
Njrpathjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; nghJGj;jp
ghpe;Jiuf;Fk; rf;jptha;e;j gpizg;ghFk;.
Njrpathjj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd etPdkhd
ajhHj;jkhdJ (Njrpa ,dk; (Nationalism)
Njrpa muRfs; kw;Wk; ,tw;wpd;
Kd;NdhUf;Fk; khwhf) ,jDld; vg;gbNah
njhlHGhl;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. Vnddpy;>
RkhH 1800k; Mz;L Kjy; khw;wk; nghJthf
JhpjkilAk; gpd;Gyj;Js; khj;jpuNk> ,e;j
Gjpa mHj;jj;jpy; "tsHr;rpapd;"
gpd;Gyj;Js; khj;jpuNk> Njrpaj;Jtkhd
(Nationhood) ,e;j KOikahd
#l;Rgkhd mHj;jj;ijg; ngw;wJ. MapDk;>
KOikahd mHj;jkhdJ tsHr;rpapd;
ajhHj;jj;jpapUe;J mg;gbNa
ngwg;gLfpd;wJ vdgJ cz;ikay;y. ,e;j
czHTs;s jUzj;jpy; (Sensitive
Juncture) cz;ikahdJ gaDs;s
rpj;jhe;jkhf khWfwJ. Gjpa tsHr;rp
epyikapy; ,Ue;J ,ay;ghf vOk;>
Fwpg;gpl;l r%f - murpay; tbtj;jpw;f;F
fl;lhakhf mtrpagLtjhf Njrpa - thjk;
(National - Ism) mikfpwJ vd;gJ
rhpahdjy;y (mg;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
vd kdpjFyk; tpUk;Gtjw;F vg;NghJ
kpfg;gy fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; $l)
,J ,aw;ifay;y. kughHe;j ek;gpf;ifahdJ
,t;thWjhd; $WfpwJ vd;gJ
cz;ikjhd;. ,jw;F ,aw;ifahd
me;j];j;ij mspj;J> "MNuhf;fpakhdjhf"
tifg;gLj;jp> fpuhkpa klikf;Fk; etPd
njhopkaj;jpw;Fk; (my;yJ Ntnwjw;Fk;)
,ilNaAs;s ehk; rpukg;gl;L elf;f
Ntz;ba ghijahf> vy;yh r%fq;fSf;Fk;
chpa xUtpj ,sk;gUtkhf fhl;LfpwJ.
NjrpathjkhdJ Fwpg;ghd mf
,af;fq;fs;> egHfs; kw;Wk;
Mszpfs;(personnael) Mfpatw;Wld;
,izffg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ cz;ikNa.
,tHfs;ve;jtpjj;jpy;ele;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;.
kpfTk; xj;j czHTfis
nfhz;Ls;shHfs;. vdNt ,J> 1850fspd;
29

,j;jyp"a NjrpathjKk; 1970fspy;
FHjp];>,y;yJ vhpj;jphpa NjrpathjKk;
,e;jtpjkhd Fwpg;ghd mf
nghwpKiwfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ>
Mjhukhf nfhz;bUe;jJ vd;wtpjj;jpy;
$wj;Jhz;LfpwJ. mit me;j kf;fsJ
cs;SH jdpj;jd;ikfis nghpJk;
xj;jtifapy; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. me;j
kf;fsJ Md;khTf;F (my;yJ
Fiwe;jgl;rk; mtHfsJ KjyhspfSf;F)
Njitg;gLfpwJ vd;w cj;Njrj;jpy;.
MapDk; ve;jtpjkhd NjrpathjKk;
cz;ikapNyNa ,it Nghd;w cs;sf
,af;fq;fspd; cw;gtpg;G vd;gJ cz;ikay;y.
ctHe;Jk; Ghpe;Jk; nray;glf;-
$ba ehl;Lf;F ehL NtWgLk; kUl;rpapd;
fUikak; ,JthFk;. ,ijNa Njrpathjr;
rpj;jhe;jk; vk;kPJ jpzpf;f tpiofpwJ.
cz;ikapy; nty;]; NjrpathjkhdJ>
nty;]; kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtq;fs;> mtHjk;
tuyhW> mtHjk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xLf;F-
Kiw tbtq;fs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;dtw;Wld;mjpf
rk;ge;jKs;s. Mdhy;>
nty;\; Njrpathjk; - me;j ,dg;nghJg;
gz;G> ehk; MHtk; nfhz;Ls;s gjj;jpy;
gjpthf;fg;gl;Ls;s rHttpahgfkhdj;
Njit - mty\; kf;fSld; rk;ge;jkpy;yhjJ.
mJ nty;\pd; cz;ikay;y.
Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyj;jpy; nty;\; NjrKk;
kf;fSk; ,e;jghzpapy; tuyhw;Wg;
Nghf;fpw;Fs; js;sptplg;gLfpd;wdH vd;w
nghJthd tsHe;Njhq;Fk; tuyhw;wpd; xH
cz;ikahFk;. mjd; gpd;dH mtHfs;
gpd;gw;Wtjw;F epHge;jpf;fg;gl;l
"thjkhdJ" cz;ikapy; ntspapy; ,Ue;J
mtHfs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;ljhFk; vd;w
NghjpYk;> ,e;j khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F
tioikahd Njrpa Mszpfs;>
kuGtopgz;Gfs; > czHTfs; Nghd;w
,d;Ndhud;dit cs;spUe;Nj kyu
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahJ.
Njrpathq;fs; midj;JNk r%f>
jdpg;gl;l nghwpaikTfspd; toikahfg;
30
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Elg Kiwfspd;
Ftpay;G %ykhfNt nray;gLfpd;wd>
mtw;wpy; gy MfTk; mfepiyg;
gz;Gilait. Mdhy;,e;j epfo;tpd;
VJf;fs; kugpd; kyHr;rpf;Fs; ,y;iy. ,e;j
khHf;fk; FUjp vOr;rpa+l;Lk; kf;fs; kugpy;
,Uf;fpd;wd. Njrpathjj;jpd; mfepiyj;
jd;ikahdJ mJ gw;wpa xU Kf;fpakhd
];Jhytkhd mk;rkhFk;. Mdhy; mJNt
Njhw;wq;fs; gw;wpa gpur;ridia Kd;itf;fpwJ
vd;gJk; cz;ikahFk;.
nka;ahd Njhw;wg;ghLfs; ntnwq;Nfh
cs;sd. mit kf;fs; kj;jpaYk; mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy.
VjhtJ xU tif KOikj;
jd;ik my;yJ jdpj;Jtj;Jtj;jpw;fhd
jdpeghpd; mlf;fg;gl;l czHtpYk;
,y;iy> Mdhy;> cyf murpay; nghUshjhuj;jpd;
,ae;jpuj;jpy; cs;sJ. MapDk;>
mj;jifa nghUshjhu tsHr;rpapd;
Nghf;fpy; my;y - njhopy; kakhf;fk; kw;Wk;
efukakhf;fj;jpd; jptpHf;f Kbahj cld;
epfo;thf my;y. mit mg;Nghf;fpd;
$Ljy; jpl;ltl;lkhd mk;rq;fSld;
,izj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,e;jj; jdpr;rpwg;Gs;s
Fztpay;Gfis tifg;gLj;Jtjw;F kpfr;
rpwe;j khHf;fk;> gjpndl;lhk; Ehw;whz;L
njhlf;fk; tuyhw;wpd; rkijaw;w
tsHr;rpia mit gpujpgypf;fpd;wd vd;W
$WtNjahFk;. ,e;j rkijapd;ik xU
nghUshja cz;ikahFk;. vd;w xUtH
thjpl KbAk;. ,e;jf; $w;W> jpUg;jp
jUfpd;w> Kuz; eiff;F mz;kpj;jjhd
Kbit vl;l vk;ik mDkjpf;fpwJ.
tuyhw;W ,ay;G epfo;tpd; MfTk;
ntspg;gilahdjhd mfepiyAk;
fUj;jpaYk;> fle;j ,uz;L Ehw;whz;LfsJ
tuyhw;wpd; MfTk; F&ukhd Nkhrkhd
nghUshjhu gf;fj;jpDila xU Jiz
fhuzp vd;gJjhd; cz;ikahFk;.
ngUefH gfw;fdT
rikijapy;yhj tsHr;rp> rikijahd
tsHr;rpapdtha;%ykhfNt vjpuhdJ.
giw-2002-Nk

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpf; fhye;njhl;L kdpj
rKjhak;fz;L tuNeHe;j vy;yh nka;ahd
"tsHr;rpAk;" rkijaw;wJjhd; vd;gjhy;
,e;j vjpHr;nrhy; tha;%ykkhdJ>
cz;ikahdJ my;y. vt;thwhapDk;
rikijahd tsHr;rpgw;wpa fUj;jikg;Gk;
mgpahiAk;> ehk; mjpy; ,Ue;Nj Muk;gpf;f
Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;Jf;Fl;gLk; tifapy;
typikahdJ. mJ> Nkiya my;yJ
ENuhg;ghit ikakhff; nfhz;l cyff;
fzNzhl;lj;jpd; - cyff; fUj;jikg;gpd;>
tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;jpd; - capH ehbahf
neUf;fkhdjhfa; ,Uf;fpwJ - ,J ehk;
tuyhW gw;wpAk;> vdNt (NtW tp\aq;fSld;)
Njrpathjk; gw;wpAk; ehk;
epidf;fpd;w tpjj;ij ,d;dKk; Mff;
$ba> cjhuzkhf> Kd;dH Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
,jpfhrk;khdJ r%f epfo;Tfspd; xH
rkijahd> ,ay;ghd ghpkhzj;jpd;
VNjhnthU tifapyhd gFjpahf
Njrpathjk; tpsq;FfpwJ vd;w ghrhq;F
gz;Dk; xU khHf;fNk vd;gijf;fhz
KbAk;.
nghUshaj ehfhpfKk; rikijahd>
Kw;Nghf;fhd tsHr;rp> ntF[dg; gz;ghL
gw;wpa fUj;J INuhg;gpa QhNdhjaj;jpd;
Fzhk;rkhf ,Ue;jJ. mf;fhyj;Jf;Fk;
,lj;Jf;Fk; chpa Nky; kl;lj;jpdUf;Nf
,ay;ghd xU Kd;Nghjyhd fz;Nzhl;lj;ij
mJ gpujpgypj;jJ. caHe;j gz;ghL
cs;s rfhg;jq;fspd; NghJ jkJ
%jhijaHfs; vt;thW rpe;jpj;jhHfNs mJ
NghyNt Gyhdfj;jf;f %Ljpiuapy;
"fhl;Lkpuhz;bfSf;F" vjpuhd ehfhfj;jpd;
mbg;gilapNyNa ,d;dKk; rpe;jpj;jhHfs;.
Mdhy; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa Gjpa
cWjpg;ghLfs; fhl;Lkpuhz;bfSf;fhd
fz;Nzhl;lj;ij NkYk; rhjkhf;fpd. Fwpj;j
fhyk;> cjtpAld; mtHfs; ntd;W
rkhspg;ghHfs; vd;gNj mJthFk;. ,e;j
tpLtpj;jyhdJ ntspNehf;fpAk;
fPo;Nehf;fpAk; Jhpjkhd fyhrhuj;
jftikg;gpd; (fyhrhuj;ijj; jkf;F
giw-2002-Nk
Vw;Gila tpjj;jpy; cUkhw;wpa mikj;Jf;
nfhs;tJ vd;W nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
- nkhopngaHg;ghsH)> xU Nghf;fhf
czug;gl;lJ. kj;jpay; ,Ue;J vjpH Nehf;fp
,e;jr; #oTs;s gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk;>
gz;ghLw;w tHf;fspy; ,Ue;J jdpahl;f-
Sf;Fk; ciog;gpy; mtw;Wf;-
Fs;NsNa xU mjp cd;dj tp\akhf
tpsq;fpd . cjuhzkhf> fPioj;Njrj;jpy;
Nghd;W xH rhk;uh[;atifahd> rHttpahgf
nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rp xUthtijj;
jLg;gjw;F mit cjtpd. tUq;fhyj;jpy;
mit ifeOtpr; nry;yhky; ,Ug;gij
cWjp nra;tjhf kj;jpajutHf;fNk
mike;jJ. "NghUf;F xj;Jtu Kbahj
thzpg czHT> cldbahfNt xt;nthU
murpaYk; Kd;dq;if vLf;fpwJ.
"gzj;jpd; typik" (rfy typikfspYk;
MfTk; ek;gfkhdnjd" mtH eidj;jhH)
tpNtfq; fhz MSk; tHf;fq;fis
epHg;ge;jpf;Fk; vd;W mtH vOjpdhH.
mjhtJ mtHfWila %jhijaHfsJ
mthf;fis tpl;nlhopj;J vt;thwhapDk;
rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. (rhRtjkhd
rkjhdKk;> jj;JthHj;jf; Fwpg;Gk; 1795).
fhd;l; ek;gpapUe;j fUj;Jfs;> rf;jpfspy;
mlq;fpapUf;Fk; nka;ahd epfo;Tfs;
Kw;wpAk; tpj;jpahrkhditahf ,Ue;jd
vd;gij ,g;NghJ ehk; mwpNthk;.
mJNghd;Nw fhd;l; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;j
kfj;jhd rHttpahgfkhf;Fk; ghuk;ghpaj;jhYk;>
mjdJ Gjpa kjrhHgw;w
tbtq;fspYk; $l ,d;dKk;fpwp];jtkhfNt
,Uf;Fk; ghuk;ghpaj;jpdhYk;
31

mit fz;lwpag; ngw;wpUf;f KbahJ.
ahjhHj;jj;jpy; thzpg czHTk; gzj;jpd;
typikAk; cyfj;jpd; mLj;jLj;j gFjpfis
mit ifg;gw;wpajhy; %jhija-
Uf;Fhpa mthf;fis Gj;jhf;fk; nra;tjw;Fk;.
jilfs; vd;w tifapy; Kf;fpaj;-
Jtk; Fiwe;j itaha; tsHtjw;Fg;
gjpyhf Njrpag;gphpTfs; r%f xOq;fikg;gpd;
xU Gjpa Mjpf;ff; Nfhl;ghlhf
caHj;jpg;gpbf;fg;gLk; tuyhW Nkw;F ehl;L
jj;JtpayhsHfisj; Njhy;tpailar;
nra;atpUe;jJ.
,e;j Njhy;tp epue;jukhdjhfNt
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Njrpag; gpur;rid kPJ
khHf;]pak; mile;j "Njhy;tpapd;"
cz;ikahd ePz;l mHj;jk; ,Jntdyhk;.
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; nka;ahd Kuz;ghLfisAk;
mjd; mopTjuf;$ba gf;fj;ij-
Ak; Kd;DzHe;J ghHf;f Kbahjjhy;
,e;jr; rpe;jid ghuk;ghpakhdJ. mjd;
gpd;dH cz;ikr;rhpahd Kiwapy;
czHe;J nfhs;sTk; cWjpahfNt
32
rhj;jpakpy;yhky; ,Ug;gijf; fz;lJ.
gjpyhf ,e;j fUk; Gs;sp vy;yh etPd
gFj;jwpT thjkpd;ikAk; nropj;JtsUk;
Cw;Wf;fz;zhf Kuzpd;wp khwpaJ.
fukhdJk; epfuhf;f KbahjJkhd
,ay;epfo;tpd; ,e;j rpf;fy; jd;ikj;jhd;
Njrpathjj;JlDk; mjpy; ,Ue;J cw;gj;j
gytw;WlDk; (,dthjk;> a+j vjpHg;Gthjk;
Nghd;wit) ,ize;Js;sJ. ,J
fhyj;Jf; fhyk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Njhd;wp
Nkiya gFj;jwpTthjj;ijr; rPHfiyj;J
KOikahfNt ,tkjpj;jJ. ,J gFj;jwpT
tNuhj ek;gpf;ifaw;w gy jj;Jt
Qhdq;fSf;Ff; fjitj; jpwe;J itj;jJ.
,e;j mk;rNk cyfj;jpd; kPJ Nkiya
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; gPLeilia mt;tsT
neUf;fkhf vjpHepiyg;gLj;jpapUe;J.
mt;tg;NghJ ed;ikfUjp jfHj;J vwpaTk;
mr;RWj;jpaJ.
"rkijaw;w tsHr;rp" vd;w nghJthd
jiyg;G vijf;Fwpg;gpLfpwNjh ,Jjhd;
cyfj;jpw;Fs; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpDila
tsHr;rpapd;> Kd;Dzu Kbahj gifik
rhHe;j tsHr;rpahFk;. Fwpf;Nfhspd; cahpa
Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; xU gFjpahd rPuhf;fk;
Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;l tpjkhf
CryhLfpd;wJk;. NghuhLfpd;wJk; rkdw;wJk;
jHf;fhPjpaw;wJK; jiyfPohdJkhd
cz;ikia ,J Rl;bfhl;LfpwJ. etPd
Kjyhspj;Jt tsHr;rpahdJ gy Nkw;F
INuhg;gpa ehLfshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,it ,t;thW nra;tjw;fhd Mw;wiy
tuyhw;wpd; ePz;lfhyf; fl;lq;fspd; NghJ
jpul;b itj;jpUe;jd. ,e;j Kd;Ndw;wk;
NeHikahfNt gpd;gw;wgg;gl KbAk;.
mjw;Fg; nghWg;ghd epWtd mikg;-
Gfis mr;Rg; gpujpahfg; gpd;gw;w KbAk;
- ,t;tpjk; cyfpd; fpuhkg;Gwkhd #o-
Ts;s gFjpfs; chpa fhyj;jpy; mjd;
jiyikfis vl;bg; gpbj;JtpLk; vd;gNj
rkijahd tsHr;rp fUj;jikg;ghf
,Ue;jJ. ,e;jr; rkg;gLj;jy;> #oTs;s
gFjpfs; KOtjpYk; mbg;gilapNy
giw-2002-Nk

xhpdj;jd;iktha;e;j QhNdhjak; ngw;w
tHf;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; Kd;
nry;Yk;> rHtNjr my;yJ "ngUefH"
Nky;kl;l tHf;fk; ,e;jg; gutyhf;fg;
Nghf;fpw;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;>
mjMjifa Jhpjkhd gutyhf;fNyh
gpujpgz;ZjNyh cz;ikapNyNa
rhj;jpakhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mJNghyNt
,e;j rHtNjr tHf;fj;jpd; cUthf;fKk;
(jkJ nrhe;j kf;fSld; mzp NrUtjw;-
Fg; gjpyhf ngUefH jiyefUld; jhkhfNt
mzpNrHe;J nfhz;l ntspehl;L
Mlrpf;Ff; iff;$ypfshf tpsq;fpa
Kjyhspj;Jtthjpfspd; cUtj;jpy;
mjidg; ghtid nra;j tifapdq;fs;
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. (,Uf;fpd;wd vd;w
NghjpYk;$l) rhj;jpakhftpy;iy.
me;j Kd;dzp ehLfspd; jhf;fk;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jjy;> Kw;Wf;ifapLjy;
Nghd;wtw;iw toikahfNt mDgtpj;jJ.
thzpg czHT> ghuk;ghpakhd
Ruz;ly;> Vkhw;W tbtq;fspy; ,Ue;J
nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
Mdhy; ahjhHj;jj;jpy; mjhdhy; mijr;
nra;a Kbatpy;iy. ,e;j ,ilntsp
kfj;jhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. Gjpa mgptpUj;jpr;
rf;jpfs; kdpj Fyj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy;
mf;fiw nfhz;l jahs Fzk; gilj;j
jd;dykw;w Nky;kl;lj;jpdhpd; ifapy;
,Uf;ftpy;iy. gjpyhf QhNdhjak; kw;Wk;
kughHe;j murpay; nghUshjhuk; Mfpa
fUj;jikg;Gfis %Ljpiuahfg; gad;gLj;jpa
Mq;fpNya gpuQRg; g+H\;th
tHf;fspd; (khHf;];k; vq;nfy;];Rk; tpUk;gp
$wpaijg; Nghd;W) nghUisg; gpbj;j
rf;jpfspd;" iffspy; ,Ue;jd. cyfpy; kpfr;
rpwe;j tpUg;gj;JlDk;$l ,tw;iw mit
ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ ,e;jf;
Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fs;> tHf;fq;fs; eyd;f-
Sld; xusTf;fhtJ jd;id ,dq;
fhl;bf;nfhs;s KbahJ Nghapw;W. ,t;thW
"Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd;" xU Gjpa tiff;Fj;
Jhgk; Nghlhky; ,Uf;f Kbatpy;iy.
giw-2002-Nk
Gw vy;iyg;gFjpfspy; Gjpa njhopy;
ka - Kjyhspj;Jt cyfg; nghUshjhuj;jpd;
ikag;gFjpfSf;F ntspNa ;J gw;wp
kf;fis cldbahf xustpw;F ,zq;f
nra;tJ mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. vd;gJ
tpNjrpa my;yJ tNuhjkhdJ vd;W
jk;khy; vspjpy; fpufpj;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba
ty;yuRfshy; ];JhykhfNt Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;jg;gLtij mjd; rhuhk;rj;jpy;
nghUs;gLj;jpaJ vd;gij cldbahfNt
mtHfs; mwpe;J nfhz;lhHfs;. j;Jtj;jpy;
,Ue;J NtWgl;l tpjkhf eilKiwapy;
fyhrhuj; jftikg;Gg; Nghf;F ntspj;
jiyaPL kw;Wk; fl;Lghl;bd; "xH
nfhe;jspg;ghd miyiag;" (Vndl;];l;
mfy;efhpd; gjg;gpNuhafk; ,J) Nghy;
khwpaJ. kdpj Fyj;jpd; Kd;Ndhf;fpa gPL
eilahdJ khw;wj;jpy; MfTk; gpuf;iQ-
As;s kf;fs; vt;tsT Jhuk;Kd;Ndhf;fg;
ghHf;f Kbe;jNjh> me;j mstpw;F
KjyhtJ Mq;fpy kakhf;fk; my;yJ
gpuQ;R kakhf;fj;ij Fwpj;J. cyfk; jOtpa
mstpy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;F kakhf;ffk;
myyJ mnkhpf;fkakhf;fk; vd;W
$wg;gl;lij Nghd;wNj ,JthFk;.
33

Kj;jpud;
34
vdJ ghHitapy;...
Aj;jkh? rkhjhdkh?
,yq;ifapy; Aj;j epWj;jk; tlf;fpy; tpLjiyg;
Gypfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fs; kPJ
gy;yhz;Lfshf tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j kdpjhgpkhdkw;w
jilfs; ePf;fk;. nfhOk;G efupd; ngUtPjpfspYk; %iy
KLf;FfspYk; ,Ue;j uhZt Nrhjid epiyaq;fspd;
%ly;. nfhOk;G- aho;ghzk; tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;
fl;Lg;ghLfspd; ePf;fk;.
,itkl;Lky;y-epue;jujPh;it Nehf;fpa
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd #oiy Vw;gLj;j
Nehh;itapd; ,uh[je;jpu nraw;ghLfspd; jPtpuk;
ek;Gtjw;Ff; fbdkhapUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; tuNtw;fg;gl
Ntz;ba khw;wq;fs;. jkpo; kf;fspd; mgpyhirfis
kjpf;Fk; murpay; jPHtpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j xU
rkhjhdj;ij mila Kaw;rpf;f$ba #o;epiy
cUthfpapUg;gJ NghyNtgLfpwJ. mNjNtis
mj;jifa xU murpay; jPHtpid mila KbAkh
,y;iyah vd;gJ ,g;Ngh cUthfpapUf;Fk; rhjfkhd
#o;epiy epue;jukhfj; njhlUkh ,y;iyah vd;gjpy;
jq;fpAs;sJ. Ngr;RthHj;ijfSf;Fr; rhjfkhd #o;epiy
Njhd;wpaJ ,Jjhd; Kjy; jlit my;y. Kf;fpakhd
Nfs;tp vd;dntdpy; ,d;W Njhd;wpAs;s #o;epiy
Kd;idait Nghy; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; kiwe;J tplhJ.
epye;jukhfj; njhlHtij vg;gb cj;juthjg;gLj;j
KbAk; vd;gjhFk;. njd;dpyq;ifapw; Nghpdthj rf;jpfs;
jq;fs; gpur;rhu ae;jpuq;fis KLf;fptpl;Ls;sd.
MapDk; ,d;W epyTk; #o;epiyapd; rpy tpNrlj;
jd;ikfs; murpay; jPu;it Nehf;fpefu cjtf;$bad
vd;gij kwf;fKbahJ.
,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,dg; gpur;ridiaAk;
NghupidAk; ikag;gLj;jp vOe;Js;s Gjpa
#o;epiyf;Fg; gyu; ru;tNjr epiyikfis itj;Nj
tpsf;fk; nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. mjhtJ 2001k; Mz;L
giw-2002-Nk

Gul;lhjp 11k; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w epfo;-
Tf;Fg; gpd;du; ru;tNjr hPjpapy; gaq;futhjj;jpw;F
vjpu;g;G gythfp tpl;lJ
Fwpg;ghf khty;yurhd USA gaq;futhjj;ij
mopf;f "fq;fzk;"
fl;btpl;lJ.
,JNt ,yq;ifapy; tpLjiyg;
Gypfis rkhjhdg; ghijf;F js;spAs;sJ
vDk; fUj;jpid Nfl;fpNwhk;. ,e;jf;
fUj;jpid Kw;whf epuhfupf;f
KbahtpbDk; mJ ,yq;ifapd;
cs;ehl;L murpay; #oy; khw;wq;fSf;fhd
xU tpsf;fkhf ,Uf;f KbahJ.
,j;jifa tpsf;fj;ij ek;GNthu;
,yq;ifapd; cs;shu;e;j epiyikfspd;
ePz;lfhy khw;wq;fisNah mit
Vw;gLj;jpAs;s mOj;jq;isNah
mwpahNjhuhfNt ,Ug;gu;. ,g;gbr;
nrhy;tJ ru;tNjrg; Nghf;Ffisf;
Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLthfhJ. mjw;Fkhwhf
ru;tNjr epiyikfisf; nfhr;irg;gLj;jp
cs;ehl;L murpay; ,af;fg;ghLfis
mrl;il nra;Ak; NknyOe;jthupahd
mZFKiwiaj; jtpu;f;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
,yq;ifapy; ,d;W ehk; fhZk; Gjpa
#o;epiy cs;shHe;j ePz;lfhyg; Nghf;-
Ffspd; tpisthFk;. ,jw;Fr; rHtNjr
ePjpahd njhlHGfSk; gpd;dzpAk;
cz;L. ,J gw;wpg; ghHg;Nghk;; Kjypy;
murpd; gf;fj;J epiyikfs;.
,uhZt ePjpahd jPHT
rhj;jpakpy;iy
gy fhykhf ,yq;ifapd;
Ml;rpahsHfs; tlfpof;fpypUe;J
vOe;Jte;j MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;ij
,uhZt hPjpapy; Njhw;fbj;Jj; jkf;F
trjpahd xU jPHtpid mKyhf;f
KbAnkd ek;gpapUe;jdH. MapDk;
tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; ,uhZt hPjpahd
giw-2002-Nk
tsHr;rpAk; Nghuhl;lj; jpwDk; ,e;jg;
ghijapd; mrhj;jpaj;jpidj; NjhlHr;rpahf
ep&gpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
MSk; $l;Lf;fSf;Fs; gyH ,e;j
ajhHj;jj;ij ed;F fpufpj;Js;sdH.
Gypfis gytPdkhf;FtJ rhj;jpankdpDk;
mtHfis xU ,uhZt
rf;jpahf Kw;whf mopg;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy
vd;gijAk; mtHfs; mwpe;Js;sdH.
1996f;Fg; gpd; murgilapdH re;jpj;j gy
Njhy;tpfSk; ,og;Gf;fSk; ,e;jf;
fUj;Jg; Nghf;fpid NkYk;
gyg;gLj;jpaJ. ,g;NghJ Kd;dH Nghy;
rpq;fs ,isQHfs; ,uhZtj;jpy; Nru
Kd;tUtjhfj; njupatpy;iy. ,uhZtj;jpd;
Ml;NrHg;G Kaw;rpfs; vjpHghHj;j
ntw;wpiaj; jutpy;iy. ,JTk;
nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfSk; ,uhZtj;ij
NkYk; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj;
jilahf cs;sd. MSk; $l;Lf;f-
Sf;Fs; ,uhZt uPjpahd jPHtpy;
ek;gpf;if nfhz;Nlhhpd; nry;thf;Fg;
gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;J te;Js;sJ.
,jw;Fg; nghUshjhu fhuzq;fSk;
r%ff; fhuzq;fSk; cz;L.
35

,yq;ifg; ,yq;ifg;
,yq;ifg;
nghUshjhuj;jpd;
nghUshjhuj;jpd;
gytPdkhf;fy
gytPdkhf;fy;
gytPdkhf;fy
Aj;jj;jpd; Neubahd
kiwKfkhd jhf;fq;fshy;
,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuk;
njhlHr;rpahfg;
gy gpd;dilTfSf;-
Fs;shfpAs;sJ. 1977yp-
Ue;J ,yq;if murhq;fq;fs;
filg;gpbj;J tUk;
jhuhsthjg; nghUshjhuf;
nfhs;ifapd; mKyhf;fSf;F
kpfTk; ghjfkhd epiyikfisNa
njhlHe;JtUk; cs;ehl;Lg;
NghH; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. xU Gwk;
NghUf;nfd xJf;fg;gLk; nryT
gaq;fukhf Vwpf;nfhz;L NghfpwJ
kWGwk; Nghhpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;
nghUshjhu hPjpahd mopTfSk;
cw;gj;jp ,og;Gf;fSk; Nkhrkile;j
tz;zkpUf;fpd;wd. ,d;ndhUGwk;
nghUshjhu KjyPl;lhsHfs; ,yq;ifia
jtpHj;Jf; nfhs;sNt nra;fpwhHfs;.
%yjdk; NtWehLfis Nehf;fp
efHfpwJ. cs;ehl;L %yjdk; gy
Jiwfisj; jtpHj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ.
,yq;if MurhdJ cyftq;fp Mrpa
mgptpUj;jp tq;fp rHtNjr ehza
epjpak; Nghd;w epWtdq;fspd; fld;
cjtpapy; ngUksT jq;fpAs;sJ.
,e;epWtdq;fs; ,yq;ifapd; cs;ehl;L
epyikfis tpUk;gtpy;iy ,jdhy;
fld; cjtpfs; vjpHghHj;jJ Nghy;
fpilf;ftpy;iy. cs;ehl;Lg; nghUshjh-
36
uj;jpd; gpd;dilTk; rHtNjr nghUshjhu
fld; cjtpapd; NghjhikAk;
,yq;if murpw;F gytUlq;fshfj;
jiyapbiaf; nfhLj;J tUfpwJ. Aj;jg;
nghUshjhuj;jhy; ed;ik ngWNthH
Aj;jk; njhlHtij tpUk;GfpwhHfs;
Mdhy; ,e;j Aj;jg; nghUshjhuk; Njrpa
nghUshjhuj;ij cwpQ;rpNa tsHfpwJ.
mij njhlHe;Jk; jhq;ff;$ba rf;jpia
Njrpa nghUshjhuk; ,oe;Jtpl;lJ.
nghJkf;fs; kPJ gytpjkhd thpfisg;
Nghl;Lk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; nry;y
Ntz;ba gzj;ij Aj;jr; nrytpw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jpAk;jhd; muR Aj;jj;ij
njhlHe;J elj;jp tUfpwJ. ,ij NkYk;
njhlHtJ kpfTk; fbdkhfpAs;sJ.
,e;j epiyahdJ Aj;jj;ij
vg;gbahapDk; xU KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L
tuNtz;Lk; vDk; fUj;Jg;
Nghf;fpidg; gyg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
nrd;w ,jopy; 'vdJ ghHitapy;" gj;jpapy; rQ;rpiffis
gl;baypl;lNghJ NehHNtapy; ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;
'rf;jp" jtWjyhf tpLgl;Ltpl;lJ vd;gij thrfHfSf;F
mwpaj;jUfpNwd;.
giw-2002-Nk

Rtp]py; ngz;fs;:
rk cupikf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; !
[ae;jpkhyh
giw-2002-Nk
Rtpw;rHyhe;jpd; rk\;b murhdJ ngz;fspd;
mbg;gil [dehaf cupikfis >mq;fPfupf;fhjjdhYk>;
jPHkhdq;fis vLg;gjpy; Mz; Mjpf;f kuGtopr;;;
r%fKk;> fpwp];jtkjthjKk; ngz;fisj; jtpHj;J
te;jjdhYk; 1887 Kjy; Rtp];ngz;fs; jkJ
>cupikfSf;fhfg; Nghuhb tUfpd;wdH. kj;jpa
INuhg;gpa> tlINuhg;gpa ehLfSld; >xg;gpLk;NghJ
kpfg;gpe;jpa fhyq;fspy;$l mtHfs; fLikahd
Nghuhl;lq;fis elhj;j epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
1848k; Mz;L rk\;b murpd; etPd murpay;
mikg;G thf;Fupikf;fhd cj;juthjj;jpidf;
nfhz;bUe;jNghJk; me;j cupikahdJ Mz;fSf;F
kl;LNk cupj;jhf;fg; gl;lJ. ngz;fs; thf;fspf;fpd;w
cupikaw;wtHfshf mjhtJ mbg;gil [dehaf
cupikfSs; xd;whd murpay; cupik mw;wtHfshf
murpay ;mikg;gpd; %yk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ldH.
37

njhopy; mbg;gilapy;$lg;
NghJkhd fy;tpj; jifikfisg;
ngz;fs; nfhz;bUe;j NghJk>;
mjw;fhd njhopy;rhH gjtpfs;
mtHfSf;F kWf;fg;gl;ld. Rtp]py;
rl;lj;Jiwg; gl;lj;jpidg; ngw;w
KjyhtJ ngz;zhd Emile Kempin-
Spiry rl;lj;juzpahfj; njhopy;
Guptjw;F mDkjp kWf;fg; gl;lJ.
,jid Ml;Nrgpj;J R+upr; caHePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
Kd;dhy; mtH [dehafg;
Nghuhl;lk; elhj;jpaNghJk;> mtuJ
Nfhupf;if Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
1887y; elhj;jg;gl;l ,e;jg;Nghuhl;lNk
Rtpw;rHyhe;jpd; tuyhw;wpy; ngz;fspd;
rkcupikia typAWj;jp ,lk;ngw;w
KjyhtJ Nghuhl;lkhFk;. jkJ
mbg;gil> [dehaf> kdpj cupikfs;
ntd;nwLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; jkJ
thf;Fupik mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Lj; jhk;
murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngwNtz;Lk;
vd;gij czHe;j ngz;fs; njhlHe;Jk;
thf;Fupikf;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fis
elhj;jpdH. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; 1909k;
Mz;L ngz;fspd; thf;Fupikf;fhd
mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; ngz;fs;
murpay; uPjpahd Nghuhl;lj;jpYk;
fhybvLj;J itj;jdH.1929y; ngz;fspd;
thf;Fupikf;fhd kD Kd;itf;fg;gl;l
NghJk; mJ xU gpur;rhu eltbf;ifahf
kl;LNk ntw;wpaspj;jJ. murpay;
uPjpapy; mJ Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; kpff;
FiwthfNt ,Ue;jJ. 1945y; rk\;b
murpay; mikg;gpy; FLk;gg; ghJfhg;-
Gg;gpupT ,izf;fg;gl;lJld; ,J
ngz;fSf;fhd gpurtf;fhg;GWjp
xd;iwAk; typAWj;jpaJ. ,d;W 60
Mz;Lfis vl;l ,Uf;fpd;w epiyapYk;
,e;jg;gpurtf;fhg;GWjp ,d;Dk;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,jw;fhfj;
38
njhlHr;rpahd Nghuhl;lq;fs;
elhj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
Rtp]; rk\;b murpay; mikg;ghdJ
ve;jnthU r%f> nghUshjhu>
murpay; eltbf;iff;Fk;> Njrpa> khepy>
gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; rHt[d thf;nf-
Lg;ig typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. NknyOe;jthupahf
[dehafr; nraw;ghLfspd; xU
Kf;fpa mk;rkhf ,J njupfpd;wNghJk;
cz;ikapy; mjw;F khwhf> epahakhd
cupikfis kWg;gjw;F rHt[dthf;nfLg;G
gyjlitfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
te;Js;sJ. Mz;fspd;
fuq;fspy; thf;Fupik ,Ue;jfhyq;fspy;
kl;Lkd;wp ,e;jg;Nghf;F ,d;Wtiuj;
njhlHfpd;wJ.
1959y; ngz;fspd; thf;Fupikia
mq;fPfupg;gjw;fhd rHt[dthf;nfLg;G
Kjd;Kjyhf elhj;jg;gl;lJ. fpwp];jtkj
kuGthj Mz; Mjpf;fr;rf;jpfs;
jq;fsplk; kl;LNk ,Ue;j thf;Fupikiag;
gad;gLj;jpg; ngz;fSf;fhd
thf;Fupikia kWj;jdH. 20k; E}w;whz;by;
rHtNjrj;jpid cYg;gpa
file;njLj;j Mz;Mjpf;fr; nraw;ghlhf
,J gjpthfpaJ. ngz;fSf;fhd
cupikfisj; jPHkhdpg;gjpy; ve;j
cupikAk; Mz;fSf;F ,y;yhjNghJk;>
jk;khy; cUthf;fg;gl;l murpay;
mikg;gpd; Clhd rHt[dthf;nf-
Lg;igg; gad;gLj;jp ,e;j [dehaf
kWg;ig Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
Gjpa ngz;fs; ,af;fk; vd;w
mikg;G 1968y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Kd;ida ngz;fs; mikg;gpypUe;J
NtWgl;l xd;whf jd;id mwptpj;j
,e;jmikg;G ngz;fspd; rkcupikg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpid kw;iwa ngz;fs;
mikg;Gf;fSld; ,ize;J Kd;nd-
Lj;jJ. ,t;thwhd njhlHr;rpahd
giw-2002-Nk

Nghuhl;lq;fs; fhuzkhf 1971y; rk\;b
murpy; jkJ thf;Fupikiag; ngz;fs;
ntd;nwLj;jdH. ,e;j Mz;L ,lk;
ngw;w Rtp]; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
Njrparigf;fhd NjHjypy; gj;Jg;ngz;
gpujpepjpfs; njupTnra;ag;gl;ldH.
200 gpujpepjpfisf;nfhz;l Njrpa
rigapy; ,jd;%yk; 5tPjkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
ngz;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jJ.
,e;jepiyahdJ 1976y; ngz;fspd;
rkcupikfSf;fhd rk\;b
>Mizf;FO xd;W mikf;fg;gLtjw;F
toptFj;jJ. ,JNt ngz;fspd;
rk cupikfisg;NgZk; tifapy;
Rtp]py; mikf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ mur
mikg;ghFk;. ,NjMz;by; ngz;fs;
fUTw;W 12thuq;fSf;Fs; fUf;fiyg;Gr;
nra;tijr; rl;luPjpahf mq;fPfupf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;if Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
mg;NghJ fUf;fiyg;Gr; nra;tJ
jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhf ,Ue;jJ.
fUf;fiyg;igr; rl;luPjpahf;Ftjw;F
1977y; ,lk;ngw;w rHt[d thf;nfLg;G
Njhy;tpaile;jJ. kuGtop fj;Njhypf;f
Mz; rhHr%fk;
>,jid vjpHj;J thf;fspj;jNj
,jw;Ff; fhuzk;. 1971y; rk\;b murpdhy;
ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fupik mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;bUe;jNghJk;
khepy muRfshy;
,J mq;fPfupf;fg;gltpy;iy. 1978y;
Rtpw;rHyhe;jpd; 26tJ khepykhf cUthf;fg;gl;l
Jura khepyNk Kjd;Kjypy;
ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fupikia
mq;fPfupj;jJ. ,jw;Fg;gpd;dUk;
KOkhepyq;fSk; ,jid mq;fPfupf;f
NkYk; 12Mz;Lfs; ngz;fs; Nghuhl
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. 1990y; filrpkhepykhf
Appenzell- Innerhoden khepyk; ngz;fspd;
thf;Fupikia mq;fPfupj;jJ.
giw-2002-Nk
Mz;-ngz; rkcupikia mq;fPfupf;Fk;
murpay;mikg;gj; jpUj;jk; 1981k;
Mz;L rHt[d thf;nfLg;gpd;%yk;
kf;fshy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jidmLj;J rk\;bg; Nguit
vdg;gLk; VO cWg;gpdHfisf;nfhz;l
Rtp]; mikr;ruitf;F Kjd;Kjyhf
xUngz; Ntl;ghsH Nghl;bapl;lhH.
vdpDk; Lilian Uchten Hagen vd;w
me;jg;ngz; ntw;wpngwtpy;iy.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; 200 cWg;gpdHfisf;
nfhz;l Njrpa rigapYk;> 46 cWg;gpdHfisf;
nfhz;l khepyq;fs; rigapYk;
Mz;fs; mWjpg;ngUk;ghd;ik
apidf; nfhz;bUe;jikapdhy; ,tiuj;
Njhy;tpAwr;nra;jdH. 1983y; ,lk; ngw;w
,r;rk;gtj;jpw;fhfg; ghuhSkd;wk;
ngz;fspd; fLikahd tpkHrdq;fisAk;
fz;ldq;fisAk; vjpHNehf;fpaJ.
,e;jepiyapy; 1984y; Rtp];
mikr;ruitapd; Kjy; ngz; mikr;ruhf
Elisabeth Kopp ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy;
njupTnra;ag;gl;lhH.
rk\;b murpay; mikg;gpy; ngz;f-
Sf;fhd gpurtf;fhg;GWjp gw;wp 1945y;
Fwpg;gplg;gl; Ls;s NghJk; ,Jtiu
me;j ,yf;F milag;gltpy;iy. 1984y;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jha;khH ghJfhg;G
Kd;nkhopTk;> 1987y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l
gpurtf;fhg;GWjp Kd;nkhopTk; rHt-
[dthf;nfLg;gpy; Njhy;tpaile;jd.
1998y; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l
,e;j Kd;nkhopT kf;fs;Kd;
rHt[dthf;nfLg;gpw;F tplg;gl;lNghJ
epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. Rtpw;rHyhe;jpd;
ngz;fs; cupikfSf;fhd Nghuhl;l
tuyhw;wpy; 1991k;Mz;L xU jpUg;G
Kidahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. A+d;khjk;
14k;jpfjp mzpjpuz;l ,yl;rf; fzf;fhd
ngz;fs; khngUk; Ntiy epWj;jj;ijAk;>
MHg;ghl;lg; NguzpiaAk;
39

elhj;jpdH. ngz;fSf;Fr; rkcupik
toq;Ftjw;fhd rfy eltbf;iffisAk;
Jupjg;gLj;j Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;Fs;
Mzhjpf;f Rtp];murpaiyj;
js;sptpLtjhf ,g;Nghuhl;lk;
mike;jJ.
,j;jidf;Fk; kj;jpapYk; 1993y;
,lk;ngw;w epfo;nthd;W murpay;
mehfupfkhf mike;jJ. mikr;ruitf;fhd
ngz; Ntl;ghsuhfg;
Nghl;bapl;l Christiane Brunner
murpaYf;F mg;ghy; tpkHrpf;fg;gl;lhH.
mtH mikr;ruhtijj; jLg;gjw;F
tyJ rhupfSk;> kuGthjpfSk;
mehfupfg;gpur;rhuq;fspy;
mofw;w gw;fisf;nfhz;ltH vd;Wk;
$l kpfTk; murpay; tq;FNuhj;Jj;jdkhd
gpur;rhuq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd.
,e;jepiyapy; mikr;ruitapy;
xUngz; ,lk;ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy;
ngz;fs; mikg;Gf;fs; cWjpahfg;
Nghuhbajdhy; mtUf;Fg;gjpyhf
kw;nwhU ngz;zhd Ruth Dreifuss Ij;
njupTnra;tjpy; ngz;fs; ntw;wpaile;jdH.
Rtp]; mikr;ruitapy;
,lk;ngw;w ,uz;lhtJ ngz;zhd
,tH gpurtf; fhg;GWjpf;fhff; fle;j
20tUlq;fshfg; Nghuhb tUfpd;w
NghJk; rHt[d thf;nfLg;G vd;w
MAjj;jpdhy; me;j ,yf;F Mz;fshy;
jLf;fg;gl;Nl tUfpd;wJ. ,d;W Rtp];
mikr;ruitapy; ,U ngz;fSk;( 7:2 )
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 34 ngz;fSk; ( 246:34)
,lk;ngWfpd;wdH.
1996y; Mz;-ngz; rkcupikia
mq;fPfupf;Fk; rk\;br;rl;lk; eil-
Kiwf;F te;jJ. ,J ngz;fSf;F
vjpuhd Gwf;fzpg;igj; jilnra;jJld;
rkkhd njhopiyr;nra;Ak; >,Ughyh-
40
Uf;Fk; rk rk;gsj;ijAk; typAWj;jpaJ.
mz;ikapy; ntspahd Ma;nthd;W
Rtp]py; gy rl;lVw;ghLfSf;F kj;jpapYk;
Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk;
,ilapyhd rk;gs NtWghL
mjpfkhdJ vdj; njuptpj;Js;sJ.
2000khk; Mz;by; Mz; xUtiu
tplTk;> ngz;xUtH ruhrupahf 21.3
tPjkhd rk;gsj;ijf; Fiwthfg;
ngw;wpUg;gjhf ,e;j Ma;T njuptpf;fpd;wJ.
XU Rtp]; Mz; 5600 Rtp];
gpuhq;Ffis khjr;ruhrupr; rk;gskhff;
nfhz;bUe;jNghJ> xU Rtp];g;ngz;
4406 Rtp]; gpuhq;FfisNa
ngw;Ws;sdH.
caHnjhopy; Kjy; rhjhuz njhopy;
tiu NtWgl;l mstpy; ,e;jg;
Gwf;fzpg;Gk;> rkj;Jtkpd;ikAk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
2000khk; Mz;by; 42.8 tPjkhd
ngz;fs; 3000 Rtp];gpuhq;FfSf;Ff;
FiwthdJk; 68.1 tPjkhdngz;fs; 4000
Rtp];gpuhq;FfSf;Fk; FiwthdJkhd
giw-2002-Nk

k;gsj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gjhf mt;tha;tpy;
njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy;
vk;ikg; ghjpf;Fk; ,d;ndhU tplak;
Rtp];ngz; xUtUf;Fk;> ntspehl;Lg;
ngz; xUtUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd rk;gs
NtWghlhFk;.
ntspehl;ltHfs;> cs;ehl;ltHfis
tplTk; 15tPjk; Fiwthd rk;gsj;ij
mNj Ntiyf;fhfg; ngWfpd;wdH.
,jd;gb ngz;fs; xU re;jHg;gj;jpy;
Mz;fSf;Ff; FiwthfTk;> kw;nwhU
re;jHg;gj;jpy; cs;ehl;ltHfistplf;
FiwthfTk; rk;gsk; ngWfpd;wepiy
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ ntspehl;Lg;
ngz;fs; rk;gstplaj;jpy; ,U
jlitfs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;L> ,U
jlitfs; rkrk;gs cupik kWg;Gf;F
cs;shfpd;wdH.
Rtp]py; ,lk;ngWk; 60tPjkhd
rk;gs NtWghl;bw;F mg;gl;lkhd
Gwf;fzpg;Ng fhuzk; vd ,e;jMa;T
Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sJ.
,yq;ifg;ngz;fs;
Rtpw;rHyhe;ijg; nghWj;jkl;by;
,yq;ifg; ngz;fspd; eyd;fisr;
rpwg;ghfg; Ngzf;$ba tifapy;
,yq;ifg;ngz;fs; mikg;G vJTk;
,Jtiu ,y;iy. jdpg;gl;l tifapy;
kpff;fzprkhd msT ,yq;ifg;
ngz;fs; nghJthd mikg;Gf;fspy;
nraw;gLfpd;wdH. ,J$l Rtp]py;
thOk; kw;iwaehLfspd; ngz;fspd;
gq;fspg;Gld; xg;gpLk;NghJ kpfTk;
FiwthdjhFk;. Mrpa> Mgpupf;f>
yj;jPd;mnkupf;f ehLfSf;fhd
ngz;fs; mikg;nghd;W Rtp]py;
nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. %d;whk;kz;ly
ehLfisr; NrHe;j ngz;fs; ,q;FvjpH
Nehf;Fk; gpur;ridfSf;Ff; Fuy;
nfhLf;f ,e;j mikg;G NkYk;
gyg;gLj;jg;glNtz;ba xd;whf
cs;sJ. vdpDk; ,yq;ifg; ngz;fs;
jkJ jdpj;Jtkhd gpur;ridfs; rhHe;J
jdpahd mikg;nghd;iw Vw;gLj;j
Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd; fl;lha Njitahf
cs;sJ. ,e;j mikg;G kw;iwa>
gpuhe;jpa> Njrpa> rHtNjrpag; ngz;fs;
mikg;Gf;fSlDk; njhlHGfisg;
Ngzf;$bajhff; fl;b vOg;gg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
,yq;ifg; ngz;fspd; fle;j 20
Mz;Lfhy Rtp]; Gyk;ngaH tho;tpy;
ngz;fs; cupikf;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;
vjpYk; vkJ ngz;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
gq;fspg;G vjidAk; toq;ftpy;iy.
khwhf kw;iwa ngz;fspd;
Nghuhl;lq;fspdhy; fpilj;j
>cupikfis mDgtpg;gtHfshf
cs;Nshk;. ,e;jepiy khw;wg;gl;Lg;
ngz;Zupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gq;fhspfshfTk;
,yq;ifg;ngz;fs;
khwNtz;Lk;. ,yq;ifg;ngz;fs;
nghJthfg; ngz;fs; vd;w mbg;gilapy;
vjpHNehf;Fk; cupik kWg;Gf;fSf;F
vjpuhfTk; mNjNtis ntspehl;Lg;ngz;fs;
vd;w tpN\l cupikkWg;gpw;F
vjpuhfTk; Nghuhl Ntz;bAs;sJ.
ez;gHfNs! Gyk;ngaH jkpoHfs; vjpHNehf;Ffpd;w rkfhy vjpHfhy rpf;fy;fs;
Fwpj;J mt;tt; ehl;L mDgtq;fspypUe;J vOjg;gLk; fl;Liufis "giw"
tuNtw;fpwJ.
gilg;Gf;fs; gilg;ghspfspd; fUj;Jf;fisNa Kd;itf;fpd;wd. A & B
xd;wpaj;jpDilaJ my;y.
M.H
giw-2002-Nk
41

42
ePz;l
neLe;Jhug; gazk;
fisj;j kdpjh;fs;
,th;fSld; vy;yhk;
ehDk; xUtdha;
gazk;
nra;jpUf;fpd;Nwd; -
,e;j
me;epa kz;zpy;
,Uf;iffs; ahTk;
epug;gg;gl;L
Jtz;l epiyapy;
rpyh;
epd;W te;jhYk; $l
fUg;gd;
- ,uh. RjhrPyd; -
Nehh;Nt
vd;dUfpy;
,Uf;Fk;
,Uf;ifkl;Lk;
jdpj;J ntwpj;J
fhj;jpUf;Fk;-vd;
epwj;jpd; ngUik
Ngrpa tz;zk;...
Vnddpy;
,th;fspd;
mfuhjpapy;
ve;jd;
epwj;jpw;F-eufk;
vd;W nghUshk;.
giw-2002-Nk

jkpo; K];yPk; cwTfs;
(tlf;F fpof;F jkpo; K];yPk;
,df;fytuq;fspd; mfg;ghL)
[dhg;
vk;.I.vk;.nkh`pjPd;
giw-2002-Nk
nfh
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vd;W ek;GfpNwhk;.
-M.H
tlf;F fpof;F khfhfzq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;; xU
tpNrl mk;rk; jkpo; fpuhkq;fSk;> K];yPk; fpuhkq;fSk;
xU njhluhf ,y;yhJ xd;Wld; xd;W fye;J
fhzg;gLtjhFk;. K];yPk;fs; cupik nfhz;Ls;s
tptrha epyq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit jkpoHfspd;
fpuhkq;fis mLj;Nj fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Fbrdg;ngUf;fk; fhuzkhf FbapUg;Gf;fhzp epyk;
NghjhjpUg;gJk;; tp];jupg;Gf;;fhd ,lk; ,y;yhjpUg;gJk;>
fpof;F khfhz K];yPk;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; xU ghupa
gpur;ridahFk;. epyg;gw;whf;Fiwg; gpur;rid
43

jPtpukile;jikahy; jq;fsJ
gFjpfSk; tpahgpg;Gf;F
cl;gLj;jg;glyhk; my;yJ
Mf;fukpf;fg;glyhk; vd;w mr;rk; ,U
r%fq;fSf;fpilNaAk; re;Njfj;ijAk;
neUf;fbiaAk; mjpfupf;fr;
nra;jpUe;jJ. ,J Fwpj;j r%fg;>
nghUshjhu epiyik fhuzkhf ,U
r%fq;fSf;FkpilNa Gjpa
tpjpKiwfs; Njhd;wyhapd.
,t;tpjpfSk;>; fl;Lg;ghLfSk; gy
Ehw;whz;Lfhykhf xw;Wikahf tho;e;J
te;j ,U r%fq;fSk; jw;NghJ jkJ
jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; ,dj;Jt
cupikfisAk; gpuj;jpNafkhfg; Ngzp
ghJfhf;f Kide;J epw;gijj; njl;lj;
njspthf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
tlf;F fpof;F khfhz K];yPk;fsJ
Ke;jpa jiyKiwfspd; njhopy;
ngUk;ghYk; tptrhakhf ,Ue;jJld;
rpwpjsT kPd;gpbAlDk;
tpahghuj;JlDk; njhlu;GilajhfNt
,Ue;jJ. ,ytr fy;tpKiwapdJk;
ney;Yf;fhd cj;juthj
tpiyj;jpl;ljpdJk; mwpKfq;fspd;
gpd;dH fpof;F khfhz K];ypk;fsJ
fy;tp epiyikiAk; nghUshjhu
epiyAk; fzprkhd msT Kd;Ndw;wk;;
fz;ld. K];yPk;fSf;fspilNa
gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;ljhupfs;> eLj;ju
mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfs;; lhf;lHfs;>
nghwpapayhsHfs;> fzf;fhsHfs;>
r l ; l t y ; Y d H f s ; >
njhopy;El;gtpayhsHfs; vd;Nghupd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jJ. Fwpg;ghf
MrpupaHfs; njhif ,yq;ifapd;
Vida K];yPk; gFjpfis tpl
ntFthf mjpfupj;j tpfpjj;jpy; fpof;F
khfhz K];yPk; kf;fspilNa
fhzg;gLtijg; ;Gs;sp tpguq;fs;
44
fhl;Lfpd;wd. RUf;fkhfr;
nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; jw;NghJ
K];yPk;fSf;fhd Gj;jp[Ptpj;Jtk;
fpof;F khfhzj;jpw;F ,lk; ngaHe;J
khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sjhff; $wyhk;.
tlf;F khfhzj;jpYk; fpof;F
khfhzj;jpYk; jkpoHfSk;
K];yPk;fSk; mikjpAlDk;;
rkhjhdj;JlDk; xj;jpzq;fp
tho;fpd;wdH vd;W gutyhff; $wg;gLk;
fUj;Jf;F Kuzhd tifapy;; fle;j
miu Ehw;whz;Lfhykhf Fwp;g;ghf 1948
,y; ,y;q;if Rje;jpukile;j gpd;dH
jkpoHfspilNa K];yPk;fs; gw;wpa
vjpu;g;GzHTk; gifikAk; $Ljyhf
tsHe;J te;Js;sJ. K];yPk;
,isQHfs; ;fy;tpapy; Kd;NdwpaJld;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk;>
njhopEl;gfy;YhupfspYk;> caHfy;tp
gapypjypYk; jkpo; ,isQHfSld;
Nghl;b Nghl;L tUfpd;wdH. jkpo;
,isQHfs; Ntiyaw;wpUe;j
re;jHg;gj;jpy; K];yPk; ,isQHfs;
murJiwapYk; jdpahH JiwapYk;
$Ljyhf Ntiytha;g;Gf;fisf; ngw;W
Kd;NdWfpd;wdH. K];yPk; jiytHfs;
ehl;Lg;gpuptpidf; Nfhupf;iffs;
vtw;wpw;Fk; mDruizahf ,y;yhjpUe;j
fhuzj;jpd; gydhf K];yPk;fs;
Ml;rpapypUf;Fk; murhq;fq;fspd;
ey;nyz;zj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;j Ntisapy;
jkf;nfd jdpahd jkpo;

jkpoHfSk; K];yPk;fSk; Gtpapay;
uPjpahf mUfUNf tho;tjhYk;>
nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy; xUtupy;
xUtH jq;fpapUg;gjhYk; gy
re;jHg;gq;fspy; kpfTk; mw;gkhd
tplaq;fspy; $l gpzf;Ffs; Vw;gl;L
te;jpUf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf jkpo;
gFjpfis fle;J jq;fs; tay;fSf;F
nry;Yk; K];yPk;fs; Jd;GWj;jg;gLjy;>
thfdq;fs; flj;jg;gLjy;>
K];yPk;fSf;Fupa ney;> fhy;eilfisf;
nfhs;isapLjy; Nghd;w rk;gtq;fNs
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jkpo;> K];yPk; ,dg;;
gpur;ridia NkYk; Nkhrkilar;
nra;jd.
,yq;ifapy; 1983 Mk; Mz;L ,lk;
ngw;w ,df;fytuj;jpd; gpd;dH
tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; jkpoHfs;
K];yPk;fs; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s
vjpu;g;GzHTfisAk; ntWg;igAk;
ntspg;gilahf fhl;l Kw;gl;lijAk;
fhzf; $bajha; ,Uf;fpwJ. K];yPk;fs;>
jkpoHfSila epyq;fis
mgfupg;gtHfs;> jkpo; njhopyhsHfisr;
Ruz;LgtHfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;>
giw-2002-Nk
njhopy; El;gfy;Yhupfspy; jq;fs;
tha;g;Gf;fis ,y;yhkyhf;FgtHfs;
vdg; gfpuq;fkhfj; J}rpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
epu;thf uPjpapy; jkpoHfsJ
cs;Suhl;rp vy;iyf;Fs; mike;j
K];yPk; fpuhkq;fSf;Fg; nghJ trjpfs;
kWf;fg;gl;ld. K];yPk; gFjpfspypUe;J
jkpo;Nghuhspfshy; Jg;ghf;fp Kidapy;
fg;gk; mwtplg;gl;L eiffs;
nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;ld. thfdq;fs;>
tptrha cgfuzq;fs; vd;gd
mgfupf;fg;gl;ld.
,j;jifa rk;gtq;fs; epk;kjpaw;w
epiyikia K];yPk;fspilNa
Njhw;Wtpj;jJld; jkpoHfsJ jdpehl;Lf;
Nfhupf;ifia rhj;jpakhf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;
mtHfSld; murpay; nghUshjhu
mjpfhuq;fspy;;; ePjp epahag;gb gfpu;e;J
nfhs;sf; $ba rhj;jpak; Vw;glg;
Nghtjpy;iy vd;w czu;Tk;
K];yPk;fspilNa tYg; ngwj;
njhlq;fpd.
1985 Mk; Mz;bd; Muk;g
fhyg;gFjpapy; Nghuhspfspd; mjpfupj;j
45

eltbf;iffSld; jkpoHfs;
K];yPk;fs; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j
vjpu;g;GzHTk; NkYk; cf;fpukhd
khw;wq;fisg; ngw;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf
jkpo; ,af;fj;jtHfs; mr;RWj;jpg; gzk;
gwpj;jy;> Jg;ghf;fp Kidapyhd
Ml;flj;jy;> gyhj;fhuk; Nghd;w
nray;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf guthyhf ,lk;
ngw;wyhapd. ,t;thwhd epiyikfis
jzpg;gjw;Fk; MAjk; Ve;jp K];yPfs;;
jkpoHfSf;F vjpuhf Nghuhl Kw;glhj
rhj;tPf topfspy; gyjug;gl;l jw;fhg;G
Kaw;rpfspy; fy;Kid>
fhj;jhd;Fb> Vwht+H> Xl;lkhtb>
thior;Nrid> %JhH> fpz;zpah Mfpa
,lq;fSf;Fk; Ntfkhfg; gutpaJ.
MAjk; jhq;fpatHfshy; gy
Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhd K];yPk;fs; nfhiy
nra;a;g;gl;ldH. K];yPk;fspdJk;
jkpoHfspdJk; gy Nfhb &gha;fs;
ngWkjpahd nrhj;Jf;fs; vupf;fg;gl;L
mopf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j 1985 Vg;uy;
fytuq;fspd;; NghJjhd; fpof;F
khfhzj;jpy; Kjy; jlitahf
jkpoHfSk; K];yPk; fSk; ,d uPjpahf
xUtNuhL xUtH kpf Nkhrkhf Nkhjpf;
nfhz;ldH.
1985 Mk; Mz;L mf;NuhgH 28 Mk;
jpfjp %Jhupy; fyPgh fyPy; vd;Dk;
K];yPk; ,isQH jdJ tPl;bypUe;J
jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy; flj;jg;gl;L
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;L kpd;fk;gj;jpy;
fl;lg;gl;lhH. ,jd; fhuzkhf 34 jkpo;
tPLfs; cilf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo;jug;G
Mj;jpuk; nfhz;L %d;W
K];yPk;fisAk; nfhd;W 324
tPLfisAk; cilj;jdH 25 filfSk;
vupf;fg;gl;ld.
1988 khHr; 6 Mk; jpfjp fhj;jhd;Fb
efurig Kd;dhs; jiytH my;`h[;
m`kl;nyg;Ng nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. 1990
Mk; Mz;L gs;spapy; njhOJ
giw-2002-Nk

nfhz;bUf;ifapy; 106 K];yPk;fs;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH. mNj thuj;jpy;
kf;fh `[; ahj;jpiu Kbj;Jtpl;L tPL
jpUk;gpa `h[pfs; cl;gl 86
K];yPk;fSk; fSthQ;rpFbapy;
flj;jg;gl;L gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH.
,uz;L thuq;fSf;F gpd;dH
Vwht+upy; rj;jhk; `_ird; fpuhkk; jkpo;
MAjthjpfspdhy; jhf;fg;glL 1000f;F
$Ljyhd K];yPk; Mz;> ngz;>
Foe;ijfs; nfh^ukhf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.
1989 etk;gH Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpduhy;
fhiujPtpy; 24 K];yPk; nghyp] ;upNrt;
cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; gLnfhiy
nra;ag;gl;ldH.
1985 Mz;L Nkkhjk; jkpo; K];yPk;
fytuk; Vw;gl;L Vwf;Fiwa xU
khjj;jpd; gpd; %Jhupy; jkpoHfSf;F
vjpuhf ,yq;if ,uhZtj;jpduhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ghupa jhf;Fjypd;
tpisthf jkpoHfs; ntFthfg;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,e;j rpf;fyhd
fhyfl;lj;jy; jkpoHfSf;F cjtpf;fuk;
ePl;batHfs; K];yPk;fNs. MapDk;
K];yPk;fspdhy; fhl;lg;gl;l ,e;j gupT
jkpoH MAj mikg;Gf;fspd; Nghf;fpy;
K]yPk;fisg; nghWj;jkl;by; ve;jtpj
khw;wj;jikAk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.
jkpo; MAjthjpfs; %JhH K];yPk;
cjtp murhq;f mjpgH[dhg; `gPg;
K`k;kij 1997 nrg;nuk;gH 3Mk; jpfjp
gLnfhiy nra;jdH. ,r; rk;gtj;jpw;fhd
vjpHg;ig jkJ vjpu;g;ig fpof;F
khfhzj;jpy; thOk; midj;J
K];yPk;fSk; gfpuq;fkhfNt
ntspg;gLj;jpdH. ,e;j mEjhg
ntspg;gLj;jypdhy; Mj;jpuKw;w jkpo;
MAjthjpfs; 1987 nrg;nuk;gH 10 Mk;
jpfjp fy;Kidapy; K];yPk;fSf;F
nrhe;jkhd filfs;> tPLfs;
giw-2002-Nk
vd;gtw;iwf; nfhs;isabj;J vupj;jdH.
,e;j jhf;Fjy;fs; eilngWk; NghJ
,e;jpa mikjpfhf;Fk; gilAk;
mq;fpUe;jJ. jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy;
mopf;fg;gl;l K];yPk;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fs;
RkhH 6 NfhbNa 70 ,yl;rk;.
1987 Mk; Mz;L xf;NuhgH khjk; 12
Mk; jpfjp %Jhupy; MAjNke;jpa
gpuptpidthjpfspdhy; K];yPk;fs; kPJ
ghupa jhf;Fjy; xd;W
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,j; jhf;Fjypd;
NghJ ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk;
gilapdUk; mq;fpUe;jdH. ,j;jhf;Fjypdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l %JhupypUe;J
ntspNa Mapuf;fzf;fhd K];yPk;
mfjpfspd; guhkupg;G Ntiyfspy;
Jupjkhf 000
K];yPk;fs; mfjpfshf fpof;F
khfhzj;jpypUe;J jg;gp Xb Xl;lkh tl
kj;jpa efukhd nghyd;dWitapy;
47

jQ;rk; GFe;jdH.
1987 Mk; Mz;L brk;gH khjk; 30
Mk; jpfjp 30> 000 K];yPk;fisf;
nfhz;l kl;lf;fsg;gpy; kpfg; gpujhd
K];yPk; efukhd fhj;jhd;Fb
MAjNke;jpatHfspdhy; jhf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j nfh^u jhf;Fjypd; NghJ 60
K];yPk;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. 200f;F
Nkw;gl;NlhH Jg;ghf;fpr;
#l;Lf;fhaq;fSf;Fs;shfpdH. 20 Nfhb
ngWkjpf;Fk; ;$Ljyhd nrhj;Jf;fs;
nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;Lk; vupf;fg;gLk;
ehrk; nra;ag;gl;ld. ,t;tdHj;jq;fs;
ahTk; ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk; gilapdH
,q;F epiy nfhz;bUe;j NghNj
eilngw;wd. ,uz;Nl ,uz;L ehl;fs;
jhf;Fjy; eilngw;w NghjpYk;
fhj;jhd;Fb kPjhd Kw;Wif 1988
[dtupapypUe;J rfy Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fSk;
jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy;
jilnra;ag;gl;ld.
1992 xf;Nuhgh; khjk; jkpo;Gypfs;
nghyd;eWit khtl;lj;jpy; mf;gHGuk;>
m`kl;Guk;> gs;spanfhly;y Mfpa
fpuhkq;fisj; jhf;fp 200 f;Fk; $Ljyhd
K];yPk;fis gLnfhiy nra;jdH.
1990 Mk; Mz;L xf;NuhgH khjk;
ahUNk vjpu;ghuhj tifapy; rLjpahf
tlkhfhzk K];yPk; fpuhkq;fspy; jkpo;
Gypfs; xyp ngUf;fp %yk; K];ypk;fs;
jkJ tPLfisAk; cilikfisAk;
tpl;Ltpl;L 48 kzpj;jpahyq;fSf;Fs;
ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; mg;gb
ntspNawhtpl;lhy; nfhy;yg;gLthHfs;
vd;W mwptpj;jdH. ,t;twptpj;jy;
vUf;fyk;gpl;bapy; xf;NuhgH 24 Mk;
jpfjpAk; tplj;jy; jPT Krypg; gFjpfspy;
xf;NuhgH 25 Mk; jpfjpAk; aho;g;ghz
efupy; 29Mk; jpfjpAk; mwptpf;fg;gllJ.
,jidj; njhlu;eJ K];yPk;fspd;
48
eiffisAk; ngWkjpahd
nghUl;fisAk; jkpo; Gypfs;
mgfupj;jdH. vjpu;j;j K]yPk;fis jkpo;
MAjthjpfs; kpf Nkhrkhfj; jhf;fp
jz;bj;jdH. tlkhfhz K];yPk;fs;
epu;f;fjpahd epiyapy; FLk;gk;
FLk;gkhf nrhy;nyhzhj; Jauhj;NjhL
100f;F Nkw;gl;l K];yPk; fpuhkq;fspypUe;J
jkpoHfshy; tpul;babf;fg;gl;ldH.
1990Mk; Mz;L xf;NuhgH
khjk; 28 Mk; jpfjpapypUe;J ntspNawp
31 Mk; jpfjpf;F Kd;dH tlkhfhz
vy;iyiaf; fle;jdH. kd;dhH
khtl;lj;ir; NrHe;j vUf;fyk;gpl;b>
jhuhGuk;> GJf;FbapUg;G> kd;dhH
Nrhdfj;njU> fupry; Mfpa fpuhkq;fis
tpl;L xf;NuhgH 28> 31 Mk;
jpfjpfSf;fpilapy; ntspNawp fly;
khHf;fkhf fw;gpl;bia mile;jhHfs;.
kd;dhH tplj;jy; jPT kf;fs; xf;NuhgH
27> 31 Mk; jpfjpfspy; ntspNawp
xf;NuhgH 30 Mk; jpfjp jkpo;
Majthjpfspdhy; thfdq;fspy; Vw;wp
te;J tplg;gl;ldH. ,tHfSk; tTdpah>
Ky;iyj;jPT K]yPk;fSk; ,Nj
fhyj;jpy; kjthr;rpia mile;jdH.
1990 Mk; Mz;L etk;gH khjk;
Kjyhk; jpfjp jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy;
elhj;jg;gl;l ,d Rj;jpfupg;G
eltbf;ifapdhy; tlkhfhzkhdJ
Kw;Wk; K];yPk;fsw;w gpuNjrkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
,g;ngUk; Jauj;ijAk; ,og;igAk;
jkpo; kf;fSila tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk;
K];yPk;fs; kPJ Rkj;jpAs;sJ. ,tw;wpy;
,Ue;J tlf;F fpof;F K];yPk; kf;fs;
jq;fis ghJfhj;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba
murpay; NjitiaAk; czu;eJ
tpl;lhHfs;.
giw-2002-Nk

mjpfhud; xU gf;fk;
Mste;jhd; kj;jg;gf;fk;
nfhs;spf;fl;l nuz;L gf;fk;
rpj;jpuhk;G+r;rp ehD
rPte;jg;Gk; top ve;jg; gf;fk;
fUthL fha ntf;f
flf;fiuf;F Nghd kfd;
kaz;ilf;f te;JNfl;lh
thg;ghz;L nry;yp
Mu ehd; fhl;Ltd;>
vd;dj;j ehd; nry;Ytd;
kTj;jhd fj nry;Ytdh
topnay;yhk; fhu Ks;Sf;Fj;j
mlk;gd; nfhb jphpr;R
fl;bapOj;Jg; Nghd fj
nry;Ytdh
xg;ghhp ntr;rp ehd; nfhswp
kz;zs;sp
rh%iyf;nfwpQ;rhYk;
nfhz;LNghd mtu kWfzpahU
nfhz;L tUth
laH Nghl;L crpNuhl
gj;j ntr;rhNuh
mtNuhl kLt mtNu ntl;b
crpNuhl nghjr;rhNuh
vd;dj;j ehd; nry;Ytd;
cLk;G khjphpNa xU Jtf;F
Cj;jg; gr;ir cLg;Gk;
uhTy te;jtU
Mnuz;L ehd; mwpay;iyNa
G+jk; te;J thg;ght
Gbr;rpj;Jg; nghapj;njz;L
fj ehd; nrd;dh
G+jj;Njhl rPTd; fhy; fl;l
ntuy;y
giw-2002-Nk
,hpf;nfz;L nry;yp
G+jj;ijf; nfhz;L thg;ght
kWfzp Cl;l nfhz;L
tUtnkz;L
tPuf;fj nry;YNk vz;l Gs;s
Mz;lhUf;F me;jg; gf;fk;
Ngha;
Mz;ltdhhpl;l ehd;
nfhswp nkhwapLtd;
GOj;J eP mopQ;R Nghtha;
kz;%l;ilf;fq;fhy
,hpf;fitaNy
kdnkd;d cq;fSf;F
kz;zhq;fl;bahyah
nrQ;rphpf;fp
fws;fk;gp fpopr;rp rhfKjy;
vz;l Gs;sf;fp xs;sk;
fz;zpy
thg;ght fhl;bUq;f...
-rf;futHj;jp
-rf;futHj;jp
49

xl;Lnkhj;j r%f mf;fiwapypUe;Jk;
J}f;fpnawpag;gl;Ls;s kiyaf jypj;Jfs;.
(nrd;idapy; 'jkpopdp
2000" khehl;by;
thrpf;fg;gl;l
fl;Liuapd; rhuhk;rk;)
vd;.rutzd;
50
,d;iwa Kjyhspj;Jt r%f cUthf;fj;jpd;
ettbtq;fs; (cyff; fpuhkq;fs; my;yJ Information
Highway Nghd;w nrhw;wlHfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;)
vj;jidjhd; murpay;> nghUspay;> gz;ghl;L hPjpahd
khw;wq;fisf; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;LtUfpd;w NghJk; cyfpd;
,df;FOkq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd cwTfs;> neUf;fq;fs;
(my;yJ eyd;fs;) vd;gd NkYk; JUtkakhfpf; nfhz;L
NghFk; epiyikAk;> mjpfhuj;Jtk;> mrkj;Jtk; vd;gd
NkYk; ,WFk; epiyikAk; mjpfhpj;J tUk; fhyfl;lj;jpy;
ehk; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;.
,d;W jkpopdp 2000 Fwpj;J $bapUf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,yq;if
kiyafj; jkpoHfspd; cs;slf;fhj xU xU "jkpo; ,dp...."ia
ehk; fw;gid nra;a KbahJ vd;gij ehk;
xg;Gf;nfhs;Nthk;.. me;jsTf;F ehk; ,e;j epfo;Tg; Nghf;fpy;
jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; tPupakpf;f rf;jpahf tsHe;J tpl;Nlhk;.
kiyafj; jkpoHfspy; mlf;fg;gLk; rhjpa r%fj;jpd;
vz;zpf;if hPjpahf mjpfstpy; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w mNjNeuk;
mtH jk;ik xU Njrkhf> kiyafj; jkpo;j; Njrkhf jk;ik
cUthf;fpf; nfhz;LKs;shHfs;.
ty;yhjpf;f rf;jpfs; ,e;j Afj;ij jfty; njhopy;El;g
Afkhf gpufldg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,jd; mbg;gil Nehf;fNk
cyif jdJ eyDf;fhf> Mjpf;f rpj;jhe;jkag;gLj;JtJ jhd;.
Gjpa cyf xOq;Ff;F Vida FiwtpUj;jp Njrq;fisAk;
jftikf;FkhW epHg;ge;jpf;fpd;wd. Mjpf;f rpj;jhe;j
fUj;Njw;wk; nra;J cyif jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Ltu
Kay;fpd;wd. ,jw;fhf> mit jpl;lkpl;Nl gy;NtW
jpl;lq;fis epfo;r;rpepuy;fisAk; gd;Kf jsq;fspy; kpfTk;
El;gj;Jld; nraw;gl;L tUtij> mjd; tpisTfis ehk;
czHe;Js;Nshk; vd;why; mJ kpifapy;iy.
giw-2002-Nk

vdpDk;> ,e;j epiyapypUe;J jhd;
Mjpf;f cyf xOq;Fkag;gLtjpypUe;J
mlf;fg;gLk; Njrq;fshf cs;s ehk;
mtHfspd; epfo;r;rp epuypypUe;J
njhlq;fhJ mit Fwpj;j Njly;> Ghpjy;
epiyfspypUe;J vkf;NfAhpa epfo;r;rp
epuiy ehNk ekf;NfAhpa ekJ Njitfspd;
mbg;gilapypUe;J jahhpj;J Mf
Ntz;bAs;sJ. jfty; njhopy;El;g Afk;
vd mtHfs; Kd;itj;Js;s mtHfsJ
jpl;lj;jpy; ekf;F VJk; chpikfs; cz;lh
,y;iyah vd Muha;tjpy; ekJ
fhyj;ijAk;> tsq;fisAk; nrytpLtJ
$l mtHfsJ nghwpf;Fs; ehk; fhiyf;
nfhz;LNgha; itg;gjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
vdNt jhd; ,e;j fUj;jhf;fq;fis
epuhfhpg;Nghk;. vkJ nrhe;jj; NjitfspypUe;Jk;>
eyd;fspypUe;Jk; ,e;epfo;r;rp
epuy;fs; mikag;ngWtJk; vkJ gd;Kfj;
jd;ikfisAk; NkYk; tsg;gLj;Jtjhf
gyg;gLj;Jtjhf mit miktJk; kpfTk;
,d;wpaikajjhFk;.
VyNt vkJ epfo;r;rp epuiyAk;> jpir
topiaAk; jPHkhdpf;fpd;w ghj;jpuj;ij vkJ
Njrj;jpdJk; r%fq;fspdJk;
MSq;FOkq;fs; cyf ty;yhjpf;f
rf;jpfSf;F jhiuthHj;J nfhLj;jhfp
tpl;ld. vdNt ,d;W ekf;F vkJ
,iwik> vd;W $Wtjw;F xd;Wk;
,y;yhfptpl;lJ. tpUk;gpNah tpUk;ghkNyh
vkJ ,iwik vkJ iffspy; ,y;iy vd;w
ajhHj;jk; vk;kidtiuANk
mOj;Jfpd;wJ. vkJ ,iwik ntsp
ty;yhjpf;f rf;jpfsplk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ
vd;gij gy;NtW Neuq;fspy; czHe;jhYk;
mJ mNefkhf xU #f;Fkj; jd;ikiaAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzq;fspy;
xd;whf> vkJ ,iwik vkf;F ntspapy;
,Ue;J fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtjhf
mikfpd;wJ. vkJ ,iwik ntspahuhy;
jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.;
,e;epiyia khw;wpaikf;f> gy;NtW
Njrq;fspy; gy;NtW jsq;fspy; mlf;fg;-
giw-2002-Nk
gl;l kf;fs; jkJ tpLjiyf;fhfTk;> Ra
,Ug;Gf;fhfTk; ,iwikf;fhfTk; Nghuhbf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,e;j epiyapy; Mjpf;f
cyfpw;nfjpuhd mlf;fg;gl;l cyfpd; nghJ
epfo;Tg; Nghf;fhAs;s Njrq;fspd;
tpLjiy> Ra milahsk;> ,iwik
vd;gd ,e;j E}w;whz;bd; gpujhd
Nghf;fhfTk; cyif khw;wpaikf;fg;
NghFk; fhuzpfshfTk; vOr;rp
ngw;WtUfpd;wJ. vkf;fhd epfo;r;rp epuiyj;
jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;bapUg;gjd;
Kd;epge;jidahf ,e;j mbg;gilfisg;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;. me;j mbg;gilapy;>
gu];gu ciualhy;fs; kw;Wk; khw;wq;fs;
Clhf> vkf;fhd epfo;r;rp epuiy ehNk
jahhpg;Nghk;.
,e;j epiyikfspypUe;J kiyafj;
Njrj;jpd; gpur;rpidia mZFNthk;.
mNdfkhd Njrq;fspy; mj;Njrj;jpd;
,af;fg; Nghf;if milahsg;gLj;JgtHfshf
,Ug;gtHfs; mj;Njrpa r%fj;jpd;
mjpfhuk; gilj;j fy;tpfw;w jug;gpdguhtH.
vdpDk; kiyafj; jkpo;j; Njrj;jpd;
r%fg; gz;igg; ghHg;Nghkhf ,Ue;jhy;>
,q;F mbg;gilahdJ clYiog;gpy;
,e;j tpjj;jpy;> kiyafj; jkpoH
vd;w milahsj;jpd; gpujhd gz;igj;
jPHkhdpf;Fk; rf;jpahfTk; ,j;njhopyhsHfs;
mikfpd;wdH vd;gNjhL mJNt>
gpujhdkhd milahskhfTk; mike;J
tpLfpd;wJ.
mNj Nghy; rhjpa mbg;gilapy;
kiyafj; jkpo;j;Njrj;ij mZFNthkhapd;
Njrj;jpd; 81 rjtPjj;jpdH
jypj;JfshtH. ,J kiyafj; Njrj;ij
jypj; Njrkhf milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
51

mt;thNw ciof;Fk; kf;fshy; milahsg;gLj;jg;gLk;
kiyafj; Njrj;jpd;
miuthrp;Fk; mjpfkhNdhH ngz;fshtH.
mt;tifapy; kiyafj; Njrj;jpd;
milahskhdJ ciof;Fk;> tHf;f>
jypj;jpa kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; Neub
gq;Nfw;gpd; cUthf;fj;jpyhdjhfTs;sJ.
kiyafj; Njrj;jpd; ,g;gz;ghdJ> Njr
cUthf;fq;fspy;> kpfTk; mG+Htkhd
epfo;Tfspy; xd;Nw vdf; $wyhk;.
,t;thwhd gz;igf; nfhz;l kiyafj;
Njrk; mbg;giltrjpfs; kWf;fg;gl;l
ngUk; Ruz;lYf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;L te;j
mNj Neuk;> fle;j E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gg;
gFjpapypUe;Nj Nghpdthjj;jpd;
mlf;FKiwia vjpHnfhz;L tUfpwJ.
,yqifapd; Nghpdthj tuyhw;wpy;
Fwpg;ghf fhydpj;Jt fhyg;gFjpapy;
kiyaf kf;fSf;F vjpuhfj; jhd;
Nghpdthjk; Kjypy; fl;ltpo;j;J
tplg;gLfpwJ. xg;gPl;lstpy;> gytPdkhf
,Ue;j xU r%fj;jpd; kPJ jdJ Ngupdthj
mlf;FKiwfis fl;ltpo;j;J tpl;L gy
"gupNrhjid"fis Nkw;nfhz;lJ vd;why;
mJ kpifahfhJ. mJ eilKiwahapDk;
rhp> rpj;jhe;jkhf ,Ue;jhYk; rhp. ,jDila
gyhgyd;fis vkJ Njrk; ,d;Wk;
njhlHr;rpahf mDgtpj;J tUfpd;wJ.
gpu[hThpikg; gwpg;G> fl;lhakhf ehL
flj;jg;gly;> mbg;gil chpik gwpg;G vd
xU Njrk; ve;jsTf;nfy;yhk; mlf;F-
Kiwf;Fs;shf KbANkh me;jsT mlf;-
FKiwfis kiyafj; Njrk; vjpHnfhz;L
tUfpwJ.
,jd; kWGwk; ntspAyfpw;F VNjh xU
mbikf; $l;lk; Nghynjd;gLk; ,k;kf;fs;
r%fk; jdJ xt;nthU fhyfl;l
chpikfSf;fhfTk; njhlHr;rpahf Nghuhb
tUfpwJ. Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ kiyaf
Njrj;jpd; tho;Tld; gpize;j xd;whf
cs;sJ. NghHf;FzKk; MSikAk;
nfhz;l xU gphptpdNu kiyafj;
52
jkpoHfs;. ,tHfsJ thf;FupikfisAk;
gpuh[hTupikfisAk; gwpf;f Ntz;basTf;F
rpq;fsg; Ngupdhjk; ,Ue;jJ
vd;why; mtHfspd; NghHf;Fzhk;rj;ij
mtHfspd; gyj;ijAk; ePq;fs; ,q;F
fw;gid gz;zpg; ghUq;fs;.
vdpDk; jk;ik Vida r%fq;fSf;F
epfuhf tsHj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;;fhd tha;g;Gfs;
kWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; epiyapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk;
jk;ikg; gw;wp ntspAyFf;F mwptpf;f
jfty;fis ghpkhwpf;nfhs;sf; $l Kbahj
epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;shHfs;. ,d;iwa
cyfpd;> mJTk; etPd njhopy;El;gj;
jfty; gupkhw;w cyfpy;> jk;ik ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F Kd;dhd gy;NtW
fl;lq;fisj; jhz;Ltjw;Nf mtHfs;
Nghuhbahf Ntz;bAs;sJ.
gpw rpWtH ghlrhiyfspypUe;Nj
mtHfSf;F ,d;W rpq;fsk; kl;Lk;
Cl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tUl NghHr;nryTf;F
khj;jpuk; gy Mapuk; Nfhbfs; xJf;fg;gLk;
mNj Neuk; mq;F tUlf; fzf;fhf
&gha;f;fhd $yp caHTf;fhf gy ehs;
gl;bdp fple;J Nghuhl Ntz;ba epiy.
100 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nky; goiktha;e;j
mNjrpwpa fhk;guhf;fspy; jhd; ,d;dKk;
tho;fpd;wdH.
kiyaf kf;fs; jkf;fhf jhNk
Nghuhbf;nfhs;thHfs;. Mdhy; jkpo; NgRk;
xl;Lnkhj;j kf;fs; r%fj;jpd; jhHkPfkhd
MjuTfs; xj;Jiog;Gfs; vd;dthf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gijNa ,q;F Nfs;tp
vOg;g tpUk;GfpNwd;.
jkf;F maypy; rfNjrnkhd;W rpq;fs
muRf;nfjpuhf Nghuhb tUk; Ntis
gu];guk; ,e;j ,U r%fq;fSf;fpilyhd
cwTfs;> kw;Wk; vjpHnfhs;Sk; mlf;Fkiw
fhuzkhf xd;iwxd;W ClWf;fpd;w
ghjpf;fpd;w Nghf;FfisAk; ehk; ,q;F
Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
kiyaf kf;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fs; mt-
Hfspd; md;whl tho;tpay; gpur;rpidfs;
giw-2002-Nk

Fwpj;J gjpthtJ vd;gJ Fjpiuf;
nfhk;ghfj;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,d;W ,yq;ifapy;
ntsptUk; xU rpy gj;jphpifapd;
thapyhff; fpilf;fpd;w nra;jpfisj; jtpu
NtW topapy; kiyafj; Njrj;jpd;
gpur;rpidfs; ntsptUtjpy;iy.
,yq;iff;F ntspapy; nrhy;yNt
Ntz;lhk;. ,e;j khehl;Lf;F ,yq;iff;F
ntspapypUe;J te;jpUf;Fk; cq;fspy;
vj;jid NgUf;F etghrpr tbtnkLj;jpUf;fpw
rpq;fsg; Nghpdthjk;> mtHfis fLikahf
Ruz;b nfhOf;Fk; tHj;jf r%fj;jpdH
mtHfspd; gpur;rpidfis ntWk; jkJ
gpiog;G murpayhf;fp tUk; murpay; rf;jpfs;>
rhjpaf; fl;likg;ig epiyepWj;Jtjpy;
Nghl;bapl;L tUk; Mjpf;f rhjpf; FOkq;fs;
kw;Wk; Nghpdthjkag;gl;Ls;s rpq;fs
rptpy; r%fj;jtHfshy; vjpHnfhz;LtUk;
td;Kiwfs; vd vj;jid vj;jidNah
nfhLikfs; jpde;NjhWk; elf;Fifapy;
mtHfSf;fhf NghuhLtijNah my;yJ
jhHkPf Mjuitj;jhd; juNtz;lhk;.
mtHfspd; gpur;rpidfis ntspAyFf;F
nfhzHtjpy; vkJ gq;fspg;G vd;d?
,e;j irgH ];Ng]; vd;W ehk; $Wfpd;w
ntl;lntspf;Fs; rfy nfhLf;fs;
thq;fy;fisAk; nra;J ,d;W xU ngUk;
khehl;ilNa elj;JfpNwhk;. ngUk;ghYk;
,jw;fhd epHthf Vw;ghLfs;> Ngr;rhsHf-
Sldhd cwTfs; kw;Wk; epjp xOq;Ffs;
vd rfyJNk jfty;njhopy;El;gj;jpd;
thapyhf Nkw;nfhz;L ntw;wpfukhf
elj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. ehis ,t;thwhd
khehnlhd;iw f];lg;gl;L xd;W
$b elj;jTk; Ntz;bNaw;glhj me;js-
Tf;F NtW tbtq;fspy; ek;ik jfty;
njhopy;El;gk; ,Wf ,izj;Jtplf;$Lk;.
Mdhy; ,d;W kpd;rhuk; trjpfisf;
$l milahky;> fy;tphPjpapy; tsHr;rp-
giw-2002-Nk
aila tplhky;> ntWk; &gha;fSf;fhd
rk;gs caHTf;fhf Nghuhbf;nfhz;bUf;-
Fk; kiyaf kf;fs; Fwpj;J ve;jtpj
tpguq;fisAk; cyfk; mwpahj tz;z-
Ks;sd. ,d;W tha;g;Gfs; $l kiyaf kf;f-
Sf;F ,y;iy. rf Njrj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfspd;
gpur;rpidfis ntspf;nfhzHfpd;w
Nghf;if
kiyafj; Njrj;jpd; gpur;rpidapy;
nfhz;Ls;s gpuf;iQahy; my;yntd;Nw
$wyhk;. jkpofj;ij ikakhff;nfhz;Lk;>
rpq;fg;G+H> kNyrpah kw;Wk; NtW Gfypl
ehLfspypUe;Jkhf gy ,izaj;jsq;fs;
$l mjpfhpj;jtz;zKs;sd. Mdhy;
,jpy; vj;jidJ}uk; kiyafj;jtH gw;wpa
Fiwe;jgl;rk; mtyq;fs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs;>
Nfhhpf;iffs;> $l gjpthfpd;wd.
epr;rakhf kiyafj;jtH gw;wpa vkJ
mf;fiwapd;ikAk;> mrl;iliaAk; ehk;
xg;Gf;nfhz;lhf Ntz;Lk;.
tlf;F fpof;Ff;F ntspapy; Vwj;jho
12 yl;rj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jkpoHfs; tho;fpwhHfs;.
fhydpj;Jt rf;jpfshy; ,tHfs;
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l NghJ ngUk;ghYk;
mlf;fg;gl;l rhjpag;gphptpdNu mjpfsT
,yq;iff;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;b-
Ue;jdH.
53

kiyafj; Njrj;ij xU jypj;
NjrkhfTk; Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,yq;ifapy;
epyTfpd;w %d;Wtpj rhjpaf; fl;likg;Gfshd
tlf;F fpof;F> kiyaf> rpq;fs
rhjpaikg;Gfspd; jd;ikia ,q;F
Nehf;FtJ mtrpak;. nghJthf rhjpa
mjpfhuj;Jt gbepiy epunyhOq;F
jiyfPo; $k;Gtbtj;jpy; Mjpf;f rhjp
NkYk;> mlf;fg;gLk; rhjpfs; fPOkhf
fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sij ehkwpNthk;.
,e;jpa rhjpa fl;likg;ig mg;gbNa
nfhz;Ls;s Mdhy; gpuhkziu Mjpf;f
rhjpahf nfhs;shj rhjpaikg;igf;
nfhz;lJkhd kiyaf rhjpaikg;gpy;
msT hPjpahf jypj;Jfs; ngUk;ghd;ikapduhfTk;
Mjpf;f rhjpfs; rpWghd;ikapduhfTk;
cs;sdH. mjhtJ jiyfPo;
$k;G tbtkhf NkNy jypj;JfSk; fPNo
caHj;jg;gl;l rhjpapdUk; msT hPjpapy;
,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. Mdhy; ,yq;ifapy;
rpq;fs rhjpaikg;Gk;> tlf;F fpof;F
rhjpaikg;Gk; msT hPjpapy; caHj;jg;gl;l
rhjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfkhfTk;
mlf;fg;gLk; rhjpfspd; vz;zpf;if
mstpy; Fiwe;jjhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. tlf;F
fpof;fpy; Mjpf;f rhjpahd nts;shsH
rdj;njhifapy; 50 tPj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhf
,Ug;gijg; Nghy> rpq;fs rhjpaikg;gpYk;
50 tPjj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhf nts;shUf;F
xg;ghd rpq;fs Mjpf;f rhjpahd nfhtpfk
rhjpapdH 50 tPjj;Jf;Fk; mjpfKs;sdH.
cssdH. nghJthfNt ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
fhydpj;Jt rf;jpfshy; NtWehLfSf;F
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
mlf;fg;gLk; rhjpfisr; NrHe;jtHfshjyhy;>
mtHfs; ,d;wstpYk; thOk;
ehLfspy; nghpa vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;l
mlf;fg;gLk; rhjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;stHfshfNt
cs;sdH. vdNt jhd; kiyaf
kf;fis ehq;fs; jypj;jpa r%fg; ghHitia
tpl;Ltpl;lghHf;f Kbahj fl;lhaj;jpy;
,Uf;fpNwhk;.
54
kiyaf r%f mikg;gpy; ,Uf;fpd;w
Fiwe;jsT vz;zpf;ifiaNa cila
cah;j;jg;gl;l (Mjpf;fr;) rhjpapdH>- Nkyhjpf;fk;
nrYj;Jfpd;w murpay;> nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; Vida Mjpf;f gz;GfisAk;>
tsq;fisAk; tha;g;GfisAk; nfhz;b-
Uf;fpwdH. ,tHfs; ehSf;Fehs; epWtdkag;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdH.,e;jpahitg;
Nghy Neubahd jPz;lhikf;
nfhLik ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; Vida
midj;J rhjpf; nfhLikfSf;Fk;
cs;shtJk;> Mjpf;f rhjpfs; NkYk; jkJ
mjpfhuj;Jt eyd;fSf;fhf epWtdkag;gLtJkhd
Nghf;F mjpfhpj;JtUfpwJ.
NkYk; giwaH kw;Wk; mUe;jjpaH Mfpa
rhjpfisr; NrHe;jtHfs; E}whz;Lfshf
mNj epiyikapy; ,Uj;jg;gl;Ls;sik
Nghd;w epiyikia ehq;fs; fUj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,d;iwa rhjpa fl;likg;ig
gioa mjd; tbtj;ijg; Nghyg;
ghHf;f KbahJ. mJ ,d;W etPd r%f
cUthf;fq;fspd; gz;Gfis cs;Eioj;j
Gjpa mjw;Nfw;f rhjpa tbtq;fs;
GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhz;l NtWtbtq;fisj;
jhq;fpa xd;iwNa ehk; fhzyhk;.
vg;gb rpq;fsj; Njr mur fl;likg;G
jkpoHfspd; gpur;rpid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;stpy;iyNah>
rpq;fsj; Njr mur fl;likg;G
kw;Wk; jkpoPo Nghuhl;l rf;jpfs; ,uz;LNk
kiyafj; jkpoHfspd; gpur;rpidia rhpahf
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;stpy;iyNah. ,e;j %d;W
murpay; rf;jpfSk; tlf;F fpof;Ff;Fk;>
kiyafj;jpw;Fk; ntspapy; jkpoHfspd;
gpur;rpidia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
tlf;F fpof;F kw;Wk; kiyafg; gFjpapy;
thOk; jkpoHfs; xUtifapy; Gtpapay;
hPjpapyhd milahsq;fisAk; mjw;fhd
Nfhhpf;iffisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;.
Mdhy; ,it ,uz;bw;Fk; ntspapy;
thOk; jkpoHfSf;F ve;j tpj murpaw;
jiyikNah my;yJ nghJthd
Nfhhpf;ifiaNah nfhz;buhj epiyik
ePbj;J tUfpwJ. ve;j murpaw; rf;jpfspd;
giw-2002-Nk

gpd;dhYk; Nghff; $ba jd;ikiaAk;> rpy
gFjpfspy; rpq;fs kakhf;fg;gl;L
tUtijAk; fhzKbAk;. nghJthf
tlf;F fpof;Ff;F ntspapy; thOk; ,e;jpa
tk;rhtopapdiuAk; NrHj;J nkhj;jkhf
kiyafj; Njrj;jtHfs; vd;Nw miof;fg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. ,e;j milahs
tiuaiwfspy; rpy rpf;fy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w
NghJk; ,q;F xl;Lnkhj;j gpur;rpidapd;
ftdf; Ftpg;Gf;fhf ,g;gjj;ijNa ehDk;
,q;F ifahs;fpNwd;.
,tHfspy; mUe;jjpaHfs; ehlshtpa
hPjpapy; efu Rj;jpj; njhopyhsHfshf efu
Rj;jp FbapUg;Gfspy; tho;e;J tUfpwhHfs;.
,tHfspy; tl kj;jpa> tl Nkw;F kw;Wk;
njw;Fg; gFjpapy; rpq;fstHfshfNt
khwptpl;l Nghf;ifAk; khwptUk;
Nghf;ifAk; fhzKbAk;.
rhjpahy; xLf;fg;gl;ltHfshfTk;>
$ypAaHTf;fhfg; NghuhLk; ciof;Fk;
tHf;fj;jpdiuf; nfhz;l ngUk; njhopw;
gilahfTk;> ehl;bd; nkhj;j tUkhdj;jpy;
ngUksit ngw;Wj;jUk; tHf;fkhfTk;> et
ghrpr tbnkLj;JtUk; rpq;fsg; Nghpdthjj;Jf;Fk;>
Nghpdthjkag;gLj;jg;gl;L
giw-2002-Nk
tUk; rpq;fs rptpy; r%fj;jpd; td;Kiwfis
Neubahf mDgtpj;JtUk;
$l;lkhfTk; ,tHfs; cs;sdH. 150
tUlq;fSf;F NkyhfpAk; ,d;dKk;
FbAhpik mw;wtHfshfTk;> murpay;
mdhijfshf xU $l;lk;
,Uf;fpwnjd;why; mJ kiyafj;
Njrj;jtHfs; jhd;.
,jpy; mtjhdpf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa
Gs;spfspy; xd;W vd;dntd;why;> ,tHfs;
gw;wpa vJTk; ntspj;njhpahj Gwepiyikfs;
,aq;Ffpd;wd vd;gNj!
,d;W jkpoHfSf;fhd gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd
,izaj;jsq;fs; Ftpe;J
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,d;W Mq;fpyk;
%ykhf ,izaj;jpD}lhfg; gug;gg;gLk;
Gidag;gl;l fUj;Jfs;> jfty;fs;>
fijahly;fSf;F jkpoHfs; KOtJkhf
Ml;gLtjw;F Kd;dk; jkpoHfs; ,e;j
jfty; njhopy;El;gj;ij ,yFthf
mile;Jtpl;lhHfs; jhd;. Mdhy; ,e;j
jfty; vd;w tplaj;jpy; jfty; njhopy;
El;gk; kPsTk; ahUf;F ve;j rf;jpfSf;F>
ve;j fUj;jhf;fq;fSf;F Nrit nra;fpd;wd
vd;gJ Fwpj;J ehk; mf;fiwaw;W ,Uf;f
KbahJ. jfty; njhopy;El;g E}w;whz;L
,J vd;W $wg;gLk; epiyapy; jfty;f-
Sf;F tWik ngUksT ,Uf;fhJ vd;fpw
ek;gpf;if Muk;gj;jpy; vdf;F ,Ue;jJ.
Mdhy; mJ jtnwd ehd; czHe;Njd;.
jfty;fs; Ftpe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Mdhy;
mit Mjpf;f fUj;Njw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ljhf
,Uf;Fk; vd;W ek;gpNdd;. Mdhy;
jfty;fSf;Nf ve;jsT gQ;rkpUg;gij
,g;NghJ xg;Gf;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ
,d;iwa ngUk;Nghf;F vJ vd;gij
jPHkhdpf;fpd;w Kf;fpakhd fUtpahf
jfty; njhopy;El;gk; tsHr;rp fz;Ls;sJ.
Mjpf;f rf;jpfs;> jkJ gpw;Nghf;F Mjpf;f
rpj;jhe;jq;fis ngUk;Nghf;fhf epiy
epWj;Jtjpy; ,e;j jfty; njhopy;
El;gj;ijf; nfhz;Ljhd; Jhpjkhf ntw;wp
fz;L tUfpd;wd.
55

,d;W jkpopy; fzpa kw;Wk; ,izaj;
njhopy;El;gq;fs; Fwpj;j cl;fl;likg;G
kw;Wk; nkd;nghUs; gw;wpa mffiwAk;>
Ma;TfSk; jhd; nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. Mdhy; mjd; Gwepiyr;
nraw;ghLfs;> mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf mjd;
murpay; tpisTfs;> Gul;rpfu r%f
khw;wj;Jf;fhd murpay; milTfs; Fwpj;J
ntWk; jdpegHfs; kw;Wk; rpW FO mstpy;
jhd; mf;fiw nfhs;sg;gLfpwNj xopa
mjid jkpoHfspd; murpay; vjpHfhyj;-
NjhL ,izj;J Muhag;gLtij fhz
Kbtjpy;iy.
,j;jifa gpd;dzpapypUe;J kiyaf
kf;fspd; ,d;iwa epiyikfs;
gjpthfhjijAk;> Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,d;W
jkpo;j;Njrg; gpur;rpid rHtNjr mstpy;
fhpridf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpajpy; jfty;
njhopy; El;gj;jpd; gq;if Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,d;W jkpoHfSf;nfjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;LtUk;
,dmopg;G Fwpj;j nra;jpfs;
Ntfkhf cynfq;Fk; nrd;wilfpd;wd.
cyfpd; gykhd ehLfspd; cjtpAlDk;>
xU muirAk; nfhz;bUf;fpw rpq;fsg;
Nghpdthjk; jfty; njhopy;El;g Mw;wy;
tsq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw vjpHnfhs;s
Kbahj msTf;F jLkhwp epiyFiye;J
NghFksTf;F jkpoHfs; jfty; njhopy;
El;gj;ij mile;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. jkpo;j;
Njrg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ,d;iwa tsh;r;rpf;F
jfty; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; gq;F Kf;fpakhdJ.
Mdhy; ,d;wstpYk; jkpo;j;Njrg;
Nghuhl;l rf;jpfshy; my;yJ mtHfsJ
MjuthsHfshy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd
Mapuf;fzf;fhd ,izaj; jsq;fspYk;
kiyaf kf;fs; Fwpj;j ve;jtpj gjpTfSk;
,lk;ngwhjJ kpfTk; ftiyiaj; jUk;
tplak;. rf Njrnkhd;W jkJ vjphpfshNyNa
xLf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUg;gij
fhprid nfhs;shjij ehk; Fwpj;Jf;
nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
56
kiyafj; Njrj;jtHfisg; nghUj;jtiu
mtHfs; VyNt vjpHnfhs;Sk;
mbik tho;f;ifia tpl jkpo;j;Njrg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthd xl;Lnkhj;j
jkpoHfs; kPJk; fl;ltpo;j;J tplg;gl;Ls;s
mur gaq;futhjj;jpw;Fk; gypahfptUk;
Njrkhf kiyafj; Njrk; cs;sij
ftdpj;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ
ek;gpf;ifapoe;J gy tUlq;fshfptpl;lJ.
VyNt ,yq;ifapy; aho; ika thjj;Jf;F
tlf;Ffpof;fpd; Vida gpuNjrq;fisr;
NrHe;jtHfs; khj;jpuky;y tlf;F fpof;Ff;F
ntspapy; thOk; jkpoHfSk; me;j
rpf;fy;fis mDgtpj;J te;jtHfs;.
,yq;ifapy; nraw;gLk; jkpo; njhlHG+lfq;fs;
midj;jpYk; kiyaf kf;fSf;nfjpuhd
ghugl;rq;fs; epyTtij
fhzKbAk;. kiyaf kf;fspd; gpur;rpid
Fwpj;j tplaq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;lhy; mJ
mg;gpur;rpid Fwpj;j gpuf;iQ vd;gij
tpl kiyaf re;ijia ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L
jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
vg;gbNah kiyafj; Njrj;jpd; vjpH
fhyj;ij kw;wtHfsplk; nghWg;ghf;fptpLtJ
my;y ,jd; mHj;jk;. kiyafj;
Njrk; jdf;fhd Nghuhl;l tbtq;fisAk;
vjpHfhyj;ijAk; jhNd tbtikj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.
Mdhy; ftdpg;ghuw;W fplf;Fk;
Nghf;if khw;wpaikg;gjpy; vk;nky;NyhuJ
gq;ifAk;> jhHkPf MjuitANk ,q;F ehk;
NfhuNtz;bAs;sJ. kiyafj; Njrj;jpd;
murpay;> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L
mk;rq;fisf; fzf;fpw;nfLf;fpd;w jkpo;
#oyNa Ntz;bepw;fpNwhk;.
giw-2002-Nk

fyhr;rhuk;> fiy> ,yf;fpak; vd tsHr;rpAw;W Vida
Gyk;ngaH r%fq;fSf;Fkhd topfhl;ly;fis epfo;j;jpAKs;sd vd;gij mwpAk;
NghJ kdJf;F jpUg;jpia jUk; mNj Neuk; Gyk;ngaHe;j r%fk; vjpHNehf;Fk;
gpur;rpidfSk; rpf;fy;fSk; epiwaNt Muhag;gl fye;Jiuahlg;gl
Ntz;bAs;sd. ,e;jtifapy; Asker og Bærum jkpoH xd;wpaj;jpd;
mDruizAld; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s giw thrpf;ff;fpilj;jJ. Kjy; Kof;fNk
kpfr;rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jJ jpUg;jpiaAk; MWjiyAk; je;jJ. Kd; gpd; ml;ilfis
myq;fhpj;Js;s tHzg;glq;fs; Kjy; MrphpaH jiyaq;fk; mt;itapd;
mf;fpdpFQ;rha; capHj;njO n[aghydpd; ftpij vd gyTk; Ritahf ,Ue;jd.
njhg;Gs; nfhb cwtpd; vjpHfhyk; njhlHghd Iaq;fis fhyj;jpd; Njitiaf;
nfhz;L vjpHtUk; fhyq;fspy; giw rpwg;ghfTk; ijhpakhfTk; Koq;Fk; vd;w
ek;gpf;if vdf;Fz;L. Gj;jsj;jpy; rl;lj;juzp njhopy;ghHf;Fk; ehd; khw;W ,yf;fpaq;
fis Njbg;gbg;gjpy; MHtk; nfhz;ltd;. ,e;jtifapy; "giw"apd; Kof;fk;
njhlHe;Jk; vd fhJfspy; xypf;f Kjy;gpujp Kjy; njhlHe;J tUk; gpujpfisAk;
vdf;F mDg;gpitf;FkhW jho;ikAld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwd;
NjhoikAld; NjhoikAld; vk;.vr;.vk;..gTrH vk;.vr;.vk;..gTrH uFkhd;
uFkhd;
Gj;jsk;-,yq;if
Gj;jsk;-,yq;if
giw-2002-Nk
thrfHfsplkpUe;J
ez;gu; xUtuplk; ,Ue;J giw ,jo; ghu;j;Njd;. gy tplaq;fis jhq;fp giw
,jo; te;Js;sJ. kfpo;r;rp. ghuhl;Lfs;. tho;j;Jf;fs;. rpwPyq;fh JNuhfq;fspd; Gfyplk;
ey;ynjhU fl;Liu mNjNghy; ekJ epfo;r;rp epuiyj;jPu;khdpf;Fk; Clfk; kw;Wk;
rKj;jpudpd; vdJ ghu;itapy; uh[pdpapd; fl;Liu. vy;yhk; epiwa tplaq;fis
nrhy;fpd;wd. rKj;jpud; $WtJNghy; Gyk; ngau; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; ngUk;
Mu;g;ghl;lj;Jld; gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpdJjhd; Mdhy; ,d;W mtw;wpd; gugug;G
Xa;e;Jtpl;lJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; jiyKiw khw;wKk; Mf ,;Uf;fyhk;. vd;gJ Vw;ff;
$baNj. ntspehLfSf;F Gyk; ngau;e;jtu;fs; me;je;j ehl;bd; cd;dj ,yf;fpaq;fis
me;j ehLfspd; fiy gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fis jkpopy; ntspf;nfhzuyhk;. ,d;Wk; vkJ
jkpo;nkhop rhu;e;j tplaq;fs; ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz kw;Wk; mwpT rhu;e;j tplaq;fis
ntspehLfSf;F nfhz;L Nghfg;gl;Ls;sd. nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. N[u;;kd;
57

gpuhd;];> nld;khu;f;> Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> xy;yhe;J> gpupl;ld; vd;W ePs;fpd;wd. me;j ehLfspd;
goikahd E}y; epiyaq;fspy; vkJ goikahd Rtbfs; gy cs;sd. mtw;iw vy;yhk;
Muha;e;J ntspg;gLj;jyhk;. rkPgj;jpy; Nau;kdpapy; cs;sij rkPgj;jpy; Nau;kdpapy;
cs;sij fdfrghgjp-rutzgtd; ntupj;jh!; ,jopy; ntspg;gLj;jp cs;shu;. ,NjNghy;
kw;wtu;fSk; nra;jhy; gpuNahrdk; ,Uf;Fk;.
nlhf;lH nlhf;lH uh[Jiu uh[Jiu jHkuh[h jHkuh[h (N[.gp.)
(N[.gp.)
jpUNfhzkiy
jpUNfhzkiy
Ks;epiwe;j ghijfs; jhz;b Rik epiwe;j nghWg;Gf;fs; Rke;J
gj;jhz;Lfisj; njhl;Lf;nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk; Asker og Baerum xd;wpaj;jpd; giw
Kof;fk; xd;W gbj;Njd;. Mrpupah; jiyaq;fj;jpd; cWjpahd Nehf;F ,Wjptiu
filg;gpbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kdpjj;jpw;fhfTk; fUj;J Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfTk;
Fuy;nfhLf;f vj;jzpf;Fk; NghJ vy;yhk; nfhiyeha;fs; cq;fs; Fuy;tiyia
nehpf;Fk;. JNuhfp Kj;jpiu cq;fs; new;wpapy; xl;lg;gLk;. ,tw;iw vy;yhk; Kwpabj;J
Fuy;nfhLf;Fk; Mw;wiy Nrkpj;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;.
tpLjiyg; ghijapy; khw;Wf; fUj;Jiuj;jy; khngUk; Fw;wkhff; fUjg;gl;likahy;jhd;
"khe;jhu thdj;Js;Sk; #upaidj;Njbats;" Mh;g;ghl;lkhd
nfhr;irjdj;Js;Sk; mkpo;e;J Nghf kWj;jts; ms;spnry;yg;gl;L gj;J
Mz;Lfs;. ,tw;wpw;F vy;yhk; epahak; fw;gpg;gjw;F rpy kdpjh;fs;. fUj;ijr;
Rje;jpukhf ciuj;jjhy; gwpf;fg;gl;l caph;gl;bay; kpf ePskhdJ. ,e;jgl;baypy;
jq;fs; ngaUk; te;Jtplf;$lhJ vd;W mQ;rp fUj;Jiuf;fhJ ,Ug;gth;fs;
mNdfH. ghrpr Nehf;F nfhz;lth;fSf;F fpilj;j ngupantw;wp ,J. Nghuhl;l
ntw;wpapd; gpd;G fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf ,d;ndhUKiw ,uj;jk; rpe;j jahuhf
,Uf;fl;Lk; ,th;fs;. xUtpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk; rkfhyj;jpy; ntd;nwLf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba $Wfis kOq;fbj;J kz; tpLjiyia kl;Lk; $h;ikg;gLj;JtJ
JNhufj;jdkhd tpLjiyNghuhl;lkhf mikaKbahJ vd;gNj tuyhW fz;l
cz;ik.
njhlul;Lk; ,itrhu;e;j fUj;Jf;fs;.
Gyk; ngah;kz;zpy; vq;fs; tho;tpay; murpay; rhh;e;j fUj;Jf;fs;Mokhf
Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;bait. fle;j gj;J Mz;Lfspy; Gyk;ngah;e;j ehLfspy; jplkhf
fhy;gjpg;Nghkh! ,y;iy jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLNthkh! vd;W jj;jspj;Jf;nfhz;L
,Ue;jfhyk; Mdhy; ,d;W mNdfkhdth;fs; epue;jutjptpl cupik ngw;wth;fshf
jkf;Fs; Xu;jPh;T te;jth;fshf thoj; jiyg;gLk;NghJ ,th;fs; ve;jtho;f;if
Kiwapy; jk;ik epiyepWj;jp nfhs;fpwhh;fs;! jhafk; rhh;e;j ,th;fs; epiyg;ghL
vd;d! Kjyhk; jiyKiwapdh;f;Fk;. ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwapdh;f;Fk; rhjpak; rPjdk;
fyhr;rhu epfo;Tfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; vt;thW gpujpgypf;fpd;whu;fs;!
jkpo; Clfq;fspd; tpahghuk; ,d;Dk; vj;jidfhyk; rhj;jpakhFk;! ,uz;lhtJ
re;jjpia ,e;j Clfq;fs; fth;fpd;wdth! ,e;j Nfs;tpfSf;nfy;yhk; tpilia
"giw" Koq;fl;Lk;................
rp. rp. utpe;jpud;> utpe;jpud;> Nah;kdp.....
Nah;kdp.....
58
giw-2002-Nk

epidTfs; moptjpy;iy.
aho; Ehyf vhpg;G
"xU
"xU
"xU ,dr;Rj;jpfhpg;ig nra;a Kd; mjd; gz;ghl;Lj;jsj;ij Kjypy; mop" vd;gJ
kpfg; gpugykhd $w;W.
cyfpy; midj;J mlf;FKiwahsHfSk; ,jid jpwk;glr; nra;a Kide;j tuyhW
ekf;F Gjpjpy;iy.
1981 A+d; Kjyhk; jpfjpad;W mJ tiu jkpo;j;Njrj;ij
fl;bnaOg;g khngUk; gq;fspg;ig toq;fpa aho; E}yfk;
rpwpyq;fhtpd; md;iwa N[.MH Ml;rpajpfhuj;jpduhy; vhpj;J
rpd;dhgpd;dkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
mjpypUe;J 90 Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fs; fUfpr; rhk;gyhapd.
,e;E}yfj;ij mikf;fg;gl;ljw;F gpd;dhy; ,Ue;j tuyhW
rHtrjhukhdjy;y.
,yq;ifapd; jkpoHfspd; Rtbfis mopg;gjpy; md;W njhlf;fk;
,d;W tiu midj;J murhq;fq;fSk; Nghl;bapl;L mopj;J
te;Js;sikia fhzyhk;.
,d;W nfhOk;G E}jdrhiy E}yfk;> ,yq;if Njrpa E}yf Nritfs; rig> Njrpa Rtbfs;
$l jpizf;fs E}yfk;. vd;fpw kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd Mtzf;fhg;gfq;fspy; gy tUlq;fs;
goikahd gy jkpo; Mtzq;fs;> Rtbfs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> E}y;fs; gy Fiwe;Jnfhz;Nl
Nghidikf;F gpd;dhy; ,Uf;Fk; jpl;lkpl;l mur eltbf;ifia vt;tsT J}uk; jkpo;
murpay; rf;jpfs; Ghpe;Jnfhz;bUg;ghHfs; vd;W njhpatpy;iy.
jkpo;j; Njrk; jdf;fhd xU Njrj;ij nfhz;bUe;jhy; nrhe;j Njrj;Jf;fhd xU
Mtzf;fhg;gfk;> E}yfk; vd Njhw;Wtpj;jpUf;f KbAk;.
me;j 1981 Nk 31 md;W> md;iwa mikr;rHfshd fhkpdp jprhehaf;f> rpwpy; nkj;jpt;
cs;spl;l gy ghjfHfs; uTbfs; gyUld; te;J aho; E}yfj;ij vhpj;jdH.
xU mofpa khbf;fl;llj;jpy; xsptPrp> tsHe;J cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w> fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;
Nghd;W ,Ue;J> aho;g;ghz kf;fSf;F mwpnthspA+l;b te;j aho;g;ghz nghJrd E}yfk;
vhpf;fg;gl;ljhdJ jkpoHfspd; kPjhd ml;Lopaq;fSs; gpujhdkhdtw;wpy; xd;whf
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,g;NghJ aho; E}yfj;ij Gduikj;J jkJ ,uj;jk; Njha;e;j iffis fOt Kaw;rp
nra;Ak; rpwp yq;fh Ml;rpahsHfSf;F ,J xU fiuNghf;Fk; Kaw;rpahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
Mdhy; ekf;F mJ ekJ ,dr;Rj;jpfhpg;gpd; FwpaPlhfTk;> ,dmopg;gpd; FwpaPlhfTNk
vd;nwd;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.
,e;jj; jfdf; fphpia ,d;DnkhUehs; tuhjpUg;gjhf.
giw-2002-Nk
59

60
ehNlhbfs;
kiyafj;jpypUe;J kpfTk; JzpfukhfTk;>
MNuhf;fpakhd murpay; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Rke;J
ntspte;Jnfhz;bUe;j ehNlhbfs; vq;Nf fhzhky;
NghdJ vd;wpUf;f. mjid ntspapLk; Gjpa
gz;ghl;L mikg;G fle;j khHr; khjk; kf;fs; fyhrhu
tpohtpid `l;ldpy; elhj;jpaJ.
mjid Kd;dpl;L ehNlhbfs; rQ;rpifia kPsTk; nfhzuj;
njhlq;fpAs;sdH. NghuhrpaH.fh.rptj;jk;gp> ij.jduh[;> vd;.rutzd; MfpNahuJ
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Nrfhpf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; thfHfs;> ez;gHfsplk;> cjtpfis NfhUfpd;wdH.
13B, Parkwood Complex, Park Road, NuwaraEliya
Tel-052-34720
rf;jp -27> 28
11
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nfhz;L kiyafg; ngz;fs; Fwpj;j rpwg;gpjohf ntspf;nfhzug;gl;bUg;gJ
,jd; rpwg;G.
Sakthi
Boks 99 Oppsal, 0619 Oslo, Norway.
sakthimagazine@yahoo.no
giw-2002-Nk

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ntsptUk; "rf;jp" ,jopd; MrphpaH jahepjpAk; njhFj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.
Tamil Women's Forum
C/o, SALZ, Waliblingerstr. 59, 70372 Stuttgart, Germany
mir
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,joh khw;Wtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gLtjhf mwpaf;fpilfpwJ.
Ashok Yogan
Assaie, 45 Rue Davy, 75017 Paris, FRANCE
Assaie@hotmail.com
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Editor,
37/05, Vouxuall Lane, Colombo-02, Sri Lanka
3man@sltnet.lk
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EXIL, 27 Rue Jean Moulin, 92400 Courbevoie, France
EXILFR@aol.com
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PARAI
C/o Asker og Baerum Tamilsk Forening
Gamle Lommedalsvei 37
1339 Voyenenga
Norway
parai@parai.no
http//www.parai.no
ISSN 1502-8771
giw-2002-Nk
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