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lg0f{o g+=&(&# g]=sf=k= @)^%
;af] {Rr cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf;
;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L s]bf/k|;fb
lu/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg'k/fh zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=
;Dat\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$–))#%
cfb]z ldltM @)^%.#.@^.%
laifoM– g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg
;d]t;+u jflemPsf sfg"gnfO{
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ sfg"g
lgdf{0f ug{ k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm .
lgj]bsM lhNnf gjnk/f;L uf=la=;= dfs/
j8f g+= $ j:g] lhts'df/L k+u]gL
-Gof}kfg]_ ;d]t
lj?4
lakIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no l;+xb/jf/
;d]t
{ ]
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gftf ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df kmf}hbf/L
d'2fdf ;hfodf sdL x'g] cGoq
sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] gkfObf
nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ st{Jo u/L
df/]df, s'6kL6 u/] ]df nf]Ug]
:jf:gLsf] gftf /x]sf] sf/0fn]
;hfo sdL x'g] Joj:yf 5}g .
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
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hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxndf ePsf]
Joj:yfn] anfTsf/nfO{ h3Go
kmf}hbf/L ck/fw gfdfs/0f u/]sf]
cj:yfdf ck/fwsf] kl/0ffd Pp6}
x'g] ePkl5 ;hfodf a}aflxs
anfTsf/ / u}/j}jflxs jnfTsf/
aLrdf leGgtf ug'{sf]
s'g}
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cf}lrTok"0f{ cfwf/ /x]sf] gb]lvg] .
ck/fw, ck/flws sfo{ u/] jfkt
x'g] ePsf]n] stf{sf] x}l;otsf]
leGgtfn] ;hfodf sdL ug] xf] eg]
;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ u/]sf]
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] jlv{nfk
u/]sf] x'g hfg] .
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s'g} ck/fwdf x'g] ;hfosf] dfqf
ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / kL8s kLl8tsf]
:jf:Yo cj:yf, pd]/ nufotsf
cfwf/df d"n ;hfodf yk x'+b}
hfg]
t/ d"n ;hfo eGbf yk ;hfo
a9L eg] x'g g;Sg] .
� l;4fGttM yk ;hfo eGbf sd d"n
;hfo x'g] x'+b}g,
j? d"n ;hfodf
ck/fwsf] ufDeLo{tf cg';f/ ;hfo
s]lx yk x'+b}
hfg] s'/f xf] . t;y{
yk ;hfo eGbf d"n ;hfo sd
x'g] u/L ePsf] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] # g+= sf] b]xfo ^ sf]
ljjflbt k|fjwfgnfO{ Gofof]lrt /
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] cg's"n
/x]sf] dfGg gldNg] .
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To;nfO{ o; cbfntn] cdfGo /
ab/ 3f]lift ug{ cj:yf ePg .
tyfkL ;+ljwflgs l;4fGt, df}lns
xsdf g} k|xf/ ug{ ck/fwzf:qsf
l;4fGt k|lts"n x'g], ck/fw ug{
lg?T;fxg eGbf k|f]T;fxg lbg]
vfnsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf To:fn] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g /
Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df g} cj/f]w
Nofpg] x'+bf
b08 gLlt lawflosfn]
to ug] laifo xf] egL cbfnt
cfkm\gf] bfloTjaf6 klG5g gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] cg's"n x'g]
u/L yk ;hfo eGbf d"n ;hfo
sdL x'g] u/L ePsf] tyf a}jflxs
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ck/fwsf aLrdf ePsf] lae]bk"0f{
;hfosf] Joj:yfdf ;fdfGh:otf
Nofpg] u/L cfjZos / Gofof]lrt
Joj:yf ug{ tkm{ cfjZos kxn
ug{ egL sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo
Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]tsf gfpFdf
lgb{ ]zgfTds cfb]z x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lgj]bs tkm{jf6Mljåfg clwjQmf >L ;kgf
k|wfg dNn, ld/f 9'+ufgf,
nf]sxl/
j:ofn, 8f=/+lhteQm k|wfgfË /
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c+s ^
ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljåfg gfoj
dxfGofoflwjQmf
kf7s
>L g/]Gb|k|;fb
cjnlDjt ghL/M @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+=
%% / %^ lgj]bs ;kgf k|wfg dNn
lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/, ld/f 9'+ufgf
lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/
cfb]z
Gof=cg"k/fh zdf{M g]kfn cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !,!)&-!_, !)&-@_
cGtu{t bfo/ eO{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pj+ cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5 M–
xfdL lgj]bsx? dWo] d lhts'df/L
k+u]gL -Gof}kfg]sf]_ ljjfx lhNnf gjnk/f;L
uf=lj=;=dfs/ j8f g+= $ j:g] j]bk|;fb
k+u]gL;+u @)%) ;fndf eO{ # 5f]/fx?sf]
hGd ;d]t ePsf] 5 . @)%* ;fn ;Dd
xfd|f] ;DaGw /fd|f] /x]sf] lyof] . To;kl5
eg] lgh kltn] dnfO{ 8/, wfs, wDsL,
s'6lk6 u/L hj/h:tL of}g ;Dks{ /fVg]
dfq xf]Og, lghsf] lnË hj/h:tL r';fpg],
gdfGbf s'6kL6 ug] { h:tf of}g lx+;f ub} {
cfpg' ePsf] / ;+emfp+bf ;d]t Jojxf/df
s'g} kl/jt{g cfPg . ldlt @)^# ;fn
kmfu'g !& ut] /ftL !@ ah] lgh klt
j]bk|;fb k+u]gLn] d]/f] OR5f ljk/Lt of}g
;Dks{ /fVg vf]h]sf]df d}n] OGsf/ ubf{ d]/f]
cfFvf, d'v, :tg h:tf c+udf d'Ssf k|xf/
ug] {, /f+ } tfGg], lnË d'vdf sf]r]/ jLo{ emfg] {
h:tf b'Jo{jxf/ u/L hj/h:tL jnfTsf/
ug'{
eof] . ef]lnkN6 ljxfg ;d]t s'6lk6

u/]sf] x'+bf
dnfO{ c;X\o eO{ ldlt @)^#
kmfu'g @# ut] lh=k|=sf=sf= gjnk/f;Ldf
hfx]/L bvf{:t lbPsL lyP+ . k|x/Lsf]
cg';Gwfg kl5 d'2f sf/jfxL x'+bf
ldlt
@)^#.!@.$ ut] cbfntn] lgh j]bk|;fb
k+u]gL;+u ?= $%)).– w/f}6 dfu u/]sf]df
;f] j'emfpg g;sL y'gfdf g} /x]sf / pQm
/sd j'emfO{ s'g} klg j]nf 5'6]/ cfpg
;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] x'+bf
km]l/ d}n] oftgf
v]Kg' kg] { / hLJfg ;d]t c;'/Iff x'g]
lglZrt 5 . o;n] s] b]lvG5 eg] k|rlnt
sfg"g s;"/bf/nfO{ b08;hfo ug{ ckof{Kt
5, kLl8tnfO{ dfq xf]Og, afnaRrf,
;xof]uL ;fyL ;d] ]tnfO{ To;sf] gsf/fTds
c;/ k/]sf] 5 .
o;/L ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
d]/f] ;dfgtf ;DaGwL df}lns xs, zf]if0f
lj?4sf] xs, oftgf lj?4sf] xs, lx+;fjf6
d'Qm kfpg] xs, of}lgstfsf] xs xgg
ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ cGtu{t
;+j}wflgs pkrf/ lbnfO{ kfp+g of] lgj]bg
lnO{ cfPsf] 5' . xfdL cGo l/6 lgj]bsx?
dlxnf, sfg"g / ljsf; d~rdf cfj4 eO{
dlxnf ju{sf] xslxtdf ;/f]sf/
/fVg],;+/If0f ug] { dlxnf clwsf/sf] jsfnt
ub} { cfPsf sfg"g Joj;foL xf} + . lje]bsf/L
sfg"gsf] sf/0fn] ub{ } dlxnfsf] df}lns xs
xggdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@,!)& cGtu{tsf]
pkrf/ k|fKt ug] { clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 .
k|rlnt d'n'sL P]g, @)@) sf]
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= n] s;}n]
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s/0fL u/]df jf !^ aif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
jflnsfnfO{ lghsf] dGh'/L lnO{ jf glnO{
s/0fL u/]df hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x5{Æ
egL kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . P]hg # g+= n]
hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]df kLl8tsf] pd]/sf]
cfwf/df s;"/bf/nfO{ % aif{b]vL !% aif{
;Dd s}b ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/
nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]df
# dlxgf b]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b ;hfo x'g
;Sg] Joj:yf ckof{Kt / lje]bsf/L /x]sf]
5 . ;dfg kl/eflift s;"/df cf/f]lkt
JolQmnfO{ kLl8t;+usf] gftf, ;fdflhs
;DaGwsf] cfwf/df km/s ;hfosf] Joj:yf
ug'{
kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt tyf
;dfgtfsf] ;d]t ljk/Lt xf] . ljBdfg
hj/h:tL s/0fL ;DaGwL sfg"gn] cfkm\g}
nf]Ug]n] cfkm\g} :jf:gLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL
u/L jnfTsf/ ug{ o:tf] km/s ;hfon]
pTk] |l/t u/]sf] 5 .
of}g ;DaGwdf b'j} kIfsf] ;xdlt
rflxG5 . Ps kIfsf] ;xdlt 5}g eg] ToxfF
lx+;f x'G5 . o:tf] lx+;fnfO{ kmf}hbf/L
sfg"gn] ck/fwsf] ?kdf kl/efiff u/L
kof{Kt ;hfosf] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf]
x'G5 . xfd|f] ljBdfg sfg"gn] dlxnfsf]
of}lgs clwsf/nfO{ gsfb} { clt sd
;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'gfn] cleo"Qm
w/f}6Ldf 5'6\g ;kmn eO{ kLl8t dlxnf
k'gM kLl8t x'g] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 .
:jf:gL aGg] dlxnf dfly of}g zf]if0f ug{
nf]Ug]nfO{ j9jf lbPsf] 5 .
;Ddflgt ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%(.!.!( sf] j}jflxs jnfTsf/ ;DaGwL
d'2fdf ePsf] lgb] {zfgfTds cfb]zsf]
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sfof{Gjog ug{ n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwL
P]g, @)^# n] NofPsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf
e]befjk"0f{ ?kn] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .
ljjflxt dlxnfnfO{ klg s;n] hj/h:tL
s/0fL u¥of] eGg] cfwf/df e]befj u/L
sfg"g lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . h'g Joj:yf
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !# sf]
;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts"n /x]sf] :ki6 5 .
wf/f !# pkwf/f # sf] k|ltjGwfTds
jfSof+zn] dlxnfsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms0f /
ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf
ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf, wf/f @) df dlxnf
ePs} sf/0fn] s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj ul/g]
5}g eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ;d]tsf] k|lts"n
x'g] u/L nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hj/h:tL
s/0fL ubf{ 36L ;hfo x'g] eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf e]befjhGo sfg"g xf] egL eGg'kg] {
x'G5 .
To:t} pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn
kIf ePsf] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;Dk"0f{ e]befj
pGd'ng ug] { dxf;lGw -CEDAW_ !(&(
sf] wf/f !, @, #, $, ^, !% gful/s tyf
/fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
k|lt1fkq !(^^ sf] wf/f !, @, #, %, !&
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/
;DaGwL k|lt1fkq !(^^ sf] wf/f !, @, #,
% dfgj clwsf/sf] laZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq
!($* sf] wf/f !,!@ dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f
pGd"ng ug] { /fi6«;+l3o 3f]if0ffkq, !((#
sf] wf/f @ ;+u :ki6 ?kdf jflemPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (-!_ df
g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] ;lGw aflemPsf]
xb;Dd k|rlnt sfg"g cdfGo x'g] /
667
c+s ^
;lGwsf k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg"g
;/x nfu" x'g] 5 eGg] Joj:yf tyf g]kfn
kIf ePsf] ;lGwx?sf] sfg"g laifos
leogf dxf;lGw !(^( sf] wf/f @^ / @&
n] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx? To;sf kIf /fi6«sf
nflu jfWofTds x'g] / pQ/bfloTjjf6
klG5g gkfpg] eGg] Joj:yf ;d]tjf6
:jf:gL dfly nf]Ug]n] ug] { hj/h:tL
s/0fLdf cGo dlxnfnfO{ ul/g] hj/h:tL
s/0fLeGbf sd b08;hfo tf]Sg] d'n'sL
P]g hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] # g+= sf] b]xfo ^
sf] Joj:yfn] dlxnfsf] ;+j}wflgs xs,
;dfgtfsf] xs, dlxnfsf] k|hgg :jf:Yo
;DaGwL xs, dlxnfsf] of}lgstfsf] xs,
dlxnfsf] lx+;f lj?4sf] xs, zf]if0f
lj?4sf] xs, uf]klgotfsf] xs, oftgf
lj?4sf] xs, cfTd;Ddfgsf] clwsf/,
:jtGqtfsf] xs, n}lËs lje]b lj?4sf]
clwsf/ ;d]tsf] lj?4 ePsf] x'+bf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]zåf/f ;dfg b08;hfo
ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ u/fpgsf] nflu
hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF . ;fy}
k|:t't laifo dlxnf dlxnf jLr e]befj
x'g] u/L lgdf{0f / nfu' ePsf] sfg"g x'+bf
;dfg b08 ;hfosf] sfg"g rfF8f] lgdf{0f
ug'{kg]
{ x'+bf
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ k]zL
k|fyldstf cu|flwsf/df /fvL ;'g'jfO{
ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <
lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg] { xf] < lakIfLx?jf6 lnlvt
hjfkm dufO{ cfPk5L cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]z

ug'{
eGg] ldlt @)^#.!@.!$.$ df ePsf]
cfb]z .
xfd|f] sfg"gn] h'g;'s} k|s[ltsf]
jnfTsf/nfO{ uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fw dfgL
;hfosf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
cfw'lgs kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qn] ;hfonfO{
s]jn ;hfosf] ?kdf dfq geO{ ;'wf/sf]
?kdf ;d]t x]/]sf] kfOG5 . ck/fwsf]
k5fl8 ljleGg k[i7e"ld, sf/0f, ck/fwLsf]
x}l;ot / kl/l:ylt Ps} ge} km/s km/s
x'g] u5{ . ;a}nfO{ Ps} lsl;dsf] ;hfo ug'{
Gofof]lrt klg x'+b}g
. To;}n] ck/fwdf
;+nUg JolQmsf] x}l;ot, cj:yf, 36gf
kl/l:ylt h:tf df}lns tTjx?n]
ljBdfgtf /xg] x'+bf
s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/
Pp6} k|s[ltsf] ck/fwdf ;d]t km/s km/s
;hfo x'g] dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
j}jflxs anfTsf/ / cGo anfTsf/sf]
ck/fw jLr klg :ki6 leGgtfsf] jf]w x'G5
. j}jflxs jnfTsf/sf] c;/ ;dfhdf eGbf
a9L kLl8ts} 3/ kl/jf/, efjL hLjg;+u
uf+l;Psf] x'+bf
kl/0ffd ;dfg ePklg
k|efjsf] b[li6n] cGo anfTsf/ / j}jflxs
jnfTsf/ jLr 7"nf] cGt/ 5 . oxL
oyfy{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L j}jflxs anfTsf/df
sd ck/flws bfloTjsf] Joj:yf
ljwflosfn] u/]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . s:tf]
k|sf/sf] ck/fwdf s:tf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf
ug] { eGg] laifo ljwflosL j'l4dtf leqsf]
laifo klg x'+bf
o;nfO{ lg/k]If ;dfgtfsf]
cjwf/0ffjf6 cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ldNg]
xf]Og . olb dflg;x? jLr km/s ug{
;lsg] ljj]s km/s cfwf/ 5, leGg
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
k|fjwfg ug'{sf]
lglZrt p2]Zo 5, Tof]
p2]Zo cfkm}df Gofof]lrt 5 eg] km/s
Jojxf/ ug] { u/L sfg"g jgfpg ;lsG5 .
o;y{ lgj]bsn] k|Zg p7fpg' ePsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf Gofof]lrt / j}w x'+bf
l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfnosf] tkm{jf6
k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bsn] g]kfn kIf ePsf]
cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwnfO{ cfwf/ lnP klg
;lGwsf] laifonfO{ g} k|ToIf ?kdf clwsf/
:j?k JolQmn] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] xf]Og .
dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] u/]s} 5 .
s'g}klg ck/fwdf ;hfo tf]Sbf s;"/sf]
dfqf cg';f/ tf]Sg' k5{ eGg] kmf}hbf/L
ljlwzf:qLo dfGotf /x]sf] / Ps} lsl;dsf]
ck/fwdf klg pd]/, ck/fw ubf{sf] cj:yf
cflbdf ljrf/ u/L km/s km/s ;hfo
tf]Sg' Gofof]lrt g} x'G5 . To:t} s] s:tf]
laifodf s] s:tf] P]g lgdf{0f jf ;+zf]wg
ug] { eGg] s'/f ljwflosfsf] Psnf}6L
clwsf/ If]qleq kg] { laifo ePsf], To:tf]
laifo o; sfof{non] lgoldt ug] { laifo
xf]Og . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k|ydb[li6df g}
vf/]hefuL x'+bf
vf/]h ul/kfp eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf] tkm{jf6 k]z
ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
d'n'sL P]g hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] #
g+= b]xfo ^ sf] Joj:yfn] nf]Ug]n] :jf:gL
dfly u/]sf] j}jflxs anfTsf/nfO{
ck/fwsf] kl/efiffdf ;d]6L ;hfosf] ;d]t
668

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf
ljjfxnfO{ Ps dof{lbt ;fdflhs
Jojxf/sf] ?kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . To;}n]
sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ ;fdflhs d"No, dfGotf
Pj+ k/Dk/f ;d]tnfO{ larf/ u/L pQm
;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . s'g}
ck/fwdf s] slt ;hfo ug] { eGg] s'/f
/fHosf] gLltut laifo ePsf] / ck/fwdf
;+nUg JolQmsf] cj:yf, k|s[lt, ufDeLo{tfn]
;hfosf] dfqf / kl/0ffdsf] lg?k0f ub{5 .
j}jflxs anfTsf/ ;DaGwL ;hfosf]
ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw
;+emf}tf ljk/Lt ;d]t 5}g . l/6 lgj]bs
ld/f 9'+ufgf
la?4 o; dGqfno ;d]t
ePsf] @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %% df
;Ddflgt ;jf] {Rr cbfntjf6 k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtdf ;d]t ;fdfGo JolQmn] ug] {
hj/h:tL s/0fL / kltn] ug] { hj/h:tL
s/0fLsf] kl/0ffd Ps}gf;sf] gx'g] eGg]
JofVof e};s]sf] cj:yfdf j}jflxs
anfTsf/df x'g] ;hfo / cGo k|s[ltsf]
hj/h:tL s/0fLdf x'g] ;hfodf km/s x'g'
Gofof]lrt g} /x]sf] x'+bf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g Gofo
tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf] tkm{jf6
k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lakIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] lgj]bgkqsf]
s'g} klg k|s/0fx?df o; dGqfnon] ug'{kg]
{
s'g sfd gu/]sf] jf gug'{kg]
{ s'g} sfd
u/]sf] sf/0fjf6 lghsf] df}lns jf
;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft k/]sf]
5 egL v'nfpg ;s]sf] b]lvGg . lgj]bg
669
c+s ^
kqsf] Joxf]/f dgf]ut ePsf] x'+bf
vf/]h
ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf]
tkm{jf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
lgj]bs ljåfg clwjQmfx? ;kgf k|wfg
dNn, dL/f 9'+ufgf,
nf]sxl/ a:ofn tyf
lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt laåfg clwjQmfåo
8f= /lhteQm k|wfgfË / ;u'g >]i7n]
hjh{:tL s/0fL Ps h3Go / uDeL/
kmf}hbf/L ck/fw xf] . nf]Ug]n] :jf:gL pk/
hj{h:tL s/0fL ubf{ cGo JolQmnfO{ eGbf
x'g] ;hfo eGbf Hofb} sd ;hfo x'g]
Joj:yf ug'{sf]
k5fl8sf] af]wuDo cfwf/
5}g . tLg jif{ eGbf sd ;hfo x'g]
ck/fwdf cleo'St w/f}6 jf hdfgt lbO{
k"k{Ifsf] nflu tf/]vdf 5'6\g] x'gfn] lghsf]
k"j{ b'Jo{jxf/ sfod} x'g] eO{ dlxnf pk/
lx+;f x'g] cj:yf /x]sf]n] d'n'sL P]g
hj{h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= sf] b]xfo
-^_ sf] Aoj:yf ;+ljwfg tyf dlxnf lj?4
x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL
dxf;lGw cGtu{tsf k|fjwfgx? ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n x'+bf
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift xf];
egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof]
. k|ToyL{ g]kfn
;/sf/ ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg
gfoa dxfGofolwjQmf g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7sn]
anfTsf/ Ps uDeL/ ck/fw xf] eGg]
s'/fnfO{ ljwflosfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
hxf+;Dd ;hfosf] s'/f xf], ck/flws
36\gfdf ;+nUg x'g] x}l;ot / kl/l:yltdf
ePsf] ljleGgtfsf] cfwf/df km/s x'g

;Sb5 . cfk/flws 36\gfx? ljleGg
vfnsf cj:yfsf JolQmjf6 x'g ;S5g\,
cflv/ kl/0ffd Pp6} k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . t/
To; 36\gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf] x}l;ot,
cj:yf / 36gfsf] kl/l:ylt h:tf
tTjx?n] ;hfosf] dfqfdf km/s kf5{ .
kl/0ffddf ;dfg ePklg k|efjsf b[li6n]
cGo anfTsf/ / a}aflxs anfTsf/ jLr
leGgtf x'+bf
nf]Ug] / c? dflg;n] u/]sf]
j}jflxs anfTsf/df x'g] ;hfosf] leGgtf
ug{ ;lsg] ljj]sk/s cfwf/ 5 . slt
;hfo ug] { eGg] s'/f lawflosfsf] Psnf}6L
If]qflwsf/sf] laifo ePsf]n] lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhdsf] l/6 cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sb}g .
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ eGg] ;d]t ax;
ug{ 'eof] . lgj]bsx?n] ax;gf]6 ;d]t k]z
ug'{ePsf]
5 .
cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf/]v tf]sL
k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6df l/6 lgj]bg tyf
lnlvt hjfkm / b'j} tkm{sf ljåfg sfg"g
Joj;foLx?n] ug'{ePsf]
ax; / k]z ePsf]
ax;gf]6 ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L b]xfosf
k|Zgdf lg0f{o lbg'kg] { b]lvof]M–
-s_ a}aflxs anfTsf/df x'g] u/]sf]
jt{dfg b08sf] Joj:yfnfO{
lje]bk"0f{ dfGg ldNg] xf] xf]Og <
lje]bk"0f{ ;hfo ePsf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] ;hfo ug] { sfg"gnfO{ o;
cbfntjf6 cdfGo ug{ ;lsg] xf],
xf]O{g <
-v_ l/6 lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g ;S5 ;Sb}g <
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
@= klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{ s]lx g]kfn P]g
;+zf]wg ug] { P]g, @)^# n] d'n'sL P]g
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= df
;+zf]wg u/L hjh{:tL s/0fL ug] {nfO{ b]xfo
adf]lhd s}b ;hfo x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v u/L
b]xfodf ;hfosf] Joj:yf ubf{ b]xfo -^_
df o; g+j/df cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] ePtfklg nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{
hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df tLg dlxgf b]lv ^
dlxgf ;Dd s}b x'g] eGg] e]befjk"0f{ / sd
;hfosf] Joj:yf u/L dlxnf lx+;fnfO{
k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] x'+bf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] bkmf !#, @) tyf g]kfn
kIf ePsf] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf
e]befj pGd'ng ug] { dxf;lGw, !(&( sf]
wf/f @,#,^,!% ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt eO{
dlxnfsf] ;dfgtf ;DaGwL xs ;d]tsf]
lj?4 ePsf] x'+bf
;dfg b08 ;hfo ePsf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{
u/fpg' egL
lakIfLx?sf gfpdf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfp+
eGg] l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
lakIfLx?sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf s] s'g
ck/fwdf s] slt ;hfo ug] { eGg] s'/f
/fHosf] gLltut ljifo ePsf] / ck/flws
sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] cj:yf, ck/fwsf] k|s[lt
/ ufDeLo{tf h:tf s'/fn] ;hfosf] dfqf /
kl/df0fsf] lg/f]k0f u5{ . To;}n] a}aflxs
anfTsf/ / cGo anfTsf/sf] ck/fw jLr
:ki6 leGgtf af]w ug{ ;lsG5 . a}aflxs
anfTsf/df ul/Psf] ;hfosf] c;/
;dfhdf eGbf a9L lkl8ts} 3/ kl/jf/ /
670

efjL hLjg;+u ufFl;Psf] x'+bf
kl/0ffddf
;dfg ePklg k|efjsf] b[li6n] cGo
anfTsf/ / j}jflxs jnfTsf/ / aLr 7"nf]
cGt/ x'+bf
o;nfO{ lg/k]If ;dfgtfsf]
cawf/0ffjf6 x]g{ Gofof]lrt x'+b}g,
s'g}
:jf:gL dflg;sf] klt / cGo JolQmn] ug] {
anfTsf/df x'g] ;hfodf km/s ug{ ;lsg]
lglZrt / Gofof]lrt p2]Zo, cfwf/ ;d]t
x'+bf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf]; eGg] lhls/
lnPsf] kfO{G5 .
#= hjh{:tL s/0fL Pp6f
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] kmf}hbf/L ck/fw ePsf]df
ljjfb 5}g . o:tf] ck/fwnfO{ kLl8t
dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, kfl/jfl/s
hLjgdf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kfg] { dfq
xf]O{g, l;+uf] ;dfhdf o;sf] k|efj /xG5 .
To;}n] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwdf sltko
b]zdf cfhGd s}bsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] klg
kfO{G5 . xfdLsxf+ klg of] ck/fwnfO{ Ps
lgs[i6 tyf uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf]
?kdf lnO{ ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
s'g} :jf:gL dflg;sf] nf]Ug]n] afx]s c?n]
u/]sf] hjh{:tL s/0fLnfO{ ck/fw dfGg]
k|rng /x]sf] xfd|f] sfg"gL lawfdf /x]sf]df
o; cbfntn] @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %%,
lgj]bs clwjQmf dL/f 9'+ufgf
lakIfL sfg"g
Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t
ePsf] ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] sfg"g cdfGo
/ ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfp+ egL k/]sf] l/6
lgj]bgdf tTsfnsf] hjh{:tL s/0Lsf] !
g+= df pNn]lvt sGof, ljwjf jf csf{sf]
;wjf :jf:gL dflg;df ;f]x| aif{
d'lgsLnfO{ p;sf] dGh'/L lnO{ jf glnO{
671
c+s ^
h'g;'s} Aoxf]/f;+u s/0fL u/]klg / ;f]x| aif{
gf3]sLsf] /fhLv';L ljgf a]dGh'/Ln] h'g;'s}
t/x;+u ePklg hf]/h'n'd u/L jf 8/wfs
b]vfO{ jf cg'lrt k|efjdf kf/L s/0fL
u/]sf] ;d]t hj{h:tL s/0fL 7x5{ eGg]
Joj:yfn] a}aflxs anfTsf/nfO{ pGd'lQm
lbPsf] gb]lvPsf] eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] -
cfb]z ldlt @)%(.!.!(_ kfO{G5 .
tTkZrft pk/f]Qm hjh{:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] ! g+=df ;+zf]wg eO{ P]=# df
ePsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yfdf ;d]t ;+zf]wg
u/L b]xfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5M–
# g+= .. .. hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]
{nfO{ b]xfo
adf]lhd s}b ;hfo x'g]5 M–
� bz jif{eGbf d'gLsL aflnsf eP
bz b]lv kGw| jif{;Dd ======!
� bz jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L rf}w aif{
eGbf sd pd]/sL aflnsf eP
cf7jif{ b]lv afx| aif{ ;Dd ======@
� rf}w jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;f]x|
aif{eGbf sd pd]/sL aflnsf eP ^
b]lv bz jif{ ;Dd ===== #
� ;f]x| jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L jL; jif{
eGbf sd pd]/sL dlxnf eP kf+r
jif{ b]lv cf7 aif{;Dd ========== $
� aL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L pd]/sL
dlxnf eP kfFr b]lv ;ft aif{
;Dd=========%
� o; g+j/df cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] ePtfklg nf]Ug]n]
:jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df
tLg dlxgf b]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd ==^

$= pk/f]Qm ;+zf]lwt Joj:yfn]
hjh{:tL s/0fL ug] {nfO{ dlxnfsf] pd]/
tyf cj:yf -nf]Ug] :jf:gL _ sf] cfwf/df
tLg dlxgf b]lv kGw|jif{ ;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo
x'g] u/]sf] b]lvof] . kLl8t dlxnfsf] pd]/sf
cfwf/df ;hfo 3l6 a9L x'g] u/]sf]df
ljjfb geO{ kLl8t dlxnfsf] hjh{:tL
s/0fL ug] { JolQm;+usf] gftf ;DaGwsf]
cfwf/df cGodf eGbf sd ;hfo x'g]
u/]sf] Joj:yfsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] af/]df g}
k|:t't ljjfb c8]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?df
ck/fwsf] uDeL/tf cg';f/ b08 ;hfosf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . s;}n] s;}sf]
lgotk"j{s Hofg df/]df ;j{Zj ;Dd
hGds}b ;Ddsf] ;hfo x'G5 eg]
eljtJojz Hofg dg{ k'u]df t'nfgfTds
?kdf sd ;hfo x'g ;Sb5 . s'g}
ck/fwdf s;"/sf] k|s[lt, uDeL/tf, ck/fw
ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt cflbsf] cfwf/df ck/fw
ug] {nfO{ x'g] ;hfodf laleGgtf jf km/s
x'g ;Sb5 . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] # g+=sf]
b]xfosf cj:yf x]bf{ klg gfjflnsfnfO{
hjh{:tL s/0fL ug] { ck/fwnfO{ a9L uDeL/
/ ;+uLg ck/fw dfgL a9L ;hfosf]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/ ck/fw ug] { JolQmsf]
kLl8t;+usf] ] gftf ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df
kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ;hfodf sdL x'g] cGoq
sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{b}g . nf]Ug]n]
:jf:gLnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]df, s'6kL6
u/] ]df nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] gftf /x]sf] sf/0fn]
;hfo sdL x'g] Joj:yf 5}g . hjh{:tL
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
s/0fLsf] dxndf ePsf] Joj:yfn]
anfTsf/nfO{ h3Go kmf}hbf/L ck/fw
gfdfs/0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf ck/fwsf]
kl/0ffd Pp6} x'g] ePkl5 ;hfodf a}aflxs
anfTsf/ / u}/j}jflxs jnfTsf/ aLrdf
leGgtf ug'{sf]
s'g} cf}lrTok"0f{ cffwf/
/x]sf] b]lv+b}g . ck/fw ck/flws sfo{ u/]
jfkt x'g] ePsf]n] stf{sf] x}l;otsf]
leGgtfn] ;hfodf sdL ug] { xf] eg]
;+ljwfgn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf] ;dfgtfsf]
l;4fGtsf] klg jlv{nfk u/]sf] x'g hfG5 .
;fdfGotof klt kTgL aLrdf k| ]d ;b\efj
/xG5, anfTsf/sf] cj:yf /x+b}g eGg]
cg'dfg xf] . t/ l:ylt ;+w} To:tf] /x+b}g,
kTgLnfO{ dgf]/~hgsf] ;fwg, zf]if0f ug] {
dfWodsf] ?kdf lnO{ kTgLsf] a}w OR5f,
:jf:Yosf] cj:yf / cfjZostfsf] ljk/Lt
cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] ;aeGbf ghLssf]
elgPsf] dflg; kltaf6 g} kTgL pk/
anfTsf/sf] c:jefljs / kf;ljs sfo{
ug{ k'Ub5 eg] To:tf] ck/flws sfo{ ug] {
nf]Ug] dflg; pk/ nf]Ug] gftfsf] ePsf]
cfwf/df ;hfodf sdL x'g'kg] { eGg] s'g}
ljlwzf:qLo cfwf/ /x]sf] kfpg ;ls+b}g .
ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwdf kLl8tsf]
rl/q / k]zfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ck/fwLnfO{
sd ;hfo ug] { hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] & g+=
sf] Aoj:yf dlxnf dlxnf aLr c;dfg
ePsf] cfwf/df o; cbfntaf6 cdfGo /
ab/ ePsf] b[i6fGt klg xfdL sxfF 5 -
;Djt @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+=%^, lgj]bs
;kgf k|wfg dNn lakIfL sfg'g Gofo tyf
;+;bLo Aoj:yf dGqfno ;d]t, cfb]z
672

ldlt @)%(.!.!(_ . To;}n] kLl8t
dlxnf;+usf] ck/fw ug] { AolQmsf] gftf
;DaGw, kLl8tsf] k]zf tyf rl/q cflbsf]
cfwf/df kmf}hbf/L ck/fw ug] { AolQmnfO{
;hfodf sdL x'g;Sg] Aoj:yf x'g' dlxnf
dlxnfaLr g} e]befj u/]sf] dflgg] x'G5 .
xfd|f] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g k|0ffnLdf tLgjif{
eGbf sd ;hfo x'g] ck/fwdf cleo'QmnfO{
y'gfdf g/fvL w/f}6 jf hdfgt lnO{
tf/]vdf 5f8L d'2fsf] k"k{If ug{ ;lsg] /
tLg aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;hfo x'g]
ck/fwdf w/f}6 jf h]yf hdfgt c:jLsf/
ug{ jf tf/]vdf /fvL d'2fsf] k"k{If ug{
;Sg] cj:yf klg 5 . j}jflxs anfTsf/df
tLgjif{ eGbf sd ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf]
/ d'2f k/]kl5 5'§} a:g] Judicial
Separation sf] Joj:yf klg gePsf]
;Gbe{df j}jflxs anfTsf/sf] d'2f k/]kl5
y'gfdf g/xg klg ;Sg] cleo'Qm nf]Ug]sf]
k'gM oftgfsf] lzsf/ :jf:gL dflg; x'g
ljjz x'g k'Ug] cj:yfsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ klg
/x]sf] OGsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g .
^= s'g} ck/fwdf x'g] ;hfosf]
dfqf klg ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / kL8s
kLl8tsf] :jf:Yo cj:yf, pd]/ nufotsf
cfwf/df d"n ;hfodf yk x'+b}
hfg] x'G5 .
k6s] rf]/L ug] {nfO{ k6s} lkR5] s]xL ;hfo
yk x'+b}
hfG5 . Pshgf JolQmn] Hofg
df/]sf] eGbf a9L JolQmx?sf] ;d"x eO{
Hofg df/]df Hofg df/] afkt x'g] d"n
;hfodf ;d"xsf] ;+nUgtf ePjfkt yk
;hfo x'G5 . t/ d"n ;hfo eGbf yk
;hfo a9L eg] x'g g;Sg] lalwzf:qLo
673
c+s ^
dfGotf xf] . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #
g+= x]bf{ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fLdf
;hfo x'g] Joj:yf xf] . P]=sf] # s g+=df
dlxnfnfO{ ;fd'lxs ?kdf hjh{:tL s/0fL
ug] { jf ue{jtL, czQm jf ckfË dlxnfnfO{
hjh{:tL s/0fL ug] {nfO{ d"n ;hfodf yk
kf+r jif{ s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
To:t} P]= # v g+=df cfkm"nfO{ dfgj /f]u
k|lt/f]ws Ifdtf gi6 ug] { lhjf0f' -
Pr=cfO{=eL= kf]lhl6e_ sf] /f]u ePsf] yfxf
kfpbf kfp+b} s;}n] hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]sf]
/x]5 eg] To:tf] s;"/bf/nfO{ ykdf klg
yk Ps jif{ s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . P]= $ g+=df hjh{:tL s/0fL ug] {
ePsf] s'/f hfgL hfgL yfxf kfO{ x'n u/L
;+u nflu hfg] ;dfpg] / ;f] sfddf d2t
ug] { dltof/nfO{ hgxL tLg aif{ ;Dd s}b
ug] { / ;f]x| jif{ d'lgsL :jf:gL dflg;sf]
;DaGwdf eg] bf]Aa/ ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5
. pk/f]Qm Joj:yfjf6 s'g} dlxnfnfO{
;fd'lxs jnfTsf/ ug] { jf ue{jtL, c;Qm,
ckfË dlxnfnfO{ jnfTsf/ ug] { jf Pr
=cfO{=eL= kf]lhl6e ePsf] yfxf kfPsfn]
ug] { jnfTsf/sf] ck/fwdf d"n ;hfodf
yk ;hfo sDtLdf klg Ps aif{ x'g] /
dltof/nfO{ klg tLg aif{ ;Dd s}b ;hfo
x'g] Joj:yf ePsf]df yk ;hfosf] eGbf
36L ;hfo x'g] u/L ePsf] hjh{:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+ += sf] b]xfo -^_ sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ s'g} t/xn] klg Gofof]lrt
dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] ;+/rgfn] t nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{
hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df d"n ;hfo tLg

dlxgf b]lv ^ dlxgf ;Dd s}b x'g ;Sg]
eof] eg] cfkm\gL ue{JftL, czQm jf ckfË
kTgL ePdf To:tfnfO{ kltn] hjh{:tL
s/0fL u/]df yk ;hfo eg] Ps jif{ x'g]
cj:yf eof] . To:t} cfkm"nfO{ Pr=cfO{=eL
;+qmldt /f]u nfu]sf] yfxf kfPsf] kltn]
cfkm\gL kTgLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df
km]l/ yk Ps jif{ s}b ;hfo x'g] eO{ yk
;hfo eGbf d"n ;hfo sdL x'g]
c:jefljs / cldNbf] cj:yf /xg uPsf]
5 .
&= oBlk s] s:tf] ck/fwdf s]
slt / s:tf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug{ ] eGg]
s'/f ljwflosfsf] a'l4dQf -Legislative
Wisdom_ sf] s'/f xf] . ljwflosL
a'l4dQfsf] ljifodf o; cbfntn]
;fdfGotof z+sf ub{ }g / x:tIf]k klg ub{ }g
. ljwflosfn] s'g} sfo{nfO{ ck/fw dfgL
;hfosf] Joj:yf ul//fv]sf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf c;dfg ePklg
To;nfO{ 36fpg] a9fpg] jf vf/]h ug] {
sfd o; cbfntn] ub} {g / /fHo zlQm
laefhgsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ To;f] ug{ klg
ldNb}g . s'g} sfo{nfO{ ck/fw 3f]if0ff ug] {,
ck/fw ug] {nfO{ ;hfosf] Aoj:yf ug] { sfo{
z'4 lawflosL sfo{ xf] . lawflosfaf6 s'g}
sfo{nfO{ ck/fw 3f]lift u/]kl5 g} ;hfosf]
Joj:yf klg ul/g] x'G5 . ;hfosf] Joj:yf
cj}wflgs g} ePklg ck/fw 3f]lift ug{ ]
sfg"g /x];Dd ;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{
cdfGo u/L z'Go ug{ ldNg] x'+b}g
. o;f]
ubf{ s'g} sfo{ ck/fw x'g] t/ b08 eg]
gx'g] b08laxLgtfsf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
x'G5, hf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g / Gofosf]
cjwf/0ff ljk/Lt s'/f xf] . t;y{ ;hfo
;DaGwL Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf]
ljk/Lt b]lvPklg To;nfO{ o; cbfntn]
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug{ ] cj:yf ePg .
tyflk ;+ljwflgs l;4fGt, df}lns xsdf g}
k|xf/ ug{ ] ck/fwzf:qsf l;4fGt k|lts"n
x'g], ck/fw ug{ lg?T;fxg eGbf k|f]T;fxg
lbg] vfnsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf To:fn] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g / Gofo
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df g} cj/f]w Nofpg] x'+bf
b08 gLlt lawflosfn] to ug] { laifo xf]
egL cbfnt cfkm\gf] bfloTjaf6 klG5g
ldNb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] JofVoftf / gful/s
xssf] ;+/Ifssf] gftfn] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ
bfloTj k"/f ug{sf] nflu Gofof]lrt /
e]befjl/xt cfjZos Aoj:yf ug{ o;
cbfntn] ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos lgb{ ]zg lbg
jf Wofgfsif{0f ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 .
*= ctM pk/f]Qm pNn]lvt
k|s/0fx?x?df ljj]rgf ul/P adf]lhd
anfTsf/nfO{ Ps h3Go ck/fw 3f]lift
u/]kl5 ;hfodf j}jflxs anfTsf/ /
u}/j}jflxs anfTsf/ aLr lje]b u/L
gftfsf] cfwf/df To:tf] kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf]
;hfodf j}jflxs anfTsf/df sd ;hfo
u/L jlu{s/0f ug{ 'sf] s'g} cf}lrTok"0f{ cfwf/
gb]lvPsf], yk ;hfodf eGbf a}jflxs
anfTsf/sf] d"n s;"/df sd ;hfo x'g]
Joj:yf /xL Pp6f uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L
ck/fwdf gftfsf] cfwf/df sd ;hfo x'g]
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] # g+=sf] b]xfo ^ sf]
c;fdfGhok"0f{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvg
674

cfPsf] 5 . t;y{ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf]
cg's"n x'g] u/L yk ;hfo eGbf d"n
;hfo sdL x'g] u/L ePsf] tyf a}jflxs
anfTsf/ / u}/a}jflxs anfTsf/sf]
ck/fwsf aLrdf ePsf] lae]bk"0f{ ;hfosf]
Joj:yfdf ;fdfGh:otf Nofpg] u/L
cfjZos / Gofof]lrt Joj:yf ug{ ] tkm{
cfjZos kxn ug{ ' egL k|ToyL{ sfg"g
Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno
;d]tsf gfpFdf lgb{ ]zgfTds cfb]z hf/L
ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t
ljkIfLx?nfO{ k7fO{ lbg' . bfo/L nut s§f
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
k|=Gof=s]bf/k|;fb lu/L
Gof=an/fd s]=;L=sf] /fo
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] 5'§} /fo AoQm u/]sf] 5'M–
lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu d'n'sL P]g
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ g+= df
ul/Psf] nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ ha/h:tL
s/0fL u/]df # dlxgfb]lv ^ dxLgf;Dd
s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;+u
afem]sf]n] cdfGo ul/kfp+ eGg] 5 .
ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] #-^_ cdfGo ul/kfpg
dfu ul/Psf] lhls/ x]bf{ ha/h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= df hjh{:tL s/0fL
;DaGwL cGo cfwf/x?df ha/h:tL s/0fL
ug] { cGonfO{ a9L ;hfo t/ nf]Ug]n]
675
c+s ^
:jf:gLnfO{ u/]sf] ha/h:tL s/0fLdf rflx
# b]lv ^ dlxgf ;Dd dfq s}b ;hfo ubf{
anfTsf/sf] ;hfodf dlxnf dlxnf aLr
e]befj u/]sf] eGg] lhls/ b]lvG5 . l/6
lgj]bg tyf k]z ePsf] ax;gf]6df dL/f
9'Ëfgf lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ sfg"g Gofo
dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] @)%* ;fnsf] l/6
g+= %% df :yflkt l;4fGt CEDAW sf]
wf/f !,@,#,$,^,!%, ICCPR 1966 sf] wf/f
!,@,#,%,!& ICESCR 1966 sf] wf/f
!,@,#%, Declaration on the Elimination of
Violence Against Women 1993 sf] wf/f
@ nufot a}aflxs anfTsf/ ;DaGwL s]lx
jfx\o cbfntsf km};nfx?
;d]tcfwf/:j?k k]z ePsf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
sf] wf/f !#-#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zdf
dlxnf ju{sf] ;+/If0f ;zlQms/0f jf
ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf
ug{ ;lsg] df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5
. wf/f !*-@_ df dlxnf gful/snfO{
sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] xssf] Joj:Yff ePsf] 5 . wf/f
@) df dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf
k|hgg ;DaGwL xs k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
dlxnf lj?4 zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s jf cGo
s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo sfd ug{ gkfO{g] /
To:tf] sfd eP u/]df sfg"gåf/f b08gLo
x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . wf/f @! n]
dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g]
xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pk/f]St xsx?
df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|bfg ug' {sf] ;fy}

dlxnf ju{sf] pTyfg Pj+ ljsf; ug{,
dlxnf au{sf] nflu laz]if Joj:Yff ug{
/fHosf] gLlt /xg] s'/f ;+ljwfgsf] efu $
df :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnn] CEDAW 1979 22
Apr,1991 df cg'df]bg u/]sf] , ICCPR
1966-14 May 1991 df ICESCR 1966, 14
may 1991 cg'df]bg u/]sf] xf] . g]kfn
;lGw P]g, @)$& nfu" eO pQm P]gsf] bkmf
( df g]kfn kIf ePsf] s'g} ;lGwsf]
Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"g;+u afem]df To;/L
afem]sf] xb;Dd g]kfn sfg"g nfu" gx'g]
;lGwsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 .
dlxnf lj?4sf] e]befj cGTo ug] { /
dlxnf ju{sf] lxt ;+/If0f ug{ Pj+ dlxnf
ju{nfO{ ;+ljwfg / ljleGg dxf;lGWfx?n]
lbPsf] xs Pj+ clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ o;
cbfntaf6 laleGg l/6 lgj]bgx?df k6s
k6s ;/sf/sf lj?4 laleGg lgb] {zgfTds
cfb]zx? ;d]t hf/L ePsf] 5 . of] cbfnt
gful/sx?sf] / To; cGtu{t dlxnfx?sf]
xs Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug] {
cleefjs cyf{t Guardian of the
Fundamental Rights of the Citizen ePsf]
gftfn] o; cbfnt CEDAW, ICCPR,
ICESCR tyf ;+ljwfgn] dlxnfx?nfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] ljleGg xs Pj+ clwsf/sf]
af/]df ;r]t / ;hu -Aware & alert _ 5 .
lgj]bgdf h];'s} n]lvPsf] ePklg,
h] h;/L lhls/ ul/Pklg / CEDAW,
ICCPR, ICESCR pNn]v u/]klg k|:t't
lgj]bg g]kfnL dlxnfnfO{ g]kfn kIf ePsf]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
dxf;lGw tyf ;+ljwfg / g]kfn sfg"gn]
k|bfg u/]sf] xs k|rng u/fO{ kfp eGg]
geO{ k|:t't lgj]bgsf] dfu j}jflxs
;DaGw sfod eO{ Ps} 7fpFdf Co-habit
u/L a;]sf] nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL
s/0fL u/]df jt{dfg sfg'gL Aoj:yf
cg';f/ 5 dxLgf s}b ;Dd dfq ;hfo x'g]
s}bsf] cjlw sd eof], s}bsf] ;hfosf]
dfqf cyf{t Quantum of punishment
j9fpg' k/\of] egL o; cbfntn] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;hfosf] dfqf j9fpg'
eGg] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfp eGg] g} dfu xf] .
CEDAW nufot g]kfn kIf ePsf] cGo
dxf;lGw pNn]v u/L ;+w} / ;+u} Co-habit
ug] { lajflxtf :jf:gL Ps au{ / cGo
dlxnf csf] { / leGg au{ aLr c;dfg
Aojxf/ eof] egL b'O{ Dissimilarly
Situated au{ aLr t'ngf u/L Tof] klg s'g}
ck/fwdf slt s}b ;hfo ug] { eGg] laz'4
Legislative Domain leqsf] laifodf wf/f
!)&-!_ cGtu{tsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/
cGtu{t ;hfo a9fpg' eGg] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfp+ eGg] dfu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_
/ -@_ sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] Domain
leq k5{ kb} {g, o:tf] dfu / lhls/ slQsf]
k|f;f+lus, ts{k"0f{ / ;+ljwfg cg's"n 5, ;f]
ljrf/0fLo 5 .
d'n'sL P]g ha/h:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] # g+= ;+zf]wg eO{ #-^_ g+= df
nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df #
dlxgfb]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b ;hfo x'g]
Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ha/h:tL
676

s/0fLsf] kl/efiffdf s'g} ;+zf]wg ePsf]
b]lv+b}g .
d'n'sL P]g ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] #
g+= df ePsf] ;hfosf] Aoj:yf @)%*
;fnsf] l/6 g+= %% df o; cbfntsf]
laz]if Ohnf;n] lbPsf] lgb] {zgfTds
cfb]zsf cfwf/df ;+zf]wg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
@)%(.!.!( sf] ljz]if Ohnf;sf] pQm
cfb]z x]bf{ lgj]bg vf/]h u/L b]xfo
adf]lhd lgb] {zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf]
b]lvG5 M–
Æj}jflxs anfTsf/ klg b08gLo
ck/fw sfod ePsf]n] ;fdfGo pgfp
JolQmn] ug] { hjh{:tL s/0fL / kltn] ug] {
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] k|df0f Ps}gf;sf] x'g]
gePsf]n] tt\;DaGwL k|df0f, kl/l:ylt /
;hfosf] dfqfsf] cf}lrTosf] laifodf,
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] * g+= n] jfXo JolQmåf/f
x'g] anfTsf/df l;lh{t kl/0ffdsf]
kl/sNkgf u/]sf]n] kltn] cfˆg} kTgLnfO{
hjh{:tL s/0L u/]sf] ;DaGwdf, hah{:tL
s/0fL ug] { kltaf6 cnu a:g kfpg] jf
;DaGw laR5]b ug{ kfpg] u/L tTsfn
/fxt lbnfpg] laifodf, lgif]lwt afn
laafxsf] ca:yfdf ePsf] hjh{:tL
s/0fLsf] ck/fwsf] dfqf sfod ug] {
;DaGwdf ;d]t a}aflxs ;DaGwsf] laz]if
l:ylt / kltsf] x}l;otnfO{ ;d]t larf/
u/L ;dli6ut ?kn] Gofof]lrt / :ki6
sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L a}aflxs anfTsf/
;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg'kg] {
ePsf]n] tt\;DaGwdf cfjZos sfg"gL
;+zf]wg ljw]os ;+;bdf k]z ug'{
egL
677
c+s ^
lakIfL sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;lbo Joj:Yff
d+qfnosf] gfpdf lgb] {zgfTds cfb]z hf/L
x'g] 7x5{ .
o; cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf]
JofVof– h;nfO{ ghL/ elgG5– nfO{ c?
j9L JofVof cyf{t ghL/nfO{ interpretation
ug{ kfO{b}g . ;dfg laifoj:t' ePsf]
laafbdf To;nfO{ k|of]u dfq ul/G5 . pQm
l/6 lgj]bgsf] pQm lgb] {zgfTds cfb]z x]bf{
lgb] {zgfTds cfb]zdf c? s;}n] s'g}
dlxnfnfO{ u/]sf] hjh{:tL s/0fL /
j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod /x]sf] cj:yfsf]
nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ u/] ]sf] hjh{:tL s/0fL
leGg / km/s xf] egL :ki6 eg]sf] b]lvG5
. ;f] JofVofnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfg"gL
Joj:yf ug{ lgb] {zgfTds cfb]z hf/L
ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm l/6 g+= %% sf] l/6df
;dfgtfsf] gfddf nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{
hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df cGonfO{ x'g] ;hfo
;/x g} ;hfosf] Aoj:yf ug'{
{ eGg] cfb]z
hf/L u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . o:tf] cfb]z hf/L x'g
klg ;Qm}g . c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 s}b
;hfo a9fpg' jf 36fpg' egL cfb]z ug{
s;/L ldNnf < t;y{ lgj]bsn] h'g k|sf/n]
@)%* sf] l/6 g+= %% nfO{ xjfnf lbO{
marital rape sf] JofVof u/L jt{dfg s}bsf]
;hfosf] dfqf j9fpg lhls/ u/]sf] 5,
@)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %% df To;k|sf/sf]
AofVof ePsf] xf]O{g . pQm l/6df ePsf]
cfb]zn] c? Rape / marital rape km/s
km/s s/0fL xf] eGg] JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5
. o;df lajfb ug] { 7fp+ 5}g .

g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
{
{
{ {
]
{
s'g} k|sf/sf] Judicial Separation a'l4dQf k'u]sf] sfg'g dfGg' kb{5 . o;df
gePsf] Valid Marriage cGtu{t Pp6} ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . hjh{:tL s/0fLn]
cf]R5\ofgdf Co-habit ul//x]sf] nf]Ug]n] dlxnfx?sf] dfgl;s, af}l4s zf/Ll/s,
:jf:gLnfO{ u/]sf] hjh{:tL s/0fLdf kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k]zfut
;hfosf] dfqf a9fO{ cGo s;}n] s'g} nufot ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf c;/ ub{5 .
dlxnfnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df x'g] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw Hofg dfg]
;hfo ;/x g} ;hfo ug] ;dfg b08 ck/fw eGbf klg a9L 3fts ck/fw xf] .
;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ eGg] d"Vo hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwnfO{ ;dfh /
lhls/sf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg s'/fx? ljrf/ dfgjtfs} lj?4sf] ck/fw dflgG5 . o;df
ug'{kg]
b]lvG5 . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw ljjfb ug] 7fp+ 5}g . To;}n] xfd|f]
uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fw xf] / xfd|f] sfg"gn] ljwflosfn] hfg]/ a'em]/ g} zf/Ll/s?kn] g}
klg o;nfO{ uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fw g/d / sf]dn x'g] dlxnf pk/ x'g]
dfg]sf] 5 . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] * g+=df hjh{:tL s/0fL h:tf] h3Go ck/fwaf6
dlxnfnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fLaf6 aRg aRg cfTd/Iffsf] clwsf/ :j?k hjh{:tL
cfTd/Iffsf] clwsf/ :j?k cfkm"nfO{ s/0fL ug] {sf] Hofg lnPklg ck/fw gx'g]
hjh{:tL s/0fL ug{ cfpg] JolQmsf] Hofg Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf]
;d]t lng kfpg] / To;/L Hofg lnPklg pk/f]Qm * g+= sf] clgjfo{tfsf] af/]df
cfTd/Iffsf] clwsf/ dfgL ck/fw gdflgg] lajfb x'g ;Qm}g .
/ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]kl5 klg Ps xfd|f] sfg"gn] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf]
306fleq To:tf] JolQmsf] Hofg} lnPklg ck/fwnfO{ uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fw dfgL
cfTd/Iffsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t ck/fw u/]sf] ;/sf/ cfkm}n] cfkm\gf] tkm{jf6 ck/fwsf]
egL vt aft gnfUg] sfg'gL Joj:yf cg';Gwfg ug] {, cfkm}n] cleof]u nufO{ d'2f
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
rnfpg] / cfkm}n] k"k{Ifdf efu lng] tyf
dlxnfx?sf] z/L/ cgltqmDo z/L/ clGtd ca:yf ;Dd klg hjh{:tL
xf] . cfkm\gf] ;ltTj arfpg dlxnfx?nfO{ s/0fLaf6 kLl8tsf] tkm{af6 cfkm}n] d'2f
of] clwsf/ cfjZos klg 5 . Ps lgz:q n8\g] Joj:yf u/L hjh{:tL s/0fLsf]
dlxnf pk/ hgfj/L Jojxf/jf6 k'?ifåf/f ck/fwnfO{ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g,
x'g] zf/Ll/s JolQmTj / ;ltTj pk/sf] @)$( sf] cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z u/L ;/sf/
cfqmd0fdf cfkm\gf] arfp / /Iffsf] nflu afbL d'2f x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
dlxnfx?nfO{ h'g;'s} tj/n] cfkm\gf]tkm{jf6 @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %% df lg0f{o
cfTd/Iff ug{ kfpg] clwsf/af6 ;DkGg ePkl5 Marital Rape sf] 5'§} kl/efiffsf]
x'g cfjZos x'G5 . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] * cefjdf cGo JolQmn] s'g} :jf:gL
g+= sf] Aoj:yfnfO{ ax't /fd|f] lawflosL dflg;nfO{ ug] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw /
678

Co-habit ul//x]sf nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ ug] {
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw Pp6} P]gsf]
kl/efiffdf cfwfl/t eP/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yf d'n'sL P]g
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= cg';f/
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw x'g /fhLv';L
ljgf a]d~h'/Ln] h'g;'s} t/x;+u hf]/h'n'd
u/L jf 8/wfs b]vfO{ jf cg'lrt k|efjdf
kf/L s/0fL u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw
dflgG5 . Pp6} sf]7f / Pp6} ljR5\of}gf
Share u/L co-habit ug] { nf]Ug] :jf:gLaLr
ePsf] s/0fLdf s'g} t]>f] JolQm ;fIfL x'g
;Qm}g . xfd|f] k|df0f sfg"g cg';f/
hjh{:tL s/0fLaf6 kLl8t JolQm s'g} sfd,
36gf jf cj:yfjf6 kLl8t eO{ To:tf]
JolQmn] To:tf] 36gfsf ;DaGwdf df}sfdf,
tTsfn jf kl5 JoSt u/]sf] s'/f k|df0fdf
lng x'g] k|df0f leq kb{5 . nf]Ug]n]
:jf:gLnfO{ :jf:gLsf] O{R5f ljk/Lt
a]dGh"/Ln] hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] egL
rn]sf] d'2fdf :jf:gL k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf !)-!_ -v_ sf] ;fIfL x'g ;Qm5 .
s;}n] s'g} :jf:gL dflg;sf] O{R5f
ljk/Lt a]dGh'/Ln] hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf]
eGg] ck/fwdf s/0fL ePsf] nuQ} kl5
dlxnf k'?if b'j}sf] sk8f, of}gL Pj+
zf/Ll/s k/LIf0f / s/0fL ePsf] :yfgsf]
k/LIf0faf6 e]l6g] k|df0fx? csf6\o k|df0f
x'g;S5 . Pp6} laR5of}gf Share ug] { /
Ps} 7fp+df Co-habit ug]
{ Judicial
Separation gePsf nf]Ug] / :jf:gL aLr
/fhLv';L / dGh'/Ln] xf]; jf a]dGh'/Ln]
ha/h:tL;+u xf]; h];'s} k|sf/n] ePklg
679
c+s ^
s/0fL x'G5 eg] s/0fLsf] nuQ} kl5 s/0fL
;DaGwdf cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf ;a't
;+sngsf] nflu olb k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f
ug] { xf] eg] nf]Ug] dflg; / :jf:gL
dflg;sf] c+udf Ps csf{sf] Pubic Hair,
semen nufot sk8fsf Fiber Transfer
nufot s/0fL ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|df0f e]l6G5
. hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwdf s'g} dflg;n]
s'g} cGo :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ hjh{:tL
s/0fL u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fL ug] { nf]Ug]
dflg; / hjh{:tL s/0fLaf6 kLl8t
dlxnfsf] sk8fsf] zf/Ll/s k/LIf0f /
hjh{:tL s/0fL ul/Psf] Crime scene af6
e]l6g] k|df0f / nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL
s/0fL u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]kdf nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf]
sk8f tyf zf/Ll/s k/LIf0f / nf]Ug] /
:jf:gLn] ;'tL Share u/]sf] Crime scene
eGg'kg] { ljR5f}gf / vf6af6 e]l6g] k|df0f
Pp6} k|sf/sf] x'G5 . Forensic Science n]
hj/h:tL s/0fL of ;xdltk"j{ssf] s/0fL
zfob 5'6\ofpg g;Snf . nf]Ug] / :jf:gLn]
share u/]sf] ljR5f}gfaf6 / :jf:gLsf]
z/L/af6 nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ s/0fL u/]sf]
eGg] k|df0f e]l6Pkl5 nf]Ug] / :jf:gL
aLrsf] pQm s/0fL Rape xf] jf Consent
af6 ePsf] lgoldt Consensual
intercourse eg]/ 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/ s] <
nf]Ug] / :jf:gL h;sf] ljjfx Valid
Marriage xf], hf] Co-habit u5{g\ Pp6}
cf]5\ofg Share u5{g\, hxf+ living apart jf
Judicial separation Pending Divorce
ePsf] 5}g eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf nf]Ug]
:jf:gL aLr ePsf] s/0fLnfO{ klg

hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw dfGg] xf] eg]
nf]Ug]sf] life / liberty hf]lvddf kb{5 .
nf]Ug]n] Consensual Sexual intercourse
egL k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Qm}g . ;a} :jf:gL
dflg; c;n rl/qsf x'G5g\ eGg] 5}g .
s'g} s'g} :jf:gL v/fa rl/qsf] klg
x'g;Qm5 . To:tf] ePdf olb s'g} :jf:gLn]
nf]Ug]nfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] * g+=
adf]lhd s/0fL ePsf] Ps306f leq df/L
cfTd/Iffsf] lhls/ -Plea_ lng] xf] eg]
nf]Ug]sf] hLag / :jtGqtf vt/fdf /xG5 .
To;}n] sfg'gdf Living apart / Judicial
Separation sf] :ki6 Aoj:yf u/L Marital
Rape sf] :ki6 kl/efiff gu/L hj/h:tL
s/0fLsf] jt{dfg kl/efiffdf Marital Rape
nfO{ tfgt'g u/L ldnfpg x'+b}g
.
d'n'sL P]g hjh{:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] kl/efiff nf]Ug] /
:jf:gL Pp6} sf]7f Pp6f cf]R5fofg Share
ug] { Living apart jf Judical Separation
;Dd klg gePsf] Valid marriage df klg
nfu" x'G5 x'+b}g,
;f] a'em\g cfjZos 5 .
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= sf]
kl/efiff n]lv+bf g]kfndf dfq xf]O{g sltko
cGo /fi6«df klg Marital Rape sf]
Concept g} lyPg . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf]
kl/efiff ug] { d:of}bfsf/ / pQm d:of}bf
ljw]ossf] ?kdf k]z eO{ kf/Lt ug] {
ljwflosfn] klg Tolta]nf Marital Rape
nfO{ ;f]lrPs} lyPg . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] ! g+ + n] s;}n] cfkm\gf] :jf:gL
afx]ssf c? dlxnfnfO{ d+h'/La]u/ s/0fL
u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fL x'g] u/L kl/efiff
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
u/]sf] xf] . pQm g+= sf] kl/efiff n]lVf+bf
s;}n] :jf:gL afx]s cGo :jf:gL dflg;sf]
hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fLsf]
ck/fw dflgg] u/L kl/efiff u/]sf] xf] .
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxn cGtu{t hjh{:tL
s/0fLsf] kl/efiffsf] d:of}bf x'+bf
ljjfx
eg]sf] An implicit general consent to
sexual intercourse by a wife on marriage
to her husband eGg] k|rng, dfGotf,
larf/, cjwf/0ff / cj:yfsf] ;fdflhs
;+/rgf / Legal Regime cGtu{t kl/efiff
ePsf] xf] .
d'n'sL P]g hj/h:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] !g+=sf] kl/efiffn] nf]Ug] / :jf:gL
aLrsf] s/0fLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fLsf]
ck/fw x'G5 eg]/ dfg]sf] 5}g . t;y{
lawflosfn] ck/fwsf] kl/efiff gu/Lsg}
Valid Marriage cGtu{t Pp6} cf]R5\ofg
Share ug] { / living apart / judicial
separation gePsf] nf]Ug] / :jf:gL Cohabit
u/]sf] cj:yfdf :jf:gLnfO{ nf]Ug]n]
hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] egL ;hfo a9fpg'
cufl8 hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf]
kl/efiffdf living apart / Judicial
Separation sf] cjwf/0ff ;d]t ;dfj]z
u/L marital rape sf] 5'§} kl/efiff x'g
cfjZos b]lvG5 . o; cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q dfkm{t ck/fwsf]
kl/efiff ug{ ;lsb}g . To;f] ug'{
zlQm
k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt / sfg'g AofVofsf]
dfGo l;4fGt ljk/Lt x'G5 .
hj/h:tL s/0fLnfO{ ztfAbLof} +
cufl8b]lv ck/fw dfgL cfOPsf] 5 . lxGb'
680

;dfhn] dfq xf]O{g lqmlZrog, d'l:nd
h'g;'s} wd{ jf ;dfhn] klg dlxnf pk/
x'g] hj/h:tL s/0fLnfO{ ck/fw dfgL s8f
;hfo x'g] Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwdf ;hfosf
;DaGwdf P]ltxf+l;s lasf; x]bf{ hj/h:tL
s/0fLsf] ck/fw eGgfn] s'g} nf]Ug] dflg;n]
cfkm\gf] :jf:gL afx]s c? g} :jf:gL
dflg;nfO{ lgh :jf:gL dflg;sf] O{R5f
ljk/Lt a]dGh'/Ln] s/0fL u/]df hj/h:tL
s/0fL dflgPsf] b]lvG5 . Hartford
University sf k|fWofks Charles W Dean
/ cg';Gwfgstf{ Mary De Bruyn Kop sf]
The Crime and The Consequences of
Rape sf] efu b'O{sf] Historical
Background of Rape x]bf{ Christ sf] hGd
eGbf cufl8 klg hj/h:tL s/0fLnfO{
ck/fw dflgPsf] t/ nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{
hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] dflgg] sfg'gL
Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lv+b}g . pQm k':tsdf
Records show that rapist were subject to
punishment as far back as thousands of
years before christ. The code of
Hammurabi which was carved in
Babylyon around 1900 B.C.on an abelisk
of Blackstone decreed that men should
be punished if they raped. The early
Hebrews considered rape a crime as did
Assyrians. All these early civilization
meted out punishment according to their
own systems of justice. Justice however
was a double edges word back then for
681
c+s ^
not only was there punishment for the
criminal but also for victim.
Under the code of Hammurabi
the Babylonians considered a married
woman who was raped to be guilty of
adultery bond her to the rapist and threw
them both in the river. Both the assailant
and the victim could be saved from death
however the husband if he wised could
pull his wife from the water in which case
the king would pardon the adulterer. The
Hebrews also considered some women
to be responsible for their own rape.A
married women who was raped was
stoned to death along with her assailant
at the gates of the city.The same
punishment was dealt a virgin who was
raped within the city walls the reasoning
being that she could have cried out and
been heard and rescued if she had
wanted.
The Assyrians went one step
further of they also punished the wife of
the rapist. If a man raped a virgin her
father was entitled to take the wife of the
ravisher. Rape was a crime to be sure
but not against the women only against
the women's father or husband since it
was his property that has been
damaged. elgPsf] 5 .
t]x|f} + + ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ a]nfotdf
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwnfO{ Crime
Against Society rather than Women ;Dd

t elgof] t/ nf]Ug]n] :jf:gL pk/ u/]sf]
s/0fL hj/h:tL s/0fL x'G5 elgPg .
a}jflxs ;DaGw sfod /x]sf] Valid
Marriage cGtu{t Co-habit ul//x]sf
nf]Ug] :jf:gL aLr klg hj/h:tL s/0fLsf]
ck/fw x'G5 egL lawflosfn] sfg'gåf/f
kl/efiff ug'{
kb{5 / cfjZos klg 5 .
cbfntn] ck/fw zAbsf] sfg'gL AofVof
ug{ ;S5 t/ nf]Ug] :jf:gL aLrsf] s]
s:tf] s/0fL hj/h:tL s/0fL x'g] egL
cfk/flws kl/efiff ug{ ;Qm}g . s] s:tf]
sfo{ cfk/flws sfo{ x'g] egL kl/efiff ug] {
sfo{ Legislative Domain leqsf]
lawflosfsf] clwsf/sf] s'/f xf] .
d'n'sL P]g hjh{:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] ! g+= sf] hj/h:tL s/0fLsf]
kl/efiff / P]= #-^_ g+=sf] ;hfosf] Aoj:yf
b08gLo sfg'g Penal Law xf] . sfg'g
AofVofsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ Penal Law sf]
lawflosfn] u/]sf] ck/fwsf] kl/efiff /
;hfosf] AofVof ubf{ cbfntn] hlxn] klg
To;df k|of]u ePsf] zAbsf] ;fdfGo cy{df
h] dtna lg:sG5 Tolx cy{ / AofVof
ug'{kb{5
elgG5 . cyf{t Penal Law sf]
AofVof ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] zAbn]
lawflosfn] s] eg]sf] 5 Tolx lgisif{
lgsfNg' kb{5 . lawflosfn] o:tf] eGg
rfx]sf] xf]nf eg]/ ck/fwsf] k|sf/ a9fpg]
jf ;hfosf] dfqf a9fpg] vfnsf] AofVof
ug'{
x'+b}g
.
Marital rape sf] ;DaGwdf df]bLsf]
Medical jurisprudence x]g{ cfjZos
b]lvG5 . ef/tsf] Penal Code sf]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
Sec.376 A df Marital Rape sf] kl/efiff
o;/L ul/Psf] kfO{G5 M–
Forcible sexual intercourse by a man
with this wife
-a_ who is living separately from him
under a decree of separation or,
-b_ under any Custom or usage
-c_ without her consent is punishable
682
with imprisonment which may
extend to two years.
ef/tsf] Penal code x]bf{ Toxf klg
marital rape ck/fw x'gsf] nflu nf]Ug] /
:jf:gL Ps} 7fpFdf Co–habit u/L a;]sf]
x'g x'g] geO{ 5'l§ leGg leGg a;]sf] cyf{t
Judicial Separation jf Living Apart eP/
a;]sf] ca:yfdf :jf:gLsf] d~h'/L glnO{
s/0fL u/]sf] x'g'kg] { / ;hfosf] xsdf Toxf
klg b'O{ aif{ dfq ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
Marital rape sf ;DaGwdf
lgj]bsn] g} ax;gf]6 ;fy k]z u/]sf] jfXo
b]zsf] sfg"g / s]lx km};nf x]bf{ Toxfklg
nf]Ug] :jf:gL;+u} ga;]sf] cyf{t Co–habit
gu/]sf] cj:yfdf living apart jf cbfntsf]
decree jf cfb]zn] judicial separation
u/L a;]sf] ca:yfdf dfq nf]Ug]n]
:jf:gLnfO{ OR5f ljk/Lt d~h'/L glnO{
s/0fL u/]df dfq hjh{:tL s/0fL dflgPsf]
b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] ax;gf]6 ;fy k]z
u/]sf] People V. liberta sf] d'2fdf Toxfsf]

family court sf] cfb]zn] pQm d'2sf afbL
k|ltjfbL cyf{t nf]Ug] :jf:gL Living apart
df a;]sf] ca:yfdf leGg a;]sf]
:jf:gLnfO{ :jf:gLsf] OR5f ljk/Lt leGg
a;]sf] nf]Ug]n] s/0fL u/]sf] sfo{ hjh{:tL
s/0fLsf] ck/fw dflgPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t}
Regina V. Appellatte sf] a]nfotsf] Court
of Appeal Criminal Division sf] 23 oct.
1991 sf] km};nf k]z u/L a]nfot nufot
cGoq klg nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ :jf:gLsf]
OR5f ljk/Lt s/0fL u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fL
u/]sf] dfgL s8f ;hfo x'G5 eGg]
lgj]bsn] ax;gf]6df lhls/ u/]sf]b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] Regina
V.R,Appellatte sf] d'2fdf Sir Mathew
Hale sf] History of the Pleas of the
Crown vol. 1736,Rv.clerence 1888 sf]
d'2f, S v HM Advocate 1989 sf] d'2f,
H.M Advocate V,duffy.1983,H.m
Advocate V.paxton 1985 , Reg v.
Clearance 1888, Reg v.Miller,1954,Reg
V. Jackson 1891,Reg V.Robert
1986,Reg v.Kowalski 1987,Reg
V.H.1990, Reg v.J1991, Reg v.
Chopman 1959, Reg v US 1991, Reg
v.sharples 1990,Regina v.O.Brien 1979,
Regina v. Steal 1986 Reg v.Clark 1949
pk/f]Qm ;a} d'2fx? nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{
d+h'/L a]u/ s/0fL u/]sf] sfo{ hjh{:tL
s/0fL x'g] jf gx'g] ;DaGwL ljjfbsf]
b]lvG5 . tL ;a} d'2fx?nfO{ cWoog ubf{
nf]Ug] / :jf:gL jLr a}aflxs ;DaGw
sfod x'gf;fy :jf:gLn] nf]Ug]nfO{ s/0fL
ug] { ;xdlt lbPsf] dflgg] t/ olb :jf:gL
nf]Ug];+u a:g rfxGg / ;DaGw laR5]b
683
c+s ^
gx'Gh]n sfg"g cg';f/ cbfntsf] Decree
n] Living Apart jf Judicial Separation
eP/ leGg eP/ a:f]sf] cyf{t Living apart
eP/ a;]sf] cj:yfdf To;/L 5'l§P/ cnu
a:gf;fy a}aflxs ;DaGw :yfkgf kl5
:jf:gL dflg;n] cfkm"nfO{ s/0fL ug{
nf]Ug]nfO{ lbPsf] ;xdlt :jf:gLn] :jtM
lkmtf{ lnPsf] cyf{t cnu a:gf;fy
nf]Ug]n] cfkm"nfO{ s/0fL ug{ lbPsf] clwsf/
:jf:gLn] :jtM revoke u/]sf] dflgG5 /
To;/L 5'l§P/ leGg a;]kl5 :jf:gLsf]
dGh'/L glnO{ nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ s/0fL u5{
eg] To:tf] s/0fL hjh{:tL s/0fL dflgg]
l;4fGt :yflkt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k|:t't lgj]bssf] dfu nf]Ug]n]
:jf:gLnfO{ :jf:gLsf] d+h'/L glnO{ s/0fL
u/]df To;nfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL dfgL
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ sf] at{dfg
;hfosf] Joj:yf gk'u eof], c?
dlxnfnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]sf]df x'g]
;hfo ;/x x'g'kb{5 cGoyf ;hfosf
;DaGwdf ;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt x'G5
eGg] lgj]bssf] dfu ePsf] b]lvG5 .
lgj]bssf] pQm dfusf ;DaGwdf
oxf+ ;dfgtfsf] xs cyf{t Right to
Equality, Equal Protection of Law /
d'n'sL P]g hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-
^_ g+= sf] at{dfg Aoj:yfdf CEDAW,
ICCPR,ICESCR sf pNn]lvt wf/fx?
cfslif{t x'g] gx'g] af/]df s]lx rrf{ ug{
cfjZos b]lvof] . ;j{k|yd hj/h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ g+= sf] jt{dfg
;hfosf] Aoj:yfn] lajflxtf :jf:gL

dflg;x? ;dfgtfsf] xsaf6 alGrt ePsf]
xf] xf]O{g ;f] g} x]g'{kg]
{ x'g cfof] .
;dfgtfsf] xs ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!# o;k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5M–
!#= ;dfgtfsf] xsM
-!_ ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df
;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg
sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt
ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg
gful/s dfly wd{, j0f{, lnË,
pTklQ efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf
lt dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df
e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
-#_ /fHon] gful/sx?sf aLr wd{, j0f{,
hft hflt, lnË, pTklQ, efiff jf
j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g}
s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug] { 5}g .
t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L
hghflt, dw];L jf ls;fg, dhb"/ jf
cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n]
lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckfË
jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ?kn] czQm
JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf
lasf;sf] nfuL sfg"g4f/f laz]if Joj:yf
ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
pk/f]Qm wf/f !# n] lnË,hft hflt,
wd{, ju{, efiff nufot s'g} s'/fsf]
cfwf/df klg nf]Ug] dflg; jf :jf:gL
dflg; aLr e]befj ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ sfg"g agfP/ dgfl;j
juL{s/0f ug{ kfOg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g
;Sb}g . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_
g+=df Valid marriage cGtu{t nf]Ug] /
:jf:gL Ps;fy Co-habit u/]sf] cj:yfdf
s;}sf] ljjflxtf :jf:gL dflg; Ps ju{ /
s;}n] cfkm\gf] :jf:gL afx]s cGo pgfp
:jf:gL dflg;nfO{ hj{h:tL s/0fL ul/Psf]
pgfp :jf:gL dflg; csf] { ju{ u/L
juL{s/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] dgfl;j
juL{s/0f cyf{t Resonable classification
cg';f/ Co-habit ug] { :jf:gL dflg; Ps
ju{ / :jf:gL afx]s cGo :jf:gL dflg;
csf] { / leGg ju{ x'g eGg] j'em\g cfjZos
5 . Valid marriage cGtu{t Co-habit
ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{
u/]sf] s/0fL :jf:gLsf] a]dGh'/n] s/0fL
u/]sf] k|dfl0ft g} ePklg nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf]
gftf / Co-habit u/L/x]sf] cfwf/df sd
;hfo s;}n] pgfp :jf:gL dflg;nfO{
hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] ck/fwdf a9L
;hfo ug] { sfg"gL Joj:yf juL{s/0fsf]
cfwf/df u/]sf] Reasonable classfication
elgG5 . oL b'O{ cj:yf Valid marriage
cGtu{t Co-habit ul//x]sf] cj:yfsf]
hjh{:tL s/0fLaf6 kLl8t ePsf] elgg]
:jf:gL Ps ju{ / c? s;}af6 hjh{:tL
s/0fL ul/Psf] kLl8t :jf:gL dflg; csf] {
ju{ / leGg ju{sf x'g . juL{s/0fsf] of]
dfGo l;4fGt g} xf] . s'g} p2]Zo k|flKtsf]
nfuL sfg"gåf/f dgfl;j juL{s/0f ug{
;lsg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / dfGo
l;4fGtk|lt lgj]bssf] Wofg uPsf] b]lvPg .
684

ctM hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ g+=
;+ljwfgsf] ;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt /x]sf]
eGg] lhls/;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
ck/fwsf] kl/efiff s;/L ug] { /
;hfosf] dfqf slt ug] { eGg] laz'4 /fli6«o
lawflosfsf] clwsf/ If]q leqsf] s'/f xf] .
a}w laafx - valid Marriage _ cGtu{t
nf]ug] :jf:gL cnu cnu klg ga;]sf]
Judicial separation klg gePsf] Pp6}
sf]7f / cf]R5\ofg share u/L Co–habit ug] {
nf]Ug] :jf:gL aLr s/0fL ;DaGwL laifodf
:jf:gLsf] d+h'/L / s;}n] s'g} :jf:gL
dflg;nfO{ p;sf] d+h'/L glnO{ OR5f
ljk/Lt s/0fL u/]sf] ;DaGw / ;Gbe{sf]
d+h'/Lsf] cy{ Pp6} sf]0faf6 x]g{ ldNb}g .
Pp6} cf]5\ofg share u/L co–habit ug] {
nf]Ug] / :jf:gL aLr ePsf] s/0fL / nf]Ug]
:jf:gL aLr ;DaGwljR5]b eO{ g;s] klg
cbfntsf] cfb]zn] Judicial seperation jf
Living apart ePsf] cj:yfdf :jf:gLsf]
OR5f lak/Lt a]dGh'/Ln] leGg a]Un} j:g]
nf]Ug]n] leGg / j]Un} a:g] :jf:gLnfO{
s/0fL u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fL dfGg
ljwflosfn] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos
5 . Judicial separation / living apart sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf gu/L olb :jf:gLn] d]/f]
OR5f ljk/Lt d]/f] d~h'/L glnO{ nf]Ug]n]
s/0fL u/\of] eg]sf] ph'/Lsf] cfwf/df
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw dfGg] xf] /
Marital Rape sf] kl/efiff gul/sg lgj]bg
dfu cg';f/ cGo JolQmn] cGo :jf:gL
dflg;nfO{ u/]sf] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ;hfo
;/x nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ u/]sf] hjh{:tL
685
c+s ^
s/0fLdf ;hfo j9fpg' eGg] cfb]z ug] { xf]
eg] Miscarriage of justice x'g ;S5 .
Ps t kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL
ljZjdf st}klg k"0f{?k]0f Fool Proof
system x'Fb}g
. To;df klg xfd|f] h:tf]
k|0ffnLdf s'g} sfo{nfO{ uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L
ck/fwdf dfGg / ;hfosf] dfqf a9fpbf
ljwflosfn] a9L larf/ k'/\ofpg' kb{5 .
olx s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL @)%* ;fnsf]
l/6 g+= %% df j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] laz]if
kl/l:ylt / kltsf] x}l;otnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/
u/L j}jflxs jnfTsf/nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg
sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug'{
eg]sf] b]lvG5 .
l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf
CEDAW, ICCPR,ICESCR nufot
cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwsf] wf/fx? o;
laifodf ck|f;+lus b]lvG5 . lgj]bsx?sf]
dfu pk/f]St dxf;lGwn] dlxnf ju{nfO{
lbPsf xsx? sfg"gsf] cefj jf
sfo{kflnsf] l9nf;':tL, nfk/jfxL jf Wofg
gk'/\ofpgfn] dlxnfx? cfkm\gf] xs clwsf/
pkef]u ug{jf6 jl~rt ePsf]n] tL xsx?
k|rng u/fpg cfb]z hf/L ul/kfp eGg]
lgj]bg geO{ nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL
s/0fL u/]sf]df ;hfo a9fO{ kfp egL
k/]sf] xf] . lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt CEDAW,
ICCPR, ICESCR sf wf/fx? dlxnfx?nfO{
Empower ug] { wf/fx? x'g\ . laZjdf g}
vf;u/L xfd|f] h:tf] u/LjL, clzIff, k/+k/f
k|rng dfGotf /Lltl/jfh ?9LjfbL wd{
;+:sl[t nufot cGo s'k|yfsf sf/0f
dlxnfx? /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|fo ;a}
cj;/jf6 jlGrt x'g k/]sf] lyof] .

fli6«o:t/df @)$& ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng
kZrft jg]sf] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn]
wf/f !!-#_ df dlxnf ju{sf] pTyfgsf]
nfuL sfg"g jgfP/ ljz]if Aoj:yf ug{
;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf eof] . jt{dfg
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] klg To;}nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbPsf] 5 . cGt/fli6«o :t/df bf]>f]
laZjo'4 kZrft vf;u/L ;+o'St /fi6«
;+3sf] u7g kl5 CEDAW nufot dfgj
clwsf/ ;DaGWfL ljleGg Conventions n]
dlxnfx?sf] jf}l4s z}lIfs cfly{s
;f+:s[lts :j:Yo cflb ljleGg kIfsf]
pTyfgsf] nflu ljZf]if Joj:yf ug] {
l;nl;nfdf dlxnfx?sf] pTyfgsf nfuL
dlxnfx?nfO{ Empower ug{ k'?ifnfO{ eGbf
leGg / a]Un} Aojxf/ u/L laz]if Aoj:yf
ug{;S5 . t/ tL Conventions n]
hj{h:tL s/0fL h:tf] s8f / uDeL/
ck/fwdf k'?if au{sf] hLjg / :jtGqtfdf
vt/fdf kg{ ] u/L ljwflosfn] ck/fwsf]
kl/efiff g} gu/L :j]R5frf/L 9+un] s}b
;hfo a9fpg] Joj:yf ub} {g .
pk/f]Qm cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGwx?n]
dlxnf au{sf] lasf; / pTyfgsf] nflu
lzIff, :jf:Yo, l;k hf+u/, k]zf Aoj;fo
/f]huf/ ug{df k'?if;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{
gkg] {
jf k'?ifnfO{ eGbf dlxnf au{nfO{ a9L
nufgL, a9L ;x'lnot k|bfg ug] { jf dlxnf
au{sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf ;+/If0fsf] laz]if
Aoj:yf ug{ ;S5 . o:tf]df dlxnf / k'?if
aLr e]befj eof] egL k'?ifn] la/f]w ug{
kfp+b}g t/ dlxnfx?nfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug] {
gfddf kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf nf]Ug]sf] hLjg
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
/ :jtGqtf g} vt/fdf kg] { u/L kmf}hbf/L
sfg'g lgdf{0f x'g ;Qm}g . k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg dlxnfk|lt a9L Sentimental eP/
tof/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf / k'?ifsf]
nflu kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] dfkb08 ;dfg
x'G5 . :jf:gLsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] e/df
nf]Ug]sf] hLjg / :jtGqtf vt/fdf kg] {
u/L ;hfosf] dfqf a9fpg] s'g}klg dfgj
clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGwx?sf]
p2]Zo, dg;fo / Aoj:yf klg xf]O{g .
t;y{ l/6 vf/]h ug] { ax'dt /fo;+u
;xdt xF'b}
hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_
g+=df ePsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf a9fpg]
;DaGwdf a}B ljjfx -Valid Marrage_
cGtu{t nf]Ug] / :jf:gL Co–habit u/]sf]
cj:yfsf] s/0fL / nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf]
;DaGwljR5]b gePklg nf]Ug] / :jf:gL
cbfntsf] cfb]zn] cnu cnu eO{ leGg
a;]sf] cyf{t Living apart / Judicial
separation u/L a;]sf] cj:yfsf]
s/0fLnfO{ km/s km/s cj:yfsf] sfg'gdf
kl/efiff u/L :jf:gL Co–habit ePsf] geO{
cnu / leGg a;]sf] cj:yfsf] dGh'/L
glnO{ u/]sf] s/0fL rflx hjh{:tL s/0fL
dflgg] kl/efiff u/L ;f] cj:yfsf] s/0fLdf
dfq ;hfosf] dfqfdf k'gla{rf/ ug'{
egL
lakIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf
lgb] {zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^% ;fn c;f/ @^ ut]
/f]h % z'ed\
686

lg0f{o g+=&(&$ g]=sf=k= @)^%
;jf{ ]Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
;Djt\ @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k"=O{=g+=)^%–CF–
))@$
cfb]z ldltM @)^%.%.%.%
d'2fM e|i6frf/ -gSsnL k|df0fkq_ .
k'g/fj]bs÷k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f} + lhNnf uf] +ua'
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ gofF a;kfs{
a:g] tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_
lj?4
k|ToyL{÷jfbLM clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] tkm{af6 efg'eQm
lg/f}nfsf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ;/sf/
cl3 km};nf ug] {M
df= cWoIf >L tkaxfb'/ du/
df=;b:o >L uf]laGbk|;fb k/fh'nL
df= ;b:o >L e"kWjh clwsf/L
� ck/fw x'gnfO{ ck/flws sfo{
-Actus Reus_ / ck/fwL dg
-Mens Rea_ b'a} cfjZos x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
� k]z ePsf] ;l6{lkms]6 cf]xbf kfpg,
cf]xbfdf jxfn x'g jf s'g} nfe
;'ljwf k|fKt ug] { p2]Zon] k]z
687
c+s ^
gu/]sf] eGg] ePsf]df k]z ug{
cfjZos} gePsf] ;l6{lkms]6
gSsnL agfO{ k]z ug] { sfo{ k5fl8
cf]xbf ;DaGwL ;DEffljt nfe k|fKt
ug] { ck/flws clek|fo jf p2]Zo -
Mens Rea_ /x]sf] :ki6 b]lvg
cfpFbf gSsnL k|df0f kq k]z ug] {
sfo{df ck/flws sfo{ -Actus
Reus_ / ck/flws dg jf p2]Zo -
Mens Rea_ ;d]tsf b''a}
tTj
;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
� k]z ePsf] k|df0fkqaf6 nfe
lnPsf] jf glnPsf] eGg] s'/fsf]
ljrf/ eO{ dflyNnf] kbdf j9'jf
k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;d]t ljjfbsf]
k|df0fkqsf] s'g} k|of]hg x'g]
gb]lvPsf] l:yltdf k|ltjfbLnfO{
cleof]u jdf]lhd s;"/bf/ 7x/
ug{ pko'Qm / Gofof]lrt gb]lvg]
egL ;kmfO{ lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 ePsf] ?lnª;Fu of]
Ohnf; ;xdt x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg
clwjQmfåo >L jfj'/fd s'+j/
/
ledfh'{g
cfrfo{
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkf
cjnlDjt ghL/M

cfb]z
Gof=dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemLM ljz]if
cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !& cg';f/
o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L ;jf] {Rr
cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod # sf]
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_ jdf]lhd k"0f{
Ohnf;sf] nutdf btf{ e} k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;
k|sf/ 5M
tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_ n] a9'jf
lgo'lQm x'g] p2]Zon] k]z u/]sf] ljxf/
ljBfno k/LIff ;ldlt, k6gfaf6 ;g\
!(*& df /f]nsf]8 #@!& l;=g+= #!@ jf6
P;=Pn=;L= -xfO:s"n_ k/LIff kf; u/]sf]
5fgljgsf] l;nl;nfdf pRr dfWolds
lzIff kl/ifb ;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/ dfkm{t
k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu n]vL k7fpFbf ljxf/
ljBfno k/LIff ;ldlt, k6gf, ef/tsf]
;Tofkg kqf+s $@) lbgf+s )!.)(.))#
sf] kq;fy k|fKt ljj/0fsf] l;=g+= @% df
k/LIffyL{sf gfd tf/f /fhe08f/L sfsL{,
/f]n #@!&–#!@–*& -A_ pNn]v u/L
s}lkmot dxndf Æ;ldlt clen]v ;]
ldnfg s] qmd d] jl0f{t sf]8, qmdf+s Pj+
jif{ s] k'/] k|ljli6 d] leGgtf x} Æ egL
n]vL cfPsf] ljj/0f pRr dfWolds lzIff
kl/ifb\, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/sf] r=g+= !#,
ldlt @)^).%.@% sf] kq;fy clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k|fKt x'g
cfPsf] .
d g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no /Tgkfs{df t]>f] tx 6fO{lki6
kbdf sfo{/t 5' . d}n] 6]i6 k/LIff g]kfn
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
o'y xfO:s"njf6 @)#& ;fndf plQ0f{
u/]sf] tyf P;=Pn=;L= ;/xsf] k/LIff
ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldltjf6 ;g\
!(*& df kf; u/]sL x'F
. pQm
k|df0fkqx? a9'jf kfpg] p2]Zon] k]z
u/]sL x'F
. d]/f] k|df0fkqsf] ;DaGwdf
k|df0fLs/0f ljj/0fsf] l;=g+= @% df tf/f
/fhe08f/L sfsL{, cg'qmdf+s #@!&–#!@–
*&-A_ pNn]v u/L s}lkmot dxndf
Æ;ldlt clen]v ;] ldnfg s] qmd;]
jl0f{t sf]8 qmdf+s Pj+ jif{ s] k'/] k|ljli6
d] leGgtf x}Æ egL n]vL cfPsf]n] pQm
k|df0fLs/0f ljj/0f cg';f/ d]/f] k|df0fkq
unt b]lvg cfof] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL tf/f /fhe08f/Ln] cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf u/]sf] jofg .
/fi6«;]jssf] dflyNnf] cf]xf]bf kfpg]
p2]Zon] jblgotk"j{s cfkm\gf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf 9fF6L gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf
k|ltjfbL tf/f /fhe08f/L sfsL{n] ;fljs
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@,
@( Pj+ k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf !^-!_ cGtu{tsf] s;"/
u/]sf]n] lghnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)!& sf] bkmf !@, @( Pj+ k|rlnt
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !^-
!_ adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] cf/f]k kq .
d}n] @)%$ ;fndf k6gfsf] ljxf/
:s"n jf]8{jf6 cfkm+ }n] k/LIff lbO{
P;=Pn=;L= ;/xsf] k/LIff plQ0f{ u/]sf] x'F
.
;l6{lkms]6 ;DaGwdf lsg cf/f]k nufOof]
yfxf 5}g . pQm ;l6{lkms]6n] lgo'lQm
688

kfPsf] klg xf]Og / j9'jf klg ePsf] 5}g,
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf
ePsf] jofg :j]R5fn] u/]sf] x'F
eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_
n] ljz]if cbfnt ;dIf u/]sf] jofg .
k|ltjfbLn] ljjflbt k|df0fkq j9'jf
kfpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf
k]z u/]sf] egL cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf jofg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cf/f]lkt s;"/df
cbfntdf jfog ubf{ OGsf/ /x] klg
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ePsf] jofgnfO{
:jLsf/ u/L jofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf] ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff
;ldltjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] xfO:s"n k/LIffsf]
k|df0fkq k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt
@)%(.%.!) sf] kq;fy pRr dfWolds
lzIff kl/ifb\ ;fgf]l7dL dfkm{t ;DalGwt
lgsfodf k7fpFbf ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff
;ldltsf] ;Tofkg kqfÍ $@), lbgfÍ
)!.)(.))# sf] kq;fy k|fKt ljj/0fsf]
l;=g+= @% sf] s}lkmot dxndf Æ;ldlt
clen]v ;] ldnfg s] qmd d] jl0f{t sf]8,
qmdfÍ Pj+ jif{ s] k'/] k|ljli6 d] leGgtf x}
Æ egL n]vL cfPsf] ljj/0f pRr dfWolds
lzIff kl/ifb ;fgf] l7dL eQmk'/sf]
@)^).%.@% sf] kq;fy clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k|fKt x'g cfPsf]
b]lvG5 . pQm n]vL cfPsf] Joxf]/fnfO{
k|ltjfbLn] cGoyf xf] egL eGg / k|dfl0ft
ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg . To:tf] cflwsfl/s
lgsfojf6 n]vL cfPsf] s'/fnfO{ cGoyf
k|dfl0ft geP;Dd k|df0fdf lng'kg] { x'G5 .
689
c+s ^
k|ltjfbLn] g} cbfntdf jofg ubf{
cg';GWffgsf] qmddf ePsf] jofg cg';f/
ljjflbt k|df0fkq j9'jf kfpg] p2]Zon] k]z
u/]sf] egL v'nfO{ lbPsf] cj:yfdf lghn]
cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf xf]Ogg\ eGg ;lsg]
cj:yf b]lvPg . t;y{ ldl;n ;+nUg
k|df0fx?jf6 k|ltjfbL tf/f /fhe08f/L -
sfsL{_ n] cf/f]kkq dfubfjL jdf]lhdsf]
sfo{ u/L tTsfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ jdf]lhdsf] s;"/
u/]sf] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n] lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !@ / @(-@_ jdf]lhd
?=!,%)).– -Psxhf/ kfFr;o_ hl/jfgf
x'G5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljz]if cbfnt
sf7df8f} +sf] ldlt @)^!.#.#! sf] km};nf .
d k'g/fj]bsn] k|df0fkq k]z ug] {
sfo{af6 s'g} lsl;dsf] cg'lrt nfe
lnPsf] / jfbLn] c'glrt xfgL Joxf]g'{
k/]sf]
cj:yf 5}g . e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL ck/fwsf]
;fdfGo l;4fGt jdf]lhd klg To:tf] sfo{
e|i6frf/ 7xb} {g . d}n] k]z u/]sf]
k|df0fkqsf] cfwf/df s'g} k|sf/sf] nfe
k|fKt gu/]sf] / em'7\7f k|df0fkq ;d]t k]z
gu/]sf] x'Fbf
cleof]u k|dfl0ft x'g ;Sb}g .
d}n] k]z u/]sf] k|df0fkqsf] ;DaGwdf ljxf/
ljBfno k/LIff ;ldlt k6gfaf6 n]lvPsf]
Joxf]/fnfO{ cbfntaf6 :jtGq ?kn] k'i6L
ug] { sfo{ ePsf] 5}g . t;y{ To:tf]
Joxf]/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ e|i6frf/ h:tf]
g}lts ktg x'g] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf
s;"/bf/ 7x¥ofpg gldNg] x'Fbf
ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf jb/ u/L cf/f]lkt

s;"/af6 ;kmfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tf/f
/fhe08f/L -sfsL{_ n] g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0f, hgzlQm dxfzfvfsf] 6fOlki6
kbdf g]kfn o'y xfO{:s"naf6 6]i6 kf;
u/]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq k]z
u/]sf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5
. oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] ljxf/ ljBfno,
k/LIff ;ldlt, k6gfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
elgPsf P;=Pn=l;=sf] k|df0f kq k]z u/L
a9'jf eO{ kmfO{bf lnPsf] cj:yf klg
b]lvFb}g . o:tf] l:yltdf k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjL jdf]lhd
e|i6frf/ u/]sf] 7x¥ofPsf] ljz]if cbfnt,
sf7df8f} +sf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf
5nkmnsf] nflu dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ k]z ug'{
eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^$.#.# sf] cfb]z .
o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6
ldlt @)^$.@.!$ df km};nf ePsf] ;Dat\
@)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=@((% sf] e|i6frf/
-gSsnL k|df0fkq_ d'2fdf k]z ePsf]
ljjflbt k|df0fkqaf6 nfe lnPsf] jf
glnPsf] eGg] s'/fsf] ljrf/ eO{ dflyNnf]
kbdf j9'jf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ljjfbsf]
k|df0fkqsf] s'g} k|of]hg x'g] gb]lvPsf] egL
s;"/ gdfgL ;kmfO{ lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ePsf]df o;}
cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;Dat\ @)^!
;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #*##, g]=sf=k=@)^$
lg=g+=&*@% sf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf k|ltkflbt
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
l;4fGtdf em'6[f k|df0fkq k]z u/L ;s]sf]
s'/fdf nfe nPsf] 5}g eGg] lhsL/ dfGo
gx'g] egL ljz]if cbfntn] cleof]u dfu
bfjL cg';f/ 7x/ u/]sf] OG;fkm ;b/
ePaf6 em6[f cyf{t\ gSsnL k|df0fkq
h'g;'s} k|of]hgn] k]z ePklg s;"/hGo
x'g] egL Pp6} k|sf/sf ljjfb / sfg"gL
k|Zgdf b'O{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o
leGbfleGb} b]lvg cfPaf6 o:tf] k|Zgdf
Ps?ktf sfod x'g kg] { b]lvFbf ;jf] {Rr
cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod #-v_
sf] cfwf/df k|:t't d'2fx? k"0f{ Ohnf;af6
lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]
{ b]lvPsf]n] k"0f{ Ohnf;df
k]z ug'{
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt
;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^$.!!.@* sf]
cfb]z .
lgod jdf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs÷k|ltjfbL tkm{af6
/xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L afa'/fd
s'Fj/
tyf >L ledfh'{g
cfrfo{ / jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkfn] ug'{
ePsf]
jx; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf]
ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bs tf/f
/fhe08f/L -sfsL{_ g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fsf] 6fOlki6 -t];|f] tx_ kbdf
sfo{/t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lghn] 6fOlki6 -
t];|f] tx_ kbaf6 a9'jf kfpg k]z u/]sf]
jif{ !(*& sf] ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff
;ldltjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] xfO:s"n k/LIffsf]
k|df0fkq k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt
@)%(.%.!) sf] kq;fy pRr dfWolds
690

lzIff kl/ifb\ ;fgf]l7dL dfkm{t ;DalGwt
lgsfodf k7fpFbf ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff
;ldltsf] ;Tofkg kqfÍ $@), lbgfÍ
)!(.))# sf] kq;fy k|fKt ljj/0fsf]
l;=g+= @% sf] s}lkmot dxndf Æ;ldlt
clen]v ;] ldnfg s] qmd d] jl0f{t sf]8,
qmdfÍ Pj+ jif{ s] k'/] k|ljli6 d] leGgtf x}Æ
egL n]vL cfPsf]n] k'g/fj]bsn] z}lIfs
of]Uotf 9fF6L gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf]
eGg] cf/f]kdf k'g/fj]bs pk/ tTsfnLg
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ /
@( tyf k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf !^-!_ jdf]lhd ;hfo
dfu u/L d'2f rnfO{Psf]df ljz]if cbfntn]
k'g/fj]bsnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!&
sf] bkmf !@ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/ u/L bkmf
@(-@_ jdf]lhd ?=!,%)).– hl/jfgf
u/]sf]n] lgh k|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] b]lvof] .
k'g/fj]bsn] ljz]if cbfnt ;dIf
jofg ubf{ ljjflbt z}lIfs of]Uotfsf]
k|df0fkq cfkm"n] k]z u/]sf] s'/fdf ;fljt
eO{ pQm k|df0fkq cfkm"n] k/LIffdf
;lDdlnt eO{ plQ0f{ eO{ k|fKt u/]sf] t/
k]z u/]klg pQm k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df
lgo'QmL gkfPsf] x'Fbf
;hfo x'g kg] { xf]Og
eGg] lhsL/ lnFb} jofg u/]sf] b]lvof] . o;
cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] o:t} ljifoj:t'
/x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 ljdnf kf]v/]n
ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=
@((% sf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf / ;'bz{g yfkf
lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^!
;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #*## -g]=sf=k=@)^$
691
c+s ^
lg=g+=&*@%_ sf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf km/s
km/s ?lnª ePsf] egL ldlt @)^$.!!.@*
df k"0f{ Ohnf;df k7fPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{
k|:t't d'2f o; k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z
ePsf] /x]5 . k|:t't d'2fdf o; cbfntsf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 km/s km/s ?lnª
ePsf] elgPsf plNnlvt km};nfx?,
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ / k'g/fj]bs
tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] jx; lhsL/
;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL lg0f{o lbg' kg] {
ePsf] 5 .
@= lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& nfO{ e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] vf/]h u/]sf] cj:yf
5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(, ldlt
@)%(.#.% b]lv nfu" ePsf] / ;f] P]gsf]
bkmf ^% df /x]sf] vf/]hL / arfp lzif{s
cGtu{t pkbkmf -#_ df e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)!& adf]lhd eP u/]sf] sfd
sf/jfxL o;} P]g adf]lhd eP u/]sf]
dflgg]5 eGg] k|fawfg /x]sf] kfO{of] .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@
n] æs'g} JolQmn] /fi6«;]jssf] cf]xbf kfpg]
jf ;f] cf]xbfdf jxfn /xg] p2]Zon] lzIff
;DaGwL s'g} of]Uotf, gfd, tLgk':t], pd]/,
hft, y/, jtg, gful/stf jf cof]Uotf
9fF6]df lghnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ @
jif{ b]lv ^ jif{;Dd s}b jf hl/jfgf jf b'a}
;hfo x'g]5Æ eGg] Aoj:yf u/]sf]df vf/]h
ug] { P]g e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf !^-!_ n] æs'g} JolQmn] /fi6«;]jssf]
cf]xbf kfpg] jf ;f] cf]xbfdf jxfn /xg]
jf s'g} x}l;ot, nfe jf ;'ljwf kfpg]

p2]Zon] z}lIfs of]Uotf, gfd, tLgk':t],
pd]/, hft, y/, 7]ufgf, gful/stf jf
of]Uotf jf cGo s'g} s'/fsf] em'6\7f ljj/0f
lbPdf jf ;f] ;DaGwL em'6\7f k|df0fkq k]z
u/]df lghnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ 5
dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b / bz xhf/
?k}ofb]lv jL; xhf/ ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf
x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yfaf6 vf/]h ePsf] P]gn]
Joj:yf u/]sf] /fi6«;]jssf] cf]xbf lgldQ
of]Uotf gfd OToflb 9f6\g] ck/fwnfO{
vf/]h ug] { P]g cyf{t e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf !^-!_ n] cem :ki6 /
lj:tfl/t ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] b]lvg
cfof] . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ldlt
@)%(.%.!) sf] kqåf/f clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]udf yk 5fgljgsf] nflu
cfjZos sfuhft k7fPsf] jf/]sf] kq
k| ]lift ul/P kZrft\ ;f] cfof]uaf6 5fgljg
ePsf]df gSsnL k|df0fkq ePsf] tYo
pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb, ;fgf]l7dLsf]
ldlt @)^).%.@% sf] kqaf6 clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ hfgsf/L
x'g cfPsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 .
#= tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_
ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldlt, k6gfaf6
;g\ !(*& df /f]n sf]8 #@!& l;=g+= #!@
P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff kf; u/]sf] egL k]z
u/]sf] k|df0f kq ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg z'?
ePsf] ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf @$s= n] æo;
P]g jdf]lhd d'2f bfo/ ug] { xbDofb sfod
ubf{ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ jf >L
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
% sf] ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yfsf]
;DklQ lxgfldgf u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf]df
s'g} xbDofb nfUg] 5}g . ;f] jfx]s c?
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df ljefuLo sf/jfO{
;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfsf] /
ljefuLo sf/jfO{ gePsf]df cg';Gwfgsf]
sf/jfO{ z'? ePsf] ldltn] @ jif{sf]
xbDofb x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
;Gbe{df k|:t't d'2f ljefuLo sf/jfxL
gePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf
cg';Gwfg z'? ePsf]
cyf{t ldlt @)%(.%.!) sf] b''O{
aif{ leq
d'2f rnfpg' kg] { xbDofb vf/]h ePsf]
P]gn] tf]s]sf]df vf/]h ePsf] P]g cGt/ut
sf/jfxL ;'? ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf
cg';Gwfg
z'? ePsf] b''O{
aif{ leq d'2f rNg ;Sg]
g;Sg] s] xf] < ;f] tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]
{ x'g
cfof] . sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g @)!)
sf] bkmf $ n] vf/]hLsf] kl/0ffdsf
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ub} { v08 -ª_ df æs'g}
g]kfn P]gn] clxn];Dd ag]sf] / kl5 aGg]
s'g} P]gnfO{ vf/]h u¥of] eg] cs} { clek|fo
gb]lvPdf vf/]h ePsf] P]gn] s'g}
txlssft, sfg"gL sf/jfO{ jf pkfonfO{
z'? ug{, hf/L /fVg jf nfu" ug{ x'G5 /
vf/]h ug] { P]g kf; geP ;/x u/L To:tf]
b08 ;hfo jf hkmt u/] x'G5Æ eGg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] kl/k| ]Ifdf bkmf $ -ª_ sf]
pQm Joj:yfn] vf/]h ePsf] e|i6frf/
P]gsf] bkmf !@ sf] s;"/df txlssft,
sfg'gL sf/jfxL jf pkfonfO{ vf/]h ePsf]
bkmf @$s= sf] xbDofb leq z'? ug{
g;lsg] cj:yf gb]lvPsf] vf/]h ug] {,
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^% -
692

#_ n] klg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!&
adf]lhd eP u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL o;} P]g
adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg] 5 egL arfp
u/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|:t't ljjfbdf vf/]h
ePsf] P]g cfslif{t gx'g] eGg ;lsg]
ePg .
$= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tf/f
/fhe08f/L -sfsL{_ n] ljxf/ ljBfno
kl/Iff ;ldlt, k6gfaf6 !(*& df /f]nsf]8
#@!& l;=g+= #!@ P;=Pn=;L= -xfO{:s'n_
kl/Iff kf; u/]sf] ;l6{lkms]6 k]z u/]sf]
tYodf s'g} ljjfb b]lvFb}g . k|ltjfbL
k'g/fj]bsn] ;l6{lkms]6af6 lgo'lQm kfPsf] /
;l6{lkms]6sf cfwf/df a9'jf kfPsf] cj:yf
ge} ;l6{lkms]6sf cfwf/df cf]xbf kfpg],
cf]xbfdf axfn /xg] ;d]tsf s'g} nfe
;'ljwf k|fKt gePsf] x'Fbf
To:tf]
;l6{lkms]6sf cfwf/df ;hfo ug{ gldNg]
eGg];Ddsf] lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvof] .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@
n] æs'g} JolQmn] /fi6«;]jssf] cf]xbf kfpg]
jf ;f] cf]xbfdf jxfn /xg] p2]Zon] lzIff
;DaGwL s'g} of]Uotf, gfd, tLgk':t], pd]/,
hft, y/, jtg, gful/stf jf cof]Uotf
9fF6]df lghnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ @
jif{ b]lv ^ jif{;Dd s}b jf hl/jfgf jf b'a}
;hfo x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf u/]af6 /fi6«
;]jsn] s'g} cf]xbf kfpg], cf]xbfdf jxfn
/xg] jf s'g} nfe jf ;'ljwf kfpg] p2]Zon]
lzIff ;DaGwL s'g} of]Uotf, gfd, ltg k':t],
pd]/, hft, y/, jtg, gful/stf jf
cof]Uotf 9f6\g gx'g] u/L o:tf sfo{nfO{
693
c+s ^
ck/fwhGo u/L :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg
cfpFb5 . ck/fw x'gnfO{ lgZro g}
ck/flws sfo{ -Actus Reus_ / ck/fwL
dg -Mens Rea_ b'a} cfjZos x'G5 .
ck/fwLs sfo{ -Actus Reus_ eGgfn]
ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt zf/Ll/s jf ef}lts
sfo{ a''‰g''
kg] { x'G5 eg] ck/flws dg
-Mens Rea_ ck/flws clek|fo jf
p2]ZonfO{ af]w u/fpFb5 . ck/flws
clek|fo jf p2]Zo ljxLgsf] sfo{af6 dfq
ck/fw sfod x'g ;Sb}g -Actus Non facit
reum, nisi mens sit rea_ eGg] kmf}Hbf/L
Gofosf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 .
%= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLaf6
gSsnL ;l6{lkms]6 k]z ug] { sfo{ cyf{t
ck/flws sfo{ -Actus Reus_ ePsf]
tYodf s'g} ljjfb 5}g, k]z ePsf]
;l6{lkms]6 cf]xbf kfpg, cf]xbfdf jxfn
x'g jf s'g} nfe ;'ljwf k|fKt ug] { p2]Zon]
k]z gu/]sf] eGg] ePsf]df k]z ug{
cfjZos} gePsf] ;l6{lkms]6 gSsnL agfO{
k]z ug] { sfo{ k5fl8 cf]xbf ;DaGwL
;DEffljt nfe k|fKt ug] { ck/flws clek|fo
jf p2]Zo -Mens Rea_ /x]sf] :ki6 b]lvg
cfpFbf gSsnL k|df0f kq k]z ug] { sfo{df
ck/flws sfo{ -Actus Reus_ / ck/flws
dg jf p2]Zo -Mens Rea_ ;d]tsf b''a}
tTj ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{
k|ltjfbLsf] pQm sfo{nfO{ s;"/ dfgL
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@
tyf @(-@_ jdf]lhd lghnfO{ ?=!,%)).–
hl/jfgf x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] ljz]if cbfnt

sf7df8f} +sf] ldlt @)^!.#.#! sf] km};nf
ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
^= o:t} ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'
;dfj]z ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 ljdnf
kf]v/]n ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^) ;fnsf]
kmf}=k'=g+=@((% sf] e|i6frf/ -gSsnL
k|df0fkq_ d'2fdf k]z ePsf] ljjflbt
k|df0fkqaf6 nfe lnPsf] jf glnPsf] eGg]
s'/fsf] ljrf/ eO{ dflyNnf] kbdf j9'jf
k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;d]t ljjfbsf]
k|df0fkqsf] s'g} k|of]hg x'g] gb]lvPsf]
l:yltdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u jdf]lhd
s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug{ pko'Qm / Gofof]lrt
gb]lvg] egL ;kmfO{ lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] o;
cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^#.#.!! df ePsf] ?lnª;Fu of] Ohnf;
;xdt x'g ;s]g . ldl;n lgod jdf]lhd
u/L a'emfO{lbg' .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/L
Gof= an/fd s]=;L=sf] /foM
k|:t't d'2fdf gSsnL k|df0fkq
h'g;'s} k|of]hgn] k]z ePklg s;"/hGo
x'g] eGg] jx'dt dfggLo GofofwLzx?sf]
/fo;Fu ;xdt x'Fb}
;f] lgisif{df k'Ugsf
nflu d]/f] yk / 5'6[ } /fo k|:t't u/]sf] 5' .
o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf
d'2fx?df o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6
km/s km/s ?lnª ePsf] egL pNn]v
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
ul/Psf km};nfx?, k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ / k'g/fj]bssf] tkm{sf sfg"g
Joj;foLx?sf] jx; lhsL/ ;d]tsf
cfwf/df x]bf{ b]xfosf ljifodf s]lGb|t e}
Gofo lg?k0f ug'{kg]
{ b]lvg cfof] .
!= ;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf jxfn /xL
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQmn]
z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DaGwL jf cof]Uotf
;DaGwL Joxf]/f 9fF6L gSsnL
k|df0fkq jf em'6[f Joxf]/f k]z u/]sf]
t/ To;sf] kmfObf jf nfe
lnOg;s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] sfo{
ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ x'G5 jf x'Fb}g
/
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;hfosf] efuL x'G5 jf x'Fb}g
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@= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& nfO{
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n]
vf/]h u/]sf] t/ k'g/fj]bsnfO{
;fljssf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)!& cg';f/ ;hfo u/]sf] x'Fbf
vf/]h ePsf] P]gn] ;hfo ug{ ldN5
jf ldNb}g <
ca, ;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zg tkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ oL k|ltjfbL g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fsf] 6fOlki6 -t];|f] tx_ kbdf
sfo{/t /x]sf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvPg .
lghn] k]z u/]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf]
k|df0fkq ;SsnL geO{ gSsnL eGg]
ePsf]n] lghn] k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] lzIf0f
;+:yf ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldlt ;dIf
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
694

ldlt @)%(.%.!) sf] kq;fy pRr
dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\ ;fgf]l7dL dfkm{t
k7fpFbf pQm ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff
;ldltsf] ;Tofkg kqfÍ $@), lbgfÍ
)!.)(.))# sf] kq;fy k|fKt ljj/0fsf]
l;=g+= @% sf] s}lkmot dxndf Æ;ldlt
clen]v ;] ldnfg s] qmd d] jl0f{t sf]8,
qmdfÍ Pj+ jif{ s] k'/] k|ljli6 d] leGgtf x}
Æ egL n]vL cfPsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf
lghn]
gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/L ;f] k|df0fkqaf6
kmfObf glnP klg lghn] cof]Uotf 9fF6]sf]
eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb ePg / ;f] s'/fsf] cGo
yk k|df0f klg cfjZos k/]g .
k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;dIf
jofg ubf{ dfWolds k/LIff plQ0f{ u/]sf]
pQm z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq a9'jf
kfpg] p2]Zon] k]z u/]sf] egL ;fljtL
jofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ df æs'g} JolQmn]
/fi6«;]jssf] cf]xbf kfpg] jf ;f] cf]xbfdf
jxfn /xg] p2]Zon] lzIff ;DaGwL s'g}
of]Uotf, gfd, tLgk':t], pd]/, hft y/,
jtg, gful/stf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6]df
lghnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ @ jif{ b]lv
^ jif{;Dd s}b jf hl/jfgf jf b'a} ;hfo
x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . pQm
k|fawfgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo / cfzo s'g}
sd{rf/Ln] lzIff ;DaGwL of]Uotf jf gfd
jf tLgk':t] jf pd]/ cflb jf s'g}
cof]Uotf 9fF6\g gx'g], olb tL dWo] s'g}
of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6]df ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{
x'g] eGg] b]lvG5 .
695
c+s ^
pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] of]Uotf jf
cof]Uotf 9fF6\g] sfo{nfO{ cfk/flws sfo{
kl/eflift u/L ;hfosf] ;d]t Joj:yf
u/]sf] x'Fbf
bkmf !@ cg';f/sf] ck/fw x'g
of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6]sf]df To;af6
nfe lnO{ ;s]sf] jf lng gkfPsf] jf
glnPsf] jf lnO{ g;s]sf] h] ;'s} ePklg
To;sf] glthf jf c;/sf] s'g} dtnj
x'Fb}g
. plNnlvt ck/fw x'g dg;fo s]
s:tf] xf] k|dfl0ft x'g kb} {g, of]Uotf jf
cof]Uotf 9fF6\g] sfo{ g} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
s'g} /fi6«;]jsn] cfkm\gf] ;+u7g cyjf
cfkm\gf] Employer ;dIf cfkm"df gePsf]
of]Uotf 5 egL gSsnL of]Uotf k]z u/] jf
s'g} cof]Uotf n'sfO{ To:tf] cof]Uotf 5}g
egL e'm6[f ljj/0f k]z u/]df To:tf] sfo{ g}
bkmf !@ sf] s;"/ x'G5 . kmf}hbf/L
ck/fwdf cleo'Qmsf] dg;fo -Mens Rea_
klg x]l/G5, t/ s]xL ck/fwx?, h;nfO{
Strict liability jf Absolute prohibition sf]
ck/fw elgG5, To:tf]df Mens Rea x]l/Fb}g
. Strict liability sf] ck/fwdf klxnf] s'/f
s'g} sfo{ ug] { OR5f eO{ To:tf] sfo{ u/]sf]
x''gk5{
/ bf];|f] s'/f To:tf] sfo{ ug'{
ck/fw
xf] eGg] s'/f ck/fw ug] {nfO{ yfxf ePsf]
x'G5 . o; d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs ÷ k|ltjfbLsf]
cfkm\gf] o;=Pn=l;=sf] of]Uotf gePsf]n]
gePsf] of]Uotf 5 egL gSsnL k|df0fkq
u}/ sfg"gL tl/sfn] k|fKt u/L of]Uotf 5
egL k]z ug] { / To;/L cfkm"df gePsf]
of]Uotf 5 egL gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z ug] {
sfo{ ck/fw xf] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
lghnfO{ x'g' kof{Kt x'G5 . Strict liability

sf] o:tf] ck/fwdf Mens Rea x]l/Fb}g .
gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf] k|dfl0ft
x'gf;fy} gePsf] of]Uotf 5 egL jf
cof]Uotf 9fF6L nfe lng vf]h]sf] Mens
Rea :jtM k|dfl0ft x'G5 . k'g/fj]bsn]
lhsL/ u/] ;/x nfe lnO{ g;s]sf]df
ck/fw gx'g] ljwfoLsL dg;fo eP bkmf
!@ df k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z /fvL jf cGo
cfjZos Joj:yf u/L nfe lnO{ g;s]sf]df
ck/fw gx'g] :ki6 Joj:yf x'g] lyof] .
kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf sfo{ eGbf klg Mind
guilty dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bsn] df}sf k/] kmfObf p7fpg]
p2]Zon] cj;/jfbL eP/ g} pQm gSsnL
k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf] x'Fbf
nfe lnO{ g;s]sf]
eGg] k|Zg g} cfpFb}g . To:tf] JofVof ug'{
eg]sf] bkmf !@ sf] unt / ljwfoLsL OR5f
ljk/Lt JofVof ug'{
xf] .
pQm bkmf !@ sf] of]Uotf jf
cof]Uotf 9fF6\g] sfo{nfO{ e|i6frf/sf] s;"/
dfgL /fHosf] tkm{af6 cg';Gwfg eO{
/fHos} tkm{af6 cleof]u nufO{ d'2f ;d]t
rnfOg] / ;f] d'2f clGtd geP;Dd /fHos}
tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ul/g] bkmf !@ sf]
Joj:yfsf k5fl8 s]xL dfGotfx? /x]sf
5g\ . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf
!@ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmnfO{,
/fi6«;]jsnfO{, ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{, sfg"g
jdf]lhd ul7t sfof{no, ;+:yfg, ;+:yf jf
lgsfo jf ;+u7gdf sfo{/t kbflwsf/L jf
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ nfu" x'g] sfg"g xf] . hf]
JolQm ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQm jf
/fi6«;]js jf sd{rf/L jf kbflwsf/Lsf]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
kl/efiff leq kb} {g, s]xL ckjfb jfx]s
To:tf] JolQmnfO{ pQm P]g nfu" x'Fb}g
.
o;sf] p2]Zo b]zsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g
;~rfngdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] To:tf
kbflwsf/Lx? tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf k'u]sf],
of]Uo, :jR5, g}ltsjfg, OdfGbf/, ;TojfbL
/ c;n rl/q Pj+ c;n rfnrngsf]
x'g'k5{ eGg] g} xf] .
xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf Pj+
Joj:yf cg';f/ dlGqkl/ifb\, h;nfO{
Political Executive klg elgG5,
dlGqkl/ifb\n] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ cGtu{t
gLlt lgdf{0f ub{5, /fHo ;~rfng ub{5 /
tL Political Executive nfO{ sd{rf/Lx?
cyf{t\ Permanent Executive n] cfkm\gf]
nfdf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df lgikIf ?kdf
;Nnfx k|bfg u/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] gLlt
nfu" u/L /fHo ;~rfngdf ;3fp
k'¥ofpFb5g\ . To;}n] o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
ePsf] ;d"x tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
;DkGg, :jR5 rl/qsf] OdfGbf/ /
/fhgLltdf gnfu]sf] x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf]
cfwf/df tL lgsfox?sf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL
sfg"gdf Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf ;d]t
tf]sL ljleGg cfr/0fx?sf] Joj:yf u/L
z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DkGg x'g' kg] {, cfr/0fsf]
kfngf ug'{kg]
{ / ;f]sf] ljk/Lt u/]df
ljefuLo sf/jfxL x'g] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u /
e|i6frf/ h:tf sfo{ u/]df b08gLo x'g]
;d]tsf] Joj:yf sfg"gdf ul/Psf] x'G5,
To:tf] Joj:yf klg ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f
u/]sf] JolQm jf /fi6«;]jssf nflu cfslif{t
696

x'G5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g oxL p2]Zon]
:jR5 k|zf;g ;~rfngsf ;fy} ljleGg
lgsfosf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/Lsf] pRr
g}ltstf sfod ug{sf nflu NofOPsf]
sfg"g xf] .
;+u7g ;+rfngdf sd{rf/Lx?sf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . ;/sf/L sfof{no
jf u}/;/sf/L sfof{no jf ;+:yfx?sf] sfo{
cf–cfkm\gf] sfg"g cg'?k x'G5 . To:tf
;+:yfx?sf] sfd eg]s} gful/sx?, hf]
;]jfu|fxL jf jf:tljs pkef]Qmf x'g\, nfO{
;]jf k'¥ofpg' xf] . To;}n] tL ;+u7gx?n]
cfkm\gf kbflwsf/L Pj+ sd{rf/Laf6 pRr
g}ltstf / OdfGbfl/tfsf] ck]Iff ub{5 /
k|To]s ;+u7gn] cfkm\gf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL
lgodfjnLdf cfr/0f ;DaGwL ljz]if
Joj:yf u/L cfr/0f ljk/Lt sfd u/]df
ToxL cfr/0f ljk/Lt sfd u/]sf] sf/0f
ljefuLo sf/jfO{ u/L s;"/sf] dfqf cg'?k
;]jfaf6} x6fpg ;Sg] jf jvf{:t ug{ ;Sg]
;d]tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;]jf zt{
;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf ePsf sltko
cfr/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfx?df cfd
gful/ssf] x}l;otn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg]
df}lns xs ;d]t /fi6«;]js ePsf] sf/0f
/fi6«;]jssf] kbdf /x'~h]n Ps k|sf/n]
To:tf xsx? lgnDjgdf /x] ;/x u/L
/fi6«;]js kbdf jxfn /x'~h]n pkef]u ug{
gkfpg] k|fawfgx? /flvPsf] x'G5, t/ klg
To;nfO{ df}lns xs ljk/Lt dflgb}g .
o;sf] p2]Zo /fi6«;]jssf] x}l;ot /fVg]
sd{rf/L /fhgLltaf6 6f9f / Neutral /xg
To:tf] sd{rf/Ldf OdfGbfl/tf, pRr
697
c+s ^
g}ltstf, nugzLntf, ;Totf,
ljZj;gLotf x'g'k5{ eGg] g} xf] . t/
o;sf] ljk/Lt olb s'g} kbflwsf/L jf
sd{rf/Ln] cfr/0f / sfg"g ljk/Lt cfkm\gf]
JolQmut lghL :jfy{sf] nflu cfkm\gf]
;+u7g ;dIf g} gSsnL z}lIfs of]Uotf
k]z u/L cfkm\gf] z}lIfs of]Uotf 9fF6\g] jf
cof]Uotf 9fF6\g] h:tf] sfo{ ub{5 eg]
To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ;+u7gn] ljZjf; ug{
;Sb}g / ToxL s'/fnfO{ dxz'; u/L
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@
df z}lIfs of]Uotf 9fF6\g' jf z}lIfs
cof]Uotf n'sfpg' g} e|i6frf/sf] s;"/
dfgL ljefuLo sf/jfxL u/L kbaf6
x6fpg'sf ;fy} kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf ;hfo
;d]t ug] { Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .
k|zf;goGqdf z}lIfs of]Uotf 9fF6\g] jf
cof]Uotf n'sfpg] JolQmsf] pkl:ylt /xg'
eg]sf] Psftkm{ ;'zf;gsf] k|lts"n x'G5
eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf of]Uo JolQmx?n]
c;dfg JolQmx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ' kg] { e}
of]Uo JolQmx?n] ;dfgtfsf] xssf] pkef]u
ug{ gkfpg] l:yltsf] ;d]t pbo x'g hfG5
. To;}n] z}lIfs of]Uotf 9fF6\g] / z}lIfs
cof]Uotf n'sfpg] sfo{n] ;'zf;g /
;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt x'g hfg] x'gfn]
klg To:tf] sfo{nfO{ cfr/0f ljk/Lt /
b08gLo sfo{ dflgPsf] xf] .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf]
bkmf !@ df of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6] klg
To;sf] nfe lnO{ ;s]sf] ePdfq ck/fw
7xl/g] elgPsf] 5}g . ;f] s'/f k'g/fj]bssf]
lhsL/ dfq xf] . bkmf !@ sf] ck/fw x'g

of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6\g' g} kof{Kt x'G5,
nfe lnO{ ;s]sf] x'g' kb} {g . k|To]s
/fi6«;]jsaf6 ;+u7gn] OdfGbfl/tf /
;Totfsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 . cfkm"df
gePsf] of]Uotf 5 egL 9fF6L jf cfkm"df
s'g} cof]Uotf 5 eg] To:tf] cof]UotfnfO{
n'sfO{ gePsf] of]Uotf 5 egL 9fF6L
b]vfpg'sf] Psdfq p2]Zo eg]sf] df}sf k/]
cfkm"df g/x]sf] of]UotfnfO{ 5 egL /
cfkm"df /x]sf] cof]UotfnfO{ n'sfO{ 9fF6L
of]Uotf ;DkGg 5 egL k|:t't u/L kmfO{bf
lng' g} xf] . t;y{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)!& sf] bkmf !@ sf] ;Gbe{df
k'g/fj]bsn] dfWolds txsf] k|df0fkq k]z
;Dddfq u/]sf] t/ To;sf] nfe lnO{
g;s]sf] x'Fbf
;kmfO{ kfpg'k5{ eGg]
lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
ca, bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df ljrf/
ubf{ k'g/fj]bstkm{af6 jx; ug'{
x'g] sfg"g
Joj;foLåf/f e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!&
vf/]h e} ;s]sf] cj:yfdf ljz]if cbfntn]
vf/]h eO{;s]sf] pQm P]gsf] cfwf/df
;hfo u/]sf] ldn]g, d'2f g} vf/]h x'g' k5{
eGg] ;d]tsf] lhsL/ lnOPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& klxnf] k6s ldlt
@)!&.!@.@* df /fhkqdf k|sflzt eO{
pQm P]g k|sflzt ldltaf6} nfu" ePsf] /
k6s k6s ;+zf]wg ;d]t ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pQm P]gnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf ^%-@_ n] ldlt @)%(.#.% b]lv
vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
e|i6frf/sf] ck/fwdf s}b /
hl/jfgf b'a} ;hfo x'g ;Sb5 .
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
e|i6frf/sf] ck/fw kmf}hbf/L ck/fw xf] .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf @ sf]
v08 -3_ df s;"/sf] dfqfsf] kl/efiff
ul/Psf] 5 eg] kl/R5]b @ cGtu{t bkmf #
b]lv bkmf !^u ;Dd ug{ gx'g] sfo{x?
pNn]v ePsf] / olb To:tf] ug{ gx'g] sfo{
u/] ck/fw dflgg] / ;hfo ;d]t x'g]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLtkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLn]
jx;sf qmddf lng' ePsf] lhsL/sf
;Gbe{df b]xfosf b'O{ k|Zgdf klg ljrf/
ug'{kg]
{ b]lvG5M
!= ;fljssf] Penal Law nfO{ kl5
ag]sf] s'g} gofF P]gn] vf/]h u/]df
;fljs P]g cGtu{t eP u/]sf
ck/flws sfo{df s'g P]g nfu" x'g]
xf] <
@= ;fljssf] P]gnfO{ vf/]h u/L nfu"
ePsf] P]g cGtu{t sf/jfO{ x'Fbf
kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] xs ljk/Lt x'g] xf]
ls <
plNnlvt ;Gbe{df x]bf{ xfd|f] sfg"g
JofVof ;DaGwL P]g / sfg"g JofVof
;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ ;fljs
eO/x]sf] P]gnfO{ s'g} P]gn] vf/]h u/] klg
P]g vf/]h geP;/x ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg
txlssft rfn' /fvL sfg"gL sf/jfO{
cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . ;fljs P]gnfO{
vf/]h u/L s'g} gofF P]g nfu" ePdf P]gn]
:ki6 Joj:yf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;fljs P]g
vf/]h x'Fb}df
vtjft dfkm x'g ;Sb}g .
698

vf/]h ug] { kl5 ag]sf] P]g kfl/t÷nfu"
geP ;/x ;fljssf] P]g cGtu{t ck/fw
cg';Gwfg, txlssft, cleof]hg /
cbfntL sf/jfO{sf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9\b5 .
sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffdf
cfwfl/t e} /fHo ;+rfng x'g] ;+j}wflgs
k|lta4tf /x]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !$
df / jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# sf] wf/f @$-$_ df kmf}hbf/L Gofo
;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm
wf/fx?df ætTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;hfo
gx'g] s'g} sfd u/] jfkt s'g} JolQm
;hfosf] efuL x'g] 5}g / s'g} klg
JolQmnfO{ s;"/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt
sfg"gdf tf]lsPeGbf a9L ;hfo lbOg]
5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . of]
Joj:yf Ex Post Facto Law lj?4sf] xs
xf] . ;f] xs cGtu{t olb klxn] u/]sf] s'g}
sfo{df ck/fw dflgg] / ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf
ePsf] 5}g eg] klxn] u/]sf] sfo{df kl5
P]g agfO{ ck/fw 3f]lift u/L ;hfo ug{
gkfOg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .
;f] xs /fHosf lj?4 k|fKt x'g] kmf}hbf/L
Gofosf] xs xf] . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts
clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, !(^^
-ICCPR_ nfO{ g]kfnn] d] !$, !((! df
cg'df]bg ;d]t u/]sfn] ;GwL P]g, @)$&
sf] bkmf ( cg';f/ ;f] cg'aGw g]kfnsf
nflu sfg"g ;/x afWofTds ?kn] nfu"
x'G5 . ;f] cg'aGwsf] wf/f !% o; k|sf/
/x]sf] 5M
699
c+s ^
No one shall be held guilty of any
criminal offence on account of any act or
omission which did not constitute a
criminal offence, under national or
international law, at the time when it was
committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty
be imposed than the one that was
applicable at the time when the criminal
offence was committed. If, subsequent to
the commission of the offence, provision
is made by law for the imposition of the
lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit
thereby.
ICCPR sf] wf/f !% sf] pQm
Joj:yf / g]kfnsf] tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !$-!_ df /x]sf] Joj:yf ;dfg 5 .
Ex Post Facto Law sf ;DaGwdf
cd]l/sfsf] cbfntn] Calder vs. Bull,
(1798) 3 Dall 386 sf] d'2fdf olb kl5
ag]sf] P]gdf b]xfosf] rf/ cj:yfx?
;dfj]z ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf] sfg"g Ex
Post Facto Law x'G5 eg]sf] 5M
1. Every law that makes an action done
before the passing of the law and
which was innocent when done
criminal and punishes such action.
2. Every law that aggravates a crime or
makes it greater than it was when
committed.
3. Every law that changes the
punishment and inflicts a greater
punishment than the law annexed to
the crime when committed.

4. Every law that alters the legal rules of
evidence and receives less or
different testimony than the law
required at the time of commission of
the offence in order to convict the
offender.
Cooley (Constitutional Law, p.
357) sf cg';f/ b]xfosf b'O{ cj:yf
;dfj]z ePsf] sfg"g klg Ex Post Facto
Law x'g] eGg] b]lvG5M
1. Every law which assuming to
regulate civil rights and remedies
only in effect imposes a penalty or
the deprivation of a right for
something which when done was
lawful.
2. Every law which deprives persons
accused of crime of some lawful
protection to which they have
become entitled.
o;/L kl5 ag]sf] sfg"gn] ;fljssf]
sfg"g cGtu{tsf] ck/fwsf] kl/efiffnfO{
Jofks u/L a9fO{ a9L sfo{nfO{ ck/fw
egL kl/eflift u/]df klg To:tf] sfg"g Ex
Post Facto Law dflgg] b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& ;+zf]wg ePsf] geO{
;f] P]gnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n]
vf/]h u/L ldlt @)%(.#.% af6 nfu"
ePsf] xf] . of]Uotf n'sfpg] jf cof]Uotf
9fF6\g] sfo{ cfk/flws sfo{ x'g] ;fljs
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@
df klg Joj:yf gePsf] xf]Og . pQm P]gn]
klg of]Uotf n'sfpg] / cof]Uotf 9fF6\g]
sfo{ cfk/flws sfo{ dfg]sf] / e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] klg pQm
sfo{x?nfO{ s;"/sf ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbP
klg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
k'g/fj]bsn] gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/] kl5
nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf !^ n] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ sf] eGbf a9L /
yk sfo{nfO{ ck/flws sfo{ dfgL ;hfo
x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L kl5 ag]sf]
sfg"g To;df klg ;fljssf] bkmf !@ n]
ck/flws sfo{ egL kl/efiff u/]sf] eGbf
a9L / yk sfo{nfO{ klg ck/fw dflgPsf]
x'Fbf
ldlt @)%(.#.% eGbf cufl8sf] sfo{df
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& nfu" x'G5 .
t;y{ ;fljs P]g e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)!& vf/]h ePsf]n] d'2f g} rNg g;Sg] /
rn]sf] d'2f klg vf/]h x'g' kg] { eGg]
lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
k'g/fj]bssf] lhsL/nfO{ dfGg] xf]
eg] xfd|f] Penal Code sf ?kdf /x]sf]
d'n'sL P]gsf] efu % vf/]h u/L gofF
ck/fw ;+lxtf nfu" ePdf d'2f g} rNg
;Sb}g . d'n'sL P]g efu % cGtu{tsf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ck/fwsf] ?kdf dfg]sf
;Dk"0f{ ck/fwx? :jtM dfkm x'g hfG5 .
t/ sfg"gsf] dg;fo / Joj:yf To:tf]
xf]Og . olb sfg"g :ki6 5 eg] Impunity
sf] cj:yf >[hgf x'g] u/L cbfntn]
slxNo} klg JofVof ug'{
x'Fb}g
. sfg"g
700

JofVof ;DaGwL P]g cg'?k vf/]h ePsf]
P]g cGtu{t ePsf] s'g} ck/fw ;DaGwL
txlssft, sfg"gL sf/jfO{ jf pkfodf s'g}
c;/ kb} {g . o:tf] txlssft, sfg"gL
sf/jfO{ jf pkfonfO{ z'? ug{, hf/L /fVg
jf nfu" ug{ x'G5 / vf/]h ug] { P]g kf;
geP ;/x sfd sf/jfO{ cufl8 a9fpg
x'G5 . sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]gn] u/]sf]
of] Joj:yf sfg"gsf] dfGo l;4fGt klg xf]
. xfd|f] sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g dfq
xf]Og ef/tsf] General Clauses Act, 1897
sf] bkmf ^ df klg xfd| } h:tf] Joj:yf
ePsf] b]lvG5, h'g o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
6. Effect of repeal- Where this Act,
viz., the General Clause Act, or any
Central Act or Regulation made
after the commencement of this
Act, repeals any enactment hitherto
made or hereafter to be made,
then, unless a different intention
appears, the repeal shall not-
a. Revive anything not in force or
existing at the time at which the
repeal takes effect; or
b. Affect the previous operation of
any enactment so repealed or
anything duly done or suffered
there under; or
c. Affect any right, privilege,
obligation or liability acquired,
701
c+s ^
accrued or incurrent under any
enactment so repealed; or
d. Affect any penalty, forfeiture or
punishment incurred in respect of
any offence committed against
any enactment so repealed; or
e. Affect any investigation, legal
proceeding or remedy in respect
of any such right, privilege,
obligation, liability, penalty,
forfeiture or punishment as
aforesaid;
And any such investig
ation, legal proceeding or remedy
may be instituted, continued or
enforced, and any such penalty,
forfeiture or punishment may be
imposed as if the repealing Act or
regulation had not been passed.
oxfF ljrf/ ug'{kg]
{ s'/f s] 5 eg]
olb kl5 ag]sf] P]gn] pxL ck/fwdf klxnf
ag]sf] P]gn] eGbf sd ;hfosf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;hfosf] xsdf dfq
cleo'Qmn] kl5 ag]sf] sd ;hfosf] ;'ljwf
k|fKt ub{5 / kl5 ag]sf] P]g jdf]lhd sd
;hfo ug'{kg]
{ x'G5 . ICCPR sf] wf/f !%-!_
df If, subsequent to the commission of
the offence, provision is made by law for
the imposition of the lighter penalty, the
offender shall benefit thereby eGg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . b08gLo sfg"gdf
ck/fwsf] kl/efiff / ;hfosf] Joj:yfsf]

;fy} xbDofb, d'2f x]g] { clwsf/L, ck/fw
cg';Gwfg ug] { clwsf/L jf lgsfo /
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfo ;d]tsf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] x'g ;S5 . ;fljs P]gnfO{ vf/]h
u/L kl/dflh{t gofF P]g nfu" ePdf vf/]h
ug] { P]gn] ;hfosf] xsdf sd ;hfosf]
Joj:yf u/]df sd ;hfo g} ul/g'sf]
cnfjf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L / d'2f x]g] {
clwsf/L klg kl5 ag]sf] P]g cGtu{ts}
nfu" x'G5 . ;f] afx]s cGo s'/fdf kl5
ag]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf nfu" x'Fb}g
. k|:t't
d'2fdf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf]
bkmf !@ tyf bkmf @(-@_ df ePsf]
;hfosf] Joj:yf / kl5 ag]sf] e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !^ df ePsf]
;hfosf] dfqf x]bf{ kl5 ag]sf] P]gn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;hfosf] dfqf g} a9L ePsf]
x'Fbf
;hfo tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{
k/]g .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n]
s;"/sf] kl/efiff, ;hfosf] Joj:yf,
ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug] { lgsfo, d'2f
rnfpg] xbDofb cflb Joj:yf u/] h:t}
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& n] klg
s;"/sf] kl/efiff, ;hfosf] Joj:yf,
ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug] { / d'2f rnfpg]
xbDofb cflb pQm P]gdf g} Joj:yf u/]sf]
x'Fbf
ldlt @)%(.#.% eGbf cufl8 ePsf]
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] kl/R5]b @
cGtu{tsf] ck/fwdf ;f] P]gsf] xbDofb
leq ;f] P]g cyf{t\ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)!& cGtu{t g} d'2f rNg / sf/jfO{ x'g
;S5 . o;df s'g} q'6L x'Fb}g
.
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
ctM dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f
;d]taf6 k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf] dfWolds
txsf] ef/tsf] ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff
;ldltsf] k|df0fkq gSsnL eGg] k'i6L x'g
cfof] . To;/L gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z ug] {
sfo{ g} ck/flws sfo{ xf] . e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ df gSsnL
k|df0fkq k]z u/L of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf
9fF6L s'g} nfe lnO{ ;s]sf] ePdfq
cfk/flws sfo{ x'g] gegL of]Uotf jf
cof]Uotf 9fF6]df dfq klg s;"/ sfod x'g]
Joj:yf ePsf] / k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLaf6
k]z ePsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq
gSsnL k|df0fkq ePsf]n] lghn] ;f]
k|df0fkqaf6 nfe xfl;n u/] klg of
gu/]klg To:tf] gSsnL k|df0fkq cfkm"
sfo{/t ;+:yfdf k]z ug] { sfo{ :jo+ g}
tTsfnLg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf]
bkmf !@ jdf]lhd s;"/hGo sfo{ ePsf]
x'Fbf
k|ltjfbLsf] pQm sfo{nfO{ s;"/ dfgL
P]gsf] bkmf !@ tyf @(-@_ jdf]lhd
?=!,%)).– hl/jfgf x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] ljz]if
cbfnt sf7df8f} +sf] ldlt @)^!.#.#! sf]
km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
o:t} ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z
ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 ljdnf kf]v/]n
ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=
@((% sf] e|i6frf/ -gSsnL k|df0fkq_
d'2fdf k]z ePsf] ljjflbt k|df0fkqaf6
nfe lnPsf] jf glnPsf] eGg] s'/fsf]
ljrf/ eO{ dflyNnf] kbdf j9'jf k|fKt
ug{sf] nflu ;d]t ljjfbsf] k|df0fkqsf]
702

s'g} k|of]hg x'g] gb]lvPsf] l:yltdf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u jdf]lhd s;"/bf/
7x/ ug{ pko'Qm / Gofof]lrt gb]lvg] egL
;kmfO{ lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.#.!! df ePsf]
?lnª;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsPsf] x'Fbf
pQm
?lnªnfO{ Overrule ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' .
Olt;Dat\ @)^% ;fn efb| % ut] /f]h %
z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf
703
c+s ^

lg0f{o g+=&(&% g]=sf=k= @)^%
;jf{ ]Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
;Djt\ @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=O{=g+=)^$—
DF====))#!
cfb]z ldltM @)^%.%.!@.%
d'2fM—n]gb]g .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM e'6gd08n d3}of wfg's
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL dw'/Lk|;fb ofbj
{
{
� tfd]nL zAbn] d'2fdf lg0f{o ug]
cj:yf gk/L eO{/x]sf] sf/afxLnfO{
tTsfnsf nflu :ylut ug] jf
;'/lIft -Reserve_ /fVg] sfo{nfO{
hgfpg] x'Fbf
To;/L tfd]nL
�
/flvPsf] d'2fsf] sf/jfxL s'g} vf;
k|df0fsf] pknAwtfdf jf vf;
cj:yfdf k'gM hufO{ k"j{jt ?kdf
p7fg u/L To:tf] d'2fsf] ljjflbt
k|Zgsf] Goflos lg0f{o4f/f lg/f]k0f
ug{ ;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 d'2f tfd]nLdf
/fVg] cfb]z ubf{ d'2fsf] tYoleq
k|j]z u/L ljjfbsf] lg?k0f u/]sf]
geO{ e/L kfpg] /sd a'emL
lnO;s]sf] egL lgj]bg k/]sf]n]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
704
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
aFfsL sf/jfxL ul//xg' gkg] eO{
tfd]nL /flvPsf]df kl5 lgj]bg k/L
d'2fsf] tYoaf6 k"j{ tfd]nL cfb]z
sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg] kl/l:ylt
pTkGg ePsf]n] d'2fdf Goflos
lg?k0f g} ug'{kg]
eO{ ;dfg :t/sf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tfd]nLaf6 hufO{
sf/afxL ug] u/L cfb]z u/]sf]
cj:yf x'Fbf
pQm tfd]nL hufpg]
u/L ePsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf]
�
cfb]zaf6 k"j{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf]
lg0f{osf] cl:tTj g} kl/j{tg x'g]
u/L ;jf] {Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod % adf]lhd
clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L eP u/]sf]
dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tfd]nLdf
/fVg] u/L u/]sf] cfb]z ePsf]df
;d:t/sf] csf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n]
cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxt tfd]nLaf6
hufO{ afFsL+ sf/jfxL ug] u/L
cfb]z ug{ s'g} sfg'gL afwf /x]sf]
gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
� d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L u/]sf]
Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o jf
clGtd cfb]z csf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 ab/ x'g g;Sg] t/
d'2fsf] lg0f{o u'g{kg] k|Zgdf k|j]z
g} gu/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL tfd]nLdf
/fVg] cfb]z ePsf]df ;f] cfb]zaf6
tfd]nLdf /x]sf] d'2fnfO{ hufpg]

u/L csf] { ;dfg:t/sf] Ohnf;n]
cfb]z ug{ ;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmf
>L ;'lgns'df/ kf]v/]n
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M
cjnlDjt ghL/Mg]=sf=k= @)^$, c+s $,
lg0f{o g+= &*#!, k[i7 #(&
cfb]z
o;df k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{jf6
pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;'lgn s'df/
kf]v/]nn] ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;'gL k'g/fj]bg
;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ z'?
;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntn] jfbLn] k|ltjfbLjf6
n]gb]gsf] ;fjfF Jofhsf] ljuf] ?=#%,%(#.@)
/ sf]6{ kmL ?=!$$#.)! ;d]t e/L kfpg]
7x/ u/]sf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfntjf6
s]xL pN6L u/L ?=@,(#).—dfq e/L kfpg]
7x/ u/] pk/ k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L ldlt @)%&.@.!^
df k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] cfb]z ;d]t ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf]
k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL dw'/Lk|;fb ofbjn]
bfjL adf]lhdsf] ?=#&,))#.@) a'emfP/
/f]Ssf /x]sf] hUuf km's'jf u/fO{ ;s]sf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bssf] jf/]z
OGb|b]j d08nn] ldlt @)^).!).% df
Ohnf; ;dIf lgj]bg u/]sf] b]lvof] .
bfjLsf] ;fjfF Jofhsf] /sd k|ltjfbLjf6
3/;f/df a'emL /f]Ssf ePsf] hUuf k'ms'jf
705
c+s ^
eO{ ;s]sf] eGg] lgj]bg k/]sf] eGb}
lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] eGbf km/s Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/L o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;jf6
;f]xL ldltdf k|:t't d'2fjf6 cGo s'g}
sf/jfxL ug'{
gkg] { egL tfd]nLdf /fvL
lbPsf] cj:yf /x]5 .
k|ltjfbLn] bfjLsf] /sd ;'g;/L
lhNnf cbfntdf w/f}6 /fvL /f]Ssf /x]sf]
hUuf k'ms'jf u/fO{ nu]sf] eGg] x'g' kg] {df
o; cbfntsf] cfb]zdf /sd a'emL ;s]sf]
eGg] pNn]v ePjf6 ;'g;/L lhNnf
cbfntjf6 w/f}6 lkmtf{ lng cK7\of/f]
k/]sf]n] cfb]z z+;f]wg ul/kfpFm egL
k'gMldlt @)^!.#.@! df k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]
jf/]z rknf kf]v/]nsf] lgj]bg k/L ;'g;/L
lhNnf cbfnt;+u s}lkmot k|ltj]bg dfu
eO{ o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;jf6 ldlt
@)^!.^.! df k"j{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt
@)^).!).% sf] cfb]z ;+zf]wg ug] { cfb]z
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o2lk pQm cfb]zsf] lz/
Joxf]/fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf]
km};nf cg';f/sf] /sd w/f}6Ljf6 lbg' kg] {
b]lvPsf] eGg] s}lkmot k|ltj]bgsf] Joxf]/f
p3[t ub} { lgisif{df sfg"gn] nfUg] b:t'/
lnO{ w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg' egL
@)^).!).% df o; cbfntjf6 ePsf]
cfb]z ;+zf]wg u/L lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t
pNn]v ePsf] kfOof] .
z'?sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pk/ lrQ
ga'emfO{ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/L
sf/jfxLo'Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] 7x/ adf]lhdsf] w/f}6L dfq

kfpg] cj:yf ePsf]n] ldlt @)^).!).%
sf] tfd]nL cfb]z ab/ u/L tfd]nLjf6
hufO{ kfpF egL k'g/fj]bssf] d+h'/Lgfdf
/fvL /fh]Gb|k|;fb ;]9fO{n] ldlt @)^@.!.*
df lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] /f]xjf6 k"j{ ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^).!).% sf] tfd]nL
cfb]z / ldlt @)^!.^.! sf] tfd]nL
;+zf]wg cfb]z ;d]t ab/ u/L tfd]nL
hufO{ k'g/fj]bg bfo/Ldf btf{ u/L d'2fsf
kIfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' eGg] ;d]t o;
cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;jf6 ldlt
@)^@.@.!! df cfb]z ePsf] b]lvof] .
;dfg:t/sf] Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n]
d'2fsf] sf/jfxL tfd]nLdf /fVg] u/L u/]sf]
cfb]znfO{ csf] { ;+o'Qm O+hnfzn] ;+;f]wg
tyf ab/ u/L tfd]nLaf6 k|:t't d'2f
hufpFg] u/L cfb]z u/]sf]df ;jf] {Rr
cbfnt lgodfjnL,@)$( sf] lgod % sf]
Joj:yfn] ;d:t/sf] Pp6f ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;nfO{ k"j{ cfb]z g} ;+;f]wg tyf ab/
ug{ If]qflwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvb}g
. ;d:t/sf] Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] lg0f{o
af]ln;s]sf] ljifodf csf] { ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n]
;f] lg0f{osf] cl:tTj g} kl/jt{g x'g] u/L
;f] cfb]znfO{ ;+zf]wg tyf ab/ ug] { u/]sf]
ljifodf clwsf/If]qfTds q'6L b]lvO{ h6Ln
sfg'gL k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df
k|:t't d'2f o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug] { u/L
ldlt @)^$.!@.@! df ;+o'Qm Ohfnzaf6
cfb]z ePsf] b]lvof] .
;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] pQm cfb]zdf
;dfg :t/sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tfd]nLdf
/fVg]u/L klxn] g} u/]sf] cfb]znfO{ ;+zf]wg
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
ug] { / To:tf] tfd]nL Pj+ ;+zf]wg cfb]z
;d]tnfO{ km]l/ csf] { ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] ab/
u/L tfd]nL hufpg] u/L u/]sf] cfb]zdf
clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL q'6L ePsf] eGg]
cfwf/ lnPsf] b]lvbf k|:t't ljifodf o;
Ohnf;af6 d'nt lgDg @ j6f k|Zgx?sf]
lg/f]k0f x'g'kg] { b]lvof] .
{
{
-s_ ;dfg :t/sf] Pp6f Ohnf;af6
ePsf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z
csf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;+;f]wg
ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] <
-v_ PpF6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ePsf]
tfd]nL cfb]z ab/ u/L csf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 d'2fsf] sf/jfxL
hufpg ldNg] xf] , xf]Og <
@= ;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zg tkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ d'2fdf ePsf] km};nf jf clGtd
cfb]z ;+zf]wg ug] { ;DaGwdf Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !(-@_ sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf adf]lhd Psk6s lg0f{o u/L
;s]sf] d'2fsf] O{G;fkmdf km/s kg] { u/L
;+zf]wg ug'{
x'Fb}g
eGg] /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
To:t} ;jf] {Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$(
sf] lgod &!-!_ adf]lhd km};nf jf
cfb]zdf n]vfO{sf] ;fdfGo q'l6 b]lvPdf
;f]sf] ;'wf/sf] nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfn] lgj]bg
lbg jf cbfnt :jo+sf] tkm{af6 k|ltj]bg
k]z ug{ ;lsg] ;Ddsf] Joj:yf /x]sf]
kfO{G5 . ;f]xL pklgod -#_ df æpklgod -
!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg kq kg{ cfPdf jf
k|ltj]bg k]z x'g cfPdf /lhi6«f/n] ;f]
706

lgj]bgkq jf k|ltj]bg / ;DalGwt ldl;n
km};nf jf cfb]z ug] { GofofwLzx? ;dIf
k]z ug'{
k5{ . ;f] dWo] s'g} GofofwLz jf
GofofwLzx? ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf]
GofofwLzsf] ?kdf axfn g/x]sf] jf
cg'kl:yt /x]sf] jf ljbfdf a;]sf] eP
k|wfg GofofwLzn] s'g} cGo GofofwLz
;dIf k]z u/fpFg ;Sg]5 . km};nf ;+zf]wg
ug{ u7g ePsf] Ohnf;n] To;df e"n
;'wf/ x'g'kg] { b]v]df km};nf jf cfb]zdf
;+zf]wg ug] { u/L 5'§} cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5Æ
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= pNn]lvt sfg'gL Joj:yf
cg';f/ Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] d'2fsf]
tYoleq k|j]z u/L ljjflbt ljifodf
Psk6s Goflos lg0f{o u/L ;s]sf] /x]5
eg] To:tf] d'2fsf] OG;fkmdf g} c;/ kg] {
u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ gldNg] t/ OG;fkmdf
km/s kg] { ljifo afx]s km};nf jf cfb]zsf]
n]vfOdf jf 6fOkdf x'g uPsf] ;fdfGo
q'6L ;RofpFg] u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ ldNg] g}
b]lvG5 . t/ To;/L ;+zf]wg ug] { sfo{
;Dej eP ;Dd k"j{ cfb]z jf km};nf ug] {
Ohnf;n] g} ug'{kg]
{ / k"j{ Ohnf;sf
GofofwLzx? pknAw g/x]df k|wfg
GofofwLzn] ;+zf]wgsf] lgj]bg jf k|ltj]bg
cGo GofofwLz ;dIf k]z u/fO{ ;+zf]wg
u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvbf d'2fsf]
km};nf jf cfb]zdf ePsf] ;fdfGo q'6L
;Rofpg] u/L ;+zf]wg ug] { sfo{ ;DalGwt
k"j{ Ohnf; jf k|wfg GofofwLzn] tf]s]sf]
;dfg:tsf] csf] { Ohnf;af6 ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOof] . k|:t't ljjfbsf]
707
c+s ^
tYosf] cWoog ubf{ jfbLsf] bfjLsf] /sd
k|ltjfbLn] ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf w/f}6
/fvL /f]Ssf /x]sf] hUuf km's'jf u/fO{
nu]sf] eGg] x'g'kg] {df o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^).!).% sf] cfb]zdf
k'g/fj]bgdf lhls/ lnP cg';f/sf] /sd
lnO{ a'emL ;s]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePaf6
;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf k|ltjfbLn] w/f}6
/fv]sf] /sd lkmtf{ lng cK7\of/f] k/]sf]n]
;f] cfb]z ;+zf]wg u/L kfpFm egL ldlt
@)^!.#.@! df k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] jf/]z
rknf kf]v/]nsf] lgj]bg k/L ;'g;/L
lhNnf cbfnt;Fu s}lkmot k|ltj]bg ;d]t
dfu e} o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6
ldlt @)^!.^.! df æsfg'gn] nfUg] b:t'/
lnO{ w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg' egL
@)^).!).% df o; cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]z ;+zf]wg u/L lbPsf] 5Æ egL
klxn]sf] tfd]nL cfb]z ;+zf]wg ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
$= ldlt @)^).!).% sf]
tfd]nL cfb]zdf k'g/fj]bsn] lhls/ lnPsf]
/sd a'emL ;s]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePklg
oyfy{df z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf cg';f/ jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{
lng kfpg] /sd ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf
k|ltjfbLn] ] w/f}6Ldf /fvL /f]Ssf /flvPsf]
hUuf ;Dd km's'jf u/L nu]sf] b]lvPsf]df
;f] tfd]nL cfb]zdf w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg'
eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v x'g' kg] {df cbfntsf]
q'6Lsf sf/0f /sd a'emL ;s]sf] b]lvPsf]
eGg] pNn]v e} ldl;nsf] sf/jfxL
tfd]nLdf /fVg] cfb]z ePsf] / ;f]

cfb]zaf6 k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6
e/fO{ kfpg] w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lng
cK7\of/f] k/]sf] sf/0fn] g} kl5 ldlt
@)^!.^.! sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ;+zf]wg
cfb]zdf /sd a'emL ;s]sf] eGg]
jfSofz+sf] ;§f sfg'gn] nfUg] b:t'/ lnO{
w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] jfSofz+ /fvL
klxn]sf] ldlt @)^).!).% sf] tfd]nL
cfb]z ;+zf]wg ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;+zf]wg
cfb]zaf6 k|:t't d'2fsf] tYoaf6 w/f}6Ldf
/fv]sf] b]lvPsf] jfbLn] e/fO{ lng kfpg]
7x/]sf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] ;Dd Joxf]/f
k/L ;+zf]wg ePsf] b]lvbf ;+zf]wg cfb]z
pNn]lvt sfg'gL Joj:yf ljk/Lt d'2fsf]
lg0f{odf g} tflTjs leGgtf x'g] u/L ePsf]
geO{ sfg'gL k|fjwfg cg'?k ;dfg :t/sf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;+zf]wg ePsf] b]lvbf
;f] ;+zf]wg cfb]zdf o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;n] p7fPsf] h:tf] clwsf/ If]q
;DaGwL s'g} h6Ln sfg"gL k|Zg laBdfg
/x]sf] b]lvPg .
%= ca Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n]
tfd]nLdf /fVg] u/L u/]sf] cfb]znfO{ csf] {
;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] ab/ u/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL
hufpg ldNg] gldNg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{, ;j{k|yd tfd]nL cfb]z eGgfn] d'2fsf]
tYoleq k|j]z u/L ul/Psf] Goflos lg0f{o
xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljj]rgf ug'{
cfjZos b]lvG5 . tfd]nL zAbsf] kl/efiff
k|rlnt sfg'gdf ePsf] gkfOPtf klg ;f]
zAbsf] cy{ x]bf{ d'''''2f
rNg g;Sg] cj:yf
b]lvPsf]df tT;DaGwL Joxf]/f hgfO{ ;f]
d'2f :yug /fVg] lg0f{onfO{ tfd]nL elgPsf]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
kfOG5 -;Dkfbs z+s/ s'df/ >]i7, g]kfnL
sfg'gL zAbsf]if,k|yd ;+:s/0f, @)$^,
k|sfzs >LdtL uf]lkgL >]i7,k[i7 !*%_
ljleGg sfg"gdf k|o'Qm ePsf] tfd]nL
zAbsf] ;Gbe{ / Goflos k/Dk/f ;d]tnfO{
x]bf{ tfd]nL zAbn] d2fdf lg0f{o ug] {
cj:yf gk/L eO{/x]sf] sf/afxLnfO{
tTsfnsf nflu :ylut ug] { jf ;'/lIft -
Reserve_ /fVg] sfo{nfO{ hgfpFb5 . To;/L
tfd]nL /flvPsf] d'2fsf] sf/jfxL s'g} vf;
k|df0fsf] pknAwtfdf jf vf; cj:yfdf
k'gM hufO{ k"j{jt ?kdf p7fg u/L To:tf]
d'2fsf] ljjflbt k|Zgsf] Goflos lg0f{o4f/f
lg/f]k0f ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .
^= k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'gdf
tfd]nL ;DaGwL Joj:yf x]bf{ clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !(-!@_ df ;+slnt k|df0fsf cfwf/df
cf/f]k k|dfl0ft x'g g;Sg] ePdf cfof]un]
;DalGwt ph'/LnfO{ sf/0f ;lxtsf] krf{
v8f u/L tfd]nLdf /fVg ;Sg], t/ kl5
s'g} gofF k|df0f km]nf k/]df To:tf] ph'/Lsf
;DaGwdf k'g M cg';Gwfg / txlssftsf]
sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:t} Joj:yf e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf #% df klg
/x]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g,
@)$& sf] bkmf %-#_ df k|f/lDes hfFr
a'emaf6 GofofwLz lj?4sf] cf/f]k tYoxLg
b]lvPdf kl/ifb\n] To:tf] sf/jfxLnfO{
tfd]nLdf /fVg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5
.
708

&= To:t} o; cbfntsf] k"0f{
Ohnf;af6 ;Dat\ @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=O=g+=
)))@ sf] df]xL nut s§f d'2fdf ldlt
@)^$.#.@* df lg0f{o x'Fbf
æe"dL ;'wf/
sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ab/ lgldQ pTk| ]if0fsf]
cfb]z hf/L u/Lkfpg lgj]bg lbO{ tf/]v
5f8]sf] sf/0f tfd]nL /fv]sf] sfo{af6 ;f]
lgj]bg pk/sf] sf/jfxL cufl8 ga9fpg]
;Dd xf] . tfd]nLsf] cj:yfn] km};nfnfO{
a}wtf lbPsf] jf ;f] lg0f{o x'g k"j{
p7fOPsf] sfg'gL k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f u/]sf]
dfGg ldNg] x'b}g . km};nfsf] a}wtf jf s'g}
sfg"gL k|Zg p7fOPsf]df ;f] p7fOPsf]
k|Zg pk/ ljrf/ e} km};nfsf] sfg'gL
x}l;ot k/LIf0f ePsf] lg0f{oaf6 km};nfsf]
x}l;ot lgwf{/0f x'G5 . lgj]bg tfd]nLdf
/fVg] sfo{df oL sfo{x? gx'g] x'Fbf
tfd]nLdf /fv]sf] sfo{n] s'g} sfo{nfO{
dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] dfGg ldNb}gÆ eGg]
;d]t l;4fGt - g]=sf=k=@)^$ c+s$,
lg=g+= &*#! k[i7–#(& _ k|ltkfbg ePsf]
kfOG5 .
*= pNn]lvt sfg'gL Joj:yf /
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]taf6 tfd]nL eGgfn]
d'2fsf] sfd sf/afxL cufl8 a9fO{ lg0f{o
ul//xg' kg] { cj:yf geO{ h] h'g cj:yfdf
5 ;f]xL cj:yfdf d'2fsf] sf/afxL :ylut
u/L nut s§f ug] { sfo{nfO{ hgfpg] x'Fbf
tfd]nLn] d'2fsf] tYo / cf}lrTodf k|j]z
u/L ul/Psf] lg0f{onfO{ hgfpg g;Sg]
b]lvg cfpF5 .
(= k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLsf]
tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L
709
c+s ^
sf/jfxL o'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf]df lkm/fbbfjL
adf]lhdsf] ;fFjf Jofhsf] ?=#&,))#.@)
k|ltjfbLaf6 3/;f/df a'emL lnO{ ljuf] e/L
e/fp ;Ddsf] nflu /f]Ssf /flvPsf] hUuf
;d]t km's'jf ul/;lsPsf] egL
k'g/fj]bssf] jf/]z OGb|b]j d08nn] ldlt
@)^).!).% df lgj]bg lbPsf] x'Fbf
;f]xL
ldltdf o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6
k|:t't d'2fdf æcGo sf/afxL ug'{
gk/L
tfd]nLdf /fvL lbPsf] 5Æ eGg] cfb]z e}
d'2fsf] sf/jfxL tfd]nLdf /flvPsf] b]lvG5
. ldlt @)^!.^.! df k"j{ tfd]nL cfb]zdf
k|o'Qm æ/sd a'emL ;s]sf]Æ eGg] jfSofz+sf]
;§f æsfg'gn] nfUg] b:t'/ lnO{ w/f}6L /sd
lkmtf{ lbg'Æ egL ;+zf]wg ePsf] / ldlt
@)^@.!.* df k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] dGh'/gfdf
lng] /fh]Gb|k|;fb ;]9fO{n] k'gM tfd]nL hufO{
d'2fsf] sf/jfxL u/L OG;fkm ul/kfpFm egL
o; cbfntdf lgj]bg lbP kl5 ;f] lgj]bg
k|:t't d'2f tfd]nLdf /fVg] cfb]z ug] { o;
cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLzx? dWo] /fd glugf l;+x ;d]tsf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k]z ug] { cfb]z e} ;f]
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^@.@.!! df k|:t't
d'2fdf æz'? ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L ljuf] ?=@,(#).–
dfq jfbLn] e/L kfpg] 7x¥ofPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pk/ k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bgdf 7x/ km};nf gx'Fb}
clwsf/ g}
glbPsf] jf/]zn] /sd a'emL ;s]sf] egL
lgj]bg lbPsf] eGg] jfbLn] ] lgj]bg hLls/
lnPsf] b]lv+bf o; cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]z k|fljlws sf/0fn] sfof{Gjog x'g

g;s]sf] ,ljuf]tkm{ osLg geP;Dd z'?
lhNnf cbfntdf w/f}6Ldf /x]sf] /sd
jfbLnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg sfg'gL c8\rg pTkGg
x'g uPsf],c•fsf] uNtLn] ubf{ kIfsf] clxt
x'g' x'Fb}g
eGg] dfGo l;4fGt /x]sf] / k"0f{
Ohnf;af6 ;Dat\M @)^! ;fnsf] k"=O{=k|=g+=
!) sf] k|ltj]bgdf ldlt @)^!.!.@$ df -
;=c=a'n]l6g,jif{ !#,c+s@ k[i7 %_
k'g/fj]bgdf k'g/fj]bsn] tf/]v u'hf/]sf]
cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg tfd]nLdf /x]sf]df
tfd]nL cfb]z ab/ u/L tfd]nLaf6 hufO{
;DaGwLt kIfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ sfg'g
adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug] { u/L cfb]z eO/x]sf]Æ
eGg] ;d]tsf cfwf/df ldlt @)^).!).%
sf] tfd]nL cfb]z / ldlt @)^!.^.! sf]
;+zf]wg cfb]z ;d]t ab/ u/L tfd]nL
hufO{ sf/jfxL ug] { u/L cfb]z ePsf]
b]lvg cfof] .
!)= s'g} sfg'gn] :ki6 ?kdf
clwsf/ lbPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s Pp6f
Ohnf;n] d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L u/]sf]
km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z ;dfg:t/sf] csf] {
Ohnf;af6 ab/ x'g ;Sb}g . olb To;f]
x'g uPdf To:tf] sfo{ k|rlnt sfg'g /
Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'g
hfG5 . To;}n] To:tf] ljifonfO{
lg?T;flxt u/L Goflos lg0f{osf]
clGtdtf -Finality of judgement_ sf]
l;4fGtsf] ;+/If0f ;d]t ug'{kg]
{ x'G5 . t/
k|:t't d'2fdf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLn] n]gb]gsf]
ljuf] a'emfPsf]n] k'g/fj]bg kqdf jfbLn]
lnPsf] hLls/ cg'?kdf sfo{ ;DkGg e}
;s]sf] /x]5 eGg] lgisif{ af]w x'g] u/L
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
k'g/fj]bssf] jf/]zn] lbPsf] lgj]bgsf]
cfwf/df d'2fsf] afFsL sf/jfxL ul//xg'
gkg] { egL Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tfd]nLdf
/fVg] cfb]z u/]sf] / ;f] cfb]zdf /sd
a'emL ;s]sf] eGg] jfSof+z ;Dd d'2fsf]
oyfy{ tYo;Fu ldNg gcfO{ jfbLn] kfpg'
kg] { /sd w/f}6Ldf /x]sf] b]lvPsfn] ;f]
w/f}6L lkmtf{ lbg afwf c8\rg k/]sf] eGg]
k|ltj]bg k]z eO{ w/f}6Laf6 lkmtf{ lbg] u/L
;+zf]wg x'Fbf
;d]t z'? km};nf adf]lhdsf]
/sd lkmtf{ lbg' kg] { xf] jf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf adf]lhdsf] /sd
jfbLnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' kg] { xf] eGg] ljifodf
sfg'gL afwf c8\rg kg{ uPsf] b]lvPsf]
;fy} k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf lrQ
ga'emfO{ jfbLn] g} o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
ul//fv]sf]df To:tf] k'g/fj]bg kqsf]
tYoleq k|j]z u/L jfbLbfjLsf] /sd osLg
u/L o; cbfntaf6 lg0f{o geP;Dd
jfbLn] bfjL cg'?ksf] /sd e/fO{ kfpg]
cj:yf ;d]t gb]lvPsf] l:ylt x'Fbf
k|:t't
d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L lg0f{o g} u'g{kg] {
cfjZostf af]w u/L To:tf] cfwf/ / sf/0f
;d]t vf]nL o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^@.@.!! df ePsf]
cfb]z clwsf/ If]q ljlxg dfGg ldNg]
b]lvPg .
!!= o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)%).!).% df k|:t't
d'2f tfd]nLdf /fVg] cfb]z ubf{ d'2fsf]
tYoleq k|j]z u/L ljjfbsf] lg?k0f u/]sf]
geO{ jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] /sd
a'emL lnO;s]sf] egL k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]
710

jf/]zsf] lgj]bg k/]sf]n] aFfsL sf/jfxL
ul//xg' gkg] { eO{ tfd]nL /fvLPsf]df kl5
k'g/fj]bss} lgj]bg k/L d'2fsf] tYoaf6
k"j{ tfd]nL cfb]z sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg]
kl/l:ylt pTkGg ePsf]n] d'2fdf Goflos
lg?k0f g} ug'{kg]
{ eO{ ;dfg :t/sf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;n] tfd]nLaf6 hufO{ sf/afxL ug] {
u/L cfb]z u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf
pQm tfd]nL
hufpg] u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^@.@.!! sf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] cfb]zaf6 k"j{ ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf] lg0f{osf] cl:tTj g} kl/j{tg x'g]
u/L ;jf] {Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf]
lgod % adf]lhd clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L
eP u/]sf] dfGg ;lsPg . Pp6f ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;n] tfd]nLdf /fVg] u/L u/]sf] cfb]z
ePsf]df ;d:t/sf] csf] { ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n]
cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxt tfd]nLaf6 hufO{
afFsL+ sf/jfxL ug] { u/L cfb]z ug{ s'g}
sfg'gL afwf /xsf] b]lvb}g .
!@= dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf
ul/Psf] tYout ljj]rgf, cfwf/ / sf/0f
tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf Pjd\ k|ltkflbt
l;4fGt ;d]taf6 d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z
u/L u/]sf] Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o
jf clGtd cfb]z csf] { ;+o'Qm Ohfnzaf6
ab/ x'g g;Sg] x'G5 . t/ d'2fsf]
lg0f{o u'g{kg] { k|Zgdf k|j]z g} gu/L d'2fsf]
711
c+s ^
sf/jfxL tfd]nLdf /fVg] cfb]z ePsf]df ;f]
cfb]zaf6 tfd]nLdf /x]sf] d'2fnfO{ hufpg]
u/L csf] { ;dfg:t/sf] Ohnf;n] cfb]z
ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 . t;y{ o; cbfntsf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^@.@.!! df
ePsf] cfb]zdf ældlt @)^).!).% df
ePsf] tfd]nL cfb]z / ldlt @)^!.^.! df
ePsf] tfd]nL ;+zf]wg cfb]z ;d]t ab/
u/L lbPsf] 5Æ eGg] pNn]v ul//xg' gkg] {
b]lvPsf]n] ;f] xb;Dd sfod /xg g;Sg]
x'Fbf
;f] afx]s k|:t't d'2f tfd]nLaf6
hufpg] u/L ePsf] pQm cfb]zdf ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;n] p7fPsf] h:tf] clwsf/ If]q
;DaGwL h6Ln sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf]
gb]lvbf+ + pQm ldlt @)^$.!@.@! sf] cfb]z
adf]lhd k|:t't d'2f o; k"0f{ Ohnf;af6
x] ]g{ ldn]g . k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] nut s§f u/L
k'/fgf] d'2f x'Fbf
k|fyldstf ;fy rfF8f]
sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug] { u/L lgod adf]lhd
;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k]z ug'{
.
Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfx
Olt ;Djt @)^% ;fn efb| dlxgf !@
ut] /f]h % z'ed==========

lg0f{o g+=&(&^ g]=sf=k= @)^%
;jf{ ]Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;
;DdfggLo sf=d'=k|wfg GofofwLz >L
dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L zf/bf >]i7
;Dat\ @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= **@%
km};nf ldltM @)^%.!.@).^
d'2fM jfnL df]xL lg:sfzg .
k'g/fj]bs÷jfbLM lhNnf ;Kt/L /fdk'/
hd'jf uf=lj=;=j8f g+=@ j:g] sf/L
;fx t]nL
la?4
k|ToyL{÷k|ltjfbLM lhNnf ;Kt/L /fdk'/
hd'jf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! j:g]
/ljnfn ;fx
cl3 km};nf ug] {M
e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/L /f]lxts'df/ e6[/fO{
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug] {M
df=Gof= >L nId0fd0fL l/;fn
df=Gof= >L a'l4k|;fb /]UdL
� df]xLn] a'emfPsf] w/f}6 /sd
hUufjfnfnfO{ a'emfpg] ;DaGwdf
cfjZos sf/jfxL ug'{kg]
{ bfloTj
/x]sf] sfof{non] ;f] bfloTj k"/f
gu/]sf] cfwf/df df]xLn] /fv]sf] s't
w/f}6L cl:tTjljxLg x'g] jf
j]l/tsf] gx'g] .
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
712
{
{
� df]xLsf] bfloTj eg]sf] lgwf{l/t
s'tjfnL lgwf{l/t ;doleq
hUufwgLnfO{ a'emfpg] jf
�
hUufwgLn] a'em\g OGsf/ u/]sf]
cj:yfdf s'tnfO{ gubdf kl/0ft
u/L ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
jf gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf dfn
c8\8f jf e"ld k|zf;g sfof{nodf
w/f}6L /fVg' kg] .
sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] bfloTjnfO{
df]xLn] k"/f u/]sf] b]lvbf To;/L
cfkm"n] sdfPsf] hUufsf] s't
a'emfpg' kg] cfkm\gf] sfg"gL st{Jo
kfngf u/L ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf;
;ldltdf s't w/f}6 /fv]sf] tYo
:yflkt x'g k'u]sf] cj:yfdf
�
To;nfO{ j]l/tsf] dfGg gldNg] .
ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf w/f}6 /x]sf]
jfnL a'emL lng;Sg] cj:yfsf]
ljBdfgtf /x]af6 klg ;f] w/f}6nfO{
cGoyf eGg jf hUufwgLn]
df]xLaf6 s't jfnL gkfPsf] cy{df
u|x0f ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M
cjnlDjt ghL/M
km};nf
sf=d'=k|=Gof=dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemLM
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ jdf]lhd o;

cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
o;df :j= afa' l6dfO{ ;fx' t]nLsf]
gfddf btf{ /x]sf] uf=lj=;=/fdk'/ hd'jf
jf8{ g+= !s sf] ls=g+= $$ h=lj= )–!–!^
hUufsf] @)%% ;fnsf] x'g] s't dnfO{
glbO{ w/f}6L ;d]t g/fv]sf] x'Fbf
pQm
hUufsf] x'g] s't wfg dg )–@@–* sf]
df]n ?= @&).– lbnfO{ e/fO{ df]xL lgisf;g
;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL
bfjL .
jfbL bfjL adf]lhdsf] hUufsf] x'g]
s'tafnL @)%%.!!.@* ut] uf=lj=;=sf]
sfof{no /fdk'/ hd'jfdf w/f}6L /fvL
lbPsf] 5' . s't p7fpg nufO{ jfbLsf]
bfjLaf6 km';{b kfpF EfGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLsf] k|ltpQ/ kq .
k|ltjfbLn] s'tafnL uf=lj=;=df
a'emfPsf] 5' eGg] lhls/ lnPsf]df ;f]
a'‰bf uf=lj=;=sf cWoIfsf] lhDdfdf w/f}6L
/x]sf] eGg] hjfkm k|fKt ePsf] x'Fbf
To:tf]
/Ltk"j{s g/flvPsf] /sdnfO{ w/f}6L /fv]sf]
eGg ldn]g . df]xL lgisf;g ubf{ ;'lw|g]
df}sfaf6 alGrt x'g] x'Fbf
df]xL xs oyfjt\
sfod /fvL @)%% ;fnsf] s't afnL
?=@&).– jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{ lng
kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'? e"ld
;'wf/ sfof{no ;Kt/Lsf] ldlt @)%*.%.@&
sf] lg0f{o .
z'?n] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ a'em]g,
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf #^
adf]lhd uf=lj=;=df s't w/f}6L /fv]/
df]xLsf] sfg"gL bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] 5' .
713
c+s ^
uf=lj=;=df l/tk'j{s s'tafnL w/f}6L
/fv]sf] s'/f s] slt sf/0faf6 j]l/t ePsf]
xf] ;f] pNn]v gu/L j]l/t egL cy{ ug{
ldNb}g . df]xLn] Ps jif{df b'O{ k6s s't
a'emfpg] u/L ePsf] z'?sf] q'6Lk"0f{ lg0f{o
ab/ u/L OG;fkm kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
@)%% ;fnsf] s'tafnL ga'emfPsf]
s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L df]xL xs oyfjt\
sfod /fVg] 7x¥ofPsf] z'?sf] lg0f{o
q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]
bkmf @(-!_ adf]lhd s'tafnL ga'emfpg]
df]xLnfO{ lgisf;g ug{' kg{ ]df afnL dfq
e/fO{ df]xL xs oyfjt\ sfod /fVg]
7x¥ofPsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf
ab/ u/L df]xL ;d]t lgisf;g ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
k|ltjfbLn] hd'jf uf=lj=;=sf]
sfof{nodf @)%% ;fnsf] s't w/f}6
/fv]sf] egL pQm sfof{noaf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
gubL /l;bsf] kmf]6f]skL ;lxt k|ltpQ/
lbPsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLaf6 s'tafnL
e/fO{ lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] z'?sf] lg0f{o km/s
kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ k]z ug{ '
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhsf] ldlt @)%*.!@.& sf] cfb]z .
o;df jfbL k|ltjfbL b'j} kIfsf] z'?
km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvFbf Ps
csf{nfO{ k'g/fj]bg k/:k/ ;'gfO{ ;'gL
kfPsf] lg:;f ldl;n ;fd]n /fvL
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{ ' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt
@)%(.#.@* sf] cfb]z .
hUufwgLn] jfnL a'em\g c:jLsf/
u/] kZrft\ k|ltjfbL df]xLn] uf=lj=;
sfof{no /fdk'/ hd'jfdf w/f}6 /fv]sf] s'/f
k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf] ldlt @)%% sf]
/l;baf6 b]lvG5 . ;f] s'/fnfO{ uf=lj=;= sf]
ldlt @)%&.$.$ sf] ldl;n ;+nUg kqn]
klg k'li6 ub{5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
cfb]z jdf]lhd k'gM ;DalGwt uf=lj=;
a'em\bf ToxfFaf6 @)^).!@.@% df k7fPsf]
kqsf] Joxf]/f k9\bf df]xLn] s't a'emfPsf]
eGg] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5}g . b'a}
kqx?af6 df]xLsf] lhsL/ k'i6L eO{ /x]sf]
5 . plNnlvt cfwf/ k|df0fx?af6 df]xL
k|ltjfbLn] @)%% ;fnsf] s'tjfnL lgod
jdf]lhd ga'emfPsf], s't a'emfpg] bfloTj
k"/f gu/]sf] eGg ldn]g . csf] { s'/f
uf=lj=; df df]xLn] a'emfPsf] s'tjfnL
sfg"g jdf]lhd jfbLn] kfpg] g} b]lvG5 .
@)%% ;fnsf] s'tjfnL uf=lj=; df w/f}6
/fv]sf] cj:yfdf bf]xf]/f] s't e/fpg] s'/f
klg ePg . t;y{ jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg]
u/L km};nf ug'{kg]
{df jfnL e/fpg] ;Dd
u/]sf] z'? e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{no ;Kt/Lsf]
ldlt @)%*.%.@& sf] km};nf ldn]sf]
gb]lvPsfn] s]xL pN6L e} ;Dk"0f{ jfbL bfjL
k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt
@)^!.@.!) sf] km};nf .
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf
#^-#_ n] df]xLn] w/f}6L /fVg cfPdf w/f}6L
/fVg] uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf jf dfn
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
c8\8f jf e"ld k|zf;g sfof{non] ;f]
w/f}6L /fVg NofPsf] /sd w/f}6Ldf cfDbfgL
afFwL ;f] ?k}of a'em\g & lbgleq
hUufjfnfsf] gfpFdf ;"rgf hf/L ug'{
kb{5
egL sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]df To:tf] s'g}
klg k|s[of cjnDjg gul/Psf] / w/f}6
/fv]sf] /l;bsf] 7]nL / a} +s hDdf u/]sf]
ef}r/sf] cw{sl6[ ;d]tsf s'g} klg ;Ssn
sfuhftx? k]z x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
j]l/tsf] /l;bnfO{ dfGotf lbO{ ul/Psf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhsf] km};nf pN6L u/L df]xL
lgisfzg ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgod jdf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n
cWoog u/L x]bf{ cfkm\gf] ls=g+= $$ h=lj=
)–!–!^ hUufsf] @)%% ;fnsf] x'g] s't
glbO{ w/f}6L ;d]t g/fv]sf] x'Fbf
pQm s't
lbnfO{ df]xL lgisf;g ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] ]
jfbL bfjL /x]sf]df jfbL bfjL adf]lhdsf]
s'tafnL uf==lj=;=sf] sfof{nodf w/f}6L
/fv]sf] x'Fbf
jfbLsf] bfjLaf6 km';{b kfpF
EfgL k|ltjfbLsf] k|ltpQ/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
z'? e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non] s'tjfnL
uf=lj=;=sf cWoIfsf] lhDdfdf w/f}6 /x]sf]
tYonfO{ :jLsf/ u/]tfklt l/tk"j{s w/f}6
g/x]sf] egL s'tjfnL e/fO{ lng kfpg] u/L
km};nf eP pk/ jfbL k|ltjfbL b'a} kIfsf]
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhaf6 s'tjfnL uf=lj=;= df
a'emfPsf] cj:yfdf jfbLn] kfpg ;Sg] x'Fbf
714

jfnL e/fpg] u/L ePsf] z'? km};nf
gldn]sf] egL jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg]
7x¥ofO{ km};nf ePsf] 5 / ;f] pk/
jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z
x'g cfPsf] x'Fbf
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]
gldn]sf] s] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg] { ePsf] 5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ jfbL
bfjLsf] lsQf g+= $$ sf] hUufdf oL jfbL
k|ltjfbL hUufwgL / df]xL /x]sf] eGg]
tYodf b'a} kIfaLr d'v ldn]s} x'Fbf
To;tkm{ yk ljj]rgf ug'{kg]
{ cj:yf
b]lvFb}g . hxfF;Dd plNnlvt lsQf g+= $$
h=lj= )–!–!^ hUufsf] @)%% ;fnsf]
lgodfg';f/sf] s'tjfnL ga'emfPsf] eGg]
jfbL bfjLsf] ;Gbe{ 5, ;f] hUufsf] x'g] s't
wfg dg )–@@–* sf] df]n ?= @&).–
k|ltjfbL df]xLn] uf=lj=;=sf] sfof{no
/fdk'/ hd'jfdf w/f}6 /fv]sf] eGg] s'/f
df]xLåf/f k]z ul/Psf] pQm uf=lj=;=sf]
ldlt @)%%.!!.@* sf] /l;baf6 b]lvG5 .
ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] uf=lj=;= sfof{no
/fdk'/ hd'jfsf] ldlt @)%&.$.$ sf] kq /
;f]xL kqsf] ;dy{gdf /x]sf] ldlt
@)^).!@.@% sf] kqn] klg ;f] tYosf]
k'g{k'i6L ePsf] 5 . of] tYonfO{ jfbL
:jo+n] klg cGoyf eGg g;sL s]jn
To;/L w/f}6 /fv]kl5sf] cfjZos k|s[of
cyf{t\ e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf
#^-#_ sf] k|s[of cjnDjg gul/Psf] egL
w/f}6 /flvPsf] s[ofnfO{ j]l/tsf] ;+1f
lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L s't a'emfOPsf]
715
c+s ^
k|s[ofnfO{ j]l/tsf] ;+1f lbOPsf] ;Gbe{df
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf #^ df
s't a'emfpg] k|s[of s] s:tf] lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf cWoog
ug'{kg]
{ b]lvG5 . e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
sf] bkmf #^-@_ df æ=== s't a'emfpFbf
hUufjfnf jf lghsf k|ltlglwn]
sa'lnotdf pNn]v ePsf] s't a'emL
glnPdf df]xLn] s't a'emfpg] Dofb gf3]sf]
#) lbgleq b/vf:t ;fy a'emfpg' kg] { s't
ahf/ efpn] gubLdf kl/0ft u/L ufpF
ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf
dfn c8\8f jf e"ld k|zf;g sfof{nodf
w/f}6L /fVg ;Sg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . k|:t't d'2fdf klg oxL sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf cfwf/df df]xLn] s't w/f}6
/fv]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;/L /flvPsf] w/f}6L
/sdnfO{ w/f}6Ldf cfDbfgL afFwL
hUufjfnfnfO{ a'emfpg] tkm{ sf/jfxL
k|f/De ug'{kg]
{ bfloTj To:tf] w/f}6
a'emLlng] uf=lj=;= jf ;DalGwt lgsfosf]
x'g] u/L P]=wf/f #^-#_ n] sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 . df]xLn] a'emfPsf] w/f}6 /sd
hUufjfnfnfO{ a'emfpg] ;DaGwdf cfjZos
sf/jfxL ug'{kg]
{ bfloTj /x]sf] sfof{non]
;f] bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] cfwf/df df]xLn]
/fv]sf] s't w/f}6L cl:tTjljxLg x'g] jf
j]l/tsf] x'g] eGg] x'Fb}g
. df]xLsf] bfloTj
eg]sf] lgwf{l/t s'tjfnL lgwf{l/t ;doleq
hUufwgLnfO{ a'emfpg] jf hUufwgLn] a'em\g
OGsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf s'tnfO{ gubLdf
kl/0ft u/L ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
jf gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf dfn c8\8f jf

e"ld k|zf;g sfof{nodf w/f}6L /fVg] g} xf]
. sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] of] bfloTjnfO{
k|:t't d'2fsf k|ltjfbL cyf{t\ jfbL bfjLsf]
lsQf g+= $$ sf] hUufsf df]xLn] k"/f
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;/L cfkm"n] sdfPsf]
hUufsf] s't a'emfpg' kg] { cfkm\gf] sfg"gL
st{Jo kfngf u/L ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf;
;ldltdf s't w/f}6 /fv]sf] tYo :yflkt
x'g k'u]sf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ j]l/tsf]
dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg . ;fy} To;/L ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltdf w/f}6 /x]sf] jfnL oL
jfbLn] a'emL lng ;Sg] cj:yfsf]
ljBdfgtf /x]af6 klg ;f] w/f}6nfO{ cGoyf
eGg jf hUufwgLn] df]xLaf6 s't jfnL
gkfPsf] cy{df u|x0f ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g
.
t;y{ w/f}6L l/t k"j{s g/flvPsf] egL
jfnL e/fpg] u/L u/]sf] z'? e"ld;'wf/
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
sfof{no ;Kt/Lsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L e}
;Dk"0f{ jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x¥ofPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt
@)^!.@.!) sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/
x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs÷jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf]
nut s6[f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L
a'emfO{lbg' .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
716
Gof=zf/bf >]i7
Olt;Dat\ @)^% ;fn j}zfv @) ut] /f]h
^ z'de\
Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+=&(&& g]=sf=k= @)^%
;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
;+at @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6=g+= =========#@&#
cfb]z ldltM @)^%.@.@@.$
d'2fM pTk| ]if0f .
lgj]bsM sf7df08f} lhNnf sf7df08f}
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !)
jfg]Zj/ a:g] tLy{/fh pkfWofo
;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no
lqk'/]Zj/ ;d]t
� sfg"gsf] /fHodf sfg"g ljlxgtfsf]
cj:yf g/xg] / ;do, kl/l:ylt /
cfjZostf cg'?k sfg"gx? lgdf{0f
x'+b}
hfg], ;+zf]wg x'g], k'/fgf sfg"g
vf/]h eO{ gofF sfg"g aGg]
�
:jefljs k|s[of ePsfn] gofF
ag]sf] sfg"gn] e}/x]sf] sfg"gnfO{
vf/]h ub} {df ;f] vf/]h ePsf]
sfg"g cg'?k ePsf sfd sf/jfxL
:jtM vf/]h jf cj}w gx'g] .
gofF ag]sf] sfg"gn] vf/]h u/]sf]
sfg"g cg'?k ePsf sfd
sf/jfxLnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf]
cj:yfdf gofF ag]sf] sfg"gdf
ylkPsf] t/ k'/fgf] sfg"gn]
717
c+s ^
g;d]6]sf] gofF k|fjwfg klg vf/]h
ePs} sfg"gsf] k|fjwfgsf]
lg/Gt/tf xf] egL JofVof ug{
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
� n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ Pp6} n]vfk/LIfs,
;fem]bf/ jf k"j{ ;fem]bf/ jf
sd{rf/L jf e"tk"j{ sd{rf/LnfO{
nuftf/ tLg k6s eGbf a9L
n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg] 5}g
eGg] k|fjwfg ;fljssf] sDkgL P]g,
@)%# df g/x]sf] cj:yfdf xfnsf]
sfg"g nfu" x'g eGbf k"j{ ePsf]
n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQmnfO{ kl5Nnf]
sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] n]vfk/LIfssf]
lgo'lQmsf] zt{df hf]8\g gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L
clgns'df/ l;Gxf
ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
o'j/fh ;'j]bL
cjnlDjt ghL/M
cfb]z
Gof=dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemLM tTsflng
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f
@#÷**-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf btf{
ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKtdf tYo /
7x/ lgDg adf]lhd 5M–
lgj]bsx?n] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ kfpg]
u/L g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfaf6
k|df0f kq lnO{ sDkgL tyf ;+3 ;+:yfx?df

n]vf kl/If0fsf] sfd ub} { cfPsf 5f} + .
sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ sf] bkmf !!!-#_ sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] af/] g]kfn rf6{8{
PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfn] o; ;DaGwdf :ki6
ug{ n]vfk9L ubf{ pQm ;+:yfnfO{ sDkgL
/lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ePsf]
hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df ldlt @)^@ kmfu'0f
@@ ut]sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt u/]sf]
æsDkgLx?df n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ug] {
jf/]sf] ;"rgfÆ eGg] zLif{ssf] hfgsf/L x]bf{
sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ sf] bkmf !!! sf]
pkbkmf # df pNn]lvt tLg k6ssf] cjwL
u0fgf ubf{ cWofb]z nfu' x'g' k"j{ u/]sf]
n]vfk/LIf0f ;d]tnfO{ u0fgf u/L k6s
sfod ug] { >L % sf] ;/sf/ -;lrj :t/_
af6 ldlt @)^@.!).!( df lg0f{o ePsf]n]
lg0f{o cg';f/ hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 eGg]
pNn]v ePsf]n] pQm ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt
e"tnIfL JofVof u/L ePsf] lg0f{on] ;+k"0f{
n]vfk/LIfsx?sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ kfpg]
Joj;flos, ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs
clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug{af6 al~rt ePsf
5f} . sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ sf] bkmf !!!
-#_ sf] Joj:yf sDkgL cWofb]z nfu'
ePkl5 s'g} klg n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ubf{
nuftf/ tLg k6s eGbf a9L n]vf k/LIfs
lgo'lQm ug{ g;lsg] xf] . ljgf s'g} cfwf/
tyf o; ;DaGwL sDkgLx?n] ckgfpg' kg] {
k|lqmof ;d]t pNn]v gu/L sDkgL cWofb]z
cfpg' eGbf cufl8 u/]sf] n]vf k/LIf0fsf]
cjlw klg tLg k6ssf] lgldQ u0fgf ug] {
eGg] ;fdfGo lg0f{o cfkm} +df k"0f{ geO{
xr'jfsf] cfwf/df ePsf] b]lvG5 . cWofb]z
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
nfu' ePsf] ldlt @)^@.^.@# kZrft ePsf]
lgo'lQmsf] xsdf dfq nfu' x'g;Sg]df
ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/, pBf]u jfl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, -;lrj :t/_ af6
lg0f{o u/L >L sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo
Joj:yf dGqfnosf] slyt lgb] {zgfTds
/fosf] cfwf/df sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ sf]
bkmf !!! sf] pkbkmf # sf] unt cy{ u/L
pQm bkmf s} dd{ / dgzfo ;d]t ljk/Lt
k"j{ k|efjL sfg"g ;/x kfngf ug{ g]kfn
rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfnfO{ lgb] {zg
lbPsf] kfO{G5 . sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@
nfu' ePsf] ldlteGbf cufj} lgo'Qm
n]vfk/LIfssf] xsdf klg pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] tLg k6ssf] u0fgf ul/g] egL
ldlt @)^@.!).!( df ePsf] elgPsf]
lg0f{o tyf tT;DaGwdf ePsf cGo lg0f{o
cfb]z lgb] {zfTds kqfrf/x? ;d]t u}/
;+j}wflgs u}/sfg"gL x'Fbf
pTk| ]if0fsf]
cfb]zåf/f jb/ u/L pQm ldlt
@)^@.!).!( sf] lg0f{o / sDkgL
/lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^@.!!.# sf]
lgb] {zgfTds kq sfof{Gjog gug'{
gu/fpg'
egL ljkIfLx?sf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z
;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] @)^@.!@.@@ sf]
lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg] { xf] < lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg'
egL ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt
hafkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{
. ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]z ;DaGwdf 5nkmn
ug{ ldlt @)^#.!.&.% sf lbg pkl:yt x'g
718

ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ k]z ug'{
eGg] o;
cbfntsf] @)^@.!@.#! sf] cfb]z .
sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ ldlt
@)^@.^.@# df hf/L ePsf]n] ;f]xL ldlt
b]lv nfu' x'g] x'Fbf
n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwdf
ldlt @)^@.!!.# df sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf]
sfof{non] g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\;
;+:yfnfO{ n]v]sf] kq k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
clGtd 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd sfof{Gjog gu/L
gu/fO{ oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ljkIfLx?sf
gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5
eGg] o; cbfntsf] @)^#.!.@) sf] cfb]z
.
s'g} JolQm s'g} Pp6} sDkgLdf
nuftf/ w}/} jif{;Dd n]vf k/LIfs /lx/xFbf
sDkgLsf] Joj:yfkg;Fu JolQmut ;DaGw
a9\g uO{ p;n] :jtGq?kdf lgjf{x ug'{kg]
{
e"ldsfdf c;/ gk/f]; eGg] pb]Zon]
sDkgL k|zf;g ;DaGwdf :jLsfo{
cGt/f{li6«o k|rng ;d]tsf] cfwf/df of]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . of] Joj:yfaf6 n]vf
k/LIfssf] nfuL gofF of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] jf
s'g} n]vf k/LIfsnfO{ tLg k6s eGbf a9L
n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ /f]s nufPsf] xf]O{g .
o;n] tLg k6s eGbf a9L nuftf/ lgo'Qm
x'gaf6 xf]O{g ls lgo'Qm ug{af6 /f]s
nufPsf] 5 . of] Joj:yfn] vfnL s'g}
sDkgLn] nuftf/ w]/} jif{;Dd Pp6} n]vf
k/LIfsaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f ug{af6 /f]s
nufPsf] xf] eGg] pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ sf] bkmf
!!! sf] pk bkmf -#_ adf]lhd
719
c+s ^
n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ubf{ cWofb]z k|f/De
ePsf] ldlt b]lv u0fgf ug] { xf] jf cWofb]z
cfpg' eGbf klxnf b]lv ePsf] lgo'lQmnfO{
;d]t u0fgf ug'{kg]
{ xf] eGg] ljifodf olsg
JofVof / lgb] {zg kfpF eGg] g]kfn rf6{8{
PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfaf6 cg'/f]w e} cfPsf] /
;f] s'/fsf] olsg JofVof u/L sfof{Gjog
ug] { ;DaGwdf låljwf pTkGg eO{ pBf]u,
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf n]vL
k7fpFbf sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf
dGqfno ;d]tsf] /fosf] cfwf/df sDkgL
cWofb]z, @)^@ sf] bkmf !** sf] pkbkmf
-@_ adf]lhd cWofb]z nfu' x'g' k"j{ u/]sf
n]vfk/LIf0f ;d]tnfO{ u0fgf u/L k6s
sfod ug'{
pko'Qm x'g] Joxf]/f ;lxt kq
k7fPsf] x'Fbf
;f] adf]lhd n]vfk/LIfssf]
k6s sfod ug] { Joj:yf u/fpg] ljifodf
o; sfof{noaf6 g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\;
;+:yfnfO{ + kq n]Vg] sfd ePsf] xf] . o;
k"j{sf] sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf] kl/R5]b * df
/x]sf] Joj:yfdf s]xL k|s[ofTds s'/f dfq
yk u/]sf] xf] . sDkgL P]g adf]lhd eP
u/]sf sfd o;} cWofb]z adf]lhd eP
u/]sf] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df
sDkgL P]g, @)%# adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfd
lg/Gt/ x'g] ePsf]n] g} ;f] P]g adf]lhd
lgo'Qm n]vfk/LIfssf] k6s u0fgf sfod
x'g] egL :ki6 ul/Psf] xf] . of] Joj:yfaf6
s'g} n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ tLg k6s eGbf a9L
n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ /f]s nufPsf] geO{
nuftf/ lgo'Qm ug{af6 /f]s nufPsf] 5 .
o;af6 n]vfk/LIfssf] k]zf Jojzfo ug] {
xsdf s'g} klg k|sf/n] c;/ k'¥ofPsf] 5}g

eGg] sDklg /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no
lqk'/]Zj/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
sfg"gL /fo s;}sf nflu jfWo gx'g]
;fy} lg0f{o k|lqmofdf o; dGqfnosf]
;+nUgtf gePsf]n] o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg' kg] { s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g . sDkgL
cWofb]z, @)^# sf] bkmf !!!-#_ df ePsf]
Joj:yfn] sDkgLsf] sfdsf] lgoldttf,
kf/blz{tf / k|efjsf/Ltfsf nflu Pp6}
JolQm nuftf/ tLgk6seGbf a9L
n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm x'g g;Sg] k|Tofe"t
u/]sf] xf] . ;f] Joj:yfn] nuftf/ tLg
k6s eGbf a9L gx'g] u/L n]vfk/LIfs
lgo'Qm x'gnfO{ /f]s nufPsf] gx'Fbf
o;af6
s;}sf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xs
clwsf/df c;/ k/]sf] 5}g . cWofb]zsf]
bkmf !!*-@_ df sDkgL P]g, @)%#
adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfd o;} cWofb]z
adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg] 5 eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] / n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL sfo{ o;
cWofb]z cfpg' k"j{ pQm P]g adf]lhd klg
e}/x]sf] x'Fbf
To;/L ePsf] n]vfk/LIfssf]
lgo'lQmsf] k6snfO{ u0fgf ug{ gldNg] eGg
ldNb}g . lgj]bg bfjL ts{ ;+ut /
cf}lrTok"0f{ gb]lv+bf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgod adf]lhd k]zL;"rLdf r9L
cfh o; O{hnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't
lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n
sfuhftx? cWoog ul/of] . lgj]bs
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf clgn
s'df/ l;Gxfn] sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^@ nfu''
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
x'g' k"j{ n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] sfo{nfO{ kl5
ag]sf] sfg"gn] cufj} e} ;s]sf]
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k6s sfod ug{ ldNb}g,
;fem]bf/Ldf ul/Psf] sfdnfO{ klg JolQmut
;/x k6s sfod ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf
lgj]bg
hf/L x'g' k5{ egL / ljkIfL tkm{af6 ;x–
GofoflwjQmf o'j/fh ;'j]bLn] ;lrj:t/af6
ePsf] lg0f{o gLltut lg0f{o xf], gLltut
lg0f{o lgj]bssf] xsdf dfq nfu' x'g] ljifo
xf]O{g, n]vfk/LIfs jif} { lkR5] lgo'Qm ul/g]
x'Fbf
# k6s;Dd lgo'Qm ul/g] eGg] gLlt
xf], o;af6 lgj]bssf] xs lxtdf c;/ kg] {
cj:yf gx'Fbf
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL
ug'{
ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
@= ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfPsf]
tYo Pj+ pko'{Qm
jx; ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/
/fvL ljrf/ ubf{, sDkgLdf n]vfk/LIfs
lgo'lQm ubf{ sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^@ nfu'
x'g' k"j{ u/]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;d]tnfO{ u0fgf
u/L k6s sfod ug] { >L % sf] ;/sf/,
pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, -
;lrj :t/_ af6 ldlt @)^@.!).!( df
lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]xL lg0f{o adf]lhd
sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] g]kfn rf6{8{
PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfnfO{ n]v]sf] @)^@.!!.#
sf] rnfgL gDa/ !!#&$ sf] kqdf æTo;
;+:yfn] ldlt @)^@.*.@) df pk/f]Qm
ljifosf ;DaGwdf pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf kqfrf/ u/]sf] ;DaGwdf
sf/jfxL x'Fbf
sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^@ sf]
bkmf !!! sf] pkbkmf # df pNn]lvt tLg
k6s sf] cjlw u0fgf ubf{ cWofb]z nfu'
x'g' k"j{ u/]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;d]tnfO{ u0fgf
720

u/L k6s sfod ug] { Joj:yf ug] { u/fpg]
u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/ -;lrj :t/_ af6
ldlt @)^@.!).!( df lg0f{o ePsf]n]
lg0f{ofg';f/ hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cg'/f]w 5Æ
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{of] .
#= sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^@ sf]
bkmf !!! sf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm
;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] pkbkmf ! df
æsDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIfs k|rlnt sfg"g
adf]lhd btf{ ePsf jf k|df0fkq k|fKt
n]vfk/LIfsx? dWo]af6 klAns sDkgLsf]
xsdf kl/R5]b !* sf] clwgdf /xL
;fwf/0f ;efn] / k|fO{e]6 sDkgLsf] xsdf
k|jGw kq, lgodfjnL jf ;j{;Ddt
;Demf}tfdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd / ;f]
gePdf ;fwf/0f ;efn] lgo'Qm ug'{kg]
{5 /
To;/L lgo''Qm
ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq
lghsf] gfd sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg] {5Æ
eGg] pNn]v eO{ pkbkmf # df æklAns
sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ Pp6}
n]vfk/LIfs, lghsf] ;fem]bf/ jf k"j{
;fem]bf/ jf sd{rf/L jf e"tk"j{
sd{rf/LnfO{ nuftf/ tLg k6s eGbf a9L
n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg] 5}g, t/
tLg jif{ klxn] g} ;fem]bf/Laf6 cnu x'g]
;fem]bf/ jf To:tf] n]vfk/LIfssf] ;]jfaf6
cnu ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf of] k|ltaGw
nfu" x'g] 5}gÆ eGg] pNn]v ePsf]df ;f]xL
Joj:yf sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!!
sf] pkbkmf ! / # df h:tfsf] t:t}
/flvPsf] ;d]t kfO{of] . sDkgL P]g, @)%#
sf] kl/R5]b * sf] bkmf *^ sf]
n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]
721
c+s ^
pkbkmf ! df æsDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIfs
dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 k|df0fkq kfO{
sfod /x]sf] n]vfk/LIfsx? dWo]af6
klAns sDkgLsf] xsdf ;fwf/0f ;efn] /
k|fO{e]6 sDkgLsf] xsdf cfˆgf] k|aGwkq,
lgodfjnL jf ;j{;Ddt ;Demf}tfdf
Joj:yf eP adf]lhd lgo'Qm ug'{kg]
{5 /
To;/L lgo'Qm ePsf] ldltn] kGw| lbgleq
lghsf] gfd sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg] {5 . t/
k|yd ;fwf/0f ;ef eGbf cl3 g}
n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ug'{
k/]df ;+rfns
;ldltn] lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5Æ eGg] ;Dd
pNn]v ePsf] kfO{of] .
$= sfg"gsf] /fHodf sfg"g
ljlxgtfsf] cj:yf g/xg] / ;do,
kl/l:ytL / cfjZostf cg'?k sfg"gx?
lgdf{0f x'+b}
hfg], ;+zf]wg x'g], k'/fgf sfg"g
vf/]h eO{ gofF sfg"g aGg] :jefljs k|s[of
x'g\ . s'g} gofF ag]sf] sfg"gn] e}/x]sf]
sfg"gnfO{ vf/]h ub}{df ;f] vf/]h ePsf]
sfg"g cg'?k ePsf sfd sf/jfxL :jt
vf/]h jf cj}w x'g] x'Fb}g
. gofF ag]sf]
sfg"gn] vf/]h u/]sf] sfg"g cg'?k ePsf
sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf]
cj:yfdf gofF ag]sf] sfg"gdf ylkPsf] t/
k'/fgf] sfg"gn] g;d]6]sf] gofF k|fjwfg klg
vf/]h ePs} sfg"gsf] k|fjwfgsf] lg/Gt/tf
xf] egL JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . ;fljssf]
sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf] n]vfk/LIfssf]
lgo'lQm ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf clxn]sf] sDkgL
P]gdf h:tf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQmdf
lgo'lQmsf] k6s]sf] zt{ /fv]sf] gb]lvPaf6
;fljssf] P]g / xfnsf] P]gdf

n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwdf Jojl:yt
k|fjwfgn] Pp6} s'/fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf]
eGg] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf
dGqfno ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm dgfl;j
b]lvg cfPg .
%= sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^@ /
xfn sDkgL P]g, @)^# df k|of]u ePsf]
klAns sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ Pp6}
n]vfk/LIfs, lghsf] ;fem]bf/ jf k"j{
;fem]bf/ jf sd{rf/L jf e"tk"j{
sd{rf/LnfO{ nuftf/ tLg k6s eGbf a9L
n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg] 5}g eGg]
k|fjwfg ;fljssf] sDkgL P]g, @)%# df
g/x]sf] cj:yfdf xfnsf] sfg"g nfu" x'g
eGbf k"j{ ePsf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQmnfO{
kl5Nnf] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] n]vf k/LIfssf]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
lgo'lQmsf] zt{df hf]8\g ldNg] b]lvg
gcfPaf6 pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno, -;lrj :t/_ af6 @)^@.!).!(
df ePsf] lg0f{o pTk] |if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/
x'G5 . cfb]zsf] hgfp ljkIfLx?nfO{ lbO{
bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf d]/f] ;xdlt 5 .
722
Gof=sNof0f >]i7
Olt ;Djt\ @)^% ;fn h]i7 @@ ut] /f]h
$ z'ed\ ======================================== .
O{hnf; clws[tM– bLks s'df/ bxfn

lg0f{o g+=&(&* g]=sf=k= @)^%
;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm O{hnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg"k/fh zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ––––#@*
cfb]z ldltM @)^%.!.@@.
ljifo M– pTk| ]if0f, k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= @!
h};Lb]jn 3/ g+= @$*.^s j:g]
Zofd;'Gb/ /lGhtsf/ ;d]t
lj?å
ljkIfLM sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf,
jfub/jf/, sf7df8f} + ;d]t
{
{
� k/Dk/fut ?kdf ef]uL /x]sf]
�
em\ofnsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ ljkIfLsf] gof+
lgdf{0fsf] kl/0ffd :j?k jGb ug{
lbg] xf] eg] Tof] :ki6tM sfg"gdf
lgwf{l/t x'g'k5{ . sfg"gn] :ki6
?kn] /f]s jf jGb]h gnufPsf]
ljifodf lg0f{o u/L gu/kflnsfn]
To:tf k/Dk/fut ?kdf kfO/x]sf]
;'lawfnfO{ alGrt ubf{ To;sf]
oy]i7 sfg"gL cfwf/ b]vfpg kg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
;'ljwflwsf/sf] k|Tofe"tL sfg"gjf6
dfq geO{ rL/ef]u jf ;flasb]lv
k|of]u u/L cfPsf] tYox?x?sf]
cfwf/df ;d]t ;+/lIft x'g] x'Fbf
Pp6fsf] hUufjf6 csf] JolQmn]
723
c+s ^
k/Dk/fb]lv k|fKt u/]sf] jf ef]uL
cfPsf] ;'lawfnfO{ ljgf s'g} sfg"gL
cfwf/ al~rt ug{ g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
� 3/ agfpg]sf] ! g+= df ePsf]
an];L sf6\g kfpg] eGg] s'/f /
cl3b]lv g} lgjf{w ?kdf em\ofn
/fvL ef]uL cfPsf] xfjf k|sfzsf]
lgsfz /f]Sg kfpg] eGg] s'/f Pp6}
xf]O{gg . 3/ agfpg]sf] ! g+= n]
pk/f]St cj:yfsf] an];L sf6\g
kfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] ePklg ;f]
cGtu{t cl3b]lv g} /fv]sf]
em\ofnjf6 cfpg] hfg] xfjf
k|sfzsf] lgsfz klg y'Gg kfOG5
egL cg'dflgt ts{ jf sfg"gsf]
JofVof ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_
� ;flasb]lv ef]uL cfPsf] k|sfz,
xfjf h:tf j:t'x?sf] cfjthfjt
lgsf;sf ;DaGwdf laafb p7]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] ;'ljwfx?sf] bfjL ug{
;Sg] u/L :ki6 ?kdf sfg"gdf
pNn]v ePsf] jf ;f] pkrf/sf]
bfjL ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|rlnt
sfg"gn] s'g} Joj:yf gu/]sf]
kl/0ffd :j?k lgj]bsnfO{ pkrf/
ljd'v /fVg gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!^_
lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L
/flhjdfg zfSo

ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L
ljhosfGt d}gfnL
cjnlDjt ghL/M
cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f @#.** -@_
cGtu{t k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
Joxf]/f / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M–
xfdL lgj]bsx?sf] xsef]u rngdf
/x]sf] :j=lktf hut jxfb'/sf] gfddf lt/f]
lt/fg ePsf], gfd;f/L bf=vf=u/fO{ lng
jf+sL /x]sf] sf=lh=gu/ j8f g+= #@ ls=g+=
!%%% If]=km= )–!–)–# hUufdf k/fk"j{
sfn b]lv xfd|f jfj' jfh]n] ef]u rng ub} {
cfPsf] cBfjwL xfdLx?n] ;d]t ef]u rng
ub} { cfPsf] sl/j !!) jif{ k'/fgf] 3/df
klZrd tkm{ $ k'm6sf] 6k 5fgf /fvL
vf]Ng x'g] vfkfsf] em\ofn /flvPsf] 5 .
xfd|f] j;f]jf; b]lv klZrd tkm{ xfd|f]
em\ofn / 6k /fVg egL g} 5f8L /fv]sf] $
k'm6 hlt hUufsf] ;fFw k5fl8 ljkIfLx?sf]
3/ hUuf 5 . lgh ljkIfL ljBfgk|;fb
nfld5fg] ;d]tn] ;f] pNn]lvt xfd|f] 6k /
em\ofn /fVg egL 5f]8L /fv]sf] lgh ljkIfL
tkm{sf] vfnL hUufnfO{ cfkm\g} xf] egL ;f]
;d]t cfkm\gf] hUufdf 3';fO{ gof+ 3/
lgdf{0f ug{ egL ;fO{6 Knfg gS;f v8f
u/L gS;f kf; ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL
sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfdf lgj]bg
u/]sf]df sf=d=kf=n] gS;f kf;sf] nflu @!
j8f sfof{no dfkm{t !% lbg] ;"rgf
;+lwof/sf] nflu hf/L ul/Psf] x'+bf
j8f
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
sfof{no uO{ ljkIfLx?n] gS;f kf; u/L
kfp+m eGg] btf{ u/]sf] gof+ 3/ lgdf{0fsf]
gS;f ;fO{6 Knfg x]bf{ pQm vfnL 5f]8]sf]
hUuf ;d]t cfkm\gf] hUufdf rfkL 3';fO{
d]/f] 3/sf] lgh ljkIfL tkm{ em\ofn /fVg
vfnL 5f8]sf] hUuf rfkL ldrL d]/f] 3/sf]
klZrd tkm{sf] uf/f]df k/fk"j{ sfn b]lv
vf]Ng x'g] vfkfsf] em\ofn ;d]t jGb x'g]
u/L 5fgfsf] 6k ;d]t sf6L hf]8]/ 3/
lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf]df xbDofb leq} ;f] df
bfjL lj/f]w u/L cfkm\gf] k|df0f ;d]t /fvL
lgdf{0f sfo{ /f]Ssf u/L sfg"g jdf]lhd
sf/jfxL u/L ;fIfL ;h{ldg tyf ;j"b
k|df0f ;d]t j'emL kfp+m egL lgj]bg
u/]sf]df gS;f kf; ;DjGwL d'2fdf ljkIfL
sf=d=g=kf=n] ldlt @)^#.@.@( ut] lg0f{o
ubf{ k| ]lift ;fO{6 Knfg tkm{ kg] { hUufsf]
;DjGwdf cldgjf6 hfFrj'em ug'{kg]
{ x'+bf
h'=O{=sf] k|ltj]bg e} cldg / h'=O{=sf]
;Fo'Qm 6f]nLjf6 gfk hfFr u/fpFbf ljjflbt
6k gS;fjfnfs} hUufdf kg] { gS;f cg';f/
3/ lgdf{0f x'g] hUufsf] :jfldTjdf ljjfb
b]lvPg, em\ofn / 6ksf] ;DjGwdf d'n'sL
P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] dxnsf] ! g+= cg';f/
csf{sf] hUuf tkm{ jn];L lgsfnL 3/
jgfPsf] eP hUufjfnfn] 3/ jgfp+bf
cfkm\gf] hUuf tkm{ lgsfn]sf] 6k sf6L 3/
jgpfg kfpg] g} b]lvG5 egL 3/sf] gS;f
kf; x'g] u/L km};nf u/L ldl;n zx/L
ljsf; ljefudf k7fO{ lbg] lg0f{o u/L
ljkIfL sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfjf6 xs
j]xsdf ;'gfpg' kg] {df cGoyf ts{ lgsfnL
ljkIfLx?sf] hUuf egL u/]sf] km};nfdf
724

725
c+s ^
{
{
'
{
+
{
+
{
c=j+= #% g+= ;d]tsf] q'l6 ePsf] / ljkIfLn] 6k /fv]sf] efu hUuf
To;jf6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& xfdL lnlvthjfkmjfnfx?sf] lglj{jfb xs
sf] wf/f !& 4f/f k|bQ xfd|f] ;DklQ ef]usf] hUuf xf] . pQm hUuf ljkIfLx?sf]
dflysf] xsdf c;/ k/]sf]n] c=j+= #%, xf] eGg] s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ tyf k|df0fn]
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf k'li6 x'g ;Sb}g . ljkIfLn]
!%%-#_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& dxfgu/kflnsfdf ph'/L lgj]bg ubf{ jfj'
sf] wf/f !! ;d]tsf] q'l6 lglxt e} wf/f jfh]n] eg] cg';f/ xfd|f] If]qkmn leq kg]
!!, !& 4f/f k|bQ xs cf3fltt\ ePsf]n] hUuf xf] egL pNn]v ePjf6 klg ljkIfLsf]
pQm km};nf pTk| ]if0fsf] ld>Lt k/dfb]zsf] hUuf xf]O{g eGg] s'/fsf] yk k'li6 x'G5 .
cfb]z4f/f jb/ u/L sfg"g jdf]lhd ug' hUufsf] :jfldTj jfj' jfh]sf] egfO{jf6
egL hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z jf k"lh{ hf/L vlDj/ x'g] geO{ k|df0fjf6 k'li6 x'g] x+ +bf
u/L kfp+m eGg] lgj]bg .
lnlvthjfkmstf{n] ljkIfLsf] 6k ePsf]
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < sf/0fjf6 3/ jgfpg gkfpg] gS;fkf;
lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg ePsf] u}/sfg"gL x'g] eGg] k|Zg g} cfp+g
hf/L x'g gkg] xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ;Sb}g t;y{ ljkIfLsf] e'mf l/6 lgj]bg
ldltn] jf6f]sf] Dofb jfx]s !% lbg leq vf/]h u/L kfp+m eGg] ljBfgk|;fb
;DjlGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL nfld5fg]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+=
hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt cg';f/ csf{sf] hUuf tkm{ jn];L -6k_
gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL sf7df8f} lgsfnL 3/ jgfPsf] eP hUufjfnfn] 3/
dxfgu/kflnsfnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] jgfp+bf cfkm\gf] hUuf tkm{ lgsfn]sf] 6k -
jf]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ jn];L_ sf6L 3/ jgfpg kfp+5 /f]Sg
lbg' . lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z ldNb}g egL pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ToyL{n]
lsg hf/L x'g gkg] xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt 3/ jgfpg kfpg] g} b]lvPjf6 gS;fkf;
ePsf ldltn] jf6fsf Dofb jfx]s !% lbg x'g] u/L o; sf=d=g=kf=jf6 lg0f{o ePsf]
leq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm} jf cfkm\gf] x'+bf
lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+m eGg] ;d]tsf]
k|ltlglw4f/f pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6 sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfsf] lnlvthjfkm .
lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL lgod jdf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't
ljBfgk|;fb nfld5fg] ;d]tnfO{ ;DjlGwt lgj]bg;+u ;DjlGwt ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n
lhNnf cbfnt dfkm{t ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt sfuhft cWoog u/L lgj]bs tkm{jf6
hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf >L /flhjdfg
jdf]lhd k]z ug' eGg] ;d]tsf] o; zfSon] ;fljs b]lv jg]sf] 3/sf] em\ofn
cbfntsf] sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z . jGb ul/Psf] v08df 3/df k|sfz -

3fd_,xfjf cfjt hfjt ug{ cj?4 x'g] eO{
lgj]bssf] xsdf c;/ kg] { x'G5 .
lgj]bssf] tkm{jf6 s'g} uNtL jf bf]if jf
sfg"gsf] pNn3+g u/L s'g} sfd sf/jfxL
gePsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bssf] xs ef]udf
k|lts"n c;/ kg] { u/L lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]
x'Fb}g
. lgj]bsn] lgjf{w ?kdf ;fljs b]lv
xs ef]u u/L cfPsf] 3/ sfg"g ljk/Lt
lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] eg] df}sfdf ph'/ jfh'/
u/]sf] cj:yf x'g'k5{ . gu/kflnsfsf]
gS;fkf; ug] { lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd :j?k
lgj]bssf] ;fljs b]lvsf] xsef]usf] 3/ /
em\ofndf k|lts"n c;/ kg] { ePjf6
gu/kflnsfsf] lg0f{o jb/u/L kfp+m eGg]
;d]tsf] / ljkIfL tkm{jf6 pkl:yt lj4fg
clwjQmf >L ljhosfGt d}gfnLn] gS;fkf;
ePsf hUuf lgj]bssf] xf]O{g hj gS;f
kf; ePsf] hUuf lgj]bsf] xf]O{g eGg] s'/f
k|dl0ft 5 eg] lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of ;Dd
klg /x+b}g . gS;f kf; u/L lng] ljkIfLn]
lgj]bssf] hUufdf ;d]t kg] { u/L lgdf{0f
sfo{ ug{ nfu]sf] jf gS;f kf; u/fPsf]
cj:yf 5}g eg] cGo u}x« cfwf/n] bfjL
vlDj/ x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]tsf] jx; ug'{
eof] . lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug{ kg] { xf], xf]O{g < eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o
ug{ kg] { b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
sf=lh=sf=d= g=kf=j8f g+= @! ls=g+= !%%%
sf] If]=km= )–!–)–# hUufsf] ;DjGwdf
k|:t't ljjfb /x]sf] kfO{of] . ljjfbsf] ;f]
hUufsf] klZrd tkm{ /x]sf] 3/df
lgj]bssf] $ k'm6sf] 6k 5fgf / vf]Ng x'g]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
em\ofnsf] vfkf /x]sf]df klZrd tkm{sf]
;+lwof/ ljkIfL x?n] cfkm\gf] ls=g+ !%%&
;d]tsf] hUufdf gof 3/ lgdf{0f ug] {
k|of]hgfy{ gS;f kf; ug{ gu/kflnsfdf
lgj]bg lbPsf]df oL lgj]bsn]
gu/kflnsfjf6 kf; ePsf] ;f] ] gS;fsf]
;DaGwdf lrQ ga'emfO{ k|:t't lgj]bg
lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;f] lgj]bg pk/ lg0f{o x'Fbf
ljjfbsf] lgj]bssf] 3/sf] 6k gS;fjfnfsf]
hUufdf g} kg] { / jn];L lgsfnL k|:t't
lgj]bsx?n] 3/ jgfPsfn] hUufjfnn]
cfkm\gf] hUuf tkm{ lgsfn]sf] 6k sf6L 3/
jgfpg kfpg] g} b]lvG5 egL lakIfL
dxfgu/kflnsfn] d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ]
! g+=sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/df
@)^#.@.@( df lg0f{o u/]sf] kfO{of] .
gu/kflnsfsf] ;f] lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd :j?k
lakIfLn] cfkm\gf] xsef]udf /x]sf] hUufdf
lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ kfpg] s'/fdf laafb
ePg .
#= k|ToyL{ gu/kflnsfsf] sfd,
st{Jo / bfloTj eg]sf] :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g P]g, @)%% n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L ;DjlGwt P]g sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf /xL
sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] k|s[of k'/f u/L gS;f kf;
ug] ] { ;Dd xf] . gS;fkf; ug] { l;nl;nfdf
k/]sf] lgj]bg pk/ 5fgljg / hfFrj'em u/L
pNn]lvt d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+=
sf] cfwf/df jn];L sf6L 3/ lgdf{0f ug{
kfpg] eGg] cfifojf6 gS;fkf; ePsf] klg
b]lvG5 .
$= ljjfbsf] ls=g+ + !%%%sf]
hUufdf lgj]bssf] xs ePsf] s'/f
726

k|df0fjf6 k'li6 e} /x]sf] / pQm hUufdf
lakIfLsf] ;d]t xs eP sfg"g jdf]lhd
ph'/ ug{ ;Sg]df ;f] u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n]
hUufsf] xs j]xssf] k|Zgdf l/6 If]qjf6
k|j]z ug{ jf ;f] sf] 5fgljgsf] nflu hfg'
egL ;'gfpg' kg] { ;d]t b]lvPg . lgj]bs
tkm{jf6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmfn]
lgj]bssf] 3/sf] em\ofn ;d]t jGb x'g] u/L
xfjf Pj+ 6k jn];L ;d]t sf6\g] u/L gS;f
kfl/t u/fPjf6 xfjf k|sfz ;d]tsf]
lgsf; jGb x'g] cj:yf cfPsf] egL d'Vo
cfklQ ug'{
ePsf] 5 .
%= d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] !
g+= df 3/ jgfp+bf cfkm\gf] xs gk'Ug] hUuf
ldrL 3/ jgfpg x'+b}g
. 3/ jgfp+bf jn];L
csf{sf] hUufdf k/] hUufwgLn] /f]Sg x'+b}g
hUufwgLn] To;} hUufdf tnf p7fof] jf
3/ jgfof] eg] Tof] jn]gL sf6L jgfpg
kfpF5 . sf6\g glbO{ /f]Sg x'+b}g
eGg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]df sf=d=g=kf=n] o;}
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/df lg0f{o u/]sf]
kfO{of] . d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+=df
ePsf] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:Yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L
x]bf{ ;+lwof/n] cfkm\gf] hUufsf] k'/f pkef]u
u/L 3/ lgdf{0f u/L 5fgf jn];Ljf6
l5d]sLsf] hUufdf kfgL v;fpg] ;Ddsf]
sfo{ u/]sf] eP ToltnfO{ ;Dd ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yfn] :jLsfo{ dfg]sf] / kl5 h;sf]
hUufdf To:tf] jn];Lsf] kfgL v:g] u/]sf]
xf] ;f] hUufjfnfn] 3/ jgfp+bf w'/L
jn];Ln] 5]lsg uPdf sf6L 3/ lgdf{0f ug{
ldNg] ;d]t k|fjwfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
jfx]s Psfsf] hUufdf csf{n] 3/ jgfpg
727
c+s ^
jf cglws[t sJhf ug{ gldNg] s'/f pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bsn]
;fljs b]lv 3/ jgfO{ ljkIfL laBfgk|;fb
nfld5fg] ;d]tsf] ls=g+=!%%& ;d]tsf]
hUufdf jn];L v;fO{ cfPsf] / Tot} tkm{
em\ofn ;d]t /fvL xfjf k|sfz cfjt
hfjt ug] { lgsf; ;'lawf ;d]tsf] pkef]u
u/L cfPsf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvGg .
ljkIfL dxfgu/kflnsfn] lgj]bsn] pNn]v
u/]sf] ljkIfLsf] hUuf tkm{ /x]sf] 3/sf]
em\ofnsf] ;DjGwdf :ki6 gjf]n] klg kfl/t
gS;f k|s[ltjf6 ljBdfg em\ofn jGb
ug'{kg]
{ kl/0ffd lg:s]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
j:t't 3/ jgfpg]sf] dxnsf] ! g+=
jdf]lhd lakIfL dxfgu/kflnsfn] laafbsf]
To:tf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ kfpg] u/L
gS;fkf;sf] lg0f{o ug{ ldN5 jf ldNb}g <
ljkIfL gu/kflnsfn] e} /x]sf] em\ofn jGb
ug{ jf To:sf] pkef]udf c;/ kg] { u/L
gS;fkf;sf] cfb]z ug{ ;S5 jf ;Sb}g <
eGg] g} d'Vo k|Zg k|:t't d'2fdf pkl:yt
x'g cfPsf] 5 .
&= d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] !
g+= df ePsf] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:Yffn] ;fFwdf
/x]sf] l5d]sLn] jgfPsf] 3/sf] 6k jf
jn];L csf{sf] hUufdf k/]sf] eP To:tf]
hUufjfnfn] 3/ jgfp+bf To:tf] 6k jf
jn];L sf6L cfkm\gf] hUufsf] 3/ lgdf{0f
cl3 j9fpg kfpg] ;Dd b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf]
hUufdf sfg"g jdf]lhd cfkm\gf] xs ef]u
x'g] x'gfn] g} To:tf] Joj:yf sfg"gn]
;dfj]z u/]sf] xf] . t/ ljrf/l0fo s'/f s]

5 eg] ;DklQ eg]sf] s'g} k|fs[lts xs
geP/ sfg"g4f/f l;lh{t xs x'gfn]
;DklQsf] pkef]u lgoGq0f jf x:tfGt/0f
nufotsf s'/f sltko cj:yfdf sfg"gsf]
clwgdf /xg k'Ub5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf
s'g} ;DklQdfyL Psfsf] k"0f{ :jfldTj
/x]klg ;DklQsf] jf:tlas :jfdLn] ;d]t
h;/L dg nfUof] To;/L cfkm\gf] ;DklQsf]
pkef]u ug{ kfpg] x'+b}g
. sfg"gn] tf]s]sf]
l;df / zt{x?sf] pNn3+g ePdf sltko
cj:yfdf ;DklQsf] :jfdLn] cltl/Qm
bfloTj Joxf]g'{
kg] { x'G5 eg] sltko
cj:yfdf ;DklQsf] :jfldTj g} klg
u'dfpg] cj:yf /xG5 . oL ;j} s'/f
sfg"g4f/f lgwf{/0f ul/P jdf]lhd x'g] s'/f
x'g . d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+=
jdf]lhd dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ jn]gL
sf6\g kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] x'gfn] ;f]
jdf]lhd ug{ kfpg] df lajfb /x]g . t/
pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf :jo+df :jtGq /
clgolGqt xf] jf ;f] jdf]lhdsf] Joj:yf
pkef]u ubf{ cGo sfg"gsf] ;Ldfsf]
clwgdf j:g' k5{ jf kb} {g eGg] k|Zg v8f
x'g cfPsf] 5 .
*= 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= n] cl3
3/ jgfO{ ;+lwof/n] csf{sf] hUufdf kfgL
v:g] u/L jn];L /fv]sf] /x]5 eg] cfk'mn]
lgdf{0f ubf{ To:tf] jn];L s6fpg kfpg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] ePklg ;f] l;nl;nfdf cl3
b]vL 3/ agfO{ ;fFwsf] hUufjfnf tkm{
cl3b]lv e\mofn 9f]sf jf lgsf; /fvL s'g}
?kdf pkef]u u/L cfPsf] /x]5 / To:tf
s'/fx?df k|lts"n c;/ kg] { u/L ;Flwof/n]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
gofF lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ s] x'G5 eGg]
;DjGwdf ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] :ki6 u/]sf]
kfO{b}g , j? 3/ jgfpg]sf] # g+= df cl3
b]lv rnL cfPsf] jf lbO{ cfPsf] 7fpsf]
lgsf; s;}n] y'Gg x'+b}g
. cl3 b]lv
grn]sf] jf lbO{ gcfPsf 7fp+df hj/h:tL
u/L lng rng ug{ klg x'+b}g
eGg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] kfOG5 . hxfF ;Dd emofn lgsf;sf]
?k xf] xf]Og < 3/ agfpg]sf] # g+ cGtu{t
em\ofn /fvL xfjf k|sfzsf] ;'lawf pkef]u
u/]sf] eP ;f] sf] klg ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5
jf ;ls+b}g eGg] k|Zg 5 ;f] ;Gbe{df
larf/ ubf{ j:t't em\ofn klg Ps
lsld;sf] lgsf;s} ?k ePsf] s'/fnfO{
gsfg{ ;lsGg . :jefljs ?kdf jfx\o
hutjf6 xfjf k|sfz kfpg] s[of o;jf6
x'G5 . h;sf] cefjdf 3/ jf;]jf; of]Uo
x'+b}g
. k/Dk/f b]lv lgjf{w ?kdf j;L
cfPsf] 3/df lgj]bssf] s'g} uNtL jf bf]if
ljgf g} lgj]bsnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg] { u/L
k|sfz / xfjfsf] ;'lawfjf6 aGrLt ug] {
u/L lg0f{o ubf{ lgj]bssf] ;fljs b]lv
j;f]jf; u/L cfPsf] :yfgjf6} p7Ljf;
nfUg] cj:yf kg] { ePjf6 of] Pp6f
JolQmsf] cfk'mn] ;fljs b]lv lgjf{w ?kdf
j;L cfPsf] :yfg jf cfjf;df j:g kfpg]
clwsf/ -Right to Housing_ / hLjgsf]
clwsf/ -Right to Life_ sf] k|Zg;+u klg
;+a4 laifo b]lvg cfof] . k/Dk/fut ?kdf
ef]uL /x]sf] em\ofnsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ ljkIfLsf]
gof+ lgdf{0fsf] kl/0ffd :j?k jGb ug{ lbg]
xf] eg] Tof] :ki6t sfg"gdf lgwf{l/t x'g
k5{ sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kn] /f]s jf jGb]h
728

gnufPsf] ljifodf lg0f{o u/L
gu/kflnsfn] To:tf k/Dk/fut ?kdf
kfO/x]sf] ;'lawfnfO{ aGrLt ubf{ To;sf]
oy]i7 sfg"gL cfwf/ b]vfpg kg] { x'G5 .
lgj]bsn] tTsfn k|rlnt gu/kflnsf P]g
jf xfn k|rlnt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g
nfu' ePkl5 ljjfbsf] 3/ lgdf{0f u/]sf]
geO{ k/fk"j{ sfn b]lv ljjfbsf] :yfgdf
3/ lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] em\ofnjf6
lgj]bsx?n] xfjf k|sfz ;d]t lgjf{w ?kdf
k|of]u ub} { cfO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf xfn cfP/
;f] 3/sf] em\ofn ljkIfLsf] gof+ lgdf{0fsf]
sf/0fn] jGb ubf{ ljjfbsf] 3/ j;f]jf;
of]Uo /xFb}g .
(= k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g x]bf{
pNn]lvt d'n'sL P]g 3/ agfpg]sf] # g+=sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm Psfsf]
:jfldTjsf] crn ;DklQdf :jfldTjjfnf
jfx]s t]>f] kIfn] s'g} xs ;'ljwf kfpg
;Sg] jf g;Sg], To:tf] ljifodf
:jfldTjjfnfsf] bfloTj / ef]ujfnfsf]
xssf] k|s[lt / :j?k s] 5 eGg] s'/f :k:6
x'g] u/L 5'§} sfg"g ag]sf] jf P]g hf/L
ePsf] cj:yf kfOGg . tyflk Psfsf] crn
;DklQ dfly csf{n] jf6f], 9n, lgsf;
cflb ljleGg dfWod4f/f pkof]u u/]sf]
kfO{G5 . To:tf] hUuf;+u} 3/ jgfPsf] /x]5
eg] em\ofn 9f]sf ;d]t /fv]/ pkef]u ug] {
u/]sf] gkfO{g] xf]O{g . To;/L pkof]u jf
pkef]u ubf{ h;sf] :jfldTjsf] ;DklQ xf]
;f] JolQm;+u s'g} vf; lnvt u/L jf gu/L
:jLs[lt lnPsf] x'g ;S5 cyjf
:jfldTjjfnfn] cfkm\gf] ;DklQdf t]>f]
729
c+s ^
kIfn] To;/L pkef]u ubf{ ;s[o lj/f]w
ghgfPsf] e} rL/sfn ;Dd To:tf] ef]u
lg/Gt/ ePsf] x'g ;S5 . To;/L lg/Gt/
u/]sf] ef]un] ef]ujfnfsf] xs / eO{ /x]sf]
jf6f] lgsf; cflbsf] ef]unfO{ cj/f]w
k'¥ofpg gx'g] u/L :jfldTjjfnf dfyL
bfloTjsf] >[hgf ePsf] x'G5 . o;/L x]/]df
Psfsf] k"0f{ :jfldTjsf] crn ;DklQdf
tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf jf lr/ ef]usf]
cfwf/df To:tf] ef]u ug] { jf ;'lawf k|of]u
ug] { cGo t]>f] kIfsf] l;ldt cy{df
ef]uflwsf/ g} l;h{gf x'g uPsf] dflgG5 .
t/ To:tf] JolQmsf] xsnfO{ :jfldTjsf]
xssf] ?kdf x]g{ ldNg] eg] x'+b}g
. o;
lsl;dsf] xsnfO{ ;DklQ sfg"gsf] c+usf
?kdf ljleGg ljlwzfl:qo k|0ffnLx?df
ljleGg ?kdf c+lusf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
!)= ;fdfGotofM crn
;DklQdf xs x'g' eGgfn] bfjLsf] ;+klQsf]
d'lgsf] dflysf] / ;fFwsf] vfnL efu k|of]u
ug] { ;d]t clwsf/ ;d]l6Psf] dflgG5,
oBkL s] slt dfly d'gL / s] slt bfofF
jfofF s] s:tf s'/fx? s'g xb ;Dd
pkef]u ug{ kfpg] eGg] s'/f sfg"g4f/f
lgoldt ug{ g;Sg] x'+b}g
. g]kfnsf] sfg"g
k|0ffnLdf 3/ jgfpg]sf] dxnsf] # g+= df
cl3 b]lv rnL cfPsf] jf lbO{ cfPsf]
7fp+msf] lgsf; s;}n] y'Gg x'+b}g
. cl3
b]lv grn]sf] jf lbO{ gcfPsf 7fp+df
hj/h:tL u/L lng rng ug{ klg x'+b}g
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf jfx]s s;}n] csf{sf]
3/ hUuf x'+b}
ef]uL cfPsf xfjf k|sfzsf]
lgsf;sf] ;'lawf ;+jGwdf lj:t[t s]xL

Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{b}g . To;sf] cy{ ef]uL
cfPsf] xfjf k|sfz cflbsf] lgsf;sf]
;DjGwdf sfg"gn] dfGotf g} glbPsf] xf]
jf eO{ /x]sf] Joj:yf;+u tL s'/fx?sf]
pkef]u ug] { xs cGt/lglxt 5 5}g egL
x]g'{
kg] { cj:yf k|:t't d'2fdf pTkGg x'g
cfPsf] 5 . o; k|ZgnfO{ crn ;DklQ
;DjGwL cjwf/0ff / ltgsf] pkef]usf]
l;dfsf] j[xQ/ ;+/rgf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut
u/L x]g'{
pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
!!= ljlwzf:qLo b[li6sf]0fn]
;DklQdf sJhf jf :jfldTj /fVg] JolQmsf]
clgolGqt clwsf/ x'g] ePklg sltko
cj:yfdf oL clwsf/x? vl08t /
lgolGqt x'g ;S5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf
hldgsf] sJhf / :jfldTj j]u/ klg k|s6
jf df}g ?kdf ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn]
jf:taLs :jfdLjf6 laleGg k|sf/sf
;'lawfx? k|fKt u/]sf] x'g ;Qm5 .
e"dLdfly To:tf] cj:yfdf jf:tlas
clwsf/ /fVg] :jfdLn] ;f] e"ld;+u
;/f]sf/jfnf cGo JolQm jf ;d'bfox?nfO{
lbO{ cfPsf] ef]u pkef]u jf ;'lawfx?
k"j{jt k|bfg ug{kg] { x'G5 . ;DklQsf]
jf:tlas :jfdLn] lbg] o:tf] ;'lawflwsf/
(servitude right) n] sfg"g / k/Dk/fjf6
dfGotf kfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;'lawfsf/sf]
bfjL cj:yfcg';f/ JolQm jf ;d'bfo
b'j}y/Ln] ug{ ;S5g\ . JolQm JolQmsf aLr
o:tf] ;'lawf k|bfg ePsf] cfj:yfdf
o;nfO{ a}olQms ;'lalwsf/ jf lghL
;'lawflwsf/ (Personal servitude right)sf]
?kdf x]l/G5 . ;'lawflwsf/n] jf6f],k|sfz,
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
kflg, ejgsf cfwf/ (support) h:tf
s'/fx?df czn l5d]sLn] c;/ k' ofpg
gx'g], ;flas b]vL l5d]sLsf] hUufjf6
o:tf ;'lawfx? kfO{ /fv]sf] 5 eg] sfg"g /
rL/ef]usf] cfwf/df o:tf ;'lawfx?sf]
lg/Gt/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] / ;f] sf] pn+3g
ePsf] cj:yfdf clwsf/sf] ?kdf bfjL
ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yfx? /x]sf] ;d]t
kfOG5 . ;'ljwflwsf/ k|fKt JolQmn] o:tf
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;DklQsf] jf:tlas
:jfdL ;d]tnfO{ cfkm"n] kfO/x]sf] ;'lawfdf
c;/ k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ug{jf6 k|ltjGw ;d]t
nufpg ;Sg] x'G5 . /f]dg sfg"gjf6
lasl;t ePsf] ;'lawflwsf/ (servitude
right) nfO{ laZjsf sltko b]zx?df
;'vflwsf/ (Easements) sf] ?kdf ;d]t
x]g] { u/]sf] ePklg ;'ljwflwsf/nfO{ ;a}
sfg"g k|0ffnLn] Ps} gfdjf6 pNn]v u/]sf]
eg] kfO{b}g . o:tf clwsf/nfO{ st}
;'ljwflwsf/, st} ;'vflwsf/, st}
l5d]sLsf] clwsf/ (Neighbour's rights) /
st} k|of]u jf lr/ef]usf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf
;d]t x]g] { u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;'ljwflwsf/sf]
k|Tofe"tL sfg"gjf6 dfq geO{ rL/ef]u jf
;flas b]vL k|of]u u/L cfPsf] tYox?x?sf]
cfwf/df ;d]t ;+/IfLt x'g] x'Fbf
Pp6fsf]
hUufjf6 csf] { JolQmn] k/Dk/fb]lv k|fKt
u/]sf] jf ef]uL cfPsf] ;'lawfnfO{ ljgf
s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ jGrLt ug{ ;ls+b}g .
!@= g]kfndf o:tf ;'lawfx?sf]
bfjL ug] { la:t[t / ;+lxtfj4 sfg"gx?sf]
lgdf{0f gePklg laZjsf sltko
d'n'sx?df oL clwsf/x?sf] bfjL ug] {
730

;DaGwdf ljleGg sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f
ePsf] kfOG5 . ef/tdf Indian Easement
Act, 1882 n] ;flas b]vL k|of]u u/L cfPsf]
;'ljwflwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbO{ cfPsf] kfOG5
eg] j]nfotdf Prescription Act, 1832,
Rights of light Act,1959, Law of Property
Act, 1925 h:tf laleGg sfg"gx?jf6
;'vflwsf/ (Easement) n] dfGotf kfPsf]
5 .
!#= ;'ljwflwsf/ crn ;DklQ
/x]sf] 7fp+sf] k|s[lt, s/f/ jf k/fk"j{sfn
b]lv rnL cfPsf] cEof; ;d]tjf6 k|fKt
x'g] x'Fbf
;'ljwflwsf/ / ;'vflwsf/
rL/ef]u, JolQm JolQm aLr ;DklQsf] k|of]u
ug] { ;DaGwdf ePsf] s/f/ / cDof;
;d]tjf6 k|efljt x'G5 cyf{t sfg"g, s/f/
jf zt{ jdf]lhd k|of]u u/L cfPsf]
;'ljwflwsf/ cGoyf l:yltdf kl/jt{g
cfPsf] cj:yf jfx]s kl/jt{glzn x'Fb}g
.
ljgf/f]stf]s k/fk"j{sfn b]lv rlncfPsf]
cEof; jdf]lhd sfod /x]sf] ;'ljwflwsf/
klg ;f]xL cg'?k k|of]u x'g] x'G5 / o:tf]
;'ljwflwsf/ ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f /
jfF8kmfF8sf] l:yltdf ;d]t sfod} /xg] x'G5
. ;'ljwflwsf/ / ;'vfwLsf/n] cGo JolQm
jf :jfldTjfnfsf] ;DklQ dfly ef]u jf
;'lawf k|fKt ug] { JolQmsf] k"0f{ clwsf/
/xg] s'/f pNn]v gu/L s]jn o;nfO{
;'lawf jf k|of]usf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf ;Dd
x]l/G5 t/ ;'ljwflwsf/ k|of]u ug] { JolQmsf]
hUufsf] :jfldTjjfnfsf] h:tf] hdLg jf
df6f] dfly g} clwsf/ /fVg eg] ;Sb}g .
731
c+s ^
!$= 3/ agfpg]sf] ! g+= df
ePsf] an];L sf6\g kfpg] eGg] s'/f /
cl3b]lv g} lgjf{w ?kdf em\ofn /fvL ef]uL
cfPsf] xfjf k|sfzsf] lgsf; /f]Sg kfpg]
eGg] s'/f Pp6} xf]O{gg . 3/ agfpg]sf] !g+=
n] pk/fSt cj:yfsf] an];L sf6\g kfpg]
clwsf/ lbPsf] ePklg ;f] cGtu{t
cl3b]lv g} /fv]sf] em\ofnjf6 cfpg] hfg]
xfjf k|sfzsf] lgsf; klg y'Gg kfOG5
egL cg'dflgt ts{ jf sfg"gsf] JofVof
ug{ ldNb}g . a:t't pk/f]Qm b'O{ cj:yfx?
km/s km/s cj:yfx? x'g / cf cfkm\g}
9+un] To:tf] clwsf/x?sf] ;Ddfg ug{
;DaGwLt ;a} afWo 5g\ . 3/sf] an];L
sf6\g kfpg] sf/0fn] cl3b]vLsf] em\ofn
klg 6fNg kfOG5 eGg g t k|rlnt
sfg"gn] cg'dtL lbG5 g t To:tf] ts{ ug'{
d'gfl;a / Gofo;+ut x'G5 .
!%= 3/ jgfpg]sf] dxnsf] ! g+=
n] jn];L sf6\g kfpg] ;Dd Joj:Yff u/]sf]
5 t/ d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= df
eO{ /x]sf] em\ofn jGb x'g] u/L gof+ lgdf{0f
ug{ kfpg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] kfO{Gg .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% cg';f/
csf{sf] hUufdf k|lts"n c;/ / cj?4 kg] {
u/L em\ofn /fVg gx'g] / obL jgfpg gx'g]
em\ofn /fv]sf] eP sfg"g jdf]lhd
;DjlGwt hUufwgLn] df}sfdf ph'/ ug] {
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f]
jfx]s lagf /f]s6f]s cl3b]lv /fv]sf] /
pkof]udf /x]sf emofnsf] xsdf k5L
cGoyf c;/ kg] { u/L s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ ug] {
cg'dlt k|rlnt sfg"gn] lbPsf] b]lv+b}g .

!^= o:tf] dfly pNn]v eP
cg';f/ xfd|f] laBdfg sfg"gL Joa:yfn]
;fFw hf]l8Psf] ;Flwof/x?sf 3/ hUufsf
;DaGwdf 9nkfgL jf6f]sf] cfjt hfjt /
lgsf;sf ;'lawf h:tf s'/fx?nfO{
Joj:yLt / lgodg ug] {u/L d''n'sL
P]g
3/ jgfpg]sf] dxn nufotsf s]xL o:tf
sfg"gL Joj:yfx?df pNn]v u/]sf] ePklg
;flas b]lv ef]uL cfPsf] k|sfz / xfjf
h:tf s'/fx?sf] cfjt hfjtsf ;DaGwdf
laafb p7]df s] x'g] egL pNn]v ePsf] 5}g
;fy} k/Dk/fut ?kdf jgL /x]sf] 3/df
cfpg] hfg] k|sfz xfjf h:tf lgsf; /f]Sg
jf To:tf j:t'x?sf] cfjt hfjtdf
k|lts"n c;/ kfg] { u/L s;}n] lgdf{0f sfo{
ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg"gn] jGb]h gnufPsf]
eGg] s'/f ;d]t dfly g} pNNf]v e};Sof] .
o:tf] ;flas b]lv ef]uL cfPsf] k|sfz xfjf
h:tf j:t'x?sf] cfjt hfjt lgsf;sf
;DaGwdf laafb p7]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
;'ljwfx?sf] bfjL ug{ ;Sg] u/L :ki6 ?kdf
sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf] jf ;f] pkrf/sf]
bfjL ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|rlnt sfg"gn] s'g}
Joj:yf gu/]sf] kl/0ffd :j?k lgj]bsnfO{
pkrf/ ljd'v /fVg' plrt x'Fb}g
. xfjf
k|sfz h:tfs'/fx? lgsf;s} Ps ?k ePsf]
kl/k| ]Ifdf lakIfL ls g+ !%%& ;d]tsf
:jfdLn] ;flas b]lv ef]uL cfPsf]
lgj]bssf] hUufdf cfpg] hfg] k|sfz /
xfjfsf] ] ;'lawfnfO{ g} ca?2 kg] { u/L
lgdf{0f ug{ kfpg] cfzojf6 ePsf]
gu/kflnsfsf] lg0f{o sfod} /xg] xf] eg]
;flas b]lv ;f] 3/df a;L cfPsf]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
lgj]bsn] s'g} pkrf/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] x'Fb}g
.
!&= pk/f]Qm k[i6e"lddf x]bf{
lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] hUufdf k/fk"j{sfn b]lv
ljjfbsf] :yfgdf em\ofn /fvL xfjf /
k|sfzsf] ;'ljwfef]uL cfPsf] gftfn]
lgj]bsn] lakIfLnfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/df /x]sf]
;f] em\ofn ;d]tdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg] { u/L
dfq lakIfLn] cfkm\gf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{
kfpg] b]lvof] . dxfgu/kflnsfn] lg0f{odf
pNn]v u/]sf] 3/ jgfpg]sf] !g+ adf]lhd
jn];L sf6\g kfpg] xs klg pk/f]Qm
em\ofnsf] ;'lawfdf cGoyf c;/ gkg] { u/L
dfq} pkef]u x'g ;Sg] b]lvof] . csf] {
zJbdf 3/ jgfpg]sf] # g+= sf] Joj:yf /
3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= sf] Joj:yfnfO{
;d'lrt ?kdf x]g'{
kg] { b]lvof] . To;}
/f]xdf k|:t't d'2fdf pNn]v eP h:tf]
;'ljwfsf] pkef]u u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ cgb]vf
u/L 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= sf] dfq} Ps
kIfLo sfof{Gjog ug{ lbPdf 3/ jgfpg]sf]
dxnsf] # g+= sf] Joj:yf / To;sf]
;}4flGts cfwf/df ljsl;t ePsf] dfly
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] ;'ljwf clwsf/sf]
dfGotf n'Kt x'g ;Sg] / To;jf6 JolQmsf]
ljBdfg ;DklQ ;DjGwL xssf] k|rng /
pkef]udf cj/f]w sfod x'g hfg] dfq}
xf]O{g, To:tf] ;DklQsf] pkfb]otf jf
To;sf] nfex?df ;d]t ;+s'rg jf
pNn3+gsf] l:ylt v8f x'g] e} cGofok"0f{
cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] x'gfn] ljkIfLn]
gS;fkf; ug{ dfu u/]sf] hUuf tkm{
lgj]bssf] cl3 b]lv /xL cfPsf] 3/df
732

x:tIf]k x'g jf cGoyf c;/ kg] { s'g} sfd
ug{ lbg ldNg] b]lvPg . ;f] jfx]s cGo
s'/fdf ljkIfLn] sfg"g jdf]lhd lgdf{0f ug{
kfpg] s'/fdf cj/f]w ug{ lgj]bsn] gkfpg]
b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf dfu dWo] lgj]bssf]
3/sf] em\ofn tkm{ cGoyf c;/ kfg{
gkfpg] x'+bf
;f] xb;Dd ljkIfL
gu/kflnsfn] kfl/t u/]sf] gS;f kfl/tsf]
lg0f{o pTk| ]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f jb/ x'g] eO{
To:tf] em\ofndf c;/ kfg] { u/L s'g} gS;f
kfl/t gug'{
, gu/fpg' To:tf] s'g} lgdf{0f
733
c+s ^
sfo{ ug{ glbg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5'+
.
Gof= cg"k/fh zdf{
Olt ;Djt\ @)^% ;fn j}zfv @@ ut] /f]h
z'ed\ ==================== .
Ohnf; clws[tM p=;=:jLs[lt k/fh'nL

lg0f{o g+=&(&( g]=sf=k= @)^%
;jf] {Rr cbfnt, ;+o'tm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
;Djt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=–––––*^$!
km};nf ldltM @)^%.@.!).^
d'2f M– hUuf lgvgfO{ kfpFm .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf wg'iff t'N;LofxL
hAbL uf=lj=;=j8f g+=@ df a:g]
la/]Gb| 7fs'/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM lhNnf wg'iff t'N;LofxL hAbL
uf=lj=;=j8f g+=# df a:g] k/d]Zj/
7fs'/
z'? km};nf ug] { df=GofofwLzM– >L zDe'/fd
sfsL{ .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf km};nf ug] {–
df=Gof=>L df]xg k|sfz l;6f}nf
df=Gof=>L Clif /fh ld>
� P]gn] ;fFw hf]l8Psf] hUuf lgvGg
kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] geO{
;lGw;k{g kg] { hUuf lgvGg kfpg]
Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;lGw;k{g kg{sf
nflu 3/ hUufsf] ;fFw hf]l8g'
Pp6f cfwf/ xf] eg] TolQs}af6
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
734
;fFw hf]l8Psf ;a} hUufx?
;lGw;k{g kg] { hUuf x'g egL
cg'dfg ug{ jf To:tf] lgisif{df
k'Ug g;lsg] .
� bfjL ul/Psf] 3/hUuf ;lGw;k{g
kg] { xf] To;sf] k'i6\ofO{ lgvGg
rfxg] JolQmn] ug'{kg]
{ .
� ;lGw;k{g kg{nfO{ hUuf glgvg]sf]
cj:yfdf s"nf], kfgL, af6f], lgsf;,
xfjf, 3fd OToflb s'/fx?df cj/f]w
k'Ug] jf ljk/Lt c;/ kg] { x'g'kg] { .
� hUuf lgvgfO{ kfpgsf] nflu bfjL
lng]n] bfjLsf] hUuf ;lGw;k{g kg] {
:ki6 cfwf/ gb]vfO{ ;fFw l;dfgf
ldn]sf] eGg] dfq cfwf/n] lgvgL
lng gkfpg] .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M
cjnlDjt ghL/M
km};nf
Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/LM k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^!.@.!# sf]
km};nf pk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ cGtu{t d'2f
bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg e} bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/
o; k|sf/ 5 M–

cof]Wof 7fs'/sf] @ 5f]/f h]7f d
k/d]Zj/ 7fs'/ / sfG5f ljkIfL /fdnIfg
7fs'/ ;f]gf/ ePsf]df xfdL aLr c+z d'2f
rnL o;} cbfntaf6 @)%) ;fn r}q
dlxgfdf ldnfkq e} afa' cof]Wof 7fs'/sf]
gfpFsf] lhNnf wg'iff t'N;LofxL hAbL
uf=lj=;=j8f g+=# sf] ls=g+=(% sf] )–#–!*
hUuf lsQfsf6 e} ls=g+=%!! sf] )–@–!!½
d]/f] efudf / blIf0ftkm{af6 ls=g+=%!) sf]
)–!–^½ hUuf ljkIfL dWo]sf efO{
/fdnIfg 7fs'/sf] gfpFdf btf{ e} cf–cfˆgf]
hUuf ef]u rng u/L cfPsf]df s'g} ljjfb
lyPg . pQm ls=g+=%!) sf] hUufaf6} d]/f]
hUufdf kfgL k6g] ;lGw;k{g kg] { hUuf
ePsf]df ljkIfL dWo]sf efO{ /fdnIfg
7fs'/n] dnfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L ;d]t s]xL
glbO{ ljkIfL dWosf] lj/]Gb| 7fs'/ xhfdnfO{
ldlt @)%&.#.@* df dfnkf]t sfof{no
wg'iffaf6 /=g+=!(@% af6 kf/Lt u/L
lng'lbg' u/]sf] s'/f ldlt @)%&.$.! df
gSsn lnO{ yfxf kfPsf]n] ;f]sf] lglb{i6
Dofbleq dfnkf]t sfof{no wg'iffsf]
ld=g+=$ sf] xs;kmf d'2f lbPsf]df dfnkf]t
sfof{no wg'iffn] xsjfnf ePsf]df ljjfb
g/x]sf] ;lGw;k{gsf ;DaGwdf k|df0f a'emL
lg0f{o ug'{kg]
{ x'Fbf
;lGw;k{g ;DaGwdf
k|df0f a'‰g] o; sfof{nosf] If]qflwsf/
leqsf] gePsfn] #% lbg leq wg'iff lhNnf
cbfntdf hfg' egL dfnkf]t sfof{no
wg'iffaf6 ldlt @)%*.!).!& df km};nf
ePsf]n] ;f]sf] ldlt @)%*.!).#) df
735
c+s ^
gSsn lnO{ o; cbfntdf gfn]; ug{
cfPsf] x'F
. t;y{ ls=g+=%() sf] hUuf d]/f]
;lGw;k{gsf] hUuf ePsf]n] lgvgfO{ kfpF
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] lkm/fb kq .
jfbLsf] ls=g+=%!! sf] hUufdf d]/f]
ls=g+=%!) sf] hUufaf6 kfgL k6\g] xf]O{g .
vfnL ;fFw ldn]s} sf/0faf6 dfq jfbLn]
dnfO{ x}/fg k/];fg ug{ em'f lkm/fb lbPsf
dfq x'g . o;/L em'f d'2f lbg] jfbLnfO{ g}
;hfo ul/kfpFm / em'f bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{
kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL dWo]
lj/]Gb| 7fs'/sf] k|ltpQ/ kq .
k|ltjfbL dWo]sf /fdnIfg 7fs'/
;f]gf/sf gfpFdf ldlt @)%(.$.@$ df
tfd]n ePsf] #) lbg] O{tnfogfdfsf] Dofb
u'hf/L a;]sf] .
k|df0fdf cfPsf] d'2f g+=!%! sf]
k|df0f ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] gS;f 6« ];af6
jfbLsf] ls=g+=%!! / ljkIfLsf] ls=g+=%!)
sf] hUufsf] ;fFw l;dfgf ldn] le8]sf] /
k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfL ;d]tn] jfbL bfjLnfO{
k'i6L x'g] u/L askq u/]sf] b]lv+bf jfbL
bfjL adf]lhdsf] ls=g+=%!) sf] hUuf
jfbLn] lgvgfO{ kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] z'? wg'iff lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%(.!).% sf] km};nf .
ljkIfL jfbLn] bfjL lnPsf] d]/f]
ls=g+=%!) sf] hUuf eO{ ljkIfLsf]
ls=g+=%!! sf] hUuf l;rfO{ x'g] xf] xf]O{g

To; ;DaGwdf Plsg ug{sf nflu
hUufsf] cfs[lt b]vfO{ gfk gS;f ug'{kg]
{df
;f] gu/L s]jn Psfkl§sf] ;f+w hf]l8Psf]
egL ;jf] {Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt z'?n] u/]sf] km};nf ab/
afltn u/L a'‰g' kg] { k|df0f a'emL jfbL
bfjLaf6 5'6\sf/f kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
jfbL bfjL adf]lhdsf] ls=g+=%!)
sf] hUufnfO{ jfbLn] xs lgvgfO{ kfpg]
7x¥ofPsf] wg'iff lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%(.!).% sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/
x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/
k'Ug ;Qm}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^!.@.!# sf] km};nf .
Ps} rSnf leqsf] / Ps} ;f+wdf
hUuf x'Fb}df
;lGw;k{g k/]sf] 7x/ ug{
ldNb}g . ;e] { gS;f x]bf{ jfbLsf] hUuf pQ/
tkm{ / d]/f] hUuf blIf0f tkm{ ePsf]n]
hUufsf] cfs[lt k|s[lt x]bf{klg t/fO{ If]qsf]
e"–agf]6 cg';f/ d]/f] hUuf xf]rf] / jfbLsf]
cUnf] ePsf] s'/f :jtM l;2 5 . d]/f]
hUufaf6 jfbLsf] hUufdf kfgL hfg ;Sg]
cj:yf 5}g . hUufsf] gfk gS;f g} gu/L
xr'jfsf] e/df km};nf ul/Psf] 5 .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf c=j+=!&!
g+=,n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !! g+=/ k|df0f P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf %$ sf] q'l6 ljBdfg
ePsf]n] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L Gofo kfpFm eGg]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
;d]tsf] k|ltjfbL lj/]Gb| 7fs'/sf] o;
cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg .
s'nf]kfgL lgsf; h:tf s'/fn]
;lGw;k{g ePsf] tYo k|dfl0ft gePsf]
cj:yfdf klg ;f+w hf]l8Psf] dfq sf/0fn]
;lGw;k{g kg] { egL lgvgfO{ lbg] 7x/
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf
d"n'sL P]g, /lhi6«zgsf] #% g+=sf] q'6L
ljBdfg b]lvgfn] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ adf]lhd bf]xf]¥ofpg]
lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o;
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg
;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhftx? cWoog u/L
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/af6 ePsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g ;fy} k'g/fj]bssf]
k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;S5, ;Sb}g eGg]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg] { b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
ljkIfLx?n] /flhgfdf u/L lng'lbg' u/]sf]
ls=g+=%!) sf] )–!–^½ hUuf d]/f]
;lGw;k{g kg] { x'Fbf
lgvgfO{ kfpF eGg] jfbL
bfjL ePsf]df Ps} lsQfaf6 lsQfsf6 e}
l;dfgf ldn]sf] ePtfklg jfbLsf] xs
lxtdf c;/ k/]sf] 5}g / jfbLsf] ;lw;k{g
kb} {g . ;fFw ldn]s} cfwf/df dfq lgvgfO{
lng ldNb}g, lkm/fb vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
k|ltpQ/ lhls/ b]lvG5 . z'? km};nf ;b/
u/L jfbL bfjL adf]lhdsf] ls=g+=%!)
736

hUufnfO{ jfbLn] lgvgfO{ lng kfpg] u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pk/
k|ltjfbLsf] hUuf lgvGg' kg] { xf]Og eGg]
lhls/ ;lxt d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L kfpmF egL
lgj]bg k/L o; cbfntaf6 bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{
lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k|:t't k'g/fj]bg lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] b]lvof] .
#= jfbLsf] ls=g+=%!! sf] hUuf
/ k|ltjfbL /fd nIfg 7fs'/ ;f]gf/n]
k|ltjfbL lj/]Gb| 7fs'/nfO{ laqmL u/]sf]
ls=g+=%!) sf] hUuf ;fljs ls=g+=(% af6
lsQfsf6 eO{ sfod ePsf] tYodf ljjfb
5}g . To;sf/0f ls=g+=%!) / ls=g+=%!!
b'a} hUufsf] ;fFw l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] s'/fdf
klg ljjfb b]lvPg . t/ hxfF ;Dd lgvGg
kfpg] jf gkfpg] s'/f 5, ;f] ;DaGwdf
k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ n]gb]g
Jojxf/sf] !! g+=cg';f/ ;lGw;k{g kg] {
xsjfnfn] dfq hUuf lgvgL lng kfpg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . hUufsf]
;fFw ldNb}df ;lGw;k{g kg] { xf]Og . lgvGg
rfxg] JolQmsf] hUufsf] ;fFw lgvGg kfpg'
kg] { bfjL ul/Psf] hUufsf] ;fFw l;dfgf
ldNg' Pp6f s'/f xf] / bfjL ul/Psf] hUuf
lgvGg rfxg] JolQmsf] ;lGw;k{g k5{ jf
kb} {g, Tof] csf] { s'/f xf] . P]gn] ;fFw
hf]l8Psf] hUuf lgvGg kfpg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] geO{ ;lGw;k{g kg] { hUuf lgvGg
kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;lGw;k{g kg{sf
nflu 3/ hUufsf] ;fFw hf]l8g' Pp6f cfwf/
737
c+s ^
cjZo xf] t/ TolQs}af6 ;fFw hf]l8Psf
;a} hUufx? ;lGw;k{g kg] { hUuf x'g egL
cg'dfg ug{ jf To:tf] lgisif{df k'Ug
;lsb}g . c? s]–s] sf/0fn] bfjL ul/Psf]
3/hUuf ;lGw;k{g kg] { xf] To;sf] k'i6\ofO{
lgvGg rfxg] JolQmn] ug'{
kb{5 .
;lGw;k{g k/]sf] b]vfpg ;fFw hf]l8Psf]
hUuf gx'Fbf
s], s:tf] c;'ljwf jf sl7gfO{
jf xfgL, gf]S;fgLsf] ;Defjgf 5, tL
s'/fx? jfbLn] b]vfpg ;Sg' kb{5 .
$= To:t} ;lGw;k{g kg{nfO{
jfbLn] hUuf glgvg]sf] cj:yfdf jfbLnfO{
s"nf], kfgL, af6f], lgsf;f, xfjf, 3fd
OToflb s'/fx?df cj/f]w k'Ug] jf ljk/Lt
c;/ kg] { x'g' kb{5 . k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLn]
s] s;/L jfbL bfjLsf] hUuf lghnfO{
;lGw;k{g kg] { xf] ;f] sf] k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf]
b]lvPg . ;fy} ;f] hUuf glgvg]df lghnfO{
cfˆgf] hUuf :jtGq ?kdf ef]u ug{ s;/L
afwf k'Ug uPsf] jf afwf k'Ug] ;+efjgf
ePsf] xf] ;f] sf] tYo ;lxt k'li6 ug{ klg
;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . To;sf/0f hUuf lgvgfO{
kfpgsf] nfuL bfjL lng] jfbLn] bfjLsf]
hUuf ;lGw;k{g kg] { :ki6 cfwf/ gb]vfO{
l;km{ ;fFw l;dfgf ldn]sf] eGg] dfq
cfwf/n] lgvgL lng kfpg] b]lvPg . t;y{,
jfbLn] hUuf lgvGg kfpg] u/L ;lGw;k{g
k/]sf] k|dfl0ft ug{ g;s]sf]n] ;f] hUuf
lgvgfO{ lbg gldNg] ePaf6 z'? km};nf
;b/ u/L ls=g+=%!) sf] hUuf jfbLn]

lgvgfO{ lng kfpg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt hgsk'/sf] km};nf pN6L e} jfbL
bfjL gk'Ug] 7x5{ . c? tkl;n adf]lhd
ug'{
.
tkl;n
dfly O{G;fkm v08df n]lvP
adf]lhd x'g] 7x/]sfn] z'? wg'iff lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.!).% sf] km};nfsf]
tkl;n g+=! / @ n] sfod u/]sf] nut
/fVg' gkg] { x'Fbf
pQm nutx? s§f ug'{
egL
wg'iff lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL k7fO{
lbg'=========!
k|ltjfbL lj/]Gb| 7fs'/n] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt hgsk'/ ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ z'?
km};nf cg';f/ jfbLn] e/L kfpg]
7x/]sf] sf]6{ kmL afkt ?=!)@^.– k'g/fj]bg
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
cbfnt hgsk'/df /=g+=!^* af6 w/f}6L
/fv]sf] b]lv+bf ;f] /sd ?=!)@^.– lgh
k|ltjfbLn] lkmtf{ kfpF egL b/vf:t lbP
sfg"g adf]lhd u/L lghnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg'
egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/df n]vL
k7fO{ lbg'================@
bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg'==============#
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7
Olt ;Djt\ @)^% ;fn h]i7 !) ut] /f]h
^ z'ed\–––
Ohnf; clws[t M ch{ 'g clwsf/L
738

lg0f{o g+=&(*) g]=sf=k= @)^%
;jf] {Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
;Djt\ @)^# ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+ @)^
km};nf ldltM @)^%.$.@^.!
d'2f M st{Jo Hofg .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM ;Gt/fd df}o{sf] hfx]/Ln]
g]kfn ;/sf/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM ef/t pQ/ k|b]z lhNnf
l;4fy{gu/ yfgf O6xjf ufpF 8j/f
a:g] l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hg
;d]t
z'? lg0f{o ug] {M
df=lh=Gof=>L zf/bfk|;fb l3ld/]
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug] {M
df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf
df=Gof=>L ad s'df/ >]i7
� xTofsf] jf/bft g]kfnsf] e"–efu
eGbf aflx/ ePdf g]kfnsf]
cbfntdf d'n'sL P]g efu !,
k|f/lDes sygsf] @ g+ + ;d]tsf
k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ sf/jfxL /
lg0f{o x'g ;Sg] l:ylt gx'Fbf
cbfntn] klg o:tf] cj:yfdf
If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
739
c+s ^
� clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf
ePsf] ck'i6 ;fljtL jofgsf]
cfwf/df dfq g]kfnsf] e"lddf
jf/bft ePsf] /x]5 egL dfGg
gldNg] .
� g]kfn ;/xbdf jf/bft ePsf]
eg]sf] 7fpFdf s'g} ;+s]t;Dd b]vf
gk/]sf] / g]kfndf jf/bft ePsf]
eGg] s'/fsf] cGo j:t'lgi7 k|df0f
b]lvg e]l6g gcfPsf]n] k|fb]lzs
If]qflwsf/ jflx/ uO{ lhNnf
cbfntjf6 ePsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{
x'g] x'Fbf
z+sf/lxt tj/n] 36gfsf]
;fy} s;"/ ;d]t k|dfl0ft x'g
g;s]sf] l:yltdf cf/f]lkt s;"/jf6
;kmfO{ lbg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] k}m;nf ;b/ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg
pkGofoflwjQmf >L nf]sh+u zfx
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M
cjnlDjt ghL/M
km};nf
Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/LM k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt j'6jn ?kGb]xLsf] ldlt @)^#.!.#!
sf] km};nf pk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd afbL kIfsf]
k'g/fj]bg k/L o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/
o; k|sf/ 5 M–

d[To' eGbf cl3 6fpsf] ;d]tdf
nfu]sf] rf]6x?sf] sf/0f d[To' ePsf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ef/tdf ul/Psf] kf]i6df6{d
l/kf]6{ .
O{=;g\ @$–#–)# -lj=;+= @)^).#.!)
ut]_ lbg ;fFem & jh]sf] ;dodf cToflws
kfgL k/L /x]sf] rf/} tkm{ kfgL /x]sf] u|fd
wgf}/Lsf] glhs g]kfn ef/tsf] l;df
glhs -gf] d]G; n}08_ ef/tLo e"efudf
g]kfn ef/t l;dfgf /x]sf] lkn/ g+ +
%^&÷^& glhs x]bf{ d':nLd h:tf] b]lvg]
;f] lkn/ tkm{ d'v, d'L cw{ v'Nnf, cfFvf
jGb cj:yfdf c+= jif{ #% sf] k'?if hftsf]
j]jf/L;L nfz /x]sf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
ef/t pQ/ k|b]z lhNnf l;4fy{gu/ yfgf
9]j?jfaf6 ul/Psf] ljleGg sfuhftx?sf]
n]vfO{ /x]sf] .
ldlt @)^).#.( ut] lbpF;f] d]/f]
efO{ ldGsg df}o{nfO{ kmsfO{ s[i0fgu/
jhf/df ufpFsf] /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] NofO{
lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=jf8{ g+ + ! ;]d/f
a:g] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / lghn] ;Fu
;fydf NofPsf] lgh /fh]Gb| ofbjn] sfn]
egL af]nfPsf] JolQm ;d]tn] ;f] lbg /ftL
cGbfhL !) jh]sf] ;dodf ;]d/f ufpF b]lv
s]xL k"j{ l;;f} au}rfdf nuL d]/f] efO{
ldGsg df}o{nfO{ rSs' ;d]tn] k|xf/ u/L
st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts nfznfO{ g]kfn
ef/t l;df glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf kmfnL
km/f/ ePsf] x' Fbf lghx? pk/ sfg"g
adf]lhd sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] hfx]/L .
ldlt @)^).#.!) ut] g]kfn ef/t
l;df glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf k]mnf k/]sf]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
d[ts nfz ef/t lhNnf l;4fy{gu/ yfgf
O6xjf ufpF 8j/f 3/ eO{ P]=P]= lkk/f
d'lu{xjfdf kfg k;n u/L j:g] ldGsg
df}o{sf] ePsf] lghnfO{ lghs} ufpFsf] l6x'n
eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] ldlt @)^).#.(
ut] kmsfO{ NofO{ lh=s=a= s[i0fgu/
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ + ! ;]d/f b]lv s]xL k"j{
l;;f} ju}rfdf nuL sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj
;d]t e} st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts nfz
ef/tLo e"–efudf k\mofFs]sf lgh ldGsg
df}o{nfO{ st{Jo u/L dfg{df ;+nUg /fh
s'df/ xl/hg ;d]tnfO{ vf]h tnf; ub} {
hfFbf ldlt @)^).$.!* ut] lh=s=j=
s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+ + ! l;d/f ufpFdf
e]l6Psf] / /fh]Gb| ofbj efuL km/f/ /x]sf]
;fy} csf] { JolQmsf] Plsg gfd, y/, jtg
;d]t v'Ng gcfPsf] x'Fbf
sfg"g adf]lhd
ul/kfpFm eGg] k|=gf=lg= ulDj/fk|;fb zfx
;d]tsf] ;+o'St k|ltj]bg .
lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+=
! l:yt k"j{ P]= lzjfgu/–# a:g] xu'g
/}bf;sf] wfg v]t, klZrd s'nf] gx/ P]
s[i0fgu/–! a:g] cxdb ldofFsf] wfg v]t
blIf0f P]= s[i0fgu/ $ a:g] lbNn' algofFsf]
wfg v]t olt rf/ lsNnf leq s[i0fgu/ !
;]d/f a:g] pwf] ofbjsf] l;;f} ju}rf ;f]
ju}rfsf] pQ/ s'gfdf bofF afofF /x]sf]
l;;f}sf] au}rf ;f] vfnL hUufdf ldlt
@)^).#.( ut] /ftL c+= !) jh]sf] ;dodf
ldGsg df}o{nfO{ /fhs'df/ xl/hg ;d]t e}
st{Jo u/L dfl/Psf] elgPsf] 36gf:yn
kqmfp k/]sf] k|ltjfbL /fh s'df/ xl/hgn]
jtfO{ b]vfO{ lbP adf]lhdsf] 36gf:yn
740

l7s b'?:t 5, ;f] 36gf:yndf k|df0fdf
nfUg] s'g} lrhj:t' tyf ;+s]t ;d]t
ge]l6Psf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 36gf:yn
d'r'Nsf .
ldlt @)^).#.( ut] c+= !%=))
jh]sf] ;dodf l5d]sL ldGsg df}o{ / d
s[i0fgu/ jhf/ tkm{ cfpg lkk/f
d'lu{xjfaf6 lx8L s[i0fgu/ jhf/ cfO{
jhf/ 3'dlkm/ u/L ;fFem s[i0fgu/ eG;f/
sfof{no glhs Ps e§Ldf ldGsg df}o{
;d]tn] /S;L vfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf k"j{
lrghfg lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+ +
! ;]d/f j:g] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj /
lgh ;+u Ps hgf lgh /fh]Gb| ofbjn]
kfx'gf egL jf]nfpg] u/]sf] JolQm ;f]xL e§L
k;ndf cfP kl5 d}n] lgh /fh]Gb| ofbj
;Fu s'/f u/L lgh /fh]Gb| ofbjnfO{
ef/tLo ?k}of #))). lbg] ;t{df ;f]xL lbg
/ftL c+= @@=)) ah]sf] ;dodf ;]d/f b]lv
s]xL k"j{ l;;f} ju}rfdf nuL ldGsg
df}o{nfO{ d /fh]Gb| ofbj / lgh /fh]Gb|
ofbj ;Fu cfPsf kfx'gf eGg] JolQmn] kfn}
kfnf] ;Fu nf7L ;d]tn] lxsf{O{ ldGsg
df}o{nfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] / lgh ldGsg
df}o{nfO{ df/L ;s]kl5 efuL uPsf] lgh
ldGsg df}o{sf] nfz s] ;f]rL /fh]Gb| ofbj
/ kfx'gf eGg] JolQmn] g]kfn ef/t l;dfgf
glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf lsg kmfn]5g\
yfxf ePg eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
/fh s'df/ xl/hgsf] jofg sfuh .
lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+ +
! ;]d/f l:yt k'j{ xl//fd ofbjsf] vfnL
hUuf klZrd xl/ /fd ofbjs} kSsL 3/
741
c+s ^
pQ/ pwf] ofbjsf] sRrL 3/ blIf0f lzj
k'hg ld>sf] 3/ agfpg hu k'/]sf] hUuf
olt rf/ lsNnf leq k'j{ df]x8f u/L /x]sf]
sn'jf eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjsf] b'O{ tNn] kSsL
3/ ;f] 3/df P3f/ j6f sf]7fx? /x]sf]
3/sf] dflyNnf] tnfdf sfn] ofbj ;d]t
;'Tg] sf]7f /x]sf] ;f] sf]7fsf] Pp6f vf6
d'lg Knfi6Lssf] n]l8h emf]nf /x]sf] ;f]
emf]nfsf] jLrdf pkef]Stf sf8{ dft[ ;]jf
sf8{ yfg ! ;"of] {bo jrt tyf C0f
;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=sf] kf;j's ;d]t j/fdb
ePsf] elgPsf] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjsf]
3/ vfg tnf;L tyf j/fdbL d'r'Nsf .
ldlt @)^).#.( ut] lbpF;f] d]/f
j'jf ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ufpFsf l6x'n eGg]
/fh s'df/ xl/hgn] g]kfnsf] s[i0fgu/
jhf/ 3'Dg hfpF egL kmsfO{ nu]sf / a'af
;f] lbg 3/df kmls{ gcfPsf x'Fbf
lghsf]
;DjGwdf a'e\mb} hfFbf ldlt @)^).#.( ut]
/ftL c+= !) jh] /fh s'df/ xl/hg / sfn]
eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj ;d]tn] st{Jo u/L df/L
efuL km/f/ ePsf] s'/f v'Ng cfPsf] xf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] gfg' df}o{sf] sfuh .
d]/f klt ldGsg df}o{ ldlt
@)^).#.( ut] ljxfg c+= *=)) jh]sf]
;dodf kfg k;n u/L a:g] 3/ glhs}
lkk/f d'lu{xjf hfg' ePsf] ;f] lbg lbpF;f]
l5d]sL /fh s'df/ xl/hg ;Fu s[i0fgu/
jhf/ 3'Dg hfg' ePsf] / ;f] lbg 3/ kmls{
gcfP kl5 lghsf] vf]h tnf; ub} { hfFbf
ldlt @)^).#.!) ut] j9gL /]Nj]:6]zg
glhs Ps nfz k]mnf kf/L 9]j?jf yfgfdf
NofPsf ;f] d[ts nfzsf] kmf]6f]x? h]7fh'

;Gt/fd df}o{n] b]vL ;gfvt ug'{
ePsf] ;f]
kmf]6f]x? d]/} klt ldGsg df}o{s} /x]5g,
lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ufpFn] /fh s'df/
xl/hg / lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;= j8f
g+ + ! ;]d/f a:g] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj /
lgh sfn] ;Fu cfPsf kfx'gf eGg] JolQmx?
;d]t ldn]/ st{Jo u/L df/]sf]df k"0f{
ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lnnfjtL df}o{sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^).#.( ut] l5d]sL ldGsg
df}o{nfO{ ufpFn] /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] kmsfO{
s[i0fgu/ 3'Dg nu]sf lgh ldGsg kmsL{
gcfP kl5 lghnfO{ 3/ kl/jf/n] vf]h
tnf; ub} { u/]sf]df kl5 d[To' e} ;s]sf]
/x]5 eGg] s'/f 9]j?jf yfgfdf d[tssf]
kmf]6f]x? b]vL hfx]/jfnf ;d]tn] ;gfvt
u/]sf / Ps lbg d O{6xjf jhf/ dhb'/L
ug{ hfFbf lgh /fh s'df/ xl/hg ;Fu e]6
eO{ s'/fsfgL x'Fbf
ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ldlt
@)^).#.( ut] lkk/faf6 kmsfO{ nuL
s[i0fgu/ jhf/sf] ;]d/f b]lv s]xL k"j{
l;;f} ju}rfdf nlu lh=s=j=s[i0fgu/
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ + ! ;]d/f j:g] sfn] eGg]
/fh]Gb| ofbj / lgh;+u cfPsf kfx'gf eGg]
JolQm / d ;d]t eO{ rSs' ;d]tn] lxsf{O{
ldGsg df}o{nfO{ st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts
nfz g]kfn ef/t l;df glhs ef/tLo e"–
efudf k\mofFsL cfPsf] xf] egL /fh s'df/
xl/hgn] atfPsf lyP, lgh ldGsg
df}o{nfO{ /fh s'df/ xl/hg ;d]tn] st{Jo
u/L df/] d/fPsf]df k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] du/] df}o{sf] sfuh .
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
l5d]sL ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ldlt
@)^).#.( ut] lkk/faf6 kmsfO{ g]kfnsf]
s[i0fgu/ jhf/ nlu lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ + ! ;]d/f ufpF b]lv s]xL k"j{
l;;f} ju}rfdf nuL d / ;]d/f s} sfn]
eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / kfx'gf eGg] JolQm
;d]t eO{ st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts nfz
g]kfn ef/t l;dfgf glhs ef/tLo e"–
efudf kmfn]sf] xf] egL /fh s'df/
xl/hgn] jtfPsf / lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{
/fhs'df/ xl/hg ;d]tn] g]kfndf df/L
ef/tLo e"efudf kmfn]sf]df k"0f{ ljZjf;
nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|b'dg df}o{sf]
sfuh .
d]/f] gofF 3/ jlg/x]sf] x'Fbf
;f]
3/sf] 5t agfpg] sfdsf] nflu d]/f] h]7f]
5f]/fsf] ;fnf] ldGsg df}o{ ldlt @)^).#.(
ut] ljxfg !)=)) jh] d]/f] 3/df cfO{
sfd u/L /x]sf lyP o:t}df lbpF;f] d]/f]
3/df lrghfg 8j/fsf l6x'n eGg] /fh
s'df/ xl/hg cfO{ ldGsg df}o{ ;+u sfd
5 egL ;Fu ;fy lkk/f tkm{ nuL uPsf] ;f]
;do b]lv lgh ldGsg df}o{ d]/f] 3/df
kmls{ cfPgg\ kl5 3/ klg gcfPsf] x'Fbf
vf]h tnf; e} /x]sf] 5 eGg] ;'g]sf] / ldlt
@)^).#.!@ ut] Ps nfz k]mnf kf/L
9]j?jf yfgfaf6 kf]i6 df6{d ePsf] / ;f]
nfz ldGsg df}o{sf] /x]sf] eGg] ;'g]sf] x'F
lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ldlt @)^).#.( ut]
/ftL c+= @@=)) jh]sf] ;dodf lh=s=j=
s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+ + ! ;]d/f b]lv
s]xL k'j{ l;;f} ju}rfdf nuL /fh s'df/
xl/hg ;d]tn] st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts nfz
742

ef/tLo e'–efudf kmfn]sf /x]5g eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fd ldng df}o{sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^).#.( ut] c+= !$=#)
jh]sf] ;dodf l5d]sL l6x'n eGg]
/fhs'df/ xl/hg d]/f] lrof k;ndf cfO{
b'O{ sk lrof nlu ldGsg df}o{sf] kfg
k;n cufl8 /fh s'df/ xl/hg pleP/
kfg k;n leq j;L ldGsg df}o{n] lrof
vfPsf x'g\ To; kl5 lghx? stf uP
yfxf ePg . To; kl5 ldlt @)^).#.!!
ut] ;'g]sL ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ldlt @)^).#.(
ut] /fhs'df/ xl/hgn] kmsfO{ s[i0fgu/
jhf/ 3'Dg egL nu]sf vf]h tnf; ubf{
e]l6Psf 5}gg\ ldlt @)^).#.!@ ut] yfxf
kfPsL lgh ldGsg df}o{sf] nfz j9gL
glhs k]mnf kf/L 9]j?jf yfgfaf6 kf]i6
df6{d ePsf], lghsf] d[To'sf] ;DjGwdf
a'e\mb} hfFbf ldlt @)^).#.( ut] /ftL c+=
!)=)) jh] lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ + ! ;]d/f b]lv s]xL k"j{
l;;f} ju}rfdf nlu /fh s'df/ xl/hg,
/fh]Gb| ofbj / kfx'gf eGg] JolQm ;d]t
ldnL st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts nfz g]kfn
ef/t l;df glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf
kmfn]sf /x]5g\ lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{
/fhs'df/ xl/hg ;d]tn] st{Jo u/L
df/]sf]df k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] df:6/ eGg] rGb|dfg rf}xfgsf]
sfuh .
xfdLx?n] xf]6n u/L j;]sf] lkk/f
d'lu{xjf glhs bfh' ldGsg df}o{sf] kfg
k;n lyof] ldlt @)^).#.( ut] ;fFem 3/
hfG5sL egL kfg k;ndf hfFbf gfg' df}o{
743
c+s ^
dfq /x]sf] ;f]4f lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ;f]
lbg lbpF;f] ufpFsf] l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/
xl/hgn] kmsfO{ s[i0fgu/ tkm{ nu]sf
/x]5g\ . ;f] lbg ldGsg df}o{sf] 3/
kl/jf/;Fu ;f]4f /fh s'df/ xl/hg cfO{
O6xjf uPsf] eGg] a'lemPsf] / kl5 a'e\mb}
hfFbf j9gL glhs Ps nfz k]mnf kf/L
9]j?jf yfgfaf6 kf]i6 df6{d ePsf] ;f]
nfzsf] ;tut ;d]t e} ;s]sf] /x]5 . ;f]
d[ts nfzsf kmf]6f]x? b]vfpFbf ;f]xL d]/f]
bfh' ldGsg df}o{ s} /x]5 lghnfO{ /fh
s'df/ xl/hg ;d]tn] st{Jo u/L df/]sf]df
k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
huGgfy df}o{sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^).#.( ut] ;fFem d]/f] e§L
k;ndf cfO{ o; sfof{nosf] lx/f;tdf
/x]sf] /fh s'df/ xl/hg, d[ts ldGsg
df}o{ / lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+ +
! ;]d/f a:g] jf/Djf/ xfd|f] e§L k;ndf
cfpg] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / /fh]Gb|
ofbjn] kfx'gf egL jf]nfPsf d}n] glrg]sf]
JolQmx? cfO{ /S;L vfO{ /ftL c+= @!=#)
jh]sf] ;dodf rf/} hgf s[i0fgu/ j;
kfs{ tkm{ uPsf x'g\ ;f] ;do b]lv ;]d/fsf]
sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / lgh ;Fu cfPsf
kfx'gf eGg] JolQm ;d]tnfO{ b]v]sL 5}g
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dGgf ofbjsf]
sfuh .
ldlt @)^).#.( ut] lbpF;f] c+=
!#=)) jh]sf] ;dodf s[i0fgu/ j; kfs{
tkm{ lg:sLPsf d]/f klt sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb|
ofbj xfn ;Dd kmls{ cfPsf 5}gg\ . lgh
sxfF uPsf 5g\ s]xL yfxf 5}g lghn] s]xL

vj/ ;d]t u/]sf 5}gg\ . d[ts ldGsg
df}o{ / o; sfof{nosf] lx/f;tdf /x]sf
/fh s'df/ xl/hg ;d]tnfO{ lrGbLg . d]/f
kltsf ;fyLx? sf] sf] 5g\ yfxf ePg
kfx'gf eGg] JolQmnfO{ lrlGbg . ldGsg
df}o{nfO{ st{Jo u/L dfg{df d]/f klt /fh]Gb|
ofbj ;+nUg 5g\ 5}gg\ yfxf ePg eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjsf]
>LdtL Old/tL ofbjsf] sfuh .
sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjnfO{ vf]h
tnf; ubf{ xfn ;Dd sxL+ st} k]mnf
gk/]sf] / lgh /fh]Gb| ofbj ;Fu ;fydf
lx8\g] lgh sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjn] kfx'gf
egL jf]nfPsf JolQmsf] vf]h tnf; ubf{
xfn;Dd kfx'gfsf] Plsg gfd, y/ jtg,
;d]t v'Ng gcfPsf] x'Fbf
sfg"g adf]lhd
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|=;=lg=
uf]s0f{ lji6sf] k|ltj]bg .
ldlt @)^).#.!) ut] lh=s=j=
s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+ + ! ;]d/f b]lv
s]xL k'j{ blIf0f tkm{ ef/tLo l;dfgfdf Ps
hgf k'?ifsf] d[t nfz k]mnf kfl/ ef/tLo
k|x/Ln] nu] eGg] ;'g]sf] xf] . ;f] ;DjGwdf
kl5 j'e\mb} hfFbf d[t nfz ef/t pQ/
k|b]z lhNnf l;4fy{gu/ yfgf O{6xjf ufpF
8j/f 3/ e} lkk/f d'lu{xjfdf kfg k;n
u/L j:g] ldGsg df}o{sf] /x]5 . lghnfO{
ldlt @)^).#.( ut] lghs} l5d]sL /fh
s'df/ xl/hgn] kmsfO{ s[i0fgu/ jhf/df
NofO{ lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+ + !
j:g] u+uf/fd ofbjsf] 5f]/f sfn] eGg]
/fh]Gb| ofbj ;d]t eO{ ;]d/f b]lv s]xL k'j{
pwf] ofbjsf] l;;f} ju}rfdf nuL ;f]xL lbg
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
cyf{t ldlt @)^).#.( ut] /ftL c+= @@=))
jh]sf] ;dodf st{Jo u/L df/L lgh
ldGsg df}o{sf] nfz ;f]xL 7fpFaf6 blIf0f
tkm{ ef/tLo e"–efudf k\mofFs]sf /x]5g
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsfsf
dflg;x?sf] egfO{ n]vfO{ .
o;df ldl;n ;+nUg hfx]/L
b/vf:t, 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf d[ts ldGsg
df}o{sf] zj kl/If0f k|ltj]bg, nfz hfFr
d'r'Nsf, k|ltjfbLsf] jofg, a'lemPsf
dflg;x?sf] sfuh tyf j:t'l:ylt
d'r'Nsfsf dflg;n] u/]sf] sfuhftsf
cfwf/ k|df0faf6 ldlt @)^).#.( ut] /flt
c+= (=#) jh]sf] ;dodf s[i0fgu/
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ! ;]d/f l:yt ufpFsf]
ju}rfdf d[ts ldGsg df}o{nfO{ st{Jo u/L
df/L pQm nfz ef/tLo e"–efudf kg] {
wgf}/L u|fd gf] d];n]08df k\mofFlsPsf] k'li6
ePsf] / lgh d[ts ldGsg df}o{nfO{
k|ltjfbL /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] cfk\mgL
>LdtL;+u /flt ;'lt /fv]sf] k]mnf kf/L
emu8f ePsf] / ;f] b':dgL tyf l/; O{jLn]
jbnf lng] p2]Zon] d[ts ldGsgnfO{
g]kfnsf] s[i0fgu/ jhf/df NofO{ e§L
k;ndf gf:tf ug] { qmddf d[tsn] /S;L
df;' vfPsf] / cfk'mn] rgf dfq vfO{
gf:tf u/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL e§Ldf
gf:tf u/L j;L /x]sf sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb|
ofbj / kfx'gf eGg] JolQm ;+u ;/ ;Nnfx
u/L sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjn] 8fFsf ug] { /
dflg; dfg] { sfd u5{g eGg] rfn kfO{
ef=?= #))). lbg] cfly{s k|nf]egdf kf/L
/fh]Gb| ofbjn] kfx'gf egL jf]nfPsf
744

JolQmsf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnO{ oL ltg} hgf
k|ltjfbL l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hg, sfn]
eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj, / kfx'gf eGg] JolQm
ldln nf7L, nft d'Ssfn] xfgL ldGsg
df}o{nfO{ lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;= !
;]d/f b]lv k"j{ l;;f} ju}rfdf st{Jo u/L
df/L ef/tLo e"–efudf kmfn]sf] eGg]
kqmfpdf k/]sf] k|= /fhs'df/ xl/hgsf]
jofgaf6 :ki6 x'g cfPsf] x'Fbf
l6x'n eGg]
/fh s'df/ xl/hg / sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb|
ofbjnfO{ Hofg ;DjlGw dxnsf] ! / !# -
#_ sf] s;"/df ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+ +
adf]lhd ;hfo x'g dfu bfjL lnO{ k]z x'g
cfPsf] cleof]ukq .
d}n] hfx]/jfnfsf] efO{ ldGsg
df}o{nfO{ df/]sf] xf]Og, ;f] ldlt ;dodf d
cfk\mg} 3/df lyPF . hfx]/jfnf ;Gt/fd /
d]/f] jLrdf ;fgf] aRrfsf] ljifodf emu8f
ePsf] lyof], ;f]xL l/;O{jL /fv]sf] x'Fbf
dnfO{ km;fpgsf nfuL e'mf Joxf]/f n]vfO{
hfx]/L lbPsf x'g, eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|=
l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hgn] cbfntdf
u/]sf] jofg .
tTsfn k|fKt k|df0faf6 oL k|ltjfbL
s;"/bf/ xf]Ogg\ eGg ;lsg] cj:yf
gb]lv+bf c=j+= !!* sf] b]xfo @ g+= sf]
cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] / oL k|ltjfbL
ef/tLo gful/s ;d]t ePsf]n] kl5 k|df0f
j'e\mb} hfFbf 7x/] adf]lhd x'g] u/L xfn
c=j+ + !@! g+ + adf]lhd y'g'jf k'lh{ lbO{
y'gfdf /fVg :yfgLo sf/fuf/df k7fO{ lbg'
eGg] ;d]tsf] y'g5]s cfb]zfg';f/ k|ltjfbL
745
c+s ^
l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hg y'gfdf /x]sf]
.
d ldlt @)^).#.^ ut] g} e}/xjf
jd] {nL 6f]ndf uPsf] / ToxL Hj/f] cfO{
j]xf]; ;d]t ePkl5 csf] { lbg & ut]
e}/xjfsf] 8fS6/ k|sfz jxfb'/ yfkf sxfF
pkrf/ u/fpg hfFbf c? $ lbg j:g k5{
eg]/ d !! ut] ;Dd x:kL6ndf j;]sf] x'F
.
x:kL6nsf] gfd yfxf ePg !@ ut] d]/f] 3/
s[i0fgu/df cfPsf] x'F
. jDj}df j:bf
d[tssf] bfh';Fu emu8f ;d]t ePsf] x'Fbf
;f]xL l/; OjLn] e'm§f hfx]/L lbPsf x'g\ .
d}n] d[tsnfO{ df/]sf] xf]Og egL Dofbdf
xflh/ x'g cfPsf k|ltjfbL sfn] eGg]
/fh]Gb| ofbjn] cbfntdf u/]sf] jofg .
ldl;n ;+nUg tTsfn k|fKt
k|df0fjf6 oL k|ltjfbL s;"/bf/ xf]Ogg\
eGg ;lsg] cj:yf gb]lv+bf c=j+= !!* g+ +
sf] b]xfo @ g+ + sf] cj:yf ljBdfg b]lv+bf
kl5 k|df0f j'e\mb} hfFbf 7x/] adf]lhd x'g]
u/L xfnnfO{ k'k{Ifsf] lgldQ !@! g+ +
adf]lhd y'g'jf k'lh{ lbg' eGg] cfb]z .
lo k|ltjfbL ldlt @)^).#.^ ut]
e}/xjf uO{ #.!@ ut] 3/ kms] {sf x'g\ .
pgn] ToxL pkrf/ ;d]t u/fPsf x'g\ .
lghsf] rfn rng /fd|f] 5 . lgbf] {if x'Fbf
k|:t't d'2fjf6 ;kmfO{ kfpg' k5{ egL
k|ltjfbL sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjsf] ;fIfL
jnb]j ofbjn] u/]sf] jskq .
k|ltjfbL ldlt @)^).#.^ ut] d]/f]
3/ e}/xjf jd] {nL 6f]ndf cfPsf / lj/fdL
ePkl5 & ut]sf lbg k|sfz jxfb'/ yfkfsf]
lSnlgsdf egf{ u/L !! ut] l8:rfh{ eO{

!@ ut] cfk\mgf] 3/ s[i0fgu/ kms] {sf x'Fbf
oL k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] xf]O{g
;kmfO{ kfpg' kb{5 egL k|=sfn] eGg]
/fh]Gb|sf] ;fIfL lzj s'df/ ofbjn] u/]sf]
jskq .
d]/f] kltnfO{ /fh s'df/n] 3/jf6
lnP/ uPsf / /fh s'df/ /fh]Gb| ldn]/ d]/f]
kltnfO{ df/]sf x'g egL df}sfdf sfuh
ug] { lnnfjtL df}o{n] u/]sf] jskq .
e'mf tl/sfn] sfuh u/fO{ dnfO{
df/lk6 u/L ;lx5fk u/fPsf x'g egL
k|x/Ldf sfuh ug] { dGgf ofbjn] u/]sf]
jskq .
d]/f lktfnfO{ s[i0fgu/ hfpF egL
kfg b'sfgjf6 /fhs'df/n] lnP/ uPsf /
lktf kmls{ gcfPkl5 vf]lh ubf{ /fhs'df/
/fh]Gb| ldn]/ df/]sf] yfxf ePsf] xf] egL
df}sfdf sfuh ug] { gfg' df}o{n] u/]sf]
jskq .
o;df ls6fgL hfx]/L, hfx]/jfnf
tyf df}sfdf sfuh u/L lbg] JolQmx?sf]
cbfntdf u/]sf] jskq, d[tssL >LdtLsf]
df}sfsf] sfuh / ;f]nfO{ ;dy{g ug] { u/L
u/]sf] jskq, ;x–k|ltjfbLsf] kf]n
nufotsf ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fx?jf6
l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hg / sfn] eGg]
/fh]Gb| ofbj ;d]tn] d[ts ldGsg df}o{nfO{
st{Jo u/L df/]sf] b]lv+bf k|ltjfbL l6x'n
eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hg / sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb|
ofbjnfO{ Hofg ;DjGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+ +
adf]lhd hGd s}b x'g] 7x/fO{ ;fws hfx]/L
k}m;nf u/L lbP eGg] Joxf]/fsf] slknj:t'
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.#.!# sf]
k}m;nf .
z'? k}m;nfdf lrQ j'e]mg . hfx]/L
b/vf:t adf]lhd d[ts ef/tLo gful/s
ePsf], lghsf] nfz ef/tsf] e'–efudf
kfOPsf] / ef/tLo k|x/Låf/f kf]i6df6{d
nufotsf sfo{ ef/td} u/]sf] cj:yfdf
ljgf k|df0f ;hfo ug] { u/L ePsf] k}m;nf
ldn]sf] 5}g . d k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb| ofbjn]
d[tsnfO{ dfg'{
dgf{sf] sf/0f v'n]sf] 5}g .
jf/bft ePsf] elgPsf] 7fpF / d[ts j:g]
Onfsf w]/} 6f9f ePsf] / d[ts g]kfndf
k|j]z u/]sf] eGg] egfO{nfO{ k'li6 ug{ k]z
ul/PsL d'Ggf ofbj cbfnt ;dIf jskq
ubf{ OGsf/ /x]sL hfx]/L b/vf:t nufot
cGo ;fIfLx?sf] jskq df}lvs ?kdf
;'g]sf] cfwf/df u/]sf] ;x–k|ltjfbLsf]
cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIfsf] kf]n ;d]t
cbfntsf] lghsf] OGsf/Ljf6 vl08t
ePsf] jf/bftdf ;DjlGwt bzL k|df0f
k]mnf gk/]sf] / xfdL lgbf] {if /x]sf] s'/f
xfd|f ;fIfL k|df0fjf6 k'li6 ePsf] cj:yfdf
;DjlGwt bzL k|df0f k]mnf gk/]sf]
cj:yfdf tYoo'Qm bzL k|df0fsf] cefjdf
hGds}bsf] ;hfo ug] { u/L ePsf] z'?
k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf
jb/ u/L cleof]u
bfjLjf6 ;kmfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb| ofbj / /fh s'df/
xl/hgsf] Ps} Joxf]/fsf] k[ys k[ys
k'g/fj]bg kq .
ck/fw ;+u ;DjlGwt s'g} lrh
j:t' j/fdb gePsf] 36gf:yndf s'g}
lrGx Pj+ bzLsf ;fdfg j/fdb x'g
746

g;s]sf], ef/tdf nfz k|fKt eO{ kf]i6df6{d
;d]t ef/td} ul/Psf] eGg] egfO{ /
rZdlbt elgPsf du/] ;d]t cbfntdf
pkl:yt eO{ jskq ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbL l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hgsf]
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf csf{
k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb| ofbj dfly kf]n u/L
cfk'mn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] eGg]
;fljltsf cfwf/n] dfq} k|ltjfbLx?n]
cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] 7x¥ofPsf] z'?sf]
k}m;nf km/s kg{ hfg] b]lv+bf 5nkmnsf
nflu k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no
j'6jnnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ k]z ug'{
eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnsf] ldlt
@)^@.(.!& sf] cfb]z .
o;df d[ts klg ef/tLo ePsf] /
d[tssf] nfz klg ef/tLo e"–efudf e]6LO{
ef/tLo yfgfd} ph'/L k/]sf] tyf nfz
hfFr klg ef/td} ePsf] s'/f k|i6 b]lv+bf
b]lvb} g]kfn ;/xbsf] jf/bft ePsf] 7fgL
cg';Gwfg clws[tjf6 d'2fsf] txlssft
u/L oL k|ltjfbLx? pk/ cleof]u bfjL
nufO{ cleof]u kq bfo/ u/fPsf] sfd
sf/jfxL clwsf/ If]qsf] cefjdf u}/
sfg"gL ePsf] :jtM :ki6 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ctM o:tf] cleof]ukq u|x0f u/L clwsf/
If]q jflx/ uO{ slknj:t' lhNnf
cbfntaf6 eP u/]sf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{
b]lv+bf jb/ eO{ pN6L x'G5 . k|ltjfbLx?n]
cf/f]lkt s;"/jf6 ;kmfO{ kfpg] 7x5{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnsf] ldlt
@)^#.!.#! sf] k}m;nf .
747
c+s ^
k|ltjfbLx?n] df}sfsf] jofg ubf{
d[tsnfO{ g]kfn ;/xb leq kmsfO{ NofO{
st{Jo u/L df/]sf] egL ;fljt /x]sf /
hfx]/jfnfsf] hfx]/L gfg' df}o{sf] jskqjf6
;d]t k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjL
adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{kg]
{df ;kmfO{ lbPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{
x'Fbf
jb/ u/L k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ cleof]u dfu
bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL
kIfsf] o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
lgod adf]lhd cfhsf] k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/ tkm{jf6
ljåfg ;/sf/L pkGofoflwjQmf >L nf]sh+u
yfkfn] d[tsnfO{ g]kfn ;/xb leq df/]sf]
egL k|ltjfbLx? ;fljt /x]sf] / z'? hfx]/L
tyf nfz hfFr l/kf] {6af6 ;d]t g]kfn
;/xb leq} st{Jo u/L df/]sf] cj:yf
b]lvPsf]df If]qflwsf/sf] q'6L b]vfO{ ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5}g
jb/ x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{
ePsf] jx; lhls/
;d]t ;'lgof] .
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
j'6jnaf6 ePsf] k}m;nf ldn] gldn]sf] s]
/x]5 / k'g/fj]bs jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf] xf]Og < ;f] ;DjGwdf
lg0f{o lbg' kg] { x'g cfof] .
o;df ;DjlGwt ldl;n cWoog
u/L lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, k|:t't d'2fsf]
z'? sf/jfO{ ef/t O6jf{ b]j?jfaf6 ldlt
@)^).#.!* df ef/t pQ/ k|b]z lhNnf
l;4fy{gu/ yfgf O6jf{ ufpF 8j/f j:g]

;Gt/fd df}o{sf] hfx]/L kl/ d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfg txlssft e} k|ltjfbL ef/t
pQ/ k|b]z lhNnf l;4fy{gu/ yfgf O6jf{
j:g] l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hg / g]kfn
slknj:t' s[i0fgu/ 3/ ePsf sn'jf eGg]
/fh]Gb| ofbj pk/ d'n'sL P]g Hofg
;DjlGwsf] dxnsf] !# -#_ g+ + adf]lhdsf]
;hfosf] dfu bfjL lnO{ cleof]u bfo/
ePsf] b]lvG5 . z'? slknj:t' lhNnf
cbfntn] k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ { cleof]u dfubfjL
adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] 7x/ k}m;nf u/]sf]nfO{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnn] If]qflwsf/sf]
q'6L b]lvPsf] cfwf/df z'? lh=c=sf]
k}m;nfnfO{ pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLx?nfO{
cf/f]lkt s;"/jf6 ;kmfO{ lbg] 7x¥ofO{
ePsf] k}m;nf pk/ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/
tkm{af6 k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ ;kmfO{ lbPsf]
gldn]sf] egL o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k|:t't
k'g/fj]bg lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
ef/tLo gful/s hfx]/jfnf ;Gt/fd df}o{n]
cfk\mgf] efO{ ldGsg df}o{nfO{ /fh s'df/
xl/hg ;d]tn] ;]d/f ufpF b]lv k"j{ l;;f}
ju}rf df nuL rSs' ;d]tn] k|xf/ u/L
st{Jo u/L df/L d[tsnfznfO{ ef/t
l;dfglhs ef/tLo e"–efudf kmfnL km/f/
ePsf] eGg] s'/f ;'g]sf] cfwf/df pQm
36gf 36]sf] gjf} + lbg @)^).#.!* df
hfx]/L k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cufj} ldgsg
df}o{sf] nfz @)^).#.!) df g]kfn ef/t
;Ldf ghLs ef/tLo e"–efudf k]mnf k/]sf]
;f] ;DjGwdf ef/t b]j?cf ygfdf ph'/
k/L nfzsf] kf]i6df6{d nufotsf] sfo{
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
ef/tLo yfgfjf6 ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 . ;fy} ef/t
l;4fy{gu/ b]j?jf yfgfaf6 n]lv cfPsf]
ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftjf6 d[tssf] nfz
u|fd wgf}/L glhs g]kfn ef/tsf] l;dfgf -
gf] d]G;n}08_ g]kfn ef/t l;dfgfdf /x]sf]
lkn/ g+ + %^&÷^& glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf
e]l6Psf] eGg] ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbL
l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hgn] clwsf/
k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf jofg ubf{ d[ts
ldGsg df}o{nfO{ g]kfn ;/xb leq st{Jo
u/L df/L ef/tLo e"lddf nlu nfz
kmfn]sf] egL cfk"mn] ck/fw u/]sf] s'/f
:jLsf/ u/L jofg u/]sf] b]lvPtfklg
cbfnt ;dIf lghn] jofg ubf{ cfk"mn]
ck/fw u/]sf]df k'0f{ O{Gsf/ /xL jofg
u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . To:t} Dofbdf xfhL/
eO{ csf{ k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb| ofbjn] klg
cf/f]lkt s;"/df OGsf/L x'Fb}
jf/bft
;dodf e}/xjfdf cf}ifwf]krf/ u/fpFb}
a;]sf] eGg] ;d]t cbfntdf jofg u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] OGsf/L jofgsf] k'i6ofO{sf
nflu 8f= k|sfz axfb'/ yfkfn] cf}iflw
u/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f klg k]z u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . jf/bft ldlt / ;dodf pkrf/
u/fO{ /x]sf] egL lgh /fh]Gb| ofbjsf ;fIfL
lzj s'df/ ofbj / anb]j ofbjn]
cbfntdf jskq u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .
#= csf{ k|ltjfbL l6x'n eGg]
/fh s'df/ x/Lhg g]kfnL gful/s jf
g]kfnsf lgjf;L geO{ ef/tLo gful/s /
ef/tdf 3/ ePsf JolQm x'g\ . lghn] klg
cbfntdf aofg ubf{ cf/f]lkt s;"/df
748

OGsf/L /xFb} jf/bftsf] ;dodf cfk\mg}
3/df /x]sf] eGg] ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . 36gf:yn ljj/0f d'r'Nsf x]bf{
;f] 36gf ;Fu ;DjlGwt k|df0fdf nfUg] s'g}
klg lrh j:t' tyf ;+s]t ;Dd g]kfndf
jf/bft ePsf] elgPsf] 7fpFaf6 ge]6LPsf]
l:ylt b]lvG5 . ;f] 36gf ;+u kl/lrt
JolQm jf k|ToIf ;f] 36gf b]Vg] rZdlbt
ujfx jfbL kIfjf6 k|:t't x'g ;s]sf] klg
b]lvb}g . hfx]/jfnf ;Gt/fd df}o{n]
cbfntdf askq ubf{ k|ltjfbL l6x'n eGg]
/fh s'df/ xl/hgn] ldGsgnfO{ df/]sf] s'/f
lgh} k|ltjfbLn] g} egL yfxf kfPsf] x'F
egL
jskq u/]sf] b]lvG5 . df}sfdf sfuh ug] {
cGo JolQmx? dWo] nLnfjtL df}o{n]
36gf:yn b]v]sf] 5}g eGg] / gfGb" df}o{n]
;f] 36gf 36]sf] ;Dd n]vfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5
. t/ Tolts}af6 ldGsgnfO{ g]kfn leq}
dfl/Psf] / g]kfn ;/xb leq} ;f] 36gf
x'g k'u]sf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 x'g ;s]sf]
cj:yf b]lvPg .
$= o; k|sf/ d[ts JolQm
ef/tLo dflg; x'g / lghsf] nfz ef/tLo
e"–efudf k]mnfk/L ef/tLo k|x/Låf/f ;f]
;DaGwdf sf/fjfxL cg';Gwfg ;d]t ePsf]
cj:yf 5 . csf] { lt/ k|ltjfbL dWo]sf
l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hg / hfx]/jfnf
;d]t ef/tLo /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . t/,
xTofsf] jf/bft g]kfn ;/xb leq ePsf]
eGg] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] cfwf/df sf/jfxL
eO{ k|:t't cleof]u bfjL bfo/ ePsf] ;Dd
b]lvG5 . cleof]u bfjL cg';f/ xTofsf]
jf/bft g]kfn ;/xb leq ;DkGg ePsf] /
749
c+s ^
oL k|ltjfbLx?n] g]kfn ;/xb leq xTof
u/]sf] eGg] cleof]u bfjL ;dly{t /
k|dfl0ft x'g] s'g} klg z+sf /lxt,
ljZj;gLo / :jtGq k|df0f jfbL tkm{jf6
k]z x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . hjls nfz k]mnf
k/]sf tyf ef/tLo clwsf/Lx?åf/f
k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg ePaf6 ;d]t ;f]
jf/bft g]kfnL e"efu aflx/ ePsf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . xTofsf] o:tf] jf/bft g]kfnsf]
e"efu eGbf aflx/ ePdf ;f] ;DjGwdf
g]kfnsf] cbfntdf d'n'sL P]g efu !,
k|f/lDes sygsf] @ g+ + ;d]tsf k|rlnt
sfg"g cg';f/ sf/jfxL / lg0f{o x'g ;Sg]
l:ylt 5}g . cbfntn] klg o:tf] cj:yfdf
If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g .
%= t;y{ ef/tLo e"lddf
ePsf] 36gfsf] First Information report
ef/t O6xjf{ yfgfdf e} TofxfFaf6} nfzsf]
Post Martom x'g'sf] ;fy} cGo sf/jfxL
;d]t ;f]xL Onfsfjf6} e} /x]sf] kl/k| ]R5df
Ps hgf k|ltjfbLsf] clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/L ;dIf ePsf] ck'i6 ;fljtL
jofgsf] cfwf/df dfq g]kfn e"lddf pQm
jf/bft ePsf] /x]5 egL dfGg ldn]g .
g]kfn ;/xbdf jf/bft ePsf] eg]sf]
7fpFdf s'g} ;+s]t;Dd b]vf gk/]sf] /
g]kfndf jf/bft ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf] cGo
j:t'lgi7 k|df0f b]lvg e]l6g gcfPsf]n]
k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ jflx/ uO{ slknj:t'
lhNnf cbfntjf6 ePsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{
x'Fbf
;f] k}m;nf jb/ u/L tYoo'Qm / z+sf
/lxt tj/n] 36gfsf] ;fy} s;"/ ;d]t
k|dfl0ft x'g g;s]sf] l:yltdf

k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/jf6 ;kmfO{
lbg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnsf]
ldlt @)^#.!.#!.! sf] k}m;nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
bfo/L nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgod
adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof= lvn/fh /]UdL
Olt ;Dat\ @)^% ;fn >fj0f @^ ut] /f]h
! z'ed\––––
Ohnf; clws[t M xl/x/ kf}8\ofn
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
750

lg0f{o g+=&(*! g]=sf=k= @)^%
;jf] {Rr cbfnt ;+o'tm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/
;Dat\ @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #%*!
cfb]z ldltM @)^%.%.@.@
ljifo M– k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lga]bsM nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f
g+=@ ;fg]kf a:g] clwjQmf k'Gb]jL
dxh{g …;'hfgfÚ
la?4
lakIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}
;d]t
{
{
� ;+ljwfgn] lnlvt?kdf
�
afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] lzIff
cfh{g ug] xs s'g} lsl;dsf] k|yf,
k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfh, dfGotf k|rng
jf ?9LjfbLsf] gfddf xgg\ x'g
;St}g . s'df/L ePsf] sf/0f
s'df/Ln] lzIff xfl;n ug{ gx'g]
egL g]kfn sfg"g nufot s'g} klg
s'/fn] k|ltaGw gnufPsf] x'Fbf
s'df/Lx?sf] lzIff k|fKt ug] df}lns
xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!*_
o; cbfntn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_
åf/f k|bQ c;fwf/0f clwsf/
751
c+s ^
cGtu{t s'g} sfg"g jf ;/sf/sf]
s'g} executive /
administrative lg0f{on]
jfnjflnsfsf] xs xgg\ u/]df
pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L xs
k|rng u/fpF5 . t/ k/Dk/f,
{
{
{
{ {
{
{
'
{
k|rng, k|yf jf dfGotfsf] cfwf/df
s;}n] To:tf] xs pkef]u ub} {g eg]
;dfh cfkm} ;r]t / ;hu eP/
To:tf] xs pkef]u ug{ 'k5{ / o;sf
nflu ;dfhdf awareness sf]
l;h{gf ug] / r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd
;+rfng u/L xs pkef]u ug{
empower ug] sfd
sfo{kflnsfsf] x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=@)_
� afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+ljwfg /
cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx?n] k|bfg
u/]sf xs xgg\ gu/];Dd s'df/L
k|yfnfO{ cg'ofoL ;+k|bfosf] wd{ /
;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xssf] Ps
�
lx:;fsf] ?kdf dfGg' kg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@@_
s'df/Lx?n] s;}sf nflu s'g} >d
ug' gkg] Pj+ hLljt b]jL dfgL
k"hf ug] k|of]hgsf nflu s'df/L
k|yfsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvPsf] /
s'df/Lx?n] klg eQmhgx?sf] k"hf
/ >4fnfO{ u|x0f;Dd dfq ug'{kg]
b]lvPsf] xFFbf
s'df/L k|yfn] s'df/L
x'g] aflnsfx?sf] s'g} xs xgg\ ug]
gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@$_

� s'df/L ePs} sf/0faf6 g]kfnL
aflnsfx?n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# åf/f k|bQ df}lns
xs tyf afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw
nufot dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?åf/f k|bQ
xsx? pkef]u ug{ /f]s nfu]sf]
cj:yf gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@*_
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
752

lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmfx? >L
k'Gb]jL dxh{g, >L rGb|sfGt
1jfnL, >L /ljgf/fo0f vgfn / >L
ld/f 9'+ufgf
ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L
a|h]z Kofs''/]n
cjnlDjt ghL/M
cfb]z
Gof=jn/fd s]=;L=M g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-
@_ cGtu{t bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/
5 .
g]kfndf s'df/L k|yf dWosfnLg
;dob]lv rNb}cfPsf] dflgG5 . g]kfnsf]
;f+:s[lts Pj+ wfld{s Oltxf;df s'df/L
k|yfsf] ljz]if dxTj /x]sf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s
tYox?n] P3f/ hgf g]jf/ aflnsfx?nfO{
hLljt b]jL s'df/Lsf] ?kdf k"hf ug] {
ul/Psf] b]vfPsf] 5, h;dWo] sf7df08f}df
rf/ hgf, eQmk'/df tLg hgf, kf6gdf b'O{
hgf, b]pkf6gdf Ps hgf / a'ªdtLdf Ps
hgf /x]sf 5g\ . oL dWo] sf7df08f}
j;Gtk'/sL s'df/L -h;nfO{ /fhfåf/f k'lhg]
ePsf]n] /fhs'df/L elgG5_, kf6gsL kf6g
s'df/L, eQmk'/sL PsfGt s'df/L /
a'ªdtLsL a'ªdtL s'df/L gfd rn]sf
k|d'v s'df/Lx? x'g\ . ljleGg s'df/Lx?sf]
t'ngfTds cj:yf o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .
j;Gtk'/sL s'df/L M j;Gtk'/sL
s'df/Lsf] laxfg lgTo k"hf ul/G5 . pgsf
nflu 5'§} vfgf agfOG5 . pgL s'df/L3/sf
753
c+s ^
aRrfx?;+u lglZrt ;do v]Ng kfpFl5g\ .
b}lgs !)÷!@ hgf eQmhgnfO{ pgn]
bz{g lbg'kb{5 . pgnfO{ b}lgs tLg 306f
x\jfO6 lkmN8 :s"nsf lzlIfsfåf/f sIff
Pssf ;a} ljifox? k9fOG5 / :s"n lgod
cg';f/sf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L glthf lgsfnL
sIff r9fOG5 . of] Joj:yf ;/sf/n]
ldnfPsf] 5 . s'df/LnfO{ 3/ aflx/ hfg
aGb]h 5 . pgn] s8f lgodx?sf] kfngf
ug'{k5{
. pgn] 3/sf] bf];|f] / t];|f] tNnfdf
dfq cfjthfjt ug{ kfpFl5g\ . pgsf]
kmf]6f] / cGt/jftf{ lng kfO+b}g . pgn] ;w} +
/ftf] klx/g, r'/f / 6Lsf nufpg' k5{ .
pgn] dxTjk"0f{ rf8kj{x?df clgjfo{ ?kdf
pkl:yt x'g'kb{5 . /h:jnf geP;Dd
s'df/L axfn /xlG5g\ . s'df/LnfO{
k|ltdlxgf ?=^))).– sf b/n] >Lkb eQf
pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . cjsfzk|fKt
s'df/Ln] k|ltdlxgf ?=#))).– eQf
kfpFl5g\ . k|ltdlxgf k9fO vr{ jfkt
?=!))).– / ljjfx vr{ jfkt ?=%)))).–
lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .
kf6gsL s'df/L M s'df/L x'g]
aflnsfsf] lghL 3/ g} s'df/L 3/ x'G5 .
pgnfO{ 3/sf] d"n 9f]sf aflx/ hfg lgif]w
5 . pgsf] b}lgs k"hf x'G5 . vf; u/L
/ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] hfqf / a8f bz} +sf]
cj;/df s'df/LnfO{ s'df/L 3/af6 aflx/
lgsflnG5 . s'df/Ln] k|To]s lbg laxfg
/ftf] klx/gdf ;lhP/ cfzgdf a:g' kb{5
. pgn] eQmhgnfO{ bz{g klg lbg' kb{5 .
pgnfO{ v]Ng / xf]djs{ ug{ lbOG5 .
s'df/LnfO{ b}lgs b'O{ 306f a;'/f :s"nsL

lzlIfsfn] 6\o'zg k9fpFl5g\ . u'7L ;+:yfgn]
k9fO / k"hf vr{ jfkt dfl;s ?=!*)).–
s'df/Lsf] kl/jf/nfO{ k|bfg ub{5 . 6\o'zg
z'Ns ?=!))).–:s"nnfO{ jflif{s ?=@))).–
a'emfpg' kb{5 . nlntk'/ gu/kflnsfn]
jflif{s ?=!@))).– pknAw u/fpF5 .
eQmk'/sL s'df/L M eQmk'/sL
PsfGt s'df/LnfO{ k9\g / aflx/ hfg 5'6
5 . pgn] s'df/L 3/df a:g' k5{ .
/h:jnf geP;Dd s'df/L kbdf axfn
/xlG5g\ . axfnjfnf s'df/Ln] dfl;s
?=$%).– / cjsfzk|fKt s'df/Ln] dfl;s
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cGo aGb]h vf;} 5}gg\ . /ftf] klx/g ljz]if
k"hfsf] ;dodf dfq nufP x'G5 . pgnfO{
cGo lbg cfkm\gf] 3/ kl/jf/df a:g 5'6 5
t/ 36:yfkgfb]lv k"l0f{df;Dd eg] s'df/L
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gem/];Dd s'df/L kbdf axfn /xlG5g\ .
s'df/Ln] ;fdfGo hLjg latfpFl5g\ . xfnsL
s'df/L kf6gsf] lzv/ af]l8{ª :s"ndf
cWoog/t l5g\ . :s"n hfFbf :s"n 8« ]; g}
nufpFl5g\ . s'df/Ln] lgTo k"hf ug'{k5{
.
x/]s ;+qmflGtdf pgnfO{ a'ªdtL
dlR5Gb|gfy dlGb/ kl/;/ nluG5 hxfF ;of} +
eQmhgn] pgsf] k"hf ub{5g\ . a'ªdtL
s'df/Lsf] ;~rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug] { s'g}
u'7L jf ;+:yf 5}g . s'df/Lsf] kl/jf/n] g}
ug'{k5{
. s'df/Laf6 cjsfz kl5 cGo
aflnsf ;/x hLjg ofkg ug{ x'G5 .
o;/L cToGt} slnnf] pd]/sf
aflnsfx?nfO{ s'df/L agfOg] u/]sf] kfOG5
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
. s'df/L k|yf wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf
ePsf] eP tfklg s'df/L agfOPsf
aflnsfx? pk/ zf]if0f / e]befj ePsf] 5
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a:g], vfgkLg, klx/g, :s"n hfg], k9\g]
h:tf s'/fx?df cg'zf;gsf s8f lgodx?
kfngf ug'{kb{5
. lgj[Q s'df/Lx?sf xsdf
klg ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / k'g:yf{kgfsf]
kof{Kt Joj:yf 5}g . ljleGg :yfgsf
s'df/Lx? dWo] eQmk'/sf] s'df/L k|yf
t'ngfTds ?kdf pbf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
s'df/Lx? -vf; u/L a;Gtk'/ /
kf6gsL s'df/L_ sf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ j}olQms
:jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/,
3'dlkm/ cfjthfjt / a;f]af;sf]
:jtGqtf, e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf, ?rL
cg'?ksf] / OR5fPsf] ;dodf vfglkg ug] {
:jtGqtf, c? afnaflnsf ;/x :s"n hfg]
/ k9\g] :jtGqtf, ?rL cg';f/sf] n'uf
nufpg] :jtGqtf, z/L/ / cfjf;sf]
uf]klgotfsf] xs h:tf xs / :jtGqtfx?
s'l07t ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns
xs / :jtGqtfx?sf] pkef]u ug{ gkfPaf6
s'df/L aflnsfx?sf] zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s
ljsf;df k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] 5 . To:t}
;dfhdf JofKt cGwljZjf;sf sf/0f
s'df/L ag]sf aflnsfx?sf] j}jflxs
hLjgsf] ljifo klg k|efljt 5 . s'df/L
agfOPsf] cj:yfdf pgLx? lj?4 ePsf]
e]befj, afn clwsf/sf] xgg\ Pj+ zf]if0fsf]
Ifltk"lt{ :j?k pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
/ k'g:yf{kgfsf] ljz]if Joj:yf klg /fHon]
u/]sf] 5}g . /fHon] pgLx? pk/ eO/x]sf]
754

e]befj / zf]if0f lj?4sf] ;+/If0f pknAw
u/fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . kmnt M s'df/L /
e"tk"j{ s'df/Lx?sf] hLjg bogLo 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^-*_ n]
afnaflnsfsf] zf]if0f x'g glbO{ pgLx?sf]
xs lxtsf] /Iffsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf
ug'{kg]
{ st{Jo /fHo pk/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5
t/ ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ cg'?k s'df/L
agfOPsf aflnsfx?n] /fHoaf6 ;+/If0f
kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . s'df/L k|yfdf wfld{s
clek|fo k"/f ug{sf nflu aflnsfx?nfO{
b]jL b]jtfsf gfddf ;dk{0f ul/g] ePsf]n]
s'df/L k|yf afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g
@)$* sf] ;d]t ljk/Lt 5 . s'df/L k|yf
g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] afn clwsf/
;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( n] aflnsfx?nfO{
k|bfg u/] ]sf] xs / /fHo pk/ lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] bfloTj ljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwn]
afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx?sf] JolQmTjsf] k"0f{
ljsf;sf nflu ddtfk"0f{ kfl/jfl/s
jftfj/0f / k|;Ggtf Pj+ ;dembf/Lk"0f{
kl/j]zdf x's{g kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
5 . dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !^,@$,@&,@*,@(,#!
tyf #@ n] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ k|bQ
clwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Da4{g ug{sf
nflu kIf /fi6«x?n] ;d'lrt sfg"gL,
k|zf;lgs tyf z}lIfs pkfox? ckgfpg'
kg] { bfloTj lg/f]k0f u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L
g]kfn kIf ePsf] dlxnf lj?4sf ;a}
k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw
-CEDAW_, !(&( n] klg dlxnfx?sf
xsx?sf] k|Tofe"lt ub} { dlxnf lj?4sf ;a}
k|sf/sf e]befj cGTo ug{ pko'Qm sfg"gL
755
c+s ^
Pj+ cGo pkfox? cjnDjg ug'{kg]
] { bfloTj
kIf /fi6«x? pk/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o;sf
afjh"t /fHon] s'df/L k|yfsf gfddf
aflnsf -dlxnf_ lj?4sf] k/Dk/fut
e]befj / zf]if0fsf] cGTo ug] { lbzfdf
dxf;lGwåf/f lgwf{l/t cfkm\gf] bfloTj
lgjf{x u/]sf] 5}g . To;sf/0f dlxnf lj?4
x'g] e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL ;ldltsf] ;g\
@))$ hgj/L !@–#) ;Dd a;]sf] #)cf} +
;qsf] a}7sn] g]kfnn] dxf;lGw
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf af/]df k7fPsf]
k|ltj]bg pk/ l6Kk0fL ub} { s'df/L k|yfn]
dlxnf lj?4 e]befj u/]sf] / of] dxf;lGw
ljk/Lt ePsf]n] o:tf] e]befjd"ns
k/Dk/fut k|rngnfO{ pGd"ng ug{ sbd
rfNg' egL l;kmfl/z u/]sf] 5 .
s'df/L k|yfsf gfddf aflnsfx?
pk/ eO/x]sf] zf]if0f / e]befj g]kfn kIf
ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/
;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw !(^^ ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . cg'aGwsf] wf/f @$-!_
n] s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ wd{ j0f{ ln+u
hft hflt /fli6«otf OToflbsf] cfwf/df
e]befj ug{ gx'g] / gfafns ePsf]
x}l;otaf6 kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«af6
cfkm\gf] clwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0f ul/kfpg] xs
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ k|fKt 5 . t/ ljBdfg
s'df/L k|yf cGtu{t aflnsfx?n] pNn]lvt
clwsf/x? pkef]u ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ .
s'df/L k|yf pkTosfsf] ;f+:s[lts
w/f]x/ xf] . t;y{ o; k|yfnfO{ pGd"ng
ug'{eGbf
dfgj clwsf/sf d"No / dfGotf
cg'?k ;'wf/ ub} { n}hfg' jf~5gLo 5 /

o;f] ePdf g} o;sf] ;Ddfg / ul/dfdf
klg clej[l4 x'g]5 . ctM s'df/L k|yfsf
gfddf zf]if0fo'Qm Pj+ e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/
ul/+b} cfPsf aflnsf Pj+ dlxnfx?sf]
;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g k|bQ clwsf/x?sf]
k|rng / ;+/If0fsf dfWodaf6 s'df/L
k|yfsf] ;'wf/sf nflu b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{
u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf gfddf k/dfb]z
jf pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFmM
-s_ s'df/L k|yfsf gfddf ul/g]
u}/;+j}wflgs tyf u}/sfg"gL
lqmofsnfkx? tTsfn aGb ug'{
ug{
nufpg',
-v_ s'df/L aflnsfx?sf] ;jf] {Qd lxtdf
k|lts"n c;/ gkg] { u/L dfq
;DalGwt ;d'bfon] s'df/L k|yf
dfkm{t\ wd{ / ;+:s[lt dfGg kfpg]
clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug] { jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ug{ hgr]tgfd"ns
sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug'{,
-u_ e"tk"j{ s'df/Lx?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
/ k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu kof{Kt sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug'{,
/
-3_ s'df/L k|yfnfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf d"No
/ dfGotf cg's"n agfpg /fli6«o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u / ;DalGwt
;d'bfosf lj1x?;+u ;dGjo /
k/fdz{ u/L cfjZos sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug'{
.
s'df/Lx? lj?4 eO/x]sf] e]befj /
zf]if0f tTsfn /f]Sg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bgkq .
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g gkg] { cfwf/ sf/0f eP !%
lbgleq lnlvthjfkm k]z ug'{
egL
ljkIfLx?sf gfddf ;"rgf k7fpg' eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!.@( sf]
cfb]z .
o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd
sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs
clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] xf], To;sf] :ki6
lhls/ lagf bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
lnlvthjfkm .
ljkIfLsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL
xsdf cf3ft kfg] { sfd o; dGqfnoaf6
gePsf] x'Fbf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo
Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm .
s'df/LnfO{ hLljt b]jL dfgL k"hf
ug] { k|rng dWosfnb]lv rlncfPsf]n]
o;sf] ljlzi6 ;f+:s[lts dxTj /x]sf] 5 .
lgj]bsn] klg o;nfO{ :jLsf/} u/]sf] x'Fbf
s'df/L k|yf vf/]h ug'{kg]
{ cj:yf 5}g .
t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf
gful/s p8\8og dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
dWosfnb]lv sfod eOcfPsf]
s'df/L k|yf vf/]h jf aGb ug{ ldNb}g .
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
756

Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf
;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm .
/fHon] pknAw eP;Ddsf] ;fwg /
>f]tsf] kl/rfng u/L lglZrt ;'ljwfx?
s'df/LnfO{ k|bfg ub} { cfO/x]sf] 5 .
ljBfnodf k9\gsf] nflu s'g} klg
afnaflnsfnfO{ sfg"gn] e]befj gu/]sf]
x'Fbf
s'df/LnfO{ lzIffsf] xsaf6 al~rt
ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL lzIff
tyf v]ns"b dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm .
s'g s'g wfld{s cg'i7fgdf s]
s:tf] Joj:yfaf6 s'df/L k|yf ;~rfng
ul/Psf] 5, s'df/L lgj[Q ePkl5 s] s:tf]
;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5, ;DalGwt lgsfo
tyf s'df/L k|yf ;DaGwdf ljz]if hfgsf/L
ePsf JolQm ;d]t;+u ;Dks{ u/L a'emL
s'df/Lx?sf] Joj:yf / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL
ljj/0f tLg dlxgfleq pknAw u/fpg'
egL ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og
dGqfnonfO{ kqfrf/ ug'{
eGg] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!).@* sf] cfb]z .
s'df/L u|x0f ug] { aflnsfsf] h}ljs
cj:yf / u'0fnfO{ lglb{i6 u/L lglZrt
pd]/ kf/ ul/;s]kl5 s'df/Laf6 lgj[Q eO{
;fwf/0f hLjg ofkg ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n]
s'df/L ;+:s[ltn] s'df/L x'g] aflnsf tyf
;dfhsf] ljsf;df s'g} gsf/fTds k|efj
kfb} {g . s'df/L k|yf s'/Llt xf]Og . s'df/L
;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu
plrt / cfjZos ;'ljwf /fHoåf/f pknAw
x'g'kg] { ljifodf ljjfb 5}g eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] /ldtf dfnL ;d]tsf] lgj]bgkq .
757
c+s ^
s'df/L lgj[Q ePkl5 ;fdfGo
hLjgdf kms{g] / ;fdflhs hLjgdf
k'g:yf{lkt eO{ cem ;Ddfghgs hLjg
latfpg ;S5g\ . s'df/L ;+:s[ltsf]
uf}/jdo dof{bf / ;Ddfgtkm{ ljrf/ gu/L
lg/k]If :jtGqtfsf] dfu ul/Psf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ldnf ah|frfo{ ;d]tsf] lgj]bgkq .
sf7df8f}sL s'df/LnfO{ lgj[Qe/0f
jfkt dfl;s eQf ?=#)).– a]n ljjfxsf]
nflu ?=!,))).– / ljjfx vr{sf] nflu
?=!),))).– k|bfg ul/G5 . eQmk'/sL
s'df/LnfO{ s'df/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf dfl;s
?=$%).– / s'df/Laf6 cjsfz eP kZrft\
ljjfx x'g' k"j{;Dd dfl;s ?=!)).– eQf
k|bfg ul/G5 . nlntk'/sL s'df/LnfO{
dfl;s ?=!%)).– sf b/n] ;'ljwf k|bfg
ul/G5 . u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 k|bfg ul/g]
pNn]lvt ;'ljwf afx]s cGo ;'ljwfx?
sf}zL tf]iffvfgfaf6 pknAw u/fOG5 eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf]
r=g+=@&@^ ldlt @)^@.!@.@%sf] kq .
o; sfof{noaf6 sf7df8f}, eQmk'/,
nlntk'/ / g'jfsf]6sf axfnjfnf / k"j{
s'df/Lx?n] k|fKt ug] { dfl;s ;'ljwf
lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] sf}zL
tf]iffvfgf sfof{no lqk'/]Zj/sf] r=g+ +=*!&$
ldlt @)^#.@.# sf] kq .

ljj/0f
sf7df8f}sL s'df/L
axfnjfnf s'df/L_ ^,))).–
k"j{ s'df/L #,))).
hLjgofkg
eQf
nlntk'/ / eQmk'/sL s'df/L
axfnjfnf s'df/L !,%)).–
-v_ k"j{ s'df/L !,))).
g'jfsf]6sL s'df/L
axfnjfnf s'df/L !,%)).–
z}lIfs j[lQ
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
!,))).–
@)).–
@)).–
s}lkmot
cf=j=)^!÷^@ b]lv z}lIfs j[lQ pknAw ePsf] 5}g .
s'df/L k|yfnfO{ k"0f{?kdf pGd"ng jf vf/]h
ug'{k5{
eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/ b]lv+b}g eg]
s'df/L ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfg / s'df/L x'g]
aflnsfsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f x'g'kg] {
s'/fdf ;/f]sf/jfnf Pj+ ljkIfLx?sf] ;d]t
;xdlt /x]sf] kfOof] . s'df/L k|yfn]
sf7df8f} pkTosfsf] wd{, ;+:s[lt /
;dfhdf s] s:tf] c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5,
o;sf] oyfl:yltsf] lg/Gt/tfdf
;d;fdlos ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g ug'{
cfjZos
5 5}g, s'df/L agfOPsf aflnsfx?sf]
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|rngsf]
cj:yf s:tf] 5 eGg] ljifodf k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug'{k"j{
cbfntnfO{
:ki6 hfgsf/L x'g h?/L ePsf]n] ;f]
ljifodf cWoog u/L tLg dlxgfleq o;
cbfntdf k|ltj]bg k]z ug] { u/L b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] ;'emfj ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5
. ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5
lgodfg';f/ k] ]z ug'{
eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^#.&.!$ sf] cfb]z .
758
;ldltsf] u7g
g]kfn ;/sf/, ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s
p8\8og dGqfnosf ;x;lrj––– ;+of]hs
l/6 lgj]lbsf >L k'Gb]jL dxh{g––––– ;b:o
;/f]sf/jfnfsf tkm{af6
8f=>L r'Gbf ah|frfo{––––– ;b:o
sf7df8f} pkTosfsf] Oltxf; /
;+:s[ltsf 1ftf Pshgf––––– ;b:o
;ldltsf] sfof{b]z
-!_ s'df/L k|yf / sf7df8f} pkTosfdf
To;sf] P]ltxfl;s, ;fdflhs, wfld{s
/ ;f+:s[lts dxTj / k|efj af/] .
-@_ s'df/L agfOg] aflnsfx?nfO{ g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&,
afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g @)$* /
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf

cg'?k k|fKt ePsf xs clwsf/sf]
k|rng / ;+/If0fsf] cj:yf af/] .
-#_ s'df/L k|yfdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ x'g'kg] {
kIfx? af/] .
HfLljt b]jL s'df/L g]kfnL
;+:s[ltsf] Bf]ts ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
s'df/L k|yf sf7df8f} pkTosfsf] g]jf/
;+:s[ltsf] hghLjgdf cToGt dxTjk"0f{
;+:sf/sf] ?kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 .
dNnsfnb]lv xfn;Dd cljlR5Gg ?kdf
rNb} cfPsf] hLljt b]jL s'df/Lsf] ;dfhdf
pRr dxTj 5 . s'df/LnfO{ ;a}
wdf{jnDjLx?n] plQs} >4fn] x]b{5g\ .
;fdfGotof s'df/L agfOg]
aflnsfsf] pd]/ rf/ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf klg
sd /xg] l:ylt cWoogaf6 b]lvof] .
s'df/L agfOg] pd]/ rf/b]lv afx| jif{;Dd
x'g] b]lvof] . /h:jnf ePdf s'df/L x'g
cof]Uo x'g] /x]5 . s'df/Lx?sf] cf–cfkm\gf]
x}l;ot / ;'ljwf k|fKt eP cg';f/ lzIff,
vfglkg / dgf]/~hg cflb l:yltdf oy]i6
geP klg c;Gtf]if g} x'g'kg] { l:ylt b]lvPg
. s'df/L x'g] aflnsfsf] lbgrof{ / cGo
;fdfGo aflnsfx?sf] t'ngf ug{ ldNb}g .
s'df/L x'g] aflnsfsf] OHht, ;Ddfg /
x}l;ot cGo aflnsfx?l;t t'ngf x'g
;St}g . s'df/L eO/x]sf aflnsfx?df st}
klg cgfjZos af]em nflbPsf] h:tf]
Jojxf/ k|s6 ul/Psf] kfOPg a? s'df/L
759
c+s ^
x'g kfPsf]df uf}/j dxz'; u/L b}jL zlQm
k|fKt ePsf] d'xf/ ;a}n] :ki6 ?kdf bz{g
kfPsf] b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf aflnsf s'df/L
5gf}6 ePsf]df afa'cfdfn] klg uf}/jsf]
cg'e"lt ug] { u/]sf] kfOof] . s'df/Lsf] pRr
lzIffsf nflu 5fqj[lQ / /f]huf/Lsf]
lglZrttf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 xf];\ eGg]
pgLx?sf] ck]Iff /x]sf] 5 .
s'df/Lx?sf] dfgj clwsf/sf]
l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs g} b]lvPsf] 5 . cGo
afnaflnsfx?sf] t'ngfdf s'df/Lx?sf]
x}l;ot / hLjg:t/ /fd|f] g} dfGg' kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# tyf
afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*(
nufot dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
dxf;lGwx?sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/sf s'g}
clwsf/af6 al~rt ePsf] b]lv+b}g . s]lx
ct'ngLo clwsf/ kfpg s]lx ;fdfGo
:jtGqtf u'dfpg' kg] { l:ylt s'df/L k|yfdf
/x]sf] 5 .
s'df/L lgo'lQmsf] bfo/f km/flsnf]
kfg] { tkm{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . s'df/Lsf]
b}lgs :ofxf/ ;';f/ / x]/rfxsf nflu
:ki6 sfo{ljlw agfpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
s'df/Lsf] zf/Ll/s Pj+ dgf]j}1flgs
:jf:Yosf] /Iff x'g'kb{5 . pgLx?sf]
u'0ffTds / :t/Lo cf}krfl/s lzIffdf sdL
x'g'x'Fb}g
. u'0ffTds lzIff k|bfg ug{ of]Uo
lzIfsx?sf] lgo'lQm x'g'kb{5 . s'df/Lsf]
dgf]/~hgsf nflu plrt Joj:yf x'g'kb{5

. s'df/Ln] kfpg] eQf Pj+ cGo ;'ljwf
;dofg's"n plrt / kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 .
e"tk"j{ s'df/Lx?sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/af6
pgLx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf cg';f/ ?lr
ePsf] ljifodf 5fqj[lQsf] ljz]if sf]6f
lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5
. pgLx?sf] /f]huf/LnfO{
ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOg' kb{5 . s'df/Lx?sf]
k"hf / /yofqfsf nflu b}lgs jflif{s /
kj{x?df ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]
{ Joj:yfkgdf
;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{
clt g} h?/L 5 .
s'df/Lx? a:g] 3/sf] cfjZos Joj:yf
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 .
s'df/L 3/sf cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfx?, dd{t,
/+u/f]ug, ljh'nL Pj+ ef}lts ;'/Iffsf]
plrt Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . s'df/L k|yf;+u
;DalGwt ef}lts ;DklQ, u/uxgf, hUuf,
e]l63f6L OToflbsf] cfw'lgs nut /fVg'
jf~5gLo 5 . s'df/L ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{sf
nflu ljBfno :t/Lo kf7\oqmddf o;nfO{
;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 . s'df/L ;+:s[ltsf]
k|rf/ k|;f/ Pj+ yk cWoog cg';Gwfg
;/sf/n] ug'{
u/fpg' kb{5 . s'df/L k|yf
Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;+:s[ltljb\ Pj+ k"j{
s'df/Lx? ;lxtsf] Pp6f 5'§} ;ldlt u7g
ug'{
clt h?/L 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o;
cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ ul7t cWoog
;ldltn] k|:t't u/]sf] k|ltj]bg .
j;Gtk'/ s'df/L, kf6g s'df/L,
eQmk'/ s'df/L, sf7df8f} + Sjfaxfn s'df/L,
sf7df8f} + d'axfn s'df/L, a'ª\dtL s'df/L,
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
sf7df8f} + lsnfun s'df/L, sf7df8f} + dvg
tf/l0f / kf6g ldvfaxfn s'df/Lsf]
t'ngfTds cWoog u/L x]bf{ eQmk'/ s'df/L,
a'ª\dtL s'df/L, lsnfun s'df/L, dvg
tf/l0f -s'df/L_ sf] dfgj clwsf/ l:ylt
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760

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k|yfx?sf] z'?jft jf :yfkgftkm{ x]bf{
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762

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764
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lx+88'n, cfjthfjt tyf kfl/jfl/s
;DaGw cflbsf ljifodf ljleGg :yfgsf
s'df/L k|yfx?df cnu cnu dfGotf Pj+
k|rngx? eO{ ljljwtf /x]sf] b]lvof] . s]lx
:yfgsf] s'df/Ln] cWoog ug{ x'g] t/ :s"n
hfg gx'g] ], kl/jf/;+u cfkm\gf] 3/df a:g
gx'g], s'df/L 3/d} a:g'kg] {, /ftf] klx/g
nufpg' kg] {, 3/ aflx/ lg:sg gx'g],
lrlsT;såf/f pkrf/ u/fpg gx'g],
OR5fg';f/ vfglkg ug{ gx'g] h:tf
dfGotfx? klg k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 .
*= lgj]lbsfsf] d'Vo dfu
s'df/L aGg] aflnsfx? g]kfnn] cg'df]bg
u/]sf afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*(,
dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj
pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(&(, cfly{s
;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw !(^^, gful/s tyf
/fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
cg'aGw !(^^ tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# åf/f k|bQ xsx? pkef]u
ug{af6 al~rt ePsfn] pgLx?nfO{ tL
xsx?sf] pkef]u u/fpg / lgj[Q
s'df/Lx?sf nflu ;d]t /fHosf tkm{af6
;fdflhs ;'/Iff / k'g:yf{kgfsf] plrt
k|jGwsf nflu pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s'df/L aGg] aflnsf
Pj+ s'df/Laf6 lgj[Q aflnsf tyf
dlxnfx?sf] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf]
;+/If0f / pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg] { s'/fnfO{ lgj]bsn] d'Vo
?kdf p7fPsf] kfOG5 . s'df/L / lgj[Q
s'df/Lx?sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f /
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] plrt k|aGw x'g'kg] {
s'/fdf ljkIfLsf] klg c;xdlt /x]sf]
b]lv+b}g . s'df/Lx? g]kfnsf aflnsf /
g]kfnL gful/s ;d]t x'g\ . g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] dlxnf /
afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg df}lns xsx?
k|bfg ug'{sf
;fy;fy} pgLx?nfO{ ;+ljwfgn]
Ps k|sf/sf] disadvantaged /
marginalised ju{sf] ?kdf dfgL
pgLx?sf] ljsf; ug{ / pgLx?nfO{
empower ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnn]
afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*(, !$ ;]K6]Da/
!(() df / dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf
e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(&(,
@@ clk|n !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'Fbf
s'df/L k|yf cGtu{t s'df/L /xFbf
aflnsfx?nfO{ plNnlvt dxf;lGwx? /
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ
766

clwsf/x? xgg\ x'G5g\ x'Fb}gg\
eGg] s'/f
dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
(= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# sf] wf/f !@ n] ;a} gful/snfO{
;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs / sfg"g
adf]lhd afx]s s;}sf] j}olQms :jtGqtf
ckx/0f gx'g] df}lns xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
wf/f !^ n] ;dfgtfsf] xs, wf/f !& n]
lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs, wf/f @)
n] dlxnfsf] xs, wf/f @! n] ;fdflhs
Gofosf] xs, wf/f @@ n] afnaflnsfsf]
xs, wf/f @# n] wd{;DaGwL xs / wf/f @(
n] zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
olb dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;d]tnfO{
k|fKt plNnlvt df}lns xs xgg\ ePdf tL
xsx? k|rng u/fpg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!)&-@_ n] o; cbfntnfO{ c;fwf/0f
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . gful/sx?n] oL
xsx? ;xh / ;/n tl/sfn] pkef]u ug{
;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfgn]
g} /fHosf lgb] {zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx?
dfkm{t\ /fHo / vf; u/L sfo{kflnsfnfO{
lgb] {zg lbPsf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ wf/f ##-h_
df lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB
;Dk|e'tfdf ;a} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt
ug'{kg]
{ /fHosf] bfloTj lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5
. To:t}, wf/f ##-8_ df /fHo kIf ePsf
cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ug] { / wf/f ##-9_ df lje]bsf/L
sfg"gx? eP cGTo ug'{kg]
{ /fHosf] bfloTj
x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . wf/f #$-!_ df
;dfhdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug] { /
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug] {
767
c+s ^
/fHosf] lgb] {zs l;4fGt x'g] s'/f pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f #%-(_ df afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0f / pGgltsf nflu ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug] { gLlt /fHon]
cjnDjg ug'{kg]
{ s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
!)= g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf]
afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*(
afnaflnsfx?sf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; /
sNof0fsf] nflu tof/ ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o
b:tfj]h xf] . afa'cfdf / afnaflnsf
;lxtsf] ;d"x kl/jf/ xf] . afa'cfdf
afnaflnsfsf cleefjs dfq xf]Ogg\
pgLx? afnaflnsfsf] nflu cleGg cË g}
x'g\ . afa'cfdf / afnaflnsf ;lxtsf]
kfl/jfl/s ljsf;sf] nflu dxf;lGw hf/L
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
!!= pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ! n]
afnaflnsfnfO{ afa'cfdfaf6 :ofxf/
;Def/ kfpg] clwsf/, wf/f * n]
afa'cfdf;Fu kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw sfod ug{
kfpg] clwsf/, wf/f ( n] kl/jf/af6
cnlUug gkg] { clwsf/, wf/f !@ n] h'g;'s}
media dfkm{t\ cfˆgf] ljrf/ cleJoQm ug] {
clwsf/, wf/f !# n] h'g;'s} media af6
;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/, wf/f !$ n]
afa'cfdfaf6 ;+/IfsTj / lgb] {zg kfpg]
clwsf/, wf/f !% n] zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] /
;+ul7t x'g] clwsf/, wf/f !^ n]
uf]klgotfsf] clwsf/, wf/f !( n] s'g}
k|sf/sf] oftgf, b'Jo{jxf/, Iflt, pk]Iff tyf
zf]if0f lj?4sf] clwsf/, wf/f @* n] lzIff
k|fKt ug] { clwsf/, wf/f #! n] cf/fd ug] {,
k'm;{b kfpg], v]Ng kfpg] / ;fdflhs

hLjgdf ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t}, wf/f #@ n] cfly{s
zf]if0f tyf hf]lvd lj?4sf] xs /
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, cfWoflTds Pj+
kfl/jfl/s ljsf;df xflgsf/s x'g;Sg]
sfd lj?4sf] clwsf/, wf/f #$ n] of}g
zf]if0f tyf child pornography lj?4sf]
xs, wf/f #% n] a]rlavg tyf ckx/0f
lj?4sf] xs / wf/f #& n] oftgf jf s'g}
k|sf/sf] qm'/ jf cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs
Jojxf/ lj?4sf] xs / j}olQs :jtGqtfsf]
xs k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
!@= afn clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf
cfly{s ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/
;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw -ICESCR_
!(^^ sf] wf/f !) / gful/s tyf
/fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
cg'aGw -ICCPR_ !(^^ sf] wf/f @# / @$
klg dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5g\ . ICESCR sf] wf/f
!) sf] pkwf/f -!_ df afnaflnsfsf]
x'sf{O{, nfngkfng, x]/rfx / lzIffbLIffsf
nflu afa'cfdfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] x'Fbf
/fHon] ;Dej eP;Dd kl/jf/sf] To:tf]
;+u7gnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{kg]
{ Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . To:t} pkwf/f # n]
afnaflnsfnfO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
zf]if0f x'gaf6 arfpg / hf]lvdk"0f{
sfdaf6 arfpg sfd ug] { vf; pd]/ tf]sL
tf]lsPsf] pd]/ eGbf sd pd]/sf
afnaflnsfsf] tnjL /f]huf/nfO{ /fHon]
lgif]w ug'{kg]
{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L
ICCPR sf] wf/f @# sf] pkwf/f -!_ df
kl/jf/nfO{ ;dfh / /fHoaf6 ;'/Iff k|bfg
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
ul/g'kg] { Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] wf/f @$ df
k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ h'g;'s} k|sf/sf]
e]befj lj?4 ;dfgtfsf] xs ePsf] s'/f
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!#= ca, s'df/L aGg]
aflnsfx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# åf/f k|bQ df}lns xs clwsf/ Pj+
afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( åf/f k|bQ
pk/f]Qm xs clwsf/x? s'df/L k|yfn] xgg\
u5{ ub} {g ;f] x]g'{kg]
{ x'g cfof] . o;sf
nflu s'df/Lx?sf] e"ldsf s] xf] ;f] x]g'{kg]
{
x'G5 .
!$= g]kfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
dfq xf]Og, afn clwsf/ dxf;lGwn] klg
afn>d lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . st}st} !* aif{
k"/f gx'Gh]n aflnu dflg+b}g t/ xfdLsxfF
!^ aif{ k"/f ePkl5 aflnu dflgG5 .
gfjfnsnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] sfddf nufpg
lgif]w 5 . pd]/ gk'u]sf jf sfg"gn]
gfjfns egL tf]s]sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{
sfddf nufpFbf pgLx?sf] df}lns xs Pj+
dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\ x'g] dfq xf]Og
To:tf] sfd zf]if0f klg x'g hfG5 . To;}n]
!^ aif{ gk'u]sf] gfjfnsnfO{ p;sf] v'zL
jf dGh'/Ln] xf];\ jf p;sf] cleefjs
afa'cfdfsf] ;xdltn] xf];\ hlt;'s}
kfl/>lds nufot cGo cfly{s Pj+ ef}lts
;'ljwf lbP klg sfddf nufpg' u}/sfg"gL
x'G5 . To;/L !^ aif{ gk'u]sf gfjfnsnfO{
sfddf nufpFbf To:tf] gfjfnssf] df}lns
xs Pj+ dfgj clwsf/ xgg\ x'gfsf] ;fy}
g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/
pNn+3g u/L cfˆgf] Treaty
768

Commitment af6 derogate u/]sf]
;d]t dflgG5 .
!%= s'df/L /xFbf aflnsfx?sf]
df}lns xs / dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\ x'G5
x'Fb}g
eGg] ljifodf ;j{k|yd æsfddf
nufpg]Æ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5, To;sf]
ljj]rgf ug'{
cfjZos b]lvG5 . æs'df/L
k|yfÆ s'df/L ag]sf jflnsfx?sf] nflu
æsfdÆxf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{,
æsfdÆ eGgfn] s;}n] s]lx ug'{kg]
{ jf k"/f
ug'{kg]
{ jf ;DkGg ug'{kg]
{ sfd jf s'/fnfO{
hgfpF5 . æsfddf nufpg]Æ eGgfn] cfkm"n]
ug'{kg]
{ s]lx jf s'g} s'/f jf sfd jf cfkm"n]
k"/f ug'{kg]
{ s'g} sfd jf s'/f jf cfkm"n]
;DkGg ug'{kg]
{ s'g} sfd jf s'/f cfkm}n]
gu/L To;/L cfkm"n] ug] { sfd jf cfkm"n]
;DkGg ug] { s'g} s'/f c?af6 u/fO{ To:tf]
sfd jf s'/f c?n] k"/f ul/lbP jfkt
To:sf] ;§f jf abnfdf To:tf] sfd
ul/lbg]nfO{ To;sf] compensation :j?k
/sd jf cGo benefit lbO{ To:tf] sfd
c?af6 u/fpg'nfO{ hgfpF5 . sfd ;DkGg
ubf{ To;df zf/Ll/s >d k|of]u ePsf]
x'G5 . sfd u?Gh]n cyf{t\ nufPsf] sfd
k"/f gu?Gh]n sfddf nufpg] / sfd ug] {
aLr master / gf]s/ servant sf]
;DaGw :yfkgf x'G5 . sfd ug] {n]
cfk"mnfO{ sfddf nufpg] master
sf]dictate cg';f/ sfd ug'{k5{
.
master n] nufP cg';f/sf] sfo{ gu/]df
master n] sfdaf6 lgsfNg klg ;S5
eg] master n] nufPsf] sfd aLr}df
5f8\g ;ls+b}g, sfd k"/f ug} {k5{ . sfd
769
c+s ^
;DkGg geP;Dd sfddf nufOPsf] JolQm
k"/} master sf] lgoGq0fdf /xG5 . o;nfO{
;+If]kdf eGbf æsfd ug] {Æ jf æsfddf
nufpg]Æ eGgfn] dflnssf] s'g} sfd
dflnssf] zt{df dGh'/ u/]sf] benefit
lnP/ zf/Ll/s >d / ;do nufO{ ;DkGg
ul/lbg] sfo{ / s'/fnfO{ a'lemG5 .
!^= !^ aif{ gk'u]sf] gfafnssf]
k"0f{ ?kdf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;
eO;s]sf] x'Fb}g
. p;n] cfˆgf] lxt / clxt
x'g] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lng ;St}g . To:tf
gfafnsx?n] cfkm\gf afa'cfdfsf]
;+/IfsTjdf nf8Kof/df x's{g kfpg' k5{ .
To:tf gfjfnsnfO{ cfˆgf] afa'cfdf
cleefjssf] ;+/IfsTj rflxg] x'gfn]
ljZjJofkL ?kdf g} gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf
nufpg lgif]w ul/G5 / gfjfnssf]
JolQmTj ljsf;sf nflu lgMz'Ns lzIff
kfpg] xs, :jf:Yof]krf/sf] xs,
jf;:yfgsf] xs, kl/jf/ ;fy a:g kfpg]
xs, kl/jf/af6 cnlUug gkg] { xs, ljrf/
/ cleJolQmsf] xs, lx+88'n, dgf]/~hg,
cfjthfjt cflb ljleGg xsx? k|bfg u/L
gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg lgif]w ul/G5
/ olb s;}n] gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf nufPdf
;hfo x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg] sfo{
gfjfnssf] zf]if0f xf] . gfafnsnfO{ sfddf
nufpg' eg]sf] gfjfnssf] ef}lts /
zf/Ll/s zf]if0f dfq xf]Og dfgl;s /
gfafnssf] ul/aLsf] zf]if0f ;d]t xf] .
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@ n]
afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] klxrfgs]f xs,

kfng kf]if0fsf] xs, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf
k|fKt ug] { xs tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs
nufot zf/Ll/s dfgl;s / h'g;'s}
k|sf/sf] lx+;f lj?4sf] xs k|bfg ub{5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf
cGo s'g} hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg gx'g]
s'/f klg wf/f @@ df / afn clwsf/
dxf;lGwsf] wf/f #@ df /x]sf] 5 .
o;}sf/0f g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f @@n] k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg
u/]sf] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s zf]if0f lj?4sf]
df}lns xs ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_
cGtu{t enforceable xssf] ?kdf
cbfntaf6 ;+/If0f k|fKt xssf] ?kdf
/x]sf] 5 .
!&= s'df/L k|yf cGtu{t
s'df/Lx?n] zf/Ll/s >d nufO{ c? s;}sf]
nflu æsfdÆ ug{ 'k5{ eGg] cWoog k|ltj]bg
/ lnlvthjfkmaf6 b]lv+b}g . lgj]bs
cfkm}n] klg s'df/L k|yf cGtu{t
s'df/Lx?n] zf/Ll/s >d nufO{ sfd
ug{ 'k5{ eGg] ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . s'df/Lx?n]
>d ug{ kb} {g eGg] o; cbfntn] klg
Goflos hfgsf/Ldf lng] s'/f xf] .
s'df/Lx?n] æsfdÆ ug'{k/]sf]
jf lghx?nfO{
sfddf nufOg] u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . cWoog
k|ltj]bg x]bf{ s'df/Lx?n] ug'{kg]
{ sfd
eg]sf] vf; wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts kj{x?df
tf]lsPsf] j:q nufO{ hLljt b]jLsf] ?kdf
tf]lsPsf] kljq 7fpF jf d08kdf a:g' kg] {
/ >4fn' eQmhgx?n] hLljt b]jLsf] ?kdf
u/]sf] k"hf cr{gf u|x0f;Dd ug'{kg]
{ b]lvof]
. cyf{t\ s'df/LnfO{ b]jfjtf/ -incarnation
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
of god_ sf] ?kdf >4f u/L k"hf ug] {
ul/Psf] b]lvof] . s'df/Lx?n] zf/Ll/s >d
nufO{ sfd ug{ 'kg] { gx'Fbf
s'df/L k|yf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f
@@ n] k|bfg u/]sf] afnaflnsfsf] xs, wf/f
@^ sf] oftgf lj?4sf] xs / wf/f @( sf]
zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs ljk/Lt k|rngdf /x]sf]
k|yf /x]5 eGg] b]lvPg . s'df/L k|yf
g]kfnsf lxGb" / af}4 wdf{jnDjLx?
hg;d'bfosf] wfld{s ;fdflhs Pj+
;f+:s[lts xssf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|To]s wd{sf cf–cfˆg}
dfGotf / ljz]iftfx? x'G5g\ . h;/L
lqmlZrog wdf{jnDjLx?n] l8;]Dj/ @%
nfO{ lh;; qmfOi6sf] hGd lbgsf] ?kdf
dgfpF5g d';ndfg wdf{jnDjLx?n] Ob'n
lkmt/ aqmOb dgfpF5g\ . o;}u/L s'df/L
k|yfsf cg'ofoL wdf{jnDaLx?n] b;} +
nufot cGo sltko rf8kj{df s'df/LnfO{
b]jLsf] ?kdf k"hf u/L rf8 kj{x? dgfpg]
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf
s'df/L ePs} sf/0f
pgLx?sf ;+ljwfg k|bQ xs clwsf/ /
afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw nufot dfgj
clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
b:tfj]hx?åf/f k|bQ xsx? xgg\ x'g]
b]lvPg . d"lt{ k"hf nufot ljleGg
rf8kj{df ljleGg k|f0fLnfO{ b]jtfsf] ?kdf
k"hf ug] { lxGb" wd{sf] Ps dfGotf g} xf] .
ljleGg b]jL b]jtfx?sf] k"hfsf ;fy;fy}
xfd|f] k|rng cg';f/ lbkfjnL ltxf/ kj{df
lxGb"x?n] Ps lbg bfh'efOnfO{ efOl6sfdf
b]jtfsf] ?kdf k"hf ul/G5 . s's'/ /
sfunfO{ klg Ps lbg k"hf ul/G5 . To:t}
770

s'df/LnfO{ klg b]jLsf] ?kdf dfgL
k"hf;Dd dfq ul/G5 . x/]s wd{df cf–
cfkm\gf k|sf/sf o:tf ljz]iftfx? x'G5g\ .
!*= lgj]lbsfsf] csf] { dfu
s'df/Lx?sf] lzIff kfpg] xs xgg\ ePsf]n]
;f] xssf] k|rngsf] nflu pko'Qm cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgs]f
wf/f !& n] k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{
dft[efiffdf g} lzIff cfh{g ug] { clwsf/
k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] dfWolds tx;Dd
lgMz'Ns lzIff xfl;n ug{ ] xs klg k|To]s
afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . afn
clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( sf] wf/f @* n]
klg k|To]s aflnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds
tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns ug'{kg]
{ /
afnaflnsfsf] lgoldt :s"n pkl:yltnfO{
clgjfo{ u/L pRr cWoog kx'Frof]Uo
agfpg' kg] { Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
afnaflnsfn] lzIff k|fKt ug] { xs df}lns
Pj+ g};lu{s xs dflgG5 . lzIff k|fKt ug{
gx'g] eGg] dfGotf jf k/Dk/f jf
/Lltl/jfh olb slx+ 5 eg] klg To;n]
j}wtf k|fKt ub} {g . afnaflnsf /fi6«sf]
dfgj;|f]t x'g\ . /fHonfO{ ;d'Ggt /
;d[4zfnL t'Nofpg] sfd dfgj;|f]ts} xf] .
;+ljwfgn] lnlvt?kdf afnaflnsfnfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] lzIff cfh{g ug] { xs s'g}
lsl;dsf] k|yf, k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfh, dfGotf
k|rng jf ?9LjfbLsf] gfddf xgg\ x'g
;St}g . s'df/L ePsf] sf/0f s'df/Ln]
lzIff xfl;n ug{ gx'g] egL s'df/LnfO{
lzIff xfl;n ug{ g]kfn sfg"g nufot s'g}
klg s'/fn] k|ltaGw gnufPsf] x'Fbf
s'df/Ln]
771
c+s ^
:s"n uO{ lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] x'Fbf
s'df/Lx?sf] lzIff k|fKt ug] { df}lns xs
xgg\ ePsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL;Fu of]
cbfnt ;xdt x'g ;s]g .
!(= wd{ ;DaGwL xssf] gfddf
afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug] { xsaf6
alGrt ug{ ;lsb}g . wd{ ;DaGwL xssf]
gfddf afn >dnfO{ j}wtf lbg ;ls+b}g .
cd]l/sfsf] cbfntn] People v Pierson
(1903) 176 N.Y.201 sf] d'2fdf right
to practise religion freely does not
include liberty to expose the
children to ill health or death eGg]
l;4fGt :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L
Prince v Massachussets (1944) 321
US 158 sf] d'2fdf religious belief
cannot stand in the way of state
regulation of child labour elgPsf] 5 .
@)= ljz]if u/L j;Gtk'/, kf6g
/ d'axfnsf s'df/Lx?n] cGo afnaflnsf
;/x :s"n hfg gkfpg] / pgLx?nfO{
b}lgs @.# 306f s'df/L 3/d} k9fpg]
k|rng /x]sf] cfwf/df lgj]lbsfn]
s'df/Lx?sf] ;f] xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg]
lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvof] . t/ dfly pNn]v
ul/P cg';f/ sfg"gn] t s'/} ePg s'g}
P]ltxfl;s lnvt b:tfj]hn] klg
s'df/Lx?nfO{ cWoog ug{ :s"n hfg gx'g]
u/L /f]s nufPsf] eGg] b]lvPg . :s"n hfg
gx'g] eGg] s'/f s]jn k|rng / k/Dk/fsf
cfwf/df sfod eOcfPsf] b]lvof] . o:tf]
k/Dk/f k|rng / dfGotf klg ;a} :yfgsf
s'df/L k|yfx?df ;dfg ?kdf /x] ePsf]

]lv+b}g . eQmk'/, a'ª\dtL, dvg tfl/0fL,
lsnfun / ldvfaxfnsf s'df/L k|yfx?df
s'df/Lx?n] ljBfno hfg x'Fb}g
eGg] s'g}
k|ltaGwfTds dfGotf jf k|rng /x]sf]
b]lv+b}g . Sjfaxfnsf] s'df/L k|yfdf
s'df/Ln] ljBfno hfg xF'b}g
eGg] dfGotf
/lxcfPsf]df s'df/Lsf lktfn] g} 5f]/LnfO{
ljBfno k7fPsf] eGg] cWoog k|ltj]bgdf
:ki6 pNn]v 5 . j;Gtk'/ / kf6gsf
s'df/Lx?n] klg s'df/L 3/d} lzIff xfl;n
ul//x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] s'g} P]ltxfl;s
jf sfg"gL jf wfld{s lnvt b:tfj]hn]
s'df/Ln] lzIff xfl;n ug{ gx'g] u/L
k|ltaGw nufPsf] eGg] gb]lvPsf]n]
s'df/Lx?n] s'df/Lsf] e"ldsfsf] lgjf{xsf]
;fy;fy} cWoogsf nflu :s"n hfg lzIff
xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvof] . Sjfaxfnsf]
s'df/L k|yfdf s'df/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg
x'Fb}g
eGg] dfGotf /x] tfklg s'df/Lsf]
lktfn] g} s'df/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fPsf] eGg]
b]lvPsf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dfh k/Dk/f, k|rng,
dfGotf tyf ?9LafbLn] :yfg gkfPsf]
;dfh xf]Og . lzIffsf] sdLn] ubf{
;dfhdf o:tf s'/fx?n] dfGotf kfPsf x'g\
. cfˆgf] wfld{s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
dfGotf / k/Dk/fnfO{ sfod /fVb} s'g s'/f
l7s s'g s'/f j]l7s eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgsf]
bfo/fleq /x]/ k|To]s gful/s, k|To]s
kl/jf/ / k|To]s afnaflnsfsf cleefjsn]
5'6\ofpg] s'/f xf] / 5'6\ofpg ;Sg' kb{5
klg . cleefjs tyf ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf]
;b:ox? g} ;+ljwfgsf] bfo/fleq /x]/
cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut k|yf / k|rngx?df
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
;dofg's"n kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs x'g
;St5g\ . t;y{ oL s'df/Lsf lktfn] h:t}
cGo s'df/Lsf] cleefjsx?n] klg rfx]df
cWoogsf nflu s'df/Lx?nfO{ :s"n k7fO{
lzIff lbnfpg s'g} afwf b]lvPg . cyf{t\
s'df/L ag]s} sf/0f s'df/Lx?n] :s"ndf g}
uO{ cWoog ug{ s'g} afwf gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf
s'df/Lx?sf] lzIff cfh{g ug] { xs xgg\ x'g]
b]lvPg . t;y{ s'df/LnfO{ lzIff lbnfpg]
;DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6 yk s'g} cfb]z
hf/L ul//xg' k/]g . s'df/Lx?n] :s"ndf
uO{ lzIff xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] dfq xf]Og kj{
kj{df b]jLsf] ?kdf cf;g u|x0f ug{ afx]s
cGo cj:yfdf s'df/Ln] lx88'n
cfjthfjt ug{ ] :jtGqtf / kl/jf/;Fu
e]63f6 / a;f]jf; ug{ :jtGqtf nufot
afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# n] k|bfg u/]sf ;+k"0f{
df}lns xs / clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ s'g}
sfg"gn] /f]s gnufPsf]n] s'df/Lx?n]
:s"ndf uO{ cWoog u/L lzIff xfl;n ug{
;St5g\ . o; cbfntn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ åf/f k|bQ
c;fwf/0f clwsf/ cGtu{t s'g} sfg"g jf
;/sf/sf] s'g} executive /
administrative lg0f{on] jfnjflnsfsf]
xs xgg\ u/]df pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L
xs k|rng u/fpF5 . t/ k/Dk/f, k|rng,
k|yf jf dfGotfsf] cfwf/df s;}n] To:tf]
xs pkef]u ub} {g eg] ;dfh cfkm} ;r]t /
;hu eP/ To:tf] xs pkef]u ug{ 'k5{ /
o;sf nflu ;dfhdf awareness sf]
;[hgf ug] { / r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng
772

u/L xs pkef]u ug{ empower ug] { sfd
sfo{kflnsfsf] xf] .
@!= l/6 lgj]bg, lnlvthjfkm
tyf ;+nUg cWoog k|ltj]bgx?af6 s'df/L
k|yf sf7df8f} + pkTosfdf k|rlnt wfld{s
Pj+ ;f+:s[lts dxTj af]s]sf] Ps
P]ltxfl;s k|yf xf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . of]
s'/fnfO{ o; cbfntn] klg Goflos
hfgsf/Ldf lnPsf] xf] . of] s'/f o;
cbfntn] klg judicial notice df lng]
s'/f xf] . s'df/L k|yf ;f] k|yfsf] cg'ofoL
;d'bfonfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# åf/f k|bQ
;dfgtfsf] xs, wf/f !& åf/f k|bQ ;+:s[lt
;DaGwL xs / wf/f @# åf/f k|bQ wd{
;DaGwL xs;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @# df k|To]s
JolQmnfO{ k|rlnt ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts
k/Dk/fsf] dof{bf /fvL cfˆgf] wd{sf]
cjnDjg cEof; / ;+/If0f ug] { df}lns xs
k|fKt 5 . o; cGt/ut x/]s JolQmn]
c?sf] wd{df bvn glbO{ ;gftgb]lv
dflgcfPsf] cfˆgf] wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf]
cjnDjg / cEof; ug{ kfpF5 . wf/f @@-
@_ n] k|To]s wfld{s ;+k|bfonfO{ cfˆgf]
:jtGq cl:tTj sfod /fVg tyf wfld{s
:yn / u'7Lsf] ;+rfng ug] { xs k|bfg
u/]sf] x'Fbf
k|To]s JolQmnfO{ PSn} jf
;d"xut ?kdf cfˆgf] cf:yf, cGt:s/0f /
ljZjf; cg';f/sf] cfˆgf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt
dfGg kfpg] clwsf/ k|fKt 5 . JolQm /
;d"bfon] wd{ wf/0f ug] { / To;sf] cEof;
ug] { ;+ljwfg k|bQ xsdf ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt
x'g] u/L s'g} gfhfoh k|ltjGw nufpg
773
c+s ^
x'
Fb}g . t/ /fHon] parens patriae
doctrine cGtu{t afnaflnsfx?sf] lxtsf
nflu wd{;DaGwL xsdf dgfl;j k|ltaGw
nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg ;S5 . cyf{t\
wd{;DaGwL xssf] gfddf s'g} wfld{s
ljZjf;, k|yf, k/Dk/f jf k|rng
afnaflnsfx?sf] df}lns Pj+ dfgj
clwsf/sf] k|lts"n x'g] /x]5 eg] /fHon]
parens patriae doctrine cGtu{t
cleefjssf] x}l;otn] afnaflnsfx?sf]
xssf] ;+/If0fsf nflu wd{ ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL
xsdf k|ltjGw nufpg] u/L cfjZos
sfg"g agfpg ;S5 . wd{ / ;+:s[lt
;DaGwL xssf] gfddf ;dfhdf c/fhstf
km}lng] ultjlw klg /fHon] tolerate ug{
;St}g . ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu /fHon]
sfg"g agfP/ To:tf ultljlw pk/ /f]s
nufpg ;S5 .
@@= s'df/L k|yf g]kfnsf lxGb"
Pj+ af}4 wdf{jnDjL jx';+Vos hgtfsf]
wd{;DaGwL xs;Fu ufFl;Psf] ;+:s[lt xf] .
;+ljwfg / afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw nufotsf
cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?n] afnaflnsfnfO{
k|bfg u/]sf xs / ;+ljwfgn] wfld{s
;+k|bfonfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt
;DaGwL xs Ps cfk;df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{
xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+ljwfg
/ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx?n] k|bfg u/]sf
xs xgg\ gu/];Dd s'df/L k|yfnfO{
cg'ofoL ;+k|bfosf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL
xssf] Ps lx:;fsf] ?kdf dfGg' kb{5 .
@#= s'df/L k|yfsf] :yfkgf jf
yfngL ;DaGwL s'g} P]ltxfl;s 7f]; lnvt

:tfj]h geP h:t} s'df/Lx?sf] /xg;xg,
vfgkLg, b}lgsL / pgLx?n] kfngf ug'{kg]
{
cg'zf;gsf s'/fx? klg s'g} P]ltxfl;s
lnvt, tfd|kq, lznfkq jf s'g} ;gb
;jfn jf sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt ePsf]
b]lvPg . s]jn k/Dk/f k|rng jf
dfGotfsf cfwf/df rlncfPsf] b]lvof] . oL
s'/fx? clnlvt k/Dk/f, k|rng / dfGotf
cg';f/ ljsl;t ePsf]n] ltgLx?sf] s'g}
sfg"gL ;|f]t b]lvPg . k|rng sfg"gsf]
;|f]t x'g;S5 t/ k|rngn] sfg"gsf] ?k
lng ;St}g . wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts xssf
;DaGwdf P]ltxfl;s lnvtx?nfO{ klg
sfg"gsf] ;|f]t dfGg ;lsG5 t/ s'df/L
k|yfsf ;DaGwdf To:tf] s'g} lnvt
gePsf]n] s'df/L k|yf k/Dk/fsf] ?kdf g}
k|rngdf /lxcfPsf] b]lvof] .
@$= olb s'g} k|yf jf k|rngn]
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL
dxf;lGw jf dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL cGo
dxf;lGw jf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# n] k|bfg u/]sf] df}lns xs xgg\
u/]sf] /x]5 eg] o; cbfntn] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{tsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/
k|of]u u/L sfg"g adf]lhd ug{ jf cGo
cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{ lgb] {zfTds cfb]z
hf/L u/L xgg\ ePsf] xs k|rng u/fpg
;S5 / u/fpFb5 . xs xgg\ ug] { To:tf]
k|yf jf k|rngnfO{ sfg"gåf/f lgif]w ug] {
cfb]z ug{;S5 . wd{ / k|yf k|rng jf
k/Dk/f Ps cfk;df conflicting ePdf
wd{n] ;fdflhs ;'wf/nfO{ :yfg lbg' k5{ .
;fdflhs ;'wf/df wfld{s k|rng afws
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
x'g ;St}g . ;fdflhs ;'wf/ eGgfn]
/Lltl/jfh k|rng cyf{t\ practices / dt
cyf{t\ jfb dogmas sf] pGd"ng xf] .
o:tf practices / dogma x?
dfgjclwsf/ ljk/Lt / ;fdflhs ;'wf/df
afws ePdf /fHon] lgif]w ug{ ;S5 .
sdn/L k|yfnfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng
;lsG5 . of] k|yf g]kfnsf] klZrdf~rn
If]qdf k|rlnt 5 . o; k|yfdf %.^ aif{
pd]/ k'u]sf aflnsfx?nfO{ ul/j
afa'cfdfn] wgL hldGbf/x?sf 3/df sfd
ug{ k7fpg] / dflnsn] pgLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf]
sfddf nufpg] ub{5g\ . sdn/Ldf a:g]
gfjfnsx?n] hLjge/ cfk"mnfO{ v/Lb ug] {
dflnssf 3/df 3/]n' gf]s/sf] ?kdf a;L
sfd ug'{kg]
{ x'G5 . sdn/L k|yfdf
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !& åf/f
k|bQ lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs, wf/f
@) åf/f k|bQ dlxnfsf] xs, wf/f @! åf/f
k|bQ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs, wf/f @@ åf/f
k|bQ afnaflnsfsf] xs, wf/f @^ åf/f
k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xs, wf/f @( åf/f
k|bQ zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs nufot
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwåf/f k|bQ xsx? xgg\
x'G5g\ . s'df/Lx?n] s;}sf nflu s'g} >d
ug'{
kb} } } {g . aflnsfx?nfO{ hLljt b]jL dfgL
k"hf ug] { k|of]hgsf nflu s'df/L k|yfsf]
ljsf; ePsf] b]lvPsf] / s'df/Lx?n] klg
eQmhgx?sf] k"hf / >4fnfO{ u|x0f;Dd
dfq ug'{kg]
{ b]lvPsf] xF'Fbf
s'df/L k|yfn]
s'df/L x'g] aflnsfx?sf] s'g} xs xgg\ ug] {
b]lvPg . s'df/LnfO{ dlGb/sf k'hf/L;Fu
klg t'ngf ug{ ldNb}g . k'hf/Ln] ;fFem
774

laxfg dlGb/df pkl:yt eO{ lgTo
k"hfcfhf ug'{k5{
t/ s'df/Lx?n] rflxF kj{
/ ljz]if cj;/x?df pkl:yt eO{ lhljt
b]jLsf] ?kdf >4fn' eQmhgx?sf] k"hf
u|x0f u/L afFsL ;do kl/jf/sf] OR5fg';f/
kl/jf/;Fu a:g], cWoog ug{ :s'n hfg],
dgf]/~hg ug] {, 3'dlkm/ ug] { h:tf sfo{df
nufpg s'g} s'/fn] /f]s nfu]sf] b]lvPg .
k'hf/L / s'df/Ldf leGgtf 5 . k'hf/L u'7L
;+:yfg jf dlGb/sf] ;~rfnsaf6 lgo'Qm
x'G5g\ . o; cy{df k'hf/L / lgo'lQmstf{
u'7L ;+:yfg jf dlGb/ ;~rfnsaLr
master / servant sf] ;DaGw /xG5 t/
s'df/L k|yfdf To:tf] ;DaGw :yflkt x'Fb}g
.
s'df/Lx? t b]jLsf] ?kdf k"hf / >4f
ug{sf nflu :yfkgf ul/G5g\ .
@%= ca t];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{, afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw nufotsf
pNn]lvt cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?n]
afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf xsx? lagf
e]befj k|efjsf/L ?kdf k|rng u/fpgsf
nflu cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs,
j}wflgs / cGo pko'Qm pkfo ckgfpg]
bfloTj kIf /fi6« pk/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ .
To;} cg'?k cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ##-
8_ df klg g]kfn /fHo kIf ePsf
cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx?sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ug] { bfloTj /fHo pk/ g} /xg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . kIf /fi6«sf] gftfn]
g]kfnn] cfˆgf] pQm cGt/f{li6«o bfloTj Pj+
;+j}wflgs bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{k5{
.
@^= s'df/L k|yf ;fdflhs
dfGotf, k/Dk/f / k|rngsf] ?kdf
775
c+s ^
rlncfPsf] b]lvof] . ;dfhdf cgflb
sfnb]lv rlncfPsf cfˆgf wfld{s tyf
;f+:s[lts k|yf k/Dk/fx?nfO{ dfgj
clwsf/sf d"No dfGotfåf/f ;d[4 u/fpFb}
n}hfg' ;DalGwt ;dfh / /fHosf] bfloTj
xf] . s'df/L k|yfdf aflnsfx? s'df/L x'g]
x'Fbf
s'df/L /xFbf / s'df/Laf6 lgj[Q
ePkl5 klg /fHon] pgLx?sf] af/]df s]xL
ug'{k5{
. afnaflnsf;+u ;DalGwt x/]s
laifodf h'g;'s} sfd ubf{ hf];'s}n] klg
afnaflnsfsf] ;jf] {Qd lxtnfO{ ;jf] {k/L
7fGg' kb{5 eGg] afn ljlwzf:qsf]
ljZjJofkL dfGotf sfod eO;s]sf] 5 .
To;}n] afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw
!(*( sf] wf/f # df klg In all actions
concerning children, whether taken
by public or private social welfare
institutions, courts of law,
administrative authorities or
legistlative bodies, the best
interests of the child shall be a
primamy considenation elgPsf] 5 .
s'df/L k|yfsf cg'ofoL ;d'bfon] klg
o;nfO{ x[bo+ud u/]/ cfˆgf aflnsfx?nfO{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] k|bfg
u/]sf df}lns xs tyf afnclwsf/
;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( / dfgj clwsf/
;DaGwL cGo dxf;lGwx?n] k|bfg u/]sf
s'g} klg xs pkef]u ug{af6 alGrt ug'{
x'Fb}g
.
@&= hxfF;Dd s'df/Lx?sf]
lzIffbLIff, e/0fkf]if0f / cGo vr{sf] k|Zg
5, ;f] xfn ;Lldt ?kdf /fHosf tkm{af6

Joxf]l/Psf] cWoog k|ltj]bgx?af6 b]lvPsf]
5 . s'df/Lx?n] s'df/L k|yfsf cg'ofoL
wfld{s ;+k|bfosf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL
xs pkef]u ug{df of]ubfg u/]sf] dfGg'
kb{5 . s'df/Lsf] x}l;otdf /fi6«sf]
;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts Pj+ wfld{s hLjgdf
k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub} { pgLx?sf
nflu /fHon] cfjZos ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
;lxtsf] cGo plrt / cfjZos k|aGw
ug'{kb{5
. o;df b'O{dt x'g ;St}g . s]lx
:yfgsf s'df/L / lgj[Q s'df/Lx?sf nflu
xfn /fHon] pknJw u/fOcfPsf] cfly{s
;x'lnot x]bf{ ;f] cToGt Go"g / c;dfg
;d]t /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
@*= dlxnf lj?4sf ;a}
k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL ;ldltsf]
;g\ @))$ hgj/L !@–#) sf] #) cf} +
;qsf] a}7sn] g]kfnn] dxf;lGw
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf af/]df k7fPsf]
k|ltj]bg pk/ l6Kk0fL ub} { s'df/L k|yfn]
dlxnf lj?4 e]befj u/]sf] / of] dxf;lGw
ljk/Lt ePsfn] o:tf] e]befjo'Qm
k/Dk/fut k|rngnfO{ pGd"ng ug{ sbd
rfNg' egL l;kmfl/z u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
t/ dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 s'df/L
ePs} sf/0faf6 g]kfnL aflnsfx?n]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# åf/f k|bQ
df}lns xs tyf afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw
nufot dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
b:tfj]hx?åf/f k|bQ xsx? pkef]u ug{
/f]s nfu]sf] cj:yf gb]lvPsf]n] l/6 hf/L
ul//xg k/]g .
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
@(= dfly ljj]rgf ul/P cg';f/
s'df/L k|yf g]kfnsf lxGb" / af}4
wdf{jnDjL hg;d'bfosf] ;+:s[lt / wd{
;DaGwL xssf] Ps cleGg c+usf] ?kdf
/x]sf] b]lvof] . s'df/Lsf] pkl:ylt /
;xeflutf ljgf sf7df8f} +,nlntk'/ /
eQmk'/sf lxGb" / af}4 wdf{jnDjLx?sf
sltko rfF8kj{, k"hfcfhf / ;+f:s[lts
s[Tox? ;Dej x'Fb}gg\
. xfd|f] ;dfh
k/Dk/fjfbL ePsf] / s'df/L ag]kl5
cWoog ug{ gx'g] eGg] dfGotfsf] sf/0f
sltko s'df/Lx?n] lzIff cfh{g ug{
kfPgg\ . To:tf s'df/Lx? k/Dk/f /
/Lltl/jfhaf6 kLl8t x'g k'u] . slnnf]
pd]/df k/Dk/f / /Lltl/jfhsf sf/0f
lzIff cfh{g ug{ gkfPsfn] s'df/Lx?sf]
lgj[Q hLjg :jfjnDjL / cfTdlge{/ x'g
g;sL cleefjs lktfdftf jf kltdf
e/kg] { x'gk'Uof] xf]nf . o;nfO{ ;dfhsf
nflu Ps JolQmn] cfˆgf xsx? ;dk{0f
u/]sf] eGg'k5{ . tyflk of] cj:yf sfg"gn]
l;h{gf u/]sf] xf]Og, ;fdflhs k/Dk/f,
/Lltl/jfh, ljZjf; / k|rngn] NofPsf] xf]
. t/ cfhsf] ;dfh k|ultzLn 5 /
hgtfdf cfPsf] r]tgfsf] sf/0f s] 7Ls s]
j]7Ls 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 .
cfhsf] ;dfh wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL
xsnfO{ bvn glbOsg s'g} klg JolQmn]
lzIff cfh{g ug{ x'G5 eGg] cj:yfdf
k'u]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ lzIff cfh{g ubf{
;dfhsf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs xgg\
x'Fb}g
eGg] cfhsf] ;dfhn] :jLsf/ u/]sf]
tYo xf] . cfhsf] of] cj:yfn] cjsf
776

lk+9LnfO{ o;df e|d gxf]nf t/ lxhf]sf
s'df/Lx? t k/Dk/fsf sf/0f kLl8t x'g
k'u] . of] oyfy{ xf] . o;/L afNosfndf
lzIff cfh{g ug] { clwsf/ h:tf] df}lns
xs / dfgj clwsf/af6 al~rt x'g k'u]sf
lgj[Q s'df/Lx?sf nflu /fHon] social
security jf pension benefit h:tf
;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug] {tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{kb{5
.
#)= ctM s'df/L / lgj[Q
s'df/Lx?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf dfWodaf6
s'df/L ;+:s[ltdf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ub} {
n}hfg' jf~5gLo b]lvPsf]n] pgLx?sf]
ljBdfg cj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf g]kfnn]
x:tfIf/ u/]sf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
b:tfj]hx?sf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
s] s:tf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, j}wflgs jf
k|zf;sLo pkfox?sf] cjnDjgåf/f
pgLx?sf] xs lxt / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf
clej[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] laifodf lj:t[t
cWoog u/L ;f]xL cg'?k ug'{
u/fpg'
pko'Qm b]lvPsf]n] s'df/L ;+:s[ltsf
cg'ofoL ;d'bfosf cu'jf tyf k|ltlglw
;+3;+:yfx?;+u ;d]t cGt/lqmof u/L
;'emfj ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] Ps cWoog ;ldlt u7g ug'{
egL ljkIfL ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf gfddf
lgb] {zfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 /
cWoog ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5
;f] k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjog
ug'{
eGg] k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .
777
;ldltsf] u7g
c+s ^
g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dgf]lgt ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf]
;x;lrj :t/sf Ps hgf clws[t –;+of]hs
u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 dgf]lgt Pshgf k|ltlglw
– ;b:o
afnaflnsf ;DaGwL dGqfnoaf6 dgf]lgt
Pshgf k|ltlglw–––––– – ;b:o
lgj[Q s'df/Lx?dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f
dgf]lgt Ps hgf k|ltlglw – ;b:o
g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dgf]lgt Pshgf Vofltk|fKt
;+:s[lt Pj+ ;+:s[tljb\ – ;b:o
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] Ps
dlxgfleq g]kfn ;/sf/n] cWoog
;ldltsf] u7g ug'{kg]
{5 . ;ldltn] u7g
ePsf] Ps aif{leq cfˆgf] /fo ;lxtsf]
k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k]z ug'{kg]
{5 /
g]kfn ;/sf/n] To;sf] Psk|lt o;
cbfntsf] cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f
dxfzfvfnfO{ ;d]t pknAw u/fpg] 5 .
k|:t't cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx?
/ o; cbfntsf] cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f
dxfzfvfnfO{ ;d]t lbO{ bfo/L nut s§f
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=tkjxfb'/ du/
Olt ;Dat\ @)^% ;fn efb| @ ut] /f]h @
z'ed\–––––
Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{

lg0f{o g+=&(*@ g]=sf=k= @)^%
;jf] {Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb
sf]O{/fnf
;Djt\ @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g= ()#^
cfb]z ldltM @)^%.#.!^.@
d'2fM– lnvt jb/ btf{ jb/ btf{ sfod .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf ;'g;/L w/fg
gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= !^ j:g]
of]lht/fh k|wfg g]kfnL
lj?4
ljkIfL jfbLM lh= sf7df8f} + sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= (
jlQ;k'tnL j:g] uf]kfnzlQm df:s]
z'? km};nf ug] {M
df=d'=Gof >L zf/bf k|= kl08t
df=Gof=>L uf]ljGbs'df/ >]i7
{
� cfkm\gf] ;d]t xs nfUg] ;uf]nsf]
;DklQ ;uf]nsf] c+lzof/n]
�
cfkm"v';L ljqmL Jojxf/ u/]df
k|rlnt sfg"gsf Dofb leq} gfn]z
u/L cfkm\gf] xssf] hlt lnvt
jb/ u/fO{ lng kfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
/sd xfnL hUuf v/Lb ug] ;fx'
;b}j vt/fdf /xg] eGg] x'b}g .
To;sf] nflu xbDofbsf] Joj:yf
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
778
ul/Psf] xf] . cfkm"nfO{ dg nfu]sf]
cj:yfdf lnvtsf] gSsn ;fb} {
xbDofb sfod u/]/ gfln; ug{
kfpg] eGg] P]gsf] dgzfo gx'Fbf
;uf]ndf 5f]/fn] yfxf kfPsf]
cj:yfdf ;uf]nd} /x]sf cGo
c+lzof/n] lnvtsf] jf/]df yfxf
gkfPsf] eGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg
clwjQmf >L ;f]dsfGt d}gfnL
ljkIfL jfbL tkm{jf6M
cjnlDjt ghL/M
km};nf
Gof=/fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnfM Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, )$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_
jdf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f k|fKt
u/L k'g/fj]bg bfo/Ldf btf{ e} k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo tyf
7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
ljkIfL dWo]sL zf]ef df:s] d]/L
kTgL x'g . ljkIfL u[x:yL ub} { j:b}
cfPsf]df )#* ;fndf lhNnf ;'g;/L
jf+emu/f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= *-s_ ls=g+= $!
sf] )–&–!# hUuf ;d]t v/Lb u/L lbPsf]
lyP . pQm zf]ef df:s] gfpF btf{sf]
hUufdf d]/f] k"0f{xsnfUg] lglj{jfb 5 .
ljkIfL zf]ef df:s] gfpF btf{sf] d]/f]
xsnfUg] P]= ls=g+= $!, )–&–!# hUuf dWo]
)–#–) hUuf ljqmLul/ ;s]sf]n] pQm ls=g+=
$@ kmf]8 eO{ ls=g+= %! sf] )–$–!#

hUufdf ;d]t d]/f] ;d]t ef]urng sfod
5 . @)%^.&.!! ut]sf lbg lj/f6gu/
cfp+bf k|df0fsf dflg;x?n] dnfO{ ljkIfL
kTgL zf]ef df:s]n] d]/f] ;d]t c+zxs
nfUg] pQm hUufx?jf6 d]/f] xs d]6\g
ljkIfLx?;Fu u'kr'ku/L dnfO{ yfxf
hfgsf/L glbO{ d+h'/L j]u/ hUuf ljqmL
ljt/0f u/]sf] s'/f ;'gfPsf]n] pQm ls=g+=
$! sf] )–&–!$ hUuf lsQf kmf]8u/L pQ/
k"j{jf6 sfod ls=g+= !)) sf] )–!–% k|=
5lntf lnDj' / k|= g]qsnf lnDj'sf] ;+o'Qm
gfpFdf /=g+= !!%%-s_ jf6 5lntf lnDj'sf]
klZrd tkm{jf6 sfod ls=g+= !)! sf] )–
!–), k|= /l;tf /fO{sf] gfpFdf /=g+= !!^)s_
jf6, gOGb| b]lv k"j{tkm{jf6 sfod
ls=g+= !)@ sf] )–!–), k|= x:tsnf
lnDj'sf] gfpFdf /=g+= !!^!-s_ jf6 d'n
ls=g+= $! sf] klZrd pQ/ tkm{jf6 sfod
ls=g+= !)# sf] )–!–) k|= gOGb| s'df/
cfªbDj]sf] gfpFdf /=g+= !!%^-s_ jf6
of]hLt /fO{ b]lv pQ/ tkm{jf6 sfod ls=g+ +
!)^ sf] )–)–!( k= 8DjfWjh lnDj' / k|=
t]h s'df/ lnDj'sf] gfpFdf ;+o'Qm /=g+=
!!%(-s_ jf6 5lntf lnDj' ;d]t / ;l/tf
/fO{ b]lv blIf0f tkm{jf6 sfod ls=g+= !)$
sf] )–!–^ tyf klZrd blIf0f tkm{af6
sfod ls=g+ + !)% sf] )–!–# ;d]t k|=
of]lht /fO{ k|wfg g]kfnLsf] gfpFdf /=g+=
!!%& lsQfsf6 ;d]t u/L hDdf )–&–!#
hUuf yfg ^ /flhgfdf n]vL n]vfO{ kfl/t
u/]tfklg lbg] bftf zf]ef df:s]n] ls=g+ + $!
jf6 pNn]lvt k|ltjfbL sf] gfpFdf Ps}
ldlt @)%%.&.!@ ut] df=kf]=sf= ;'G;/Laf6
779
c+s ^
lbg'lng' u/]sf] x'Fbf
c=j+= &@ g+= jdf]lhd
Pp6} lkm/fbjf6 bfjL u/]sf] 5' . ljkIfLx?n]
Ps} ldltdf ls=g+ + $! kmf]8 u/L d]/f] xs
d]6\g dnfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L glbO{ u'kr'k
;Fu hUuf kfl/t u/L lng'lbg' u/]sf]
Jojxf/df d]/f] j]dGh'/L /x]sf]n] pQm ls=g+=
$! jf6 ljleGg lsQf sfod ePsf]nfO{
ls=g+ + $! g} sfod dfgL pQm ls=g+= $!
sf] hUufdf dnfO{ kfos kg] { pQ/ tkm{jf6
k"j{ klZrd nDjfO{ u/L d]/f] xs x'g] @
efusf] ! efu )–#–!^½ w'/sf] n]vt jb/
btf{ jb/ u/L d]/f] gfpFdf btf{ ;d]t sfod
u/L kfp eGg] ] lkm/fbkq .
xfdLn] @)%%.&.!@ ut]df kfl/t
u/L lnPsf] hUuf ljkIfLsL kTgL zf]df
df:s]n] cfkmgf] lghL 1fg lzk >djf6
@)#* ;fndf vl/b u/]sf] lghL cfh{gsf]
hUuf x'Fbf
To:tf] hUuf vl/b u/L lnbf
ljkIfLsf] d+h'/L :qL c+zwgsf] ! g+=
jdf]lhd lng' gkg] { x'Fbf
/ ljkIfLnfO{ ;fIfL
/fvL /xg' kg] { cj:yf gx'Fbf
dnfO{ ;fIfL
g/fvL dGh'/L glnO{ /lhi6« ]zg kfl/t u/]sf]
eGg] ljkIfLsf] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+=
jdf]lhdsf] cfwf/df lnPsf] bfjL ;f] P]g
ljk/Lt 5 . zf]ef df:s]sf] pQm ;Dklt
c+zj08fsf] !* g+= jdf]lhd j08f gug'{kg]
{
xsleqsf] ;DklQ xf] . :qL c+z wgsf] !
g+= n] pQm lghL 1fg k|of;n] cfh] {sf]
;Dklt cfkm"v'; ug{ kfpg] xbleqsf] hUuf
lsGbf j]Rbf cGosf] dGh'/Lsf] cfjZostf
gkg] { ePjf6} bftfn] hUuf ljqmL u5'{
eg]jf6 xfdLn] sfg"gsf] l/t k'¥ofO{ vl/b
u/L /lhi6« ]zg u/L lnPsf] x'Fbf
xs} gk'Ug]

ljkIfLsf] :qL c+zwgsf] ! g+= sf] k|lts"n
k/]sf] lkm/fbsf] e/df xfd|f] lnvt btf{
jb/ e} ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf btf{ sfod x'g
;Sg] xf]Og . ljkIfLn] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !)
g+= sf] cfwf/df gfn]; u/]sf] kfOG5 .
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= n] g} cfkmgf]
lghL cfh{gsf] eP ;Fu j:g]sf] dGh'/L lng'
kb} {g egL j]rljvg ubf{ dGh'/L lng'kg] {
Joj:yf u/]sf] / :qL c+z wgsf] ! g+= /
c+zj08fsf] !* g+= n] cfkmgf] 1fg l;k
k|of;jf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ cfkm"v';
ug{ kfpg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]jf6
@)#* ;fndf cfkmgf] l;k k|of;jf6
cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ bftfjf6 xfdLn] vl/b
u/]sf] x'Fbf
jfbL bfjL jdf]lhd lnvt jb/
btf{ jb/ x'g] xf]Og . jfbLn] s'g ;uf]nsf]
;Dklt slxn] ljqmLu/L cfPsf] ?k}ofjf6
bftf zf]ef df:s]nfO{ pQm hUuf vl/b u/L
lbPsf] xf] jf s'g Joxf]/fjf6 k|fKt ePsf]
xf] ljkIfLn] ;f] tYo l5kfO{ lkm/fb u/]sf]
kfOG5 . cfkmgf] 1fgl;kn] cfh{g u/]sf]
hUuf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= n] cfkmgf]
lghL cfh{gsf] eP s;}sf] dGh'/L lng'
kb} {g eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] / :qL
c+zwgsf] ! g+= tyf c+zj08fsf] !* g+= n]
cfkm\gf] lzk k|of;jf6 cfh] {sf] ;DklQ
cfkm"v'; ug{ kfpg] ePjf6 bftfn] )#*
;fndf cfkmgf] lghL cfh{gjf6 vl/b u/L
lnPsf] hUuf xfdLn] vl/b u/L lnPsf]n]
btf{ jb/ ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfjL pQm P]g
k|lts"n x'Fbf
btf{ jb/ x'g] xf]Og . jfbLn]
5'6f 5'§} lkm/fb ug'{kg]
{df c=j+= &@ g+=
jdf]lhd u/]sf] lkm/fb c=j+= &@ g+= k|lts'n
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
x'Fbf
vf/]h efuL 5 . g]kfn sfg"g klqsf
@)%% c+s # lg=g+= ^*@) k[i7 ;+Vof !%!
df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt k|lts'n u/L k/]sf]
ljkIfLsf] gfn]; pko'{Qm
cfwf/jf6 sfod
/xg g;Sg] x'Fbf
xfd|f] lnvt btf{ ;b/
ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltpQ/ kq .
jfbLsf] ;fIfL s+rg Gof}kfg] /
k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL /fheut k|wfgfËn]
cbfntdf pkl:yt e} u/]sf] jskq ldl;n
;fd]n /x]sf] .
k|ltjfbL zf]ef df:s]n]
Otnfogfdfsf] z'? Dofb u'hf/L k|ltpQ/
glkm/fO{ j;]sf] .
k|ltjfbL zf]ef df:s]n] /flhgfdf
u/L ljqmL u/]sf] kfl/t /=g+= !!%%-s_ /=g+=
!!%^-s_ /=g+= !!%&-s_ /=g+= !!%(-s_
/=g+= !!^)-s_ /=g+= !!^!-s_ sf]
/flhgfdfsf] jfbLsf] xs hlt g/d s/d
ldnfO{ # efusf] ! efu n]vt btf{ jb/
u/L pQm hUuf jfbL uf]kfn zlQm df:s]sf]
gfddf btf{ sfod x'g] 7x5{ eGg];'g;/L
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.!@.!# sf]
km};nf .
xfd|f bftf zf]ef df:s]n] cfkmgf]
1fg l;k k|of;jf6 cfh] {sf] ;Dkltjf6
pNn]lvt xfdLnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] hUuf
@)#* ;fndf bftfn] vl/b u/L lnPsf]
x'Fbf
To:tf] cfkm"n] cfh] {sf] ;DklQjf6 vl/b
ePsf] hUuf czj08fsf] !* g+= n] j08f
ug'{
gkg] { x'Fbf
/ o:tf] ;DkQL :qL c+z
wgsf] !g+= n] cfkm'v'; ug{ kfpg] x'Fbf
x'b}
bftf zf]ef df:s]n] xfdLnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf]
To:tf] hUufsf] n]vt jb/ ug] { u/]sf] z'?
780

km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf
pN6L ul/kfpFm eGg]
k|ltjfbL x:tsnf lnDj' / ;l/tf /fOsf]
;+o'Qm k'g/fj]bg kq .
bftf zf]ef df:s]sf] lghL cfh{gsf]
;DklQnfO{ lghL gdfgL # efusf] ! efu
lnvt ab/ x'g] egL ePsf] z'? km};nf :qL
c+zwgsf] ! g+ + tyf c+zj08fsf] !(-@_ sf]
q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf
pN6L ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL
of]lht/fh k|wfg g]kfnL, 5lntf
lnDj',g]qsnf lnDj',gOGb| cfªbDj] ;d]tsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
jfbLn] lkm/fbkqdf ljjfbLt hUuf
d}n] vl/b u/L lbPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf]df
;f] vl/b u/]sf] k|df0f k]z gePsf] / oL
jfbL tyf k|ltjfbL dWo]sL >LdtL ;f]ef
df:s] Psf;uf]ndf Ps} 3/ kl/jf/df
a;]sf] eO{ /lhi6« ]zg ePsf] ldltdf g}
lnvt v8f ePsf] yfxf kfpg] l:ylt
ePsf]df gSsn ;f/L lnPsf] ldltdf yfxf
kfPsf] egL xbDofb sfod u/L lkm/fb
u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf] ljj]rgf gu/L z'?
cbfntjf6 ePsf] OG;fkm km/s kg] { b]lv+bf
5nkmnsf] nfuL ljkIfL lemsfO{ k]zug'{
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^).#.!! sf] cfb]z .
o;} nufpsf] b]=k'=g+= !$(*,!%)!
/ b]=k'=g+ + !%)@ sf] lnvt btf{ jb/ btf{
sfod d'2fdf z'? km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L
cfh o;} Ohnf;jf6 km};nf ePsf] x'Fbf
;f]
d'2fdf pNn]lvt cfwf/ k|df0fsf] cfwf/df
k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbL zf]ef df:s]n]
/flhgfdf u/L ljqmL u/]sf] /=g+ + !!%%-s_,
!!%^-s_, !!%&-s_, !!%(-s_, !!^)-s_ /
781
c+s ^
!!^!-s_ sf] /flhgfdfsf] ls=g+ + $! sf]
jfbLsf] xs hlt # efusf] ! efu lnvt
btf{ jb/ u/L jfbLsf gfddf btf{ sfod
x'g] 7x¥ofO{ z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntjf6
ldlt @)%&.!@.!#.@ df ePsf] km};nf
ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
k|ltjfbLx?sf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;St}g
eÌ] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt
@)^).&.!(.$ sf] k}m;nf .
d]/f bftfsf ljkIfL klt / 5f]/fn]
hUuf ljqmL ug] { s'/f u/]sf / ljkIfLx? ;j}
Psf;uf]nsf kl/jf/sf] ;xdtLjf6 dfq
d}n] hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] x'+
. ljkIfLx?s}
;Nnfx cg';f/ /flhgfdf lnvtdf e';
j/fj/sf] d'No xfnL hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] xf] .
ljkIfLx?s} ;Nnfx / ;xdtL cg';f/ hUuf
v/Lb u/]sf]df ljkIfLx?nfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L
x'g] x'Fbf
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= cg';f/
yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] #% lbg leq gfn]z
ph'/ ug'{kg]
{df ;f] gu/L gSsn ;f/L yfxf
kfPsf] ldlt sfod u/L kg{ cfPsf] lkm/fb
xbDofb ljxLg e} vf/]h eflu 5 . ;fy}
d'=P]= n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !! g+= df Psf
;uff]ndf pd]/ k'u]sf s;}n] yfxf kfPsf]df
;uf]ndf ePsf] d'Vo ;d]t ;j} xsjfnfn]
yfxfkfPsf] 7x5{ eGg] Joj:yfjf6
Psf;uf]nsf >LdtL tyf cfdfn] ljqmL
u/]sf] s'/f Psf;uf]nsf kl/jf/sf klt /
5f]/fnfO{ lnvt ePs} cj:yfdf yfxf
hfgsf/L x'g] x'Fbf
jf yfxf ePsf] dfGg' kg] {
x'Fbf
lnvt ePsf] ldltn] #% lbg leq
lkm/fb ug'{kg]
{df gSsn ;f/L yfxf kfPsf]
xbDofb sfod u/L kg{ cfPsf] lkm/fb

vf/]h eflu e} vf/]h x'g'kg] {df ;f] gu/L
;'? ;b/ x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ 5
. c+zj08fsf] !* g+= df s'g} c+lzof/n]
cfkmgf] jf s;}jf6 lghL tj/n] bfg jf
js; kfPsf] jf s;}sf] ck'tfnL k/]sf] jf
:qL c+zwgsf] dxnsf] % g+= jdf]lhd
kfPsf] To:tf] cfh{g jf kfPsf] ;DklQ ;f]
cfh{g ug] { jf kfpg] c+lzof/sf] lghL 7x/L
cfkm'v'; ug{ kfpF5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
5 .
ljkIfLx?sf] ;Nnfx ;d]tjf6 ljqmL
ePsf] ldlt @)#*.*.! sf] hUufnfO{ Ps}
eft efG5fdf ug] { Ps} 3/df j:g] 5f]/f
uf]k]zn] gSsn ldlt @)%%.!).% df ;f/]/
yfxf kfO{ lkm/fb ug] { / klt uf]kfnzlQm
df:s]n] ldlt @)%^.&.!! df k|df0fsf
JolQmn] egL yfxfkfO{ lkm/fb ug] { sfo{
sbfkL klg Gofo / sfg"g ;Fut x'g ;Qm}g
. ljkIfL bftf zf]ef df:s];Fu g5'l§O{
;Fuj;]sf] egL pNn]vu/] klg bftfsf]
gfpFdf ldlt )#*.*.! df v/Lb ePsf]
pQm ls=g+= $!,$@ sf] hUuf ;uf]nsf]
;Dkltjf6 vl/b u/]sf] egL bfjL lnPklg
;uf]nsf] of] ;Dklt ljqmL u/L jf ;uf]nsf]
;Dkltjf6 o;/L j9] j9fPsf] ;Dkltjf6
vl/b u/]sf] egL eGg ;s]sf] / k|df0fjf6
cfkmgf bfjL :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
bftfsf] lghL cfh{gsf] hUuf d}n] v/Lb
u/L lnPsf] / lghL cfh{gsf] hUuf lsGbf
j]Rbf d+h'/Lsf] cfjZostf g} gkg] {
c+zj08fsf] !(-@_ / n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !)
g+= tyf :qL c+zwgsf] ! g+= jdf]lhd
cfkm'v';ug{ kfpg] ;Dklt v/Lb u/L
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
lnPsf]df d+h'/L lng'kg] { egL u/]sf] k'=j]=c=
lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf pN6L u/L d]/f]
k|ltpQ/ lhls/ jdf]lhd u/L kfp eGg]
k|ltjfbL of]lht/fh k|wfgsf] o; cbfntdf
k/]sf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df d'n'sL P]g, n]gb]g
Jojxf/sf] dxnsf] !) g+= df c+z gePsf
c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] crn ;DklQ j]rljvg
ubf{ jf s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L lb+bf P]gn]
cfkm' v';L ug{ kfpg] c?sf] d+h'/L lng'
gkg] {df afx]s c?df Psf3/;Fusf c+lzof/
;j} ;fIfL j;]sf] jf lghx?n] dGh'/Lsf]
lnvt u/L lbPsf] ePdfq kSsf 7x5{ .
;fIfL klg gj;]sf] / d+h'/Lsf] lnvt klg
geP dGh'/ gx'g]n] /lhi6« ]zg ePsf] ldltn]
Ps aif{;Dddf yfxf kfPsf] k}lt; lbg leq
ph'/ u¥of] / lghsf] d+Gh'/L 7xl/Pg eg]
lghsf] xs hlt ;f] ;DklQ lghnfO{ lkmtf{
u/fOlbg' k5{ eGg] ;d]t sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ljjflbt ldlt
@)%%.&.!@ sf] kfl/t /flhgfdf
lnvtx?sf ;DjGwdf ljkIfL jfbLsf]
Psf3/ ;uf]nsf] 5f]/f uf]k]z zlQm df:s]n]
ldlt @)%%.!).% df gSsn ;f/L yfxf
kfPsf] egL ldlt @)%%.!!.$ df g} lkm/fb
lbPsf] b]lvG5 . uf]k]z zlQmn] lbPsf] pQm
lkm/fbdf lghsf] jtg sf=lh=sf=d=g=
kf=j8f g+= ( jlQ;k'tnL pNn]v u/]sf]df
ljkIfL jfbLn] ;d]t ldlt @)%^.&.!! df
lnvt jf/] yfxf kfPsf] egL ;f]xL jtgjf6
ldlt )%^.*.!) df k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb
lbPsf] b]lvof] . o;/L Pp6} jtgdf j:g]
jfbLsf] Psf;uf]nsf] 5f]/f uf]k]zn] yfxf
782

kfPs} ldltdf jfbLn] ljjfbLt lnvt
ePsf] s'/f yfxf kfPgg\ xf]nf egL dfGg
ldNg] l:ylt gx'Fbf
@)%^.&.!! df dfq
yfxf kfPsf] cfwf/ lnO{ bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] lkm/fbjf6 bfjL jdf]lhd lnvt
jb/ x'g] 7x/fPsf] z'?sf] km};nf ;b/ ug] {
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt
@)^).&.!( sf] km};nfdf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]
!) g+ + df Jojl:yt pNn]lvt sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] u+le/ q'6L b]lv+bf Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf -!_
sf] v08 -s_ jdf]lhd k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{
x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . lgodfg';f/
u/L k]z ug'{
eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^# .!.@(.^ sf] cfb]z .
lgodjdf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs
tkm{jf6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf
;f]dsfGt d}gfnLn] ljjflbt hUuf
k'g/fj]bsn] vl/b u/]sf]df jfbLn]
/lhi6« ]zg ePs} cj:yfdf yfxf kfpg]
cj:yf /x]sf]df gSsn;f/L Dofb sfod
u/L cfPsf] lkm/fbjf6 OG;fkm x'g ;Sg]
l:ylt 5}g . c+zj08fsf] !* g+= cg';f/
cfkm"v'; ug{ kfpg] ;DklQ cfkm" v';
ul/Psf] ;Dklt xf] . bftfsf] jf;f]jf;
sf7df8f} +df g} /x]sf] x'Fbf
;j} kl/jf/;Fu
;Nnfx u/]/} vl/b ePsf] hUuf xf] . bftf
zf]ef df:s]n] ljqmL u/]sf] hUuf @)#*
;fndf cfkmgf] lghL >f]tjf6 vl/b u/L
lnPsf] hUuf xf] . :qL c+zwgsf] ! g+=
cg';f/ cfkm'v'z ug{ kfpg] hUuf vl/b
u/]sf]df cGo c+lzof/sf] xs nfUg] x'b}g .
783
c+s ^
k|:t't d'2fdf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+=
cfslif{t x'b}g . k[ys k[ys lsQfsf] nfuL
k[ys k[ys gfn]z ug'{
kg{ ]df of]lht/fh
k|wfg, nlntf lnDj'nfO{ ;+o'Qm lkm/fb bfo/
ul/Psf]df klg ;'lg x]l/Psf] 5 . ljkIfLsf]
lkm/fb c=j+= &@ g+= sf] k|lts"n /x]sf]
cj:yfdf lg0f{o u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g .
c+zj08fsf] ! g+= jdf]lhd j08f gnfUg]
;DklQ vl/b ePsf]df jblgot k"j{s
gfn]z bfo/ u/]sf] cj:yf sfg"g jdf]lhd
bfjL ug{ g;Sg] xs gePsf] hUufdf jfbL
bfjL jdf]lhd lnvt jb/ x'g] u/L ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf
q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf
pQm km};nf jb/ u/L k|ltpQ/
lhls/ jdf]lhd xf]; egL ug'{
ePsf] jx;
;d]t ;'lgof] .
pko'{Qm
jdf]lhdsf] jx; tyf
k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L
o;df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf]
ldlt @)^).&.!(.$ sf] km};nf ldn]
gldn]sf] s] /x]5 ;f] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg] {
b]lvof] .
@= k|ltjfbL kTgL zf]ef df:s]n]
d]/f] ;d]t c+z xs nfUg] hUuf d]/f] d+h'/L
ljgf k|ltjfbL of]lht/fh k|wfgnfO{
/fhLgfdf kfl/t u/]sfn] pQm lnvtjf6 @
efusf] ! efu lnvt jb/ u/L d]/f gfddf
btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] lkm/fb dfubfjL /x]sf]df
jfbL bfjLsf] hUuf jfbLsf] c+zxs nfUg]
ge} zf]ef df:s]sf] lghL cfh{gsf] x'Fbf
lnvt jb/ x'g] xf]Og eGg] k|ltpQ/ k/L
sf/jfO{ x'Fbf
z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntn]
jfbL bfjL jdf]lhd # efusf] ! efu lnvt

tf{ jb/ e} jfbLsf] gfpFdf btf{ x'g] u/L
ePsf] km};nfnfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/jf6 @)^).&.!(.$ df ;b/ x'g]
u/L ePsf] km};nf pk/ o; cbfntjf6
d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg e} lg0f{ofy{
k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvof] .
#= ljjfbdf k|:t't ul/Psf]
hUuf zf]ef df:s]sf gfddf @)#* ;fndf
;'g;/L jfemu/f *-s_ls=g+= $! h=lj= )–
&–!# ls=g+= $@ h=lj= )–&–!# vl/b
ePsf]df pQm ls=g+= $! lsQf kmf]8 e}
ls=g+= !))h=lj= )–!–% nlntf lnDj' /
g]qsnf lnDj'sf] ;+o'Qm gfddf /=g+ + !!%%s_
jf6 ls=g+= !)! h=lj= )–!–) ;l/tf
/fOsf] gfpFdf /=g+ + !!^)-s_ jf6 ls=g+ +
!)@ h=lj= )–!–) x:tsnf lnDj'sf]
gfddf / =g+= !!^!-s_ jf6 ls=g+ + !)#
h=lj= )–!–) gOGb| s'df/ cfªbDj]sf]
gfpFdf /=g+ + !!%^-s_ jf6 ls=g+= !)^
h=lj= )–)–!( 8Dd/Wjh lnDj' / t]h
s'df/ lnDj' ;d]t hgf @ sf] ;+o'Qm gfddf
/=g+ + !!%( -s_ jf6 ls=g+ + !)$ h=lj= )–
!–^ ls=g+ + !)% h=lj= )–!–# ;d]t )–@–(
ls==g+ + %! dWo] klZrd tkm{jf6 )–#–!!
;d]t )–^–) of]lht /fh k|wfg g]kfnLsf
gfpFdf /==g+ + !!%&-s_ jf6 @)%%.&.!@ df
dfnkf]t sfof{nojf6 xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf]
b]lvG5 . pQm lnvtnfO{ jfbL uf]kfn zlQm
df:s]n] @)%^.&.!! df yfxf kfPsf] ldlt
sfod u/L @)%^.*.!).^ df jb/ u/fO{
kfpg dfubfjL lnO{ lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf]
b]lvof] .
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
$= lkm/fbL uf]kfn zlQm
df:s]sf] lkm/fb n]v x]bf{ hUuf ljqmL ug] {
zf]ef df:s] lkm/fbLsf] >LdtL /x]sL /
;uf]ndf j:b} cfPsf]df @)#* ;fndf
hUuf vl/b u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePtfklg
lkm/fb kbf{sf] cj:yf;Dd lghx?sf]
kfl/jfl/s l:ylt s] /x]sf] eGg] jf/]df
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOb}g h;jf6 jfbL
k|ltjfbLsf] jLrdf dfgf] r'nf] Ps} 7fp+df
/x]sf] dfGg'kg] { b]lvof] . To;}u/L lkm/fbLsf]
5f]/f uf]k]; zlQm df:s]n] k|:t't ljjfbdf
lnvtsf ;DjGwdf @)%%.!).% df
gSsn;f/L ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf b]==g+ +
!#%# / !#%$ sf] lnvt btf{ jb/ d'2f
;d]t bfo/ u/]sf] klg b]lvg cfp5 .
cfkm\gf] ;d]t xs nfUg] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ
;uf]nsf] c+lzof/n] cfkm"v';L ljqmL Jojxf/
u/]df k|rlnt sfg"gsf Dofb leq} gfn]z
u/L cfkm\gf] xssf] hlt lnvt jb/ u/fO{
lng kfpF5 . d+h'/ gx'g]n] pd]/ k'u]sf] /
xbDofb leq k/]sf] eP lnvt jb/df
gfn]z ug{ kfpg] x'G5 . jfbL uf]kfn df:s],
zf]ef df:s] tyf uf]k]z zlQm df:s]
Psf;uf]ndf /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;uf]nsf] Ps
c+lzof/n] hUuf ljlqm u/]sf] eGg] ljifo
yfxf lyPg yfxf kfP kl5 gfn]; ug{
cfPsf] egL k|:t't d'2fdf ljjfb p7fPsf]
kfO{G5 . hUufsf] ljifodf cfkmgf] d+h'/L
gePsf] egL @)%%.&.!@ sf] lnvtsf
;DjGwdf 5f]/f uf]k]zn] @)%%.!).% df
gSsn lnO{ @)%%.!!.$ df gfn]z u/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;uf]nd] } e/x]sf] jfj'n] lnvtsf
jf/]df yfxf kfOg eGbfsf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf]
784

sfg"g ;Fut cfwf/ sf/0f k|:t't ug'{kg]
{df
jfbLjf6 tYoo'Qm cfwf/ v'nfPsf] b]lvb}g .
lkm/fb n]vdf cfkmgf] xsnfUg] eGg] syg
jfx]s @)%%.&.!@ sf] lnvtsf ;DjGwdf
@)%^.*.@) df dfq ghfn]z ug'{sf]
sf/0f
v'nfPsf] kfOb}g .
%= n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+=
x]bf{ lnvtsf] jf/]df d+h'/ gx'g]n] lnvt
/lhi6« ]zg ePsf] ldltn] Psaif{;Dddf yfxf
kfPsf] #% lbg leq ph'/ ug'{kg]
{ u/L
sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm
gDj/df Psftkm{ c+lzof/sf] xssf] ;'/Iff
u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] csf] { tkm{ ;fx'sf] xssf]
klg ;+/If0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . /sd xfnL
hUuf v/Lb ug] { ;fx' ;b}j vt/fdf /xg]
eGg] x'b}g . To;sf] nfuL xbDofbsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . cfkm"nfO{ dg nfu]sf]
cj:yfdf lnvtsf] gSsn ;fb} { xbDofb
sfod u/]/ gfln; ug{ kfpg] eGg] P]gsf]
dgzfo xf]Og . ;uf]ndf 5f]/fn] yfxf
kfPsf] cj:yfdf ;uf]nd} /x]sf cGo
c+lzof/n] lnvtsf] jf/]df yfxf gkfPsf]
eGg] x'b}g .
^= ctM Psf;uf]nsf jfj' 5f]/f
dWo] 5f]/fn] yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] xbDofb
leq gfn]z u/L lghn] cfkmgf] xsdf
lnvt jb/ x'g] 7x/L clGtd ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;f]xL kl/jf/sf ;Fu} j;]sf jfj'n]
@)%^.&.!! df dfq yfxf kfPsf] eg]sf]df
klg @)%%.&.!@b]lv ldlt @)%^.*.@)
;Dd ! jif{ ! dlxgf * lbg kl5 dfq
lkm/fb u/]sf]af6 ;d]t n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]
!) g+ + !! g+= sf] ljk/Lt lkm/fb u/]sf]jf6
785
c+s ^
lghsf] xsdf lnvt jb/ x'g] 7x/fPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt
@)^).&.!( sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf
pN6L e} xbDofb gf3L k/]sf] jfbL bfjL
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . c? tkl;n jdf]lhd
ug'{
.
tkl;n
dfly OG;fkm v08df jfbL bfjL
vf/]h x'g] 7x/]sfn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^).&.!( sf] km};nf
adf]lhd jfbL uf]kfn zlQm df:s]nfO{ sf]6{
lkm e/fO{ lbg egL /fv]sf] nut cg';f/
cj ;f] /sd e/fO{ lbg gkg] { x'Fbf
k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/df
/fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ g}
lkmtf{ lbg' egL >L ;'g;/L lhNnf
cbfntnfO{ nut lbg' ========!
z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf]
k}m;nf adf]lhd # efusf] ! efu lnvt
btf{ ab/ u/L lbg egL sfodL nut
cg';f/ ca ;f] adf]lhd ug{ gkg] { x'gfn]
;f] nut s§f u/L lbg >L df]/Ë lhNnf
cbfntsf gfddf nut lbg' ===============@
bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L dl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' ====#
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=jn/fd s]=;L=
Olt ;Djt @)^% ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] /f]h
@ df z'ed\================
Ohnf; clws[t /fh]Gb| s'df/ cfrfo{

lg0f{o g+=&(*# g]=sf=k= @)^%
;jf] {Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
;Dat\ @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=!!!
km};nf ldltM @)^%.^.!.$
d'2f M ck|fs[lts d}y'g -hj/h:tL s/0fL_ .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM s s'df/Lsf] hfx]/Ln]
g]kfn ;/sf/
la?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM gjnk/f;L lhNnf,
b'lDsjf; uf=lj=;=j8f g+=! 3/ e}
xfn sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf j8f
g+=#% hl8a'6L a:g] /fh]z If]qL
z'? km};nf ug] { M
df=lh=Gof=>L e/tk|;fb clwsf/L
k'g/fa]bg km};nf ug] { M
df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb a:ofn
df=Gof= >L xl/axfb'/ a:g]t
� aflnsfsf] d'v, 6fpsf] nufot
z/L/sf ljleGg efudf lnËsf]
3if{0f u/fO{ lk;fa ;d]t km]l/lbPsf]
eGg] cfwf/df dfq kLl8t
aflnsfnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf]
eGg] :yflkt gx'g] .
� kLl8t aflnsf pk/ pNn]lvt of}g
b'Jo{jxf/ ubf{ aflnsf ?Fb} lrRofpFb}
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
786
sf]7f aflx/ lg:sL cfdf ePtkm{
uPsLn] k|ltjfbLn] hj/h:tL
s/0fL ug{ gkfPsf] / hj/h:tL
s/0fLsf] ck/fwsf] pBf]u;Dd
u/]sf] b]lv+bf pBf]udf ;hfo ug] {
7x¥ofPsf] z'? lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf cGoyf
gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] km};nf ;b/ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
� d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txlssftsf]
sf/jfxL hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u
tkm{ s]Gb|Lt eO ck|fs[lts
d}y'gtkm{ cg';Gwfg txlssftsf]
sf/jfxL ePsf] b]lvPg . t;y{
ck|fs[lts d}y'gsf] jf/bft :yflkt
x'g] s'g} ;j"b k|df0f ;+sng ePsf]
b]lvg gcfpFbf ck|fs[lts
d}y'gtkm{sf] s;"/ :yflkt x'g]
cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] cefjdf
;f] s;"/ sfod u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{
;hfo ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg sf=d'=gfoj
dxfGofoflwjQmf >L ;"o{k|;fb
sf]O/fnf
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg
clwjQmfåo >L /fdk|;fb cof{n /
cldtf lbIfLt
cjnlDjt ghL/M

km};nf
Gof=tkjxfb'/ du/M Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ adf]lhd
k'g/fa]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^#.!).$ sf] km};nf bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f
k|bfg eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M–
ldlt @)^@.&.@) ut] d]/L 5f]/L aif{
% sL v s'df/LnfO{ /fh]z If]qLn] 6fpsf] /
d'vdf lk;fa u/]sfn] sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm
eGg] s s'df/Lsf] lgj]bg .
k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qL / xfdLx?
Pp6} 3/df 8]/f lnO{ a:b} cfPsf]df ldlt
@)^@.&.@) ut] ;fFem c+=!(M)) ah] d
k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLsf] sf]7fdf uPsf] a]nf
klxnf Sof;]6df d} 5f]/L ;'Gb/L eGg] uLt
ahfO{ gfRg nufof] . To;kl5 lghsf]
cf]5\ofgdf ;'Tg nufO{ d]/f] 6fpsf] tyf
z/L/df lghsf] lnË bNg yfNof] . d}n] p7]/
efUg vf]Hbf efUg glbO{ d]/f] d'vdf lghn]
cfˆgf] lnË 3';fpg vf]h]sf]n] d}n] d'v aGb
ubf{ lghn] xftn] d]/f] d'v vf]nL lnË d]/f]
d'vdf 3';fof] . lghn] dnfO{ s/0fL ;d]t
ug{ vf]Hbf d efuL d]/L cfdf s s'df/LnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fPsL x'F
eGg] kLl8t aif{ % sL
v s'df/Lsf] sfuh .
k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qL klg xfdL
a;]sf] 3/df g} 8]/f a:g] u/]sf] / d]/L
5f]/L aif{ % sL v s'df/Ln] lghnfO{ c+sn
eGg] ub{lyOg\ . ldlt @)^@.&.@) ut] ;fFem
kv 5f]/L v]Nb} tn cf]n] {sL lyOg\ . ;fFem
c+=!(M)) ah] 5f]/L sf]7fdf cfO{ dDdL
dnfO{ tnsf] /fh]z If]qL c+snn] cfˆgf]
787
c+s ^
lnË d]/f] d'vdf l5/fP/ xNnfof] . d]/f]
6fpsf]df klg lghn] cfˆgf] lnË bNof] egL
eg]sLn] / lgh k|ltjfbLn] d]/L gfafns
5f]/LnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL ug] { pBf]u u/]sf]
x'Fbf
sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] s s'df/Lsf]
hfx]/L b/vf:t .
ldlt @)^@.&.@) ut] ;fFem
c+=!(M)) ah]sf] ;dodf cfˆgf] sf]7fdf
al;/x]sf] lyPF . kLl8t aif{ % sL v s'df/L
klxnf klg d]/f] sf]7fdf cfpg] u/]sf] ;f]
lbg klg lgh d]/f] sf]7fdf cfOg\ / gfRg
yflng\ . To;a]nf dnfO{ s] eof] s] eof],
lghnfO{ s/0fL ug] { OR5f nfUof] / lgh
;fgL ePsf]n] d}n] lghsf] of]gLdf s/0fL
gu/L lghsf] d'vdf cfˆgf] lnË 3';fP/
xNnfPF / kLl8tsf] 6fpsf] / cg'xf/df
;d]t cfˆgf] lnË bnL lghsf] 6fpsf]df
lk;fa u/]sf] x'F
egL k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLn]
df}sfdf u/]sf] ;flalt aofg .
sf]7fsf] pQ/kl§ b'O{ j6f ‰ofn
/x]sf] ‰ofnsf] leqkl§af6 kbf{ nufPsf]
;f]lx ‰ofnkl§ Pp6f lj:tf/f nufPsf] vf6
/x]sf] s'gfkl§ lsrg, ‰ofn / :6f]j
;lxtsf efF8fx? /x]sf] ;f]xL sf]7fsf]
vf6df /fvL kLl8t aflnsf v s'df/LnfO{
k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLn] hj/h:tL s/0fL ug] {
pBf]u u/]sf] eGg] 36gf:yn k|s[lt d'r'Nsf
.
k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLn] hfx]/jfnfsL
gfjfns 5f]/L v s'df/LnfO{ hj/h:tL
s/0fL ug] { pBf]u u/]sf]df ljZjf; nfU5
eGg] cK;/f yfkf / sf}lzNof yfkfn] u/]sf]
Ps} ldnfgsf] sfuh .

k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLn] d'n'sL P]g
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] bkmf (s sf]
s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] b]lv+bf lghnfO{ P]=bkmf
(s tyf bkmf # sf] b]xfo ! adf]lhd
;hfo ul/kfpFm / kLl8tnfO{ k'Ug uPsf]
dsf{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L dgfl;j dflkmssf]
Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t e/fO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u dfu bfjL .
ldlt @)^@.&.@) ut] laxfg *M))
ah]b]lv a]n'sf *M)) ah];Dd d cfˆgf]
8\o'6Ldf sfd u/L a;]sf] lyPF . sf]7fdf
*M)) ah] dfq cfOk'u]sf] lyPF . d}n]
cleof]u kqdf bfjL lnP adf]lhd s;"/
ck/fw u/]sf] 5}g . hfx]/jfnf;Fu kmf]xf]/
kmfNg] ljifodf egfeg eO/xGYof] . d}n] v
s'df/L;Fu s'g} klg ck|fs[lts d}y'gsf]
sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLsf] cbfnt ;dIfsf]
aofg .
k|ltjfbL c;n / lg/ck/flws
JolQm x'g\ . lghn] >LdtL ;fy} ePsf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] % aif{sf] aRrfnfO{
ck|fs[lts d}y'g unf{g\ h:tf] dnfO{
ljZjf; nfUb}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL /fhs'df/L a:g]tn] u/]sf]
askq .
k|ltjfbLn] d} 5f]/L ;'Gb/L eGg]
Sof;]6 ahfO{ dnfO{ grfpg] ub{y] . Ps
lbg dnfO{ cf]5\ofgdf ;'tfP/ lgh
k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf] t'/L d]/f] d'vleq 3';fpg'
eof] / dnfO{ b'v]sf]n] ?Fb} cfdf ePsf]
7fpFdf uO{ clZnn Jojxf/ ePsf]
cfdfnfO{ eg]sL x'F
. lghn] d]/f] lhpsf]
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
n'uf e/L lghsf] lnË bn]sf lyP eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] kLl8t v s'df/Lsf]
askq .
d} 5f]/L ;'Gb/L eg]/ kLl8t 5f]/Ln]
k|ltjfbLnfO{ eGg] u/]sf] / dnfO{ d} 5f]/L
;'Gb/Ln] ;' ul/lbof] eg]kl5 ;f] s'/fsf]
hfgsf/L d}n] kfPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnL s s'df/Ln] u/]sf]
askq .
cf06L dnfO{ d} 5f]/Ln] lgwf/df
6fpsf]df lhpdf d'vdf ;' nufO{ lbof]
eg]/ kLl8tn] eg]sL x'g\ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf a'lemPsL cK;/f yfkfn]
u/]sf] askq . kLl8t aRrfn] dnfO{
6fpsf] e/L lhpe/L d'v e/L k|ltjfbLn] ;'
blnlbof] eg]/ dnfO{ ;'gfPsL lyOg\ eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf a'lemPsL sdnf a:g]tn]
u/]sf] askq .
k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t aif{ % sL v
s'df/LnfO{ of]gLdf s/0fL gu/L lghsf]
hLp z/L/ 6fpsf] ;d]tdf cfˆgf] lnË bnL
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u;Dd u/]sf] 7x5{
. ;f] 7xgf{n] kLl8tsf] pd]/ % aif{ eGg]
x'Fbf
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] #-!_ g+=adf]lhd
hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x/ eP d'2fsf]
k|s[lt / cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ x]/L !) aif{
k|ltjfbLnfO{ s}b ;hfo x'g]df hj/h:tL
s/0fL / ck|fs[lts d}y'gtkm{sf] bfjL gk'uL
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u;Dd u/]sf] 7x/
ePsf]n] hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] % g+=adf]lhd
P]=s} #-!_ g+=cg';f/ x'g ;Sg] ;hfosf]
cfwf % aif{ k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLnfO{ s}b
788

;hfo x'g] 7x5{ eGg] sf7df8f} + lhNnf
cbfntsf] @)^#.@.$ sf] km};nf .
hj/h:tL s/0fL ck|fs[lts
d}y'gtkm{ jfbL bfjL gk'u]sf] s'/fdf cbfnt
ljZj:t ePkl5 cleof]ukq vf/]h u/L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg'kg] {df ;f] gu/L
lgbf] {liftfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ j]jf:tf u/L
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u x'gsf nflu
cfjZos kg] { tTjtkm{ s'g} ljj]rgf gu/L
cg'dfgsf] e/df ul/Psf] z'? km};nf
q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf
ab/ u/L cleof]u bfjLaf6
;kmfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
/fh]z If]qLsf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
d'n'sL P]g hj/h:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] (s g+=df s;}n] s'g} gfjfns;Fu
s'g} lsl;dsf] ck|fs[lts d}y'g u/] u/fPdf
hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] dfgL o;} dxnsf]
# g+=adf]lhd x'g] ;hfodf yk Ps aif{ s}b
u/L To:tf] gfafnsnfO{ lghsf] pd]/ /
p;nfO{ k'Ug uPsf] dsf{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L
cbfntn] ck|fs[lts d}y'g ug] {af6 dgfl;j
dflkmssf] Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t e/fO{ lbg'k5{
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]n] k|:t't
jf/bftdf hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] dfgL
OG;fkm ug'{kg]
{df hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u
ePsf] egL u/]sf] km};nf sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{
x'Fbf
;f] xb;Dd ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{
cleof]u dfu bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t v s'df/LnfO{
hj/h:tL s/0fL ug]{ pBf]u u/]sf] k'li6 x'g
cfof] . k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tsf] of]gLdf s/0fL
789
c+s ^
gu/L lghsf] d'v z/L/ / 6fpsf]df lnË
bn]sf] eGg] b]lv+bf k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] sfo{nfO{
ck|fs[lts d}y'g tyf hj/h:tL s/0fL
u/]sf] 7x/fO{ ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhls/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLnfO{ hj/h:tL
s/0fLsf] % g+=adf]lhd P]=s} # g+=cg';f/ %
aif{ s}b ;hfo x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] z'?
sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]s}
b]lv+bf dgfl;j 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!).$.% sf]
km};nf .
s/0fLsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|s[lt
k|bQ cË afx]s cGo cËx?df ul/g]
d}y'ghGo sfo{ ck|fs[lts d}y'gleq kb{5 .
k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t aflnsfsf] d'vdf lnË
3';fO{ xNnfPsf], z/L/sf] ljleGg efudf
lnËsf] 3if{0f u/fO{ jLo{ :vng u/fO{
of}gfgGb k|fKt u/]sf] sfo{ ck|fs[lts d}y'g
xf] . ctM o:tf] cfk/flws sfo{ ug] {
k|ltjfbLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ( s
g+=adf]lhd hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] dfgL
pQm dxnsf] # g+=n] x'g] ;hfodf !
aif{;Dd yk s}b ;d]t ug'{kg]
{df ;f]
ljk/Lt hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u 7x/
u/]sf] z'? km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nfdf hj/h:tL
s/0fLsf] # / (s g+=sf] JofVofTds q'6L
ePsfn] ;f] km};nf bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]l/kfpF eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] o;
cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bgkq .
kLl8t % aif{sL aflnsfnfO{
k|ltjfbLn] lnË v'jfO{ ck|fs[lts d}y'g

u/]sf] eGg] s'/f cbfntdf ePsf] lghsf]
askq tyf k|ltjfbLsf] aofg ;d]taf6
k'li6 eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] sfo{
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] (s g+=adf]lhd
ck|fs[lts d}y'g ePsf] 7x/fO{ ;f]xL
dxnsf] bkmf # adf]lhd x'g] ;hfo u/L
bkmf (s adf]lhd yk ;hfo ;d]t
ug'{kg]
{df ;f] gu/L hj/h:tL s/0fLsf]
pBf]u;Dd u/]sf] 7x¥ofO{ bkmf #-!_
adf]lhd x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo dfq
ug] { u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
km};nfdf hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] bkmf
(s sf] q'l6 ePsf] b]lv+bf Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@ -!_-s_ adf]lhd
d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] { lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^$.$.!# sf] cfb]z .
lgod adf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL
;"lrdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog
ul/of] .
k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg\ sf=d'=gfoj
dxfGofoflwjQmf >L ;"o{k|;fb sf]O/fnfn]
k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t aflnsf;Fu ck|fs[lts
d}y'g u/]sf] k'li6 ePkl5 hj/h:tL
s/0fLsf] (s g+=cg';f/ P]=sf] # g+=cg';f/
hj/h:tL s/0fLdf ;hfo u/L yk ;hfo
;d]t ug'{kg]
{df ;f] gu/L hj/h:tL
s/0fLsf] pBf]udf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
ePsfn] pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u
dfu bfjL cg';f/ ;hfo x'g'kb{5 egL
g] ]kfn sfg" "g klqsf @)^%, c+ +s ^
ax; ug'{eof]
. k|ToyL{sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljåfg\ clwjQmf >L /fdk|;fb cof{n tyf
ljåfg\ j}tlgs clwjQmf >L cldtf
bLlIftn] ck|fs[lts d}y'g tkm{sf] cg';Gwfg
txsLsft g} gePsf]n] ;f] k|dfl0ft x'g
;St}g . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
;b/ x'g'kb{5 egL ax; ug'{eof]
.
pNn]lvt ax; ;d]t ;'gL
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^#.!).$ sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g eGg]
laifodf lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{,
k|ltjfbLn] cbfnt ;dIf aofg ubf{
cf/f]lkt s;"/df OGsf/ /xL aofg u/]sf]
eP tfklg k|x/L ;dIf aofg ubf{ kLl8t
aflnsfnfO{ cf]5\ofgdf ;'tfO{ cfˆgf] lnË
lghsf] d'vleq xfnL xNnfPsf], 6fpsf]
nufot aflnsfsf] z/L/sf ljleGg efudf
lnË 3if{0f u/fPsf] / lk;fa km]/]sf] s'/f
:jLsf/ u/L ;lj:tf/ aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5
. k|x/L ;dIfsf] aofg k|x/Ln] hj/h:tL
;lx5fk u/fPsf] aofg xf] egL k|ltjfbLn]
lhls/ lnP klg To;sf] ;dy{gdf s'g} 7f];
;j"t k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g .
k|:t't d'2fsf] p7fg kLl8t % aif{sL
aflnsf v s'df/Ln] 36gfsf] Joxf]/f cfˆgL
cfdf s s'df/LnfO{ ;'gfPkl5 ePsf]
b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf] d'vdf lnË
3';f/]sf], cfˆgf] z/L/sf] ljleGg efudf
lnË 3if{0f u/fO{ lk;fa ;d]t km]l/lbPsf]
tYo p;} avt kLl8t aflnsfn] cfˆgL
cfdf hfx]/jfnL s s'df/LnfO{ atfPkl5
jf/bftsf] hfx]/L k/]sf] b]lvG5 . kLl8t
790

aflnsfn] k|x/Ldf sfuh ubf{ / cbfntdf
askq ubf{ ;d]t k|ltjfbLn] lgh pk/
u/]sf pNn]lvt of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/x?
;lj:tf/ aofg u/]sL 5g\ . o;af6 ;d]t
k|ltjfbLsf] k|x/L ;dIfsf] aofg lghsf]
OR5f adf]lhd ePsf] :j]R5fsf] aofg xf]
eGg] l;4 x'G5 .
#= kLl8t aflnsfsf] aofg
sfuh tyf askq, k|ltjfbLsf]
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] aofg,
36gf:yn k|s[lt ljj/0f, hfx]/jfnfsf]
askq ;d]tsf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh
k|df0fx?sf] ljj]rgf u/L x]bf{, k|ltjfbLn]
kLl8t aflnsfsf] of]gLdf lnË k|j]z
u/fPsf] eGg] b]lv+b}g . k|ltjfbLn]
aflnsfsf] d'v, 6fpsf] nufot z/L/sf
ljleGg efudf lnËsf] 3if{0f u/fO{ lk;fa
;d]t km]l/lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . o;af6
k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t aflnsfnfO{ hj/h:tL
s/0fL u/]sf] eGg] :yflkt x'Fb}g
. k|ltjfbLn]
kLl8t aflnsf pk/ pNn]lvt of}g
b'Jo{jxf/ ubf{ aflnsf ?Fb} lrRofpFb} sf]7f
aflx/ lg:sL cfdf ePtkm{ uPsLn]
k|ltjfbLn] hj/h:tL s/0fL ug{ gkfPsf] /
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwsf] pBf]u;Dd
u/]sf] b]lv+bf pBf]udf ;hfo ug] {
7x¥ofPsf] z'? sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!).$ sf] km};nf
cGoyf gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] km};nf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ . jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug
;Sb}g .
791
c+s ^
$= k|:t't jf/bftsf] hfx]/L
b/vf:tdf hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u
u/]sf] egL ck/fwsf] gfdfs/0f ePsf]
b]lvG5 . tTkZrft\ d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg
txlssftsf] sf/jfxL klg hj/h:tL
s/0fLsf] pBf]u egL To;tkm{ g} s]Gb|Lt
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ck|fs[lts d}y'gtkm{
cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] sf/jfxL ePsf]
b]lv+b}g . ldl;n ;+nUg cg';Gwfg
txlssftsf] sf/jfxLaf6 ck|fs[lts
d}y'gsf] jf/bft :yflkt x'g] s'g} ;j"b
k|df0f ;+sng ePsf] b]lvg cfpFb}g . o;/L
ck|fs[lts d}y'gtkm{sf] s;"/ :yflkt x'g]
cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] cefjdf ;f] s;"/
sfod u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ug{ ldNg]
gx'Fbf
o; cbfntaf6 d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g] {
lg:;f k|bfg ubf{ u|x0f ul/Psf
cfwf/x?;Fu ;d]t ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
bfo/L nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
Olt ;Dat\ @)^% ;fn c;f]h ! ut] /f]h
$ z'ed
Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{