Download the full report in Bengali - Human Rights Watch
Download the full report in Bengali - Human Rights Watch Download the full report in Bengali - Human Rights Watch
H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H
- Page 2 and 3: ÒAvgvi cvIbv ..... g„Zz¨i Av‡
- Page 4 and 5: †m‡Þ¤^i 2012 1-56432-941-0 Ò
- Page 6 and 7: cv`UxKv ‡hŠZzK weevn wKsev weevn
- Page 8 and 9: ‡kdvwj, b¤ªZv I Rqv mK‡jB wew
- Page 10 and 11: KZUv `y‡f©vM †cvnv‡Z nq|Ó w
- Page 12 and 13: vix‡`i g‡a¨ 10 kZvs‡ki Kg bv
- Page 14 and 15: Av`vj‡Z AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Av‡e`b
- Page 16 and 17: evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvB‡b hw
- Page 18 and 19: Riæix wfwˇZ Avkªq `iKvi n‡q
- Page 20 and 21: K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mycvwik we
- Page 22 and 23: • we`¨gvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~w
- Page 24 and 25: cv‡ib ev †h †Kv‡bv mgq PvB
- Page 26 and 27: ˆelg¨ msµvšÍ Rwi‡c †`‡L
- Page 28 and 29: we‡q Ges Gi A_©‰bwZK cÖfve Av
- Page 30 and 31: Zuviv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kv‡bv gRywi
- Page 32 and 33: cvwb Avbv Ges wkï, cÖexY I ¯^vgx
- Page 34 and 35: cÖvq me weevwnZ bvix huviv wnDg¨v
- Page 36 and 37: 2. weevn, ZvjvK I we‡”Q` msµv
- Page 38 and 39: ZvwjKv : weevn I we‡”Q` msµvš
- Page 40 and 41: e¨w³MZ Z_¨ †hgb cvÎ-cvÎxi bv
- Page 42 and 43: weiæc cÖwZwµqv i‡q‡Q| †ewk
- Page 44 and 45: Kiv LyeB `y:mva¨| wKQz Kg©KZv©,
- Page 46 and 47: mv‡_ †h bvixiv K_v e‡j‡Qb Z
- Page 48 and 49: ¤ªZvi NUbv 126 wn› `y e¨w³MZ
- Page 50 and 51: Av`vj‡Zi wbKU ZvjvK cieZx© fiY
H U M A N<br />
R I G H T S<br />
W A T C H
ÒAvgvi cvIbv ..... g„Zz¨i Av‡M wK cv‡ev ?Ó<br />
weevn, c„_K emevm Ges ZvjvK wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK AvBb:<br />
bvixi eÂbv I ÿwZi DcvL¨vb<br />
1
KwcivBU © 2012 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP<br />
mKj AwaKvi msiwÿZ<br />
Av‡gwiKv hy³iv‡óª gyw`ªZ<br />
ISBN: 1-56432-941-0<br />
cÖ”Q`: ivdv‡qj wR‡g‡bR<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP wek¦e¨vcx RbM‡Yi gvbevwaKvi iÿvq wb‡ew`Z GKwU ms¯’v| Avgiv ˆelg¨ wb‡iva,<br />
ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv mgybœZ ivLv, hy×Kvjxb mg‡q AgvbweK AvPi‡Yi nvZ †_‡K RbMY‡K iÿv Kiv Ges<br />
Acivax‡K wePv‡ii AvIZvq wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ wbcxwoZ gvbyl Ges AwaKvi Kgx©‡`i cv‡k `uvovB| Avgiv<br />
gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi NUbv Z`‡šÍi gva¨‡g mZ¨ D`NvUb Kwi Ges gvbevwaKvi j•NbKvix‡K<br />
Revew`wnZvi gy‡LvgywL `uvo KivB| miKvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ ÿgZvaiiv hv‡Z ÿgZvi wbcxobg~jK PP©vi<br />
cwimgvwß NwU‡q AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v cÖ`k©b K‡ib †mRb¨ Zv‡`i‡K Avgiv<br />
P¨v‡jÄ Kwi| Õmevi Rb¨ gvbevwaKviÕ GB bxwZ‡K mnvqZvi Rb¨ Avgiv wewfbœ miKvwi mn‡hvMx I<br />
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úª`vq‡K ZvwjKvfz³ K‡i _vwK|<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP n‡jv GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v hvi Kg©KZ©v/Kgx©iv we‡k¦i 40wUiI AwaK †`‡k<br />
`vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb| we‡k¦i †hme kn‡i ms¯’vwUi Awdm i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv Avg÷viWvg, ˆeiæZ,<br />
evwj©b, eªv‡mjm&, wkKv‡Mv, †R‡bfv, †Mvgv, †Rvnv‡bmevM©, jÐb, jm G‡Äjm&, g‡¯‹ v, bvB‡ivwe, wbDBqK©,<br />
c¨vwim, mvbd«vwÝm‡Kv, †UvwKI, U‡iv‡› Uv, wUDwbm, IqvwksUb wWwm, Ges RywiL|<br />
AviI we¯ÍvwiZ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ Avgv‡`i I‡qemvBU †`Lyb: http://www.hrw.org
†m‡Þ¤^i 2012 1-56432-941-0<br />
ÒAvgvi cvIbv ..... g„Zz¨i Av‡M wK cv‡ev ?Ó<br />
weevn, c„_K emevm Ges ZvjvK wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK AvBb:<br />
bvixi eÂbv I ÿwZi DcvL¨vb<br />
cv`UxKv .............................................................................................................. 1<br />
mvi-ms‡ÿc ........................................................................................................ 2<br />
‰elg¨g~jK cvwievwiK AvBb ................................................................................................................................. 6<br />
gymjgvb ................................................................................................................................................ 7<br />
wn› `y .................................................................................................................................................... 8<br />
wLª÷vb ................................................................................................................................................... 9<br />
bvix Ges Zv‡`i †cvl¨‡`i Dci cvwievwiK AvB‡bi cÖfve ........................................................................................... 9<br />
Av`vj‡Z jovB .............................................................................................................................................. 10<br />
mvgvwRK mnvqZv ............................................................................................................................................ 12<br />
K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mycvwik ..................................................................................... 15<br />
M‡elYvq Abym„Z c×wZ ......................................................................................... 18<br />
1. bvixi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vb Ges we‡qi djvdj ........................................................... 20<br />
‡cÖÿvcU ...................................................................................................................................................... 20<br />
bvixi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cUf‚wg ........................................................................................................................... 20<br />
we‡q Ges Gi A_©‰bwZK cÖfve ............................................................................................................................ 23<br />
bvixi Avqg~jK KvR Ges DcvR©b I m‡qi Ici we‡qi cÖfve ........................................................................... 23<br />
‰eevwnK evwo‡Z (¯^vgxM„‡n) bvixi Ae`vb ....................................................................................................... 26<br />
‰eevwnK m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Y ........................................................................................................... 30<br />
2. weevn, ZvjvK I we‡”Q` msµvšÍ AvBb ................................................................ 31<br />
cvwievwiK AvBb ............................................................................................................................................. 31<br />
gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb .......................................................................................................................... 34<br />
wn› `y cvwievwiK AvBb .............................................................................................................................. 41<br />
wLª÷vb cvwievwiK AvBb ........................................................................................................................... 43<br />
weev‡nvËi m¤úwË AvB‡bi Afve ........................................................................................................................ 45<br />
cvwievwiK AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi ............................................................................................................................... 47<br />
3. weevwnZ, ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c„_K emevmKvix bvix‡`i Dci<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK cvwievwiK AvB‡bi cÖfve ........................................................ 51<br />
cvwievwiK wbhv©Zb .......................................................................................................................................... 51<br />
A_©‰bwZK wZ ............................................................................................................................................... 52<br />
evm¯’vb ............................................................................................................................................... 54
Lv`¨ ................................................................................................................................................... 55<br />
¯^v¯’¨ .................................................................................................................................................... 56<br />
wkïkªg I wkï‡`i wkv ........................................................................................................................... 57<br />
4. AvBbx cÖwZeÜKZv ........................................................................................... 58<br />
AbvbyôvwbK mg‡SvZv ev mvwjk .......................................................................................................................... 59<br />
Av`vj‡Z hZ jovB ......................................................................................................................................... 60<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi `xN©m~wÎZv ................................................................................................................. 61<br />
fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Yi A¯úó gvb`Ð ............................................................................................................. 63<br />
Aev¯Íe Ges †evSv¯^iƒc AvBbx cÖwµqv ........................................................................................................ 67<br />
“AvBbMZ” nqivwb ................................................................................................................................ 73<br />
5. ZvjvKcÖvß, c„_K emevmKvix Ges cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi<br />
wkKvi bvix‡`i Rb¨ ivóªxq mnvqZv ........................................................................... 76<br />
bvix‡`i Rb¨ miKvwi AvkÖq ‡K› `ª ...................................................................................................................... 76<br />
feNy‡i‡`i Rb¨ AvkÖq †K› `ª ............................................................................................................................ 77<br />
mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP .................................................................................................................................. 79<br />
f~wg e› Ub Kg©m~wP .......................................................................................................................................... 82<br />
6. AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki eva¨evaKZv ................................................ 83<br />
weevn Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i mgq cÖ‡hvR¨ mgvbvwaKvi .............................................................................................. 83<br />
wmWI Kb‡fbk‡b evsjv‡`‡ki msiY ........................................................................................................ 85<br />
eûweevn .............................................................................................................................................. 86<br />
Zvjv‡Ki ‡ÿ‡Î bvix Ges cyiæ‡li Rb¨ Amg weavb ....................................................................................... 87<br />
ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZi Afve .................................................................................................... 88<br />
fiY‡cvlY Av`v‡qi †ÿ‡Î evavmg~n ............................................................................................................ 90<br />
weevn wbeÜb ......................................................................................................................................... 92<br />
¯^xK…Z bq Ggb m¤ú‡K©i †‡Î bvixi wbivcËv weavb ........................................................................................ 92<br />
mvgvwRK wbivcËvi AwaKvi .............................................................................................................................. 93<br />
7. mycvwik ......................................................................................................... 95<br />
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii: ......................................................................................................................... 95<br />
msm` m`m¨e…› `, gwš¿cwil` wefvM Ges AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖwZ; ........................................... 95<br />
mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖwZ; .................................................................................................................... 97<br />
AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq Ges mywc«g ‡Kv‡U©i c«avb wePvicwZi c«wZ; .................................................... 97<br />
gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ; .......................................................................................................... 99<br />
f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ; ............................................................................................................................... 99<br />
ag© welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ; ....................................................................................................................... 99<br />
¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡Mi c«wZ; .................................................................................................................... 100<br />
evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi c«wZ; ........................................................................................................... 100<br />
AvšÍR©vwZK `vZv‡Mvôxi c«wZ; ......................................................................................................................... 100<br />
K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi ................................................................................................. 102<br />
cwiwkó - 1 ...................................................................................................... 104<br />
cwiwkó - 2 ...................................................................................................... 106
cv`UxKv<br />
‡hŠZzK weevn wKsev weevn cieZ©x mg‡q Kb¨v I Zvi cwievi †_‡K ei wKsev Zvi<br />
cwievi‡K †Kvb A_©Kwo, Dcnvi ev Ab¨ †Kvb ab-m¤ú` †`Iqvi †h cÖ_v<br />
cÖPwjZ Av‡Q, ‡mwUB †hŠZzK| GB cÖ_v AvBb-weiæ×, wKš‘ eûj cÖPwjZ|<br />
Kvweb-bvgv,<br />
wbKvn&bvgv<br />
gymwjg AvB‡b GwU GKwU weevn Pzw³cÎ| GB Pzw³i R‡b¨ evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii<br />
GKwU wba©vwiZ dig¨vU Av‡Q|<br />
‡`b‡gvni ‡`b‡gvni nj wKQz cwigvY UvKv ev m¤úwË hv GKRb gymwjg ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿x‡K<br />
weev‡ni wewbg‡q cwi‡kva ev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cÖwZkÖæwZe× nb| Gi Askwe‡kl<br />
wKsev cy‡ivUvB Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK A_ev weevn-we‡”Q‡`i mgq wKsev g„Zz¨i ci<br />
cwi‡kva Kiv nq| GwU ¯^vgx KZ…©K wKsev Zvi cwievi †_‡K cwi‡kva Kiv nq,<br />
Ges GB †`b‡gvni A_© wKsev m¤úwË †h †Kvb iƒ‡cB cwi‡kva Kiv †h‡Z<br />
cv‡i|<br />
‡Lvi‡cvl mvaviYZ ¯^vgx KZ©„K ¯¿x‡K cÖ`Ë Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb eve` hyw³m½Z cwigvY<br />
A_© ev mvsmvwiK LiPcÎB n‡jv †Lvi‡cvl|<br />
bvix-cÖavb<br />
cwievi<br />
‡h cwiev‡i †Kvb cÖvßeq¯‹ cyiæl _v‡K bv †mB cwievi n‡jv bvix-cÖavb<br />
cwievi| Z‡e, wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP GB k‡ãi Øviv GgbwU †evSvq bv †h,<br />
cwiev‡i cÖvßeq¯‹ cyiæl _vK‡jB †mme cwievi‡K cyiæl-cÖavb cwievi ejv<br />
n‡e|<br />
KvRx GKRb jvB‡mÝcÖvß Kg©KZ©v whwb gymwjg weevn I weevn-we‡”Q` wbeÜb<br />
K‡ib|<br />
Lyjv gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb GK ai‡bi weevn-we‡”Q` cÖ_v, hv cvi®úwiK<br />
m¤§wZi wfwˇZ n‡q _v‡K| A‡bK cwÐZ e¨w³i e³e¨ n‡”Q, GwU mvaviYZ<br />
bvix‡`i Øviv ïiæ nq Ges Zv‡`i R‡b¨ (weevn-we‡”Q‡`i) GKwU my‡hvM<br />
GLv‡b _v‡K, hw` Zviv Zv‡`i ¯^vgxi AbyK‚‡j ‡Kvb wewbgq g~j¨ ev A_© cÖ`vb<br />
K‡ib wKsev wKQz ¯^v_© (mvaviYZ ‡`b‡gvn‡ii `vex) Z¨vM Kivi welqwU<br />
we‡ePbv K‡ib|<br />
ZvjvK gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡b cyiæl‡K cÖ`Ë GKZidv ÿgZv, hv Øviv †Kvb<br />
ÎæwU D‡jøL bv K‡iB ¯^vgx weevn-we‡”Q` NUv‡Z cv‡ib| GB AvBb e‡j ¯¿x<br />
ïaygvÎ Zvjv‡K ZdB‡Ri ÿgZv _vK‡jB weevn we‡”Q` NUv‡Z cv‡ib|<br />
1
mvi-ms‡ÿc<br />
gymjgvb mgv‡Ri bvix ‡kdvwj Zvi ¯^vgx‡K wb‡q fvmyi‡`i mv‡_ GK evox‡Z emevm Ki‡Zb|<br />
wZwb cwiev‡ii †ÿ‡Z Lvgv‡i KvR Kivi cvkvcvwk M„n¯’vwji me KvRI wbLuyZfv‡e m¤úv`b K‡i<br />
_v‡Kb| cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv mšÍvb-m¤¢ev nIqvi ci †kdvwj Zvi ¯^vgxi wØZxq we‡qi cwiKíbvi<br />
K_v Rvb‡Z cv‡ib Ges Gi Rb¨ cÖwZev` Rvbvb| ¯^vgx Zv‡K cÖPÐ †Rv‡i jvwV gv‡ib Ges<br />
kvw¯Í¯^iƒc kx‡Zi mviv ivZ wee¯¿ Ae¯’vq `uvo Kwi‡q iv‡Lb| GKw`b †Kvb GK NUbvq ¯^vgx<br />
Zv‡K msÁvnxb bv nIqv ch©šÍ gvi‡Z _v‡Kb| GKmgq †kdvwj‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i ¯^vgx wØZxq<br />
Av‡iKwU we‡q K‡ib| ZviciI †kdvwj fvmyi‡`i AvkÖ‡q Ges Zv‡`i gviwcU mn¨ K‡i Av‡Mi<br />
MÖv‡g emevm Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| KviY Zvi wcZv-gvZv GZB `wi`ª †h Zv‡K AvkÖq †`Iqvi mvg_©¨<br />
Zv‡`i wQjbv Ges †kdvwj eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h, ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K fiY‡cvlY cvIqvi †Kvb<br />
m¤¢vebvI Zvi †bB|<br />
wn› `y mgv‡Ri bvix b¤ªZv GKwU e¨emv ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ Zvi mviv Rxe‡bi mÂq ¯^vgxi nv‡Z Zz‡j<br />
†`b| ¯^vgx H UvKv e¨emvi Kv‡R bv LvwU‡q Ab¨fv‡e †m¸wj bqQq K‡i †d‡j| b¤ªZv hLb Gi<br />
cÖwZev` Rvbvb Ges UvKv¸wj †diZ w`‡Z e‡jb ZLb ¯^vgx Zvi Dci wÿß n‡q I‡V Ges GK<br />
ch©v‡q QjPvZzixi AvkÖq wb‡q b¤ªZv‡K cvwbi e`‡j GwmW cvb Kivq| b¤ªZv Avgv‡`i‡K Rvbvb,<br />
Òcvwb cvb Ki‡Z wM‡q †`wL Avgvi gyL Ges wfZiUv †hb Av¸‡b cy‡o hv‡”Q|Ó GB NUbvi ci<br />
b¤ªZvi ¯^vgx cvwj‡q hvq| Gw`‡K b¤ªZvi Lv`¨bvjx cy‡o hvIqvq †Kvb wKQz LvIqvi Rb¨ wZwb Lv`¨<br />
mieivnKvix wUD‡ei Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡ob| b¤ªZv Zvi ¯^vgx‡K ZvjvK w`‡Z Pvb, wKš‘ wn› `y<br />
cvwievwiK AvBb Zvi †mB ZvjvK Aby‡gv`b Ki‡ebv|<br />
wLª÷vb mgv‡Ri bvix Rqvi cÖwZw`‡bi M„n¯’vwjKg© ïiæ nq †fvi mv‡o cuvPUv †_‡K| Kv‡R hw` †Kvb<br />
†Q` c‡o Ges Zv hw` wb‡Ri †QvÆ †g‡qwU‡K †Ljv”Q‡j f‚wj‡q ivLvi Rb¨I nq, Zvn‡jI Zvi<br />
k¦vïwo †ek ‡i‡M ‡h‡Zb| cÖvq mgq wZwb ¯œvb Kivi mgqUvI cvb bv| `ycy‡i LvIqvi ci KLbI<br />
wSgywb Avm‡j kvïwo Zvi Dci ÿzä nb Ges Acgvb K‡ib| Rqvi ¯^vgxI gv‡S gv‡S Zv‡K<br />
kvixwiKfv‡e jvwÂZ Ges MvwjMvjvR K‡ib| Gme kvixwiK I gvbwmK wbh©vZb mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i<br />
Rqv †ek K‡qKevi evwo †Q‡o cvwj‡q wM‡q GKwU Pv‡P© Ges evev-gv‡qi evwo‡Z AvkÖq †bb|<br />
cÖwZeviB PvP© KZ©„cÿ Ges evev-gv Zv‡K †Rvic~e©K ¯^vgxi evwo‡Z wd‡i †h‡Z eva¨ K‡ib| Gw`‡K<br />
¯^vgxM„‡n Zvi Dci wbh©vZb Av‡Mi g‡ZvB Pj‡Z _v‡K| Avi †Kv_vI hvIqvi Dcvq wKsev Avjv`v<br />
evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ UvKv cqmvi mvg_©¨ bv _vKvq Rqv Zv‡`i cvwievwiK m~‡Î cvIqv GK evÜexi evwoi<br />
eviv› `v I ev_iæ‡g _vKvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| Gw`‡K Zvi ¯^vgx I fvmy‡iiv `yb©vg iwU‡q †`b †h, wZwb<br />
Ab¨ GKRb cyiæ‡li mv‡_ cvwj‡q †M‡Qb|<br />
2
‡kdvwj, b¤ªZv I Rqv mK‡jB wewfbœfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK cvwievwiK AvBb¸wji AwePvi I<br />
†bwZevPK AwfNv‡Zi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb| Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK evwo‡Z Avw_©Kfv‡e wKsev<br />
Ab¨ Dcv‡q Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb ˆeevwnK evwo‡Z GKRb ¯¿xi †h Ae`vb<br />
Zv‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`qbv Ges weevn I weevn-we‡”Q‡`i mgq ˆeevwnK m¤úwˇZ bvixi mgvbvwaKvi<br />
wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡ÎI GB AvBb e¨_© n‡q‡Q| ‡kdvwj, b¤ªZv I Rqv‡`i ‡KD miKv‡ii †Kvb<br />
mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP ev Zvi my‡hvM MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ wQ‡jb bv|<br />
evsjv‡`‡k weevn, ZvjvK I we‡”Q` msµvšÍ †hme AvBb i‡q‡Q †m¸wj cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e bvixi cÖwZ<br />
ˆelg¨g~jK| gymjgvb, wn› `y I wLª÷vb m¤úª`v‡qi R‡b¨ Avjv`vfv‡e wba©vwiZ Gme wewa-weav‡bi<br />
AwaKvsk eûhyM (wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î kZ eQ‡iiI) Av‡M ‡jLv n‡qwQj| GB AvBb¸wj weevn I<br />
weevn-we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î bvixi Zzjbvq cyiæl‡`i‡K AZ¨waK ÿgZv w`‡q ‰Zwi n‡q‡Q| Gme<br />
AvB‡b bvix‡`i R‡b¨ fiY‡cvlY I †`b‡gvn‡ii bv‡g ‡h mvgvb¨ Avw_©K ¯^‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ i‡q‡Q (hv<br />
bvix‡K cÖ`v‡bi R‡b¨ gymwjg cyiæl weevn Pzw³‡Z cÖwZÁv K‡i), †m¸wj cÖvq †ÿ‡Î cwigv‡Y AwZ<br />
mvgvb¨ n‡q _v‡K Ges †m¸wj Av`vq KivI AZ¨šÍ KwVb|<br />
djkÖæwZ‡Z, evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvBb¸wj bvix‡`i‡K myiÿv †`Iqvi cwie‡Z© cÖvqkt<br />
Zv‡`i‡K wbcxobg~jK weev‡ni Rv‡j ew› ` Ki‡Z Ae`vb iv‡L wKsev weevn †f‡O †M‡j Zv‡`i<br />
A‡bK‡K `vwi‡`ª¨i mxgvnxb `y‡f©v‡Mi w`‡K †V‡j †`q| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î GB AvBb¸wj M„nnxbZv,<br />
Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxbZv Ges ZvjvKcÖvß ev ¯^vgx-wew”Qbœ bvix I Zv‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj‡`i ¯^v¯’¨nvwbi<br />
mgm¨v ˆZwi‡Z mivmwi Ae`vb iv‡L|<br />
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K‡g †M‡j wKsev wb‡Ri Avq I m‡qi Dci wbqš¿Y nvwi‡q †dj‡j cwiev‡i A_©m¼U ˆZwi n‡Z<br />
cv‡i| miKvwi wn‡me g‡Z evsjv‡`‡k ZvjvKcÖvß bvixi msL¨v cÖvq 330,000| ZvQvov G‡`‡ki<br />
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m`m¨‡K nvwi‡q †djvi Kvi‡Y bvixiv A‡bK †ekx `vwi`ª¨ cÖeY n‡q c‡ob|<br />
weevwnZ bvixiv Zv‡`i cwievi, e¨emv, †ÿZ-Lvgvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwË iÿvq wewfbœfv‡e Ae`vb<br />
†i‡L P‡j‡Qb| Zviv cwiev‡ii ‡mevhZœmn g~jZt gRywiwenxb bvbv Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cwiev‡ii<br />
DbœwZ‡Z cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq AwaK kÖg w`‡q _v‡Kb| GB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi R‡b¨ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP<br />
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wKsev wb‡Ri DcvwR©Z me A_© ¯^vgxi nv‡Z Zz‡j †`Iqvi gva¨‡g cwiev‡i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb<br />
†i‡L‡Qb| Zv‡`i Gme Ae`vb ¯^vgxi bv‡g m¤úwË µq, ¯^vgxi D”Pwkÿv jvf, e¨emvcvwZ cÖwZôv<br />
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Ggb GKRb gymwjg bvix wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Kej Avjøvn&B Rv‡bb bvix‡`i‡K<br />
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KZUv `y‡f©vM †cvnv‡Z nq|Ó wZwb AviI e‡jb, ÒAvjøvn& Avgv‡`i‡K bvix bv evwb‡q cyiæl<br />
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GK ai‡bi cvwievwiK wbh©vZb Ges GB AvB‡b ˆeevwnK (¯^vgxi) evwo‡Z ¯¿xi emevm GKwU<br />
AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z nq| hviv cvwievwiK wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡”Qb Zv‡`i Rb¨ GB AvBbe‡j<br />
A¯’vqx fiY‡cvlY cÖvwßi e¨e¯’v K‡i w`‡Z Av`vjZ‡K GLwZqvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| 2012 mv‡j<br />
AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mnvqZvq evsjv‡`k jÕ Kwgkb gymwjg, wn› `y I wLª÷vb<br />
cvwievwiK AvB‡bi ms¯‹ v‡ii j‡ÿ¨ GKwU M‡elYv mgvß K‡i| 2012 mv‡ji †g gv‡m<br />
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wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿YvjqI ‡`Iqvbx Av`vjZ cÖwµqvi ms¯‹ vi, we‡kl K‡i mgb Rvwi<br />
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c`‡ÿc †bIqv n‡”Q| GB msMVb¸wj Ae¨vnZfv‡e cvwievwiK AvBb Ges G‡`i cÖwµqvMZ<br />
ms¯‹ vi `vwe K‡i AvmwQj|<br />
Zv‡`i cÖ‡Póvi cÖwZ mg_©b Rvwb‡q GB cÖwZ‡e`b cvwievwiK AvBb I mswkøó AvBbx cÖwµqvi<br />
ms¯‹ vi Ges bvixi R‡b¨ b~¨bZg †hUzKz iÿvKeP GLbI envj Av‡Q Zvi h_vh_ ev¯Íevqb `vwe<br />
Ki‡Q| †mBmv‡_ ZvjvKcÖvß wKsev ¯^vgx-wew”Qbœ Ges cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi wkKvi bvix‡`i R‡b¨<br />
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mywbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov miKv‡ii f~wg e› Ub e¨e¯’vwUI ˆelg¨nxb nIqv `iKvi, hv‡Z<br />
bvix-cÖavb cwievi¸wj myweavewÂZ ev MYbvi evB‡i bv _v‡K| evm¯’vb wKsev AvkÖq cÖvwßi<br />
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we‡ivwaZv i‡q‡Q| Zviv Õag©xqÕ e¨vcv‡i miKvwi n¯Í‡ÿc cQ› ` K‡ib bv| Zv‡`i hyw³ n‡jv,<br />
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Áv‡bi eûgvwÎK e¨vL¨vi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| G‡Z AviI cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, cÖPwjZ cvwievwiK<br />
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GKUv eva¨evaKZv i‡q‡Q|<br />
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me‡P‡q eo e¨wZµg A_©vr cvwievwiK AvBb e¨ZxZ 1971 mv‡j m¦vaxbZv AR©‡bi ci †_‡K c&ªewZ©Z<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk AvBb wj½ I agx©q wek¦vm wbwe©‡k‡l ˆelg¨nxbfv‡e mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨<br />
cª‡hvR¨| wKQz AvBbx ms¯‹ v‡ii mvnv‡h¨, we‡kl K‡i cvwievwiK mwnsmZv Ges GwmW mš¿vm we‡ivax<br />
AvBb cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g cvwievwiK welq¸wji cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q, ‡h¸wj mKj ag©xq<br />
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G‡`‡ki †eŠ×iv wn› `y AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ|<br />
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K‡ib, Zv‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨|<br />
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bvixi cÖwZ ‰elg¨g~jK, hv bx‡P Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi ¯^xK…wZ Ges we‡”Q` ev<br />
Zvjv‡Ki ci ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ Gi mgvb Askx`vwiZ¡ wbwðZ Ki‡ZI Gme AvBb e¨_© n‡q‡Q| GB<br />
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K‡i, hw` †Kvb m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv ¯^‡Ë¡ ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi mgvb Askx`vwiZ¡ bv _v‡K| Z‡e Gai‡bi<br />
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†ÿ‡Î gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb ˆelg¨g~jK|<br />
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cvwievwiK AvB‡b weevn GKwU Pzw³ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| GKwU Av`k© weevn Pzw³ weevnKvjxb mg‡q<br />
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MÖnY K‡i‡Q weevn Pzw³/Kvwebbvgv m¤ú‡K© wKsev Pzw³‡Z `iKlvKwl ev AwaKZi myweavRbK kZ©<br />
hy³ Kivi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i Ávb wQj Lye mxwgZ|<br />
weevn Pzw³i kZ© Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ †`b‡gvn‡i ¯¿xi AwaKvi gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡b ¯^xK…Z|<br />
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m¤úwˇZ wb‡R‡`i Ae`v‡bi Zzjbvq †`b‡gvn‡ii cwigvY Lye Kg e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq|<br />
AwaKš‘ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †`‡L‡Q †h, †hme †ÿ‡Î Aí eq¯‹ weevwnZ bvix‡`i †ejvq<br />
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Aa¨v‡`k cÖwµqvMZ kZ© Av‡iv‡ci gva¨‡g eûweevn cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Póv K‡i| GB AvBb Abyhvqx<br />
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cÖv_©bv Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi Kv‡Q mvÿvrKvi cÖ`vbKvix Ges eû weev‡ni<br />
wkKvi 40 Rb gymwjg bvixi †KDB eûweev‡n m¤§wZ †`bwb wKsev †Kvb mvwjkx cwil‡`i<br />
ch©v‡jvPbvi m¤§yLxb nbwb e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb|<br />
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†mme `wjjcÎ nv‡Z wj‡L msiÿY K‡ib Ges cÖvqkt †mme `wjjc‡Î KviPzwc nIqvi m¤¢vebv<br />
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cv‡ib| mvwjkx cwil‡`i Øviv ch©v‡jvwPZ nIqvi ci gymjgvb cyiæ‡li ZvjvK Kvh©Ki nIqvi<br />
K_v _vK‡jI, we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z, GB cÖwµqvq weevn we‡”Q` K`vwPr N‡U _v‡K|<br />
Ab¨w`‡K GKRb bvix hLb weevn we‡”Q` Pvb ZLb Zv‡K Aek¨B Zvi ¯^vgxi m¤§wZ wbwðZ Ki‡Z<br />
nq| ¯^vgx-¯¿x cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZvi gva¨‡g we‡”Q` (‡gvevivZ) NUv‡Z cv‡ib| gymjgvb bvix Lyjv<br />
we‡”Q`I (cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi gva¨‡g GK ai‡bi we‡”Q`) PvB‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ A‡bK we‡kl‡Ái<br />
g‡Z, bvix‡`i Rb¨ Lyjv we‡”Q‡`i GB my‡hvM ZLbB cÖ‡hvR¨ hLb Zuviv ¯^vgx‡`i AbyK‚‡j wKQz Qvo<br />
(mvaviYZ †`b‡gvn‡ii `vwe †Q‡o †`Iqv) w`‡q _v‡Kb| Ab¨_vq 1939 mv‡ji gymwjg weevn<br />
we‡”Q` AvBb Abymv‡i bvixiv Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g mywbw`©ó KviY †`wL‡q we‡”Q` PvB‡Z cv‡ib|<br />
wKš‘ we‡”Q‡`i GB cÖwµqv AZ¨šÍ `xN© n‡q _v‡K|<br />
`v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© envj _vKv Ae¯’vq ¯¿x‡`i fiY‡cvlY cvIqvi AwaKvi gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb<br />
Øviv ¯^xK…Z| wKš‘ weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î AvbyôvwbK we‡”Q` †bvwU‡ki ZvwiL †_‡K cieZx© 90 w`b<br />
ch©šÍ A_ev ¯¿x hw` Mf©eZx _v‡Kb Zvn‡j mšÍv‡bi Rb¥ bv nIqv ch©šÍ ¯¿xi fiY‡cvlY cÖvwßi<br />
AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡b ¯úófv‡e wewae× bv _vK‡jI ev¯Í‡e Ggb gvgjvI<br />
i‡q‡Q ‡hLv‡b ¯¿x ¯^vgxi evox cwiZ¨vM K‡i P‡j hvIqvi ci ¯^vgx Zvi weiæ‡× ÕAmZxÕ, ÕPwiÎnxbÕ,<br />
ÕKZ©e¨wegyLÕ BZ¨vw` Awf‡hvM Av‡b Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î cvwievwiK Av`vjZ ¯¿xi weevnKvjxb<br />
fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvi evwZj K‡i †`b| AvBbRxex‡`i g‡Z, wePvi‡Kiv ZLbB bvixi weevnKvjxb<br />
fiY‡cvlY Av`v‡qi Rb¨ AwaK AvMÖnx nb hLb Zviv cvwievwiK mwnsmZv ev †hŠZz‡Ki Rb¨<br />
wbh©vZ‡bi Kvi‡Y wKsev ¯^vgx-cwiZ¨³ n‡q ‰eevwnK evox ‡Q‡o Ab¨Î P‡j hvb|<br />
wn› `y<br />
mxwgZ AvKv‡i wewae× wn› `y cvwievwiK AvB‡bI bvixi cÖwZ GKB ai‡bi ˆelg¨g~jK weavb<br />
i‡q‡Q| wn› `y cvwievwiK AvBb cÖwµqvMZ †Kvb c~e©kZ© QvovB wn› `y cyiæl‡`i‡K hZevi Lywk<br />
we‡q Kivi AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| wn› `y cvwievwiK AvB‡b cyiæl A_ev bvix Kv‡ivi Rb¨B we‡”Q`<br />
Aby‡gvw`Z bq| Z‡e 1946 m‡bi AvswkK wewae× wn› `y cvwievwiK AvBb Abyhvqx wn› `y bvixiv<br />
AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ Kvi‡Y Avjv`v emevm Ges ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K fiY‡cvlY cvIqvi Rb¨ cvwievwiK<br />
8
Av`vj‡Z AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Gme mxwgZ AwaKviI evwZj n‡q hvq hw`<br />
Av`vjZ KZ„©©K cÖgvwYZ nq †h ¯¿x AmZx ev Ab¨ a‡g© ag©všÍwiZ n‡q‡Qb wKsev `v¤úZ¨ AwaKvi<br />
cybiæ×v‡i Av`vj‡Zi RvixK…Z Av‡`k gvb‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Qb|<br />
fiY‡cvlY A_ev c„_K emev‡mi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kivi mgq cÖ_gZ wn› `y bvix‡`i cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq<br />
†h Zviv weevwnZ| †h‡nZz wn› `y weev‡ni Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK †Kvb wbeÜb e¨e¯’v †bB ‡mKvi‡Y Zv‡`i<br />
weev‡ni Z_¨ cÖgvY nvwRi Kiv ‡ek KwVb n‡q c‡o| 2012 mv‡ji †g gv‡m evsjv‡`‡ki<br />
gwš¿cwil` wn› `y weev‡ni Hw”QK wbeÜb wel‡q GKwU AvB‡bi Lmov Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q|<br />
wLª÷vb<br />
wLªóvb cvwievwiK AvBbI bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨g~jK| bvix-cyiæl Df‡qi Rb¨B weevn we‡”Q` mxwgZ<br />
†ÿ‡Î Aby‡gvw`Z, wKš‘ bvixi Rb¨ weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎ AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ| bvix‡K e¨wfPv‡ii<br />
`v‡q Awfhy³ K‡i cyiæl weevn we‡”Q` NUv‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K bvix KZ©„K weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î<br />
¯^vgxi weiæ‡× e¨wfPvi QvovI AviI Ab¨vb¨ welq †hgb, ag©všÍwiZ nIqv, al©Y, wØZxq weevn,<br />
mgKvwgZv, cvkweKZv, `yB eQi a‡i ¯¿x‡K cwiZ¨vM Kiv wKsev wbôziZv BZ¨vw`i cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq|<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki iÿYkxj mgv‡R e¨wfPv‡ii Awf‡hvM Avbv, we‡klZ bvix‡`i Rb¨, AZ¨šÍ<br />
AegvbbvKi|<br />
wLª÷vb bvixiv `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K©i mg‡q Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i ci fiY‡cvlY ev †Lvi‡cvl cvIqvi<br />
AwaKvix, Z‡e †mB fiY‡cvlY ev †Lvi‡cvl ‡`Iqv n‡e Zv‡`i ÕmZxZ¡Õ eRvq ivLvi k‡Z©|<br />
bvix Ges Zv‡`i †cvl¨‡`i Dci cvwievwiK AvB‡bi cÖfve<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK cvwievwiK AvBb¸wj we‡q, ZvjvK wKsev we‡”Q‡`i mgq bvix Ges Zv‡`i<br />
Dci wbf©ikxj‡`i Rb¨ bvbv wecwË †W‡K Av‡b| Gme AvBb bvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZv Ges bvix-cÖavb<br />
cwiev‡i `vwi`ª¨ m„wó‡Z Ae`vb iv‡L|<br />
GB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Rb¨ ‡hme bvixi mvvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB †Rvic~e©K wKsev duv‡`<br />
c‡o we‡q‡Z eva¨ nIqvi K_v Rvwb‡q‡Qb| Gme we‡q‡Z Zviv eva¨ n‡q‡Qb, KviY Zv‡`i Avk¼v<br />
wQj hw` ZvjvKcÖvß ev ¯^vgx-wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡ob Zvn‡j Zviv M„nnxb n‡q co‡Z cv‡ib Ges<br />
wb‡R‡K cwiPvjbvi g‡Zv Avw_©K mvg_©¨ ZLb Zv‡`i bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| eûweev‡ni wkKvi A‡bK<br />
gymwjg bvix Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, we‡q‡Z evav w`‡j Zv‡`i ¯^vgxiv kvixwiKfv‡e wbh©vZb K‡i Ges ¯^vgx<br />
QvovI mZxb‡`i nv‡Z Zv‡`i‡K wbM„nxZ n‡Z nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, dwi`v Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, Zvi ¯^vgx<br />
Ges Ab¨ mZx‡biv Zv‡K D‡cvm ivLvmn Zvi Dci kvixwiK I †gŠwLK wbh©vZb Pvjv‡Zv|<br />
wKš‘ wZwb eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h, ¯^vgx‡K †Q‡o P‡j hvIqvi A_©B n‡jv AvkÖqnxb n‡q cov| wZwb<br />
9
e‡jb, ÒAvgvi †Kv_vI hvIqvi RvqMv †bB| ZvB Zviv hZ wKQzB KiæK bv †Kb Avwg Zv‡`i mv‡_<br />
†_‡K †MwQ|Ó<br />
ZvjvKcÖvß wKsev ¯^vgx-wew”Qbœ AwaKvsk bvix Zv‡`i fqvbK A_©‰bwZK `yM©wZi weeiY<br />
w`‡q‡Qb| ‰eevwnK evwo nvZQvov n‡q hvIqv, iv¯Ívq emevm, Lv‡`¨i R‡b¨ wfv Kiv, gv_v<br />
†MuvRvi Av”Qv`‡bi Rb¨ A‡b¨i N‡i dvBdigvk LvUv, ¯‹ zj †_‡K ev”Pv‡`i‡K Avbv-‡bIqv Kiv,<br />
fMœ¯^v‡¯’¨i mv‡_ msMÖvg, fqvbK A_©K‡ó w`bhvcb cÖf…wZ Gme `yM©wZi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask|<br />
D`vniY¯^iƒc Amxgv Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K ˆeevwnK evwo †_‡K Zvwo‡q †`b Ges wZwb †Kvb<br />
fiY‡cvlY wKsev ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi Ask cvbwb| wZwb Zvi 10 ermi eqmx Kb¨v‡K A‡b¨i N‡i<br />
M„nkÖwg‡Ki KvR Kivi Rb¨ cvwV‡q †`b Ges wb‡R †QvU †g‡q‡K wb‡q iv¯Ívq wfÿv K‡i<br />
w`bhvcb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| GKRb mü`q f‚-¯^vgx wb‡Ri †ÿ‡Z KvR Kivi wewbg‡q Amxgv‡K Lv`¨<br />
I AvkÖq `v‡bi cÖ¯Íve bv †`Iqv ch©šÍ Zvi GB Ae¯’v Pj‡Z _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K †gvbvÕi ¯^vgx<br />
Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i Ges GKwU Mf©cvZ n‡q hvIqvi ciI ‡gvbvÕi ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©vi Rb¨ †Kvb UvKv<br />
cqmv bv w`‡q ‡m Ab¨ Av‡iKRb bvix‡K we‡q K‡i e‡m| Gici †gvbv †Kvb DcvqvšÍi bv †`‡L<br />
Zvi weaev nZ`wi`ª gv‡qi Kv‡Q AvkÖq †bb|<br />
Av`vj‡Z jovB<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvBb¸wj Kvh©Ki Kivi cÖv_wgK `vwqZ¡ n‡jv cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi|<br />
wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq, cvwievwiK Av`vjZ cÖwµqvMZ Ges cÖkvmwbK bvbv mgm¨vq fvivµvšÍ|<br />
AvBbRxex, mv‡eK wePviK Ges AwaKvi Kgx©iv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h,<br />
Av`vj‡Zi Av‡`k Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z eQ‡ii ci eQi cvi n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| mgbRvwi wKsev †bvwUk<br />
msµvšÍ Sv‡gjvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡U©i iv‡qi Kvh©KvwiZv AviI wejw¤^Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î b¨vqwePvi cÖvwßi<br />
Rb¨ wmZvivi `xN© A‡cÿvi NUbvwU D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ¯^vgx Zv‡K ZvjvK †`Iqvi ci<br />
AvBbx mnvqZv cvIqvi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z gvgjv `v‡q‡ii †ÿ‡Î †h e¨vcviwU wmZviv‡K DØy× K‡i‡Q<br />
Zv wZwb wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K Rvwb‡q‡Qb| wZwb ej‡Z _v‡Kb - ÓAvgv‡K †Q‡o P‡j hvIqvi<br />
ci ‡_‡K ‡m Avgvi Rb¨ †Kvb wKQzB †`qwb| GgbwK GK UzK‡iv KvcoI bv| Avwg mviv‡ejv<br />
(Lvev‡ii R‡b¨) wfÿv Kwi| Avwg hLb Zv‡K ejjvg, Avwg Av`vj‡Z hvw”Q, †m VvÆv K‡i ej‡jv,<br />
Õhv, Av`vj‡Z hv, wK”Qz cvwe bv|Õ Avwg Av`vjZ †_‡K wKQz GKUv KLb cv‡ev ?Ó<br />
cvwievwiK AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î weivRgvb Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨vi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mv¨ msµvšÍ<br />
wel‡q wePviK‡`i Am½wZc~Y© AvPiY, AwbwðZ ivq, AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡`k w`‡Z<br />
e¨_© nIqv, fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó gvb`Ð bv _vKv cÖf…wZ|<br />
10
evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvB‡b hw`I D‡jøL Av‡Q †h, wePvi‡Kiv fiY‡cvlY †`Iqvi c‡ÿ ivq<br />
†NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‘ Gi cwigvY ev kZ© Kx n‡e ‡m e¨vcv‡i AvB‡b †Kv‡bv my¯úó e¨vL¨v †bB|<br />
D`vniY¯^iƒc, gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡b fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigv‡Yi wel‡q mywbw`ó †Kv‡bv D‡jøL †bB,<br />
hw`I †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ¯^vgxi DwPZ Zvi ¯¿xi Rb¨ Õch©vß cwigvYÕ fiY‡cvlY wbwðZ Kiv|<br />
Aciw`‡K wn› `y AvB‡b D‡jøL Av‡Q †h, Av`vjZ Ó`yÕc‡i mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb we‡ePbv K‡i Ges<br />
¯^vgxi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq wb‡qÓ fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wba©viY Ki‡eb| wLª÷vb wKsev Ab¨<br />
hviv †Kv‡bv ag©xq AvBb bv †g‡b we‡kl weevn AvB‡b we‡q K‡ib, Zv‡`i †‡Î fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Y<br />
wePviK mswkøó bvixi ÕfvM¨Õ, Zvi ¯^vgxi fiY‡cvlY †`Iqvi mvg_©¨ wKsev Dfq c‡i AvPiY<br />
we‡ePbvq wb‡Z cv‡ib| ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq, wePvi‡Kiv ivq cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯^vgxi fiY‡cvlY<br />
†`Iqvi mvg_©¨ Ges ¯¿xi Afve Awf‡hvM‡K we‡ePbvq wb‡q _v‡Kb| wKš‘ Gme mvg_©¨ ev Afve<br />
wba©vi‡Yi gvb`Ð †ek A¯úó| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq, ¯^vgxiv Zv‡`i ¯¿x ÔAmZxÕ ÔKZ©e¨wegyLÕ ev<br />
ÕPwiÎnxbÕ BZ¨vw` Acev` w`‡q fiY‡cvl‡Yi `vq †_‡K wb®‹ …wZ cvIqvi †Póv K‡i _v‡K|<br />
Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wba©vi‡Y AwaKZi my¯úó AvBbx gvb`Ð i‡q‡Q| cÖvq †ÿ‡Î<br />
`v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K©i †gqv`, wbf©ikxj e¨w³i wkÿv I DcvR©b ÿgZvi Dci mšÍvb‡`i †`Lvïbv<br />
Ges mvsmvwiK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi cÖfve, ¯^vgx-¯¿xi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Avq, Zv‡`i eqm I ¯^v¯’¨ Ges<br />
GKR‡bi ‡ckvMZ Dbœq‡b Av‡iKR‡bi Ae`vb cÖf…wZ welq Gme gvb`‡Ði AšÍfz©³ _v‡K|<br />
fiY‡cvlY ev †gvnivbv msµvšÍ wel‡q †Kv‡U© nvwRiv †`Iqvi Rb¨ ¯^vgx‡K †h mgb I †bvwUk<br />
†`Iqv nq †mLv‡bI bvbv mgm¨v _v‡K| A‡bK ‡ÿ‡Î wePvi‡Kiv AvBbZ ‡h mgq wba©vwiZ _v‡K<br />
Zv †g‡b P‡jb bv| Avevi †hme Kg©KZ©v mgb Rvwi K‡ib Zviv Nyl Lvb| Gme mgm¨vi Rb¨<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi gvgjv wb®úwË n‡Z A‡hŠw³Kfv‡e `xN© mgq AwZevwnZ n‡q hvq| evsjv‡`k<br />
AvBb Kwgkb 2010 mv‡j mgb I †bvwUk Rvwii cÖwµqv ms‡kva‡bi mycvwik K‡iwQj, wKš‘ AvR<br />
ch©šÍ †`‡ki msm` wKsev AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq D‡jøwLZ ms‡kvabx<br />
ev¯Íevqb Kivi †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡iwb|<br />
fiY‡cvlY ev †gvnivbvi `vwe`vi gymwjg bvix‡K cÖ_‡gB cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq †h wZwb weevwnZv|<br />
wn› `y bvix‡`i ‡ejvq GwU GKwU cÖavb mgm¨v, †Kbbv wn› `y we‡q‡Z †iwRw÷ªi †Kvb PP©v †bB|<br />
gymwjg bvix‡`i †ejvqI GB wbqgwU mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i, KviY kiv kwiqZ g‡Z weev‡n †Kvb<br />
wjwLZ cÖgvY _v‡K bv| gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi we‡q‡Z †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi PP©vwU bvbv RwUjZvq AvµvšÍ<br />
Ges wbe܇bi `wjjcÎ Kw¤úDUv‡i wKsev †K› `ªxqfv‡e msi‡Yi †Kvb e¨e¯’vI †bB| `vwjwjK<br />
cÖgvYcÎ hw` bv _v‡K Zvn‡j wePvi‡Kiv †gŠwLK Z_¨cÖgvY we‡ePbvq wb‡Z cv‡ib, †mwU AvB‡bB<br />
ejv Av‡Q| wKš‘ AvBbRxexiv Rvbvb †h GwU ZLbB m¤¢e nq hLb mswkøó bvixi †Kvb mšÍvb<br />
_v‡K| AvBbwm×fv‡e we‡q n‡q‡Q Zv cÖgv‡Y e¨_© n‡j bvixiv †Kv‡bv wKQyB `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|<br />
11
†hme bvix g‡b K‡ib †h Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK m¤úK© AvBbwm× Ges †mB wek¦v‡m `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K©<br />
Rwo‡q c‡ob, wKš‘ c‡i †`L‡Z cvb †h cwiw¯’wZ wfbœ; †mme bvixi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv AvBbx myivi<br />
e¨e¯’v †bB|<br />
ZvQvov †hme bvix fiY‡cvl‡Yi ev †gvnivbv cÖvwßi jovB‡q Rqhy³ nb, Zv‡`i jovB wKš‘ †kl nq<br />
bv| ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ bvix‡K ivq Kvh©Ki Kivi Av‡`k ev¯Íevq‡bi Av‡e`b<br />
Ki‡Z nq Ges ¯^vgxi m¤ú` I Av‡qi cÖgvYvw` `vwLj Ki‡Z nq| GB KvRwU AwaKvsk bvixB Ki‡Z<br />
cv‡ib bv| ivq ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b `vwLj K‡i‡Qb Ggb bvix‡`i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP<br />
K_v e‡j †R‡b‡Q †h eQ‡ii ci eQi AwZµvšÍ n‡jI Zviv Av`vj‡Zi ivq ev¯Íevq‡bi Av‡`k<br />
cv‡”Qb bv| fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡`k Kvh©Ki n‡Z GK g‡°‡ji 18 eQi mgq †j‡MwQj e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb<br />
GKRb AvBbRxex| Avevi GKRb wePviK Rvwb‡q‡Qb, †mB 1980 mv‡j `v‡qi Kiv gvgjv 2011<br />
mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mI ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖwµqvaxb i‡q †M‡Q| ‡Kvb GK bvix g‡°‡ji K_v D‡jøL K‡i<br />
GKRb AvBbRxex Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zvi †mB g‡°j Zv‡K GKevi wR‡Ám K‡iwQ‡jb, ÒAvwg wK AšÍZ<br />
g‡i hvIqvi Av‡M Avgvi cvIbv cv‡ev ?Ó fiY‡cvl‡Yi ivq cÖ`vb msµvšÍ Kvh©µ‡g MwZkxjZv<br />
Avb‡Z 2010 mv‡j evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgkb GKwU mycvwik †ck K‡i| †mwU n‡jv, cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq<br />
fiY‡cvlY `vwei cvkvcvwk fiY‡cvl‡Yi ivq ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨I AvMvg Av‡e`b †ck Kiv hv‡e|<br />
Z‡e miKvi GLbI G wel‡q †Kv‡bv ms‡kvabx MÖnY K‡iwb|<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z fiY‡cvlY wKsev †gvnivbvi `vwe`vi bvixi Avmj hy×Uv ïiæ nq ¯^vgxi<br />
`v‡qi Kiv wg‡_¨ I nqivwbg~jK cvëv gvgjvi mgqUv‡Z| †dŠR`vix gvgjvI A‡bK‡K mvgjv‡Z<br />
nq| ¯^vgxi `v‡qi Kiv Ô`v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cybiæ×v‡iiÕ Av‡e`b A‡bK mgq ¯¿xi Rb¨ GKwU ¸iæZi<br />
mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv †`q| GB gvgjvq Av`vjZ ¯¿x‡K Zvi ¯^vgxi Kv‡Q wd‡i hvIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡Z<br />
cv‡ib| evsjv‡`k mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wefvM wewfbœ mg‡q `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cybiæ×v‡ii A‡bK<br />
gvgjv‡K AmvsweavwbK e‡j ivq w`‡jI ¯^vgx‡`i cÿ †_‡K G ai‡bi nqivwbg~jK cvëv gvgjv<br />
`v‡q‡ii cÖPwjZ aviv GL‡bv Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| we‡klÁiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, ¯¿x hw` Ni Qvovi mgq<br />
wb‡Ri e¨envh© †Kvb wRwbmcÎ m‡½ wb‡q hvq, Z‡e ¯^vgxiv Pywii gvgjv Vz‡K †`q| cÖvq †ÿ‡Î<br />
¯^vgxiv Gme †dŠR`vwi Awf‡hvM cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡jI †ewkifvM mgq †`Lv hvq †mme Awf‡hv‡Mi<br />
Kvi‡Y ¯¿x Ges Zvi cwiev‡ii †jvKRb bvbvfv‡e fqfxwZ I nqivwbi AvZ‡¼i g‡a¨ _v‡Kb|<br />
mvgvwRK mnvqZv<br />
fiY‡cvlY msµvšÍ wel‡q Av`vj‡Z Rqx n‡jI A‡bK bvixi Kv‡Q GB weRq GKwU ÔwbõjÕ<br />
†`ŠuoSvc Qvov Avi wKQzB bq| KviY A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq Zv‡`i ¯^vgxiv LyeB `wi`ª| d‡j UvKv<br />
†RvMv‡oi mvg_¨© A‡b‡KiB _v‡K bv| GB mg¯Í bvixi Rb¨ ivóªxq mn‡hvwMZv LyeB `iKvi|<br />
we‡kl K‡i ZvjvKcÖvß ev Avjv`v _v‡Kb A_ev cvwievwiK mwnsmZv Gov‡Z Pvb Ggb bvix‡`i<br />
12
Riæix wfwˇZ Avkªq `iKvi n‡q c‡o| mvgvwRK mvnv‡h¨i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv me‡P‡q †ewk Abyf~Z nq<br />
¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K Avjv`v nevi ci †_‡K Avw_©Kfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x bv nIqv ch©šÍ AšÍe©Zx©Kvjxb<br />
mgqUv‡Z|<br />
mvgvwRK wbivcËv Rvj Kg©m~wP‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AR©b i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Gme cÖK‡íi<br />
myweav MÖnY wKsev Gi †hvM¨ we‡ewPZ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î bvix‡`i‡K cÖPzi mgm¨vq co‡Z nq| mvgvwRK<br />
mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi cÖZ¨vwkZ jÿ¨ c~i‡Y Gi cwiPvjbv e¨e¯’v‡K AviI ev¯Íem¤§Z I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx<br />
Ki‡Z n‡e| GB cÖKí¸wj Amnvq bvix‡`i, we‡kl K‡i cÖwZewÜZv, eqm I `ye©j ¯^v‡¯’¨i Kvi‡Y<br />
hv‡`i Rxeb AZ¨šÍ SuywKc~Y©, Zv‡`i mgm¨v I `yive¯’vi ch©vß mgvavb w`‡Z cvi‡Qbv| evsjv‡`k<br />
cwiKíbv Kwgkb 2011 mv‡j we`¨gvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP¸wji mxgve×Zv KvwU‡q IVvi<br />
j‡ÿ¨ mvgvwRK wbivcËv msµvšÍ GKwU mgwš^Z RvZxq †KŠkj cÖYq‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡iwQj|<br />
†`‡k bvix‡`i Rb¨ mvZwU miKvwi Avkªq †K› `ª i‡q‡Q| Z‡e wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mv‡_<br />
AvjvcKv‡j bvix I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Kg©KZ©viv ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h ev¯Í‡e Ggb Avkªq<br />
†K› `ª AviI `iKvi| M„nnxb bvix Ges †hme bvix wfv K‡ib Zv‡`i‡K feNy‡i AvB‡bi AvIZvq<br />
wfve„wË I iv¯Ívq evm Kivi Aciv‡a Avkªq‡K‡› `ª wb‡q hvIqv nq| evsjv‡`‡k G AvBbwU †ek<br />
A¯úó Ges wfve„wË AvBbZ Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨| AvBbwUi ms‡kvab `iKvi, we‡kl K‡i GLv‡b<br />
AvkªqnxbZvi Rb¨ `‡Ûi †h weavb i‡q‡Q †mwUi ms‡kvab `iKvi| M„nnxb bvix‡`i mvgwqK Avkªq<br />
jv‡fi AwaKv‡ii welqwUI wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|<br />
evsjv‡`‡k `wi`ª gvby‡li Rb¨ ‡ek wKQy AvKl©Yxq mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q| †hgb weaev<br />
ev ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ (¯^vgx-wew”Qbœ ev ZvjvKcÖvß) bvix‡`i Rb¨ bM` A_© mnvqZv Kg©m~wPwU G‡ÿ‡Î<br />
GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY| Avw_©K cÖ‡qvRbxqZvq welqwU cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡j bvixiv G<br />
Kg©m~wP‡Z cÖwZgv‡m 300 UvKv ‡c‡q _v‡Kb|<br />
Z‡e wKQy wKQy wel‡qi Rb¨ GB Kg©m~wPwU evavMÖ¯Í nq| mvnvh¨ cvIqvi †hvM¨ A‡bK bvixB G<br />
Kg©m~wP m¤ú©‡K Rv‡bb bv| A‡bK bvix g‡b K‡ib, Kg©m~wP‡Z eiv× mvnv‡h¨i cwigvY GZ Kg †h<br />
†mwU Zv‡`i †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| A‡bK mgq UvKv †c‡ZI †ek mgq †j‡M<br />
hvq| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Gme mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ hy³ bq| A_P Gme Av`vj‡Z<br />
A‡bK bvixB Av‡mb hv‡`i mvnvh¨ `iKvi| wKš‘ GB Av`vjZ †_‡K Zviv mvgvwRK mnvqZv<br />
Kg©m~wP msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cvb bv|<br />
miKvwi Lvm Rwg f~wgnxb MÖvgxY gvbyl‡`i gv‡S weZi‡Yi GKwU bxwZI miKv‡ii i‡q‡Q hv †_‡K<br />
bvix cÖavb cwievi¸wj DcKvi ‡c‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Gme welq wb‡q hviv KvR K‡ib Zviv wnDg¨vb<br />
13
ivBUm IqvP‡K Rvbvb †h bvix-cÖavb †mB cwievi¸wjB GB bxwZgvjvi AvIZvq myweav †c‡Z cv‡i,<br />
†h cwiev‡i GKRb ÔmÿgÕ †Q‡j mšÍvb i‡q‡Q| †hme cwiev‡i GKRb Kb¨v mšÍvb i‡q‡Q<br />
A_ev ‡Kvb mšÍvb †bB A_ev †Q‡j _vK‡jI †m hw` cÖwZeÜx nq, Z‡e GB ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZi<br />
Kvi‡Y bvix-cÖavb cwievi nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zviv Rwgi AwaKvi cv‡e bv|<br />
bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ we‡jvc, bvMwiK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK<br />
AwaKvi msµvšÍ †ek wKQy AvšÍ©RvwZK Pzw³‡Z mviKvix ivóª evsjv‡`k| Gme Pzw³ mvgvwRK<br />
wbivcËvi AwaKvimn `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡b Ges Gi cwimgvw߇Z ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi Rb¨ mgvbvwaKv‡ii<br />
wbðqZv †`q| RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ cÖwZôvb GB mg¯Í Pzw³i ev¯Íevqb ch©‡eY K‡i| GB<br />
cÖwZôvb¸wj mvgvwRK ev agx©q ARynv‡Z ev ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿xi fiY‡cvl‡Yi `vwqZ¡ †bq GB hyw³‡Z<br />
we‡qi ci bvix‡`i m¤úwˇZ mgvb AwaKvi bv †`evi hyw³wU‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Ges `v¤úZ¨<br />
Rxe‡b ¯¿xi fib‡cvl‡Yi welqwU Av‡iv h_vh_fv‡e Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ AvBbx ms¯‹ v‡ii ZvwM`<br />
‡`q| evsjv‡`k miKvi mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv Abyhvqx 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi<br />
bvUKxqfv‡e Kwg‡q Avbvi GK cwiKíbv nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| jÿ¨gvÎv c~i‡Yi mgqmxgv AZ¨šÍ<br />
KvQvKvwQ P‡j G‡jI ˆelg¨g~jK cvwievwiK AvB‡bi Øviv m„ó `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡bi D‡`¨vM GLbI<br />
AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ|<br />
evsjv‡`k miKvi Zvi AvšÍR©vwZK `vqe×Zvi ZvwM‡` wn› `y weev‡ni Hw”QK wbeÜb Pvjy Kivi<br />
e¨vcv‡i GKwU wej Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q| †QvU GKwU c`‡c n‡jI GwU †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cvwievwiK<br />
AvBb I bvbvwea cÖwµqvi ms¯‹ vi wb‡q AvBb Kwgk‡bi cixÿv-wbixvi e¨vcv‡i miKvi<br />
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Q| bvix-cyiæ‡li mgZv cÖwZôv, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Ges evsjv‡`‡ki bvix‡`i `y`©kv<br />
jvN‡ei †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZkÖæwZ ev¯Íevq‡b GB ms¯‹ vi¸wj‡K GwM‡q †bIqv AZ¨šÍ<br />
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|<br />
cwieZ©‡bi GB aviv †_‡K AviI myweav cvIqvi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ c`‡c¸‡jv evsjv‡`k ivóªxq<br />
KZ…©c‡i MÖnY Kiv DwPZ|<br />
14
K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mycvwik<br />
we‡klÁ e¨w³ Ges mykxj mgv‡Ri msMVb I cÖwZwbwa hviv bvix AwaKvi I msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ`v‡qi<br />
gvbyl‡`i wb‡q KvR K‡ib Zv‡`i mv‡_ civgk©µ‡g weevn, we‡”Q` (c„_K emevm), ZvjvK Ges G<br />
msµvšÍ Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb AvB‡bi e¨vcK ms¯‹ v‡ii j‡¨ KvR Kiæb|<br />
fz³‡fvMx mKj cÿ ev m¤úª`vq‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i ag© wKsev bvix-cyiæl †Kw› `ªK ˆel‡g¨i weavbgy³<br />
wewfbœ ‡`Iqvwb AvBb cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU AskM«nYg~jK c«wµqv Pvjy Kiæb| AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb<br />
mg‡qi Rb¨ cvwievwiK AvBb ms‡kva‡bi gva¨‡g Gi ‰elg¨g~jK w`K¸‡jv `~i Kiæb Ges AvBb<br />
ev¯Íevq‡bi c«wµqv ‡Rvi`vi Kiæb|<br />
GB j‡ÿ¨ KZ…©c wbgœewY©Z c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡eb:<br />
fiY‡cvlY msµvšÍ AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi:<br />
• fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePviK‡`i w`K wb‡`©kbv<br />
‡`Iqvi Rb¨ mywb©w`ó gvb`Ð ‰Zix Kiæb| GB gvb`‡Ð we‡eP¨ welq n‡e: `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K©i<br />
†gqv`; `¤úwZi wbf©ikxj c‡i (G †‡Î mvaviYZ ¯¿xi) wkvjvf Ges DcvR©b gZvi<br />
Dci cwiev‡ii wkï cwiPh©v I mvsmvwiK `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i c«fve; ¯^vgx-¯¿x c«‡Z¨‡Ki eZ©gvb<br />
I fwel¨Z m¤¢ve¨ Avq; wbf©ikxj c‡i (¯¿xi) wb‡R‡K wb‡R fiY‡cvl‡Yi mvg_©¨; ¯^vgx-<br />
¯¿xi ¯^v¯’¨ Ges eqm; wbf©ikxj c‡i Pvwn`v/Afve Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb; Rxeb-RxweKvi<br />
Ab¨vb¨ Dcvq; Ges Aci c‡ÿi ‡ckvMZ Dbœq‡b wbf©ikxj c‡ÿi Ae`vb|<br />
• ¯¿xi fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ Zvi ÔAvbyMZ¨Õ, ÕmZxZ¡Õ, Õ‰eevwnK KZ©e¨Õ, A_ev<br />
ÕPvwiwÎK mZZvÕ cÖf…wZ gvb`‡Ði m¤úK© wejyß Kiæb|<br />
• cvwievwiK Av`vjZ I Avcxj msµvšÍ mKj cÖwµqv I Kvh©cÖYvjx ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb Ges<br />
`xN©m~wÎZv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ †mme cÖwµqv‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kiæb| fiY‡cvl‡Yi gvgjvi<br />
P~ovšÍ wb®úwË bv nIqv ch©šÍ wePviK‡`i AšÍ©eZ©xKvjxb Av‡`k c«`v‡bi ‡h gZv<br />
i‡q‡Q †mwU‡K AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb fiY‡cvlY c«`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwievwiK<br />
Av`vjZ¸wji cÖwZ Riæix wb‡`©kbv Rvix Kiæb| we‡”Q`, ZvjvK, fiY‡cvlY Ges<br />
†gvnivbv msµvšÍ gvgjv¸wj hv‡Z cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e I ¯^”QZvi mv‡_<br />
cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq †mRb¨ cvwievwiK Av`vjZ¸wji `Zv e„w× Kiæb| gvgjvRU Ges<br />
gvgjvi `xN©m~wÎZv Kgv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v M«nY Kiæb| GRb¨ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z<br />
15
AviI wePviK wb‡qv‡Mi A_ev wePviK‡`i Dci ‡_‡K Ab¨vb¨ ‡`Iqvwb gvgjvi fvi<br />
Kgv‡bvi e¨e¯’v wbb| Gi cvkvcvwk mgb Rvix Ges Av`vj‡Zi ivq/wWwµ ev¯Íevqb<br />
c×wZi ms¯‹ vi mvab Kiæb|<br />
• ‰eevwnK m¤úwËi aviYvi c~Y© ¯^xK…wZ w`b Ges `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© Aemv‡bi mgq bvix‡`i<br />
Avw_©K Ges A_©-ewnf©~Z Ae`vbmg~‡ni ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ ˆeevwnK m¤úwË mgvb<br />
fv‡M e› Ub Kivi e¨e¯’v‡K Aby‡gv`b Kiæb| mKj ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ GB weavb<br />
cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|<br />
• wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi weiæ‡× ‡`ke¨vcx m‡PZbZvg~jK c«Pvivwfhv‡bi<br />
D‡`¨vM M«nY Kiæb Ges Zv †hb cÖwZeÜxevÜe nq †m welqwU wbwðZ Kiæb| GB<br />
c«PviYvq ‰eevwnK evwo‡Z emev‡mi AwaKvi, A_©‰bwZK wZi wecix‡Z myiv, gvgjvi<br />
wb®úwË bv nIqv ch©šÍ A¯’vqx fiY‡cvlY cvIqvi AwaKvi cÖf…wZ wel‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡<br />
Av‡ivc Kiæb| cvwievwiK mwnsmZv we‡ivax AvB‡bi AvIZvq bvix‡`i c«wZKvi PvIqv‡K<br />
DrmvwnZ Kiæb|<br />
• me a‡g©i Abymvix‡`i Rb¨ weevn wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiæb| weev‡ni c«gvY wn‡m‡e mviv<br />
†`‡ki gvby‡li Kv‡Q mnRjf¨ nq Ggbfv‡e weevn msµvšÍ hveZxq Z_¨ wWwRUvj<br />
c×wZ‡Z msiÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v wbb|<br />
• weevnwe‡”Q‡` cyiæl Ges bvixi mgvb AwaKvi I my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
• eûweev‡ni ‡bwZevPK djvdj Ges Zvi mv‡_ cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi m¤úK© wel‡q<br />
‡`ke¨vcx m‡PZbZv m…wói c`‡ÿc wbb Ges GB e¨e¯’v Aemv‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kiæb| G<br />
msµvšÍ hveZxq Z_¨ hv‡Z wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g cvIqv hvq Ges †mme Z_¨ cvIqvi e¨e¯’vwU<br />
hv‡Z cÖwZeÜx evÜe nq Zv wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
• ev¯Í‡e eûweevn c«_vi c«Pjb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c `~ixf‚Z bv nIqv ch©šÍ GB cÖ_v evwZ‡j cÖYxZ<br />
AvBb (hw` _v‡K) hv‡Z eûweev‡ni wkKvi ¯¿x Ges Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i m¤úwË, ‡gvni Ges<br />
fiY‡cvlY cÖvwßmn hveZxq AwaKv‡ii myiÿv †`q, Zv wbwðZ Kiæb| eûweevn cÖ_v<br />
evwZj K‡i †Kvb AvBb cÖYxZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ, cyiæ‡li GKvwaK we‡q Kivi mvg_©¨‡K<br />
†iva Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb AvB‡bi K‡Vvi c«‡qvM wbwðZ Kiæb| GQvov ¯^vgxi Avw_©K mvg_©¨<br />
ev Ae¯’vi my¯úó Z_¨cÖgvYmn Av‡Mi ¯¿xi KvQ †_‡K AbygwZ MÖn‡Yi kZ©vejx Ges<br />
weev‡ni ‡bvwU‡ki mgqKvj cÖjw¤^Z Kivi e¨e¯’v wbb|<br />
16
• we`¨gvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP, G‡Z myweav cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î ‡hvM¨Zvi gvcKvwV Ges<br />
Av‡e`‡bi wbqg wel‡q bvix‡`i m‡PZbZv e…w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g GB m¤úwK©Z Z_¨<br />
e¨vcKfv‡e c«Pv‡ii D‡`¨vM M«nY Kiæb Ges Z_¨cÖvwßi e¨e¯’v hv‡Z cÖwZeÜxevÜe nq Zv<br />
wbwðZ Kiæb| we`¨gvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPmg~‡ni mv‡_ cvwievwiK Av`vjZ¸wji<br />
GKUv †hvMm~Î ev m¤úK© cÖwZôv Kiæb|<br />
c~Y©v½ mycvwikgvjvi Rb¨ mßg Aa¨vq †`Lyb|<br />
17
M‡elYvq Abym„Z c×wZ<br />
GB cÖwZ‡e`wU 2011 mv‡ji gvP© †_‡K A‡±vei ch©šÍ cwiPvwjZ gvV M‡elYvi wfwˇZ iwPZ<br />
n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi Rb¨ M„nxZ mvÿvrKvi¸wj H eQ‡ii gvP© †_‡K Ry‡bi ga¨eZx© mg‡qi Ges<br />
mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi e¨vwßKvj cÖvq Qq mßvn|<br />
XvKv kni, gv`vixcyi, MvRxcyi I †bvqvLvwj †Rjvq Gme mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv nq| XvKv kn‡ii Ici<br />
we‡kl †Rvi †`Iqvi KviY GLv‡b bvbv a‡g©i †jvK evm K‡ib Ges GK weivU msL¨K ¯^vgxwew”Qbœ Ges<br />
ZvjvKcÖvß bvix cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z fiY‡cvlY Av`v‡qi gvgjv K‡i‡Qb| †Rjv¸‡jv †_‡K<br />
mvÿvrKvi †bIqvi KviY †mLv‡bI bvbv ai‡bi Rb‡Mvôx Ges f‚wgnxbmn wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK †kªYxi<br />
gvbyl evm K‡ib| G cuvPwU RvqMvq †bIqv mvÿvrKv‡i wKQz DËi`vZv ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv<br />
(separation) I weevn we‡”Q‡`i (divorce) weeiY w`‡q‡Qb hv N‡U‡Q †`‡ki Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A‡j|<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-Gi GKRb M‡elK 255 R‡bi mvÿvrKvi wb‡q‡Qb| mvÿvrKvi<br />
cÖ`vbKvix‡`i web¨vm wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv:<br />
• 71 Rb gymjgvb, 45 Rb wn› `y Ges 4 Rb wLª÷vb bvixi e¨w³wfwËK ev †QvU `jwfwËK<br />
mvÿvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b Zuviv we‡q, ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv Ges ZvjvK wel‡q<br />
wb‡R‡`i AwfÁZvi weeiY w`‡q‡Qb|<br />
• 96 Rb AvBbRxex, AwaKvi Kgx© I M‡el‡Ki e¨w³ I †QvU `j wfwËK mvÿvrKvi †bIqv<br />
n‡q‡Q|<br />
• 5 Rb cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi cÖv³b wePviK (huv‡`i mK‡j Av‡Mi `yÕeQ‡ii †Kv‡bv mg‡q<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePviK wQ‡jb Ges weevn, ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv I Zvjv‡Ki<br />
gvgjvi wePvwiK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb), 5 Rb KvRx ev gymwjg weevn wbeÜbKvix, 5 Rb<br />
BDwbqb cwil` m`m¨ Ges 9 Rb miKvix Kg©KZ©v|<br />
e¨w³wfwËK mvÿvrKv‡ii Rb¨ bvix‡`i wPwýZ Ki‡Z ¯’vbxq †emiKvwi ms¯’vi mvnvh¨ †bIqv<br />
n‡q‡Q Ges Gme mvÿvrKv‡ii AwaKvsk †bIqv n‡q‡Q GbwRI¸‡jvi Kvh©vj‡q| MÖv‡g wM‡q<br />
mvÿrKvi MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î DËi`vZv bvixi evwo ev DVv‡b e‡m K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Gme †ÿ‡Î hZUv<br />
m¤¢e GKv‡šÍ mvÿvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q| mvÿvrKv‡ii D‡Ïk¨, DËi`vZv bv PvB‡j †h mvÿvrKvi<br />
†h †bIqv n‡e bv Ges Kxfv‡e Gme mvÿvrKvi e¨eüZ n‡e Zv me DËi`vZv‡K AewnZ Kiv<br />
n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨‡K mvÿvrKvi cÖ`v‡b †gŠwLK m¤§wZ w`‡q‡Qb| †hme bvix Zuv‡`i e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv<br />
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb we‡kl K‡i Zuv‡`i Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zuviv PvB‡j †h †Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi DËi bv-I w`‡Z<br />
18
cv‡ib ev †h †Kv‡bv mgq PvB‡j mvÿvrKvi cÖ`vb †_‡K weiZ n‡Z cv‡ib| cÖwZwU mvÿvrKvi<br />
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n‡q‡Q| wKQz bvix‡K ¯’vbxq AvBb mnvqZv cÖ`vbKvix ms¯’vi Kv‡Q †h‡Z civgk© †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|<br />
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hvZvqv‡Zi LiP †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|<br />
G cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Rb¨ †hme weevwnZ, ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ I ZvjvKcÖvß bvix mvÿvrKvi w`‡q‡Qb<br />
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n‡q‡Q|<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP evsjv‡`k miKvi, RvwZm•N, GKv‡WwgK, GbwRI Ges Ab¨vb¨ Drm †_‡K<br />
cÖvß cÖvmw½K AvBb, bxwZgvjv, Rwic I cÖwZ‡e`bI ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q|<br />
G cÖwZ‡e`‡bi cwimi gymjgvb, wn› `y I wLª÷vb G wZb cÖavb a‡g©i ˆelg¨g~jK cvwievwiK<br />
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Zvi we‡køl‡Yi g‡a¨ mxwgZ ivLv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k †eŠ×iv cvwievwiK AvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖPwjZ<br />
wn› `y cvwievwiK AvB‡bi AvIZvq c‡ob| G cÖwZ‡e`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvB‡bi Ab¨vb¨<br />
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Av‡jvPbv, ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨vw` i‡q‡Q|<br />
G cÖwZ‡e`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôx¸‡jvi cÖ_vMZ AvBbI Av‡jvwPZ nqwb| G<br />
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq †h cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Zv GLbI cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g<br />
¯’vwcZ nqwb †hLv‡b 11wU Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôx evm K‡i|<br />
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†mme †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi n¯Í‡ÿc hw` bv-I _v‡K ZeyI wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP G‡K Ô¯^vgx †_‡K<br />
wew”Qbœfv‡e emevmÕ (separation/separated) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Q| wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP<br />
ÔcwiZ¨vMÕ ev ÔcwiZ¨³Õ (abandonement/abandoned) kã e¨envi K‡i‡Q †hme †ÿ‡Î ¯^vgx<br />
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†_‡K wew”Qbœfv‡e emevmÕ Ges ÔcwiZ¨vMÕ Dfq †ÿ‡Î AvBb Abyhvqx weevn ZLbI we`¨gvb|<br />
19
1. bvixi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vb Ges we‡qi djvdj<br />
wZwb Avgv‡K ej‡jb, ÒAvgvi ¯^vgx Avgvi gv_vi Ici Qv` w`‡q‡Q<br />
Avi wZb‡ejv Avgvi Lvevi †hvMv‡”Q| hw` Avwg Zv‡K †Q‡o hvB<br />
Avcwb Avgv‡K Zv w`‡Z cvi‡eb?Ó<br />
Ñ ewki Avj-†nv‡mb, AvBb mwPe, RvZxq Z…Yg~j cÖwZeÜx ms¯’v (National<br />
Grassroots Disability Organization), XvKv, gvP© 30, 2011, cvwievwiK wbh©vZ‡bi<br />
wkKvi GK bvix Zuv‡K G cÖkœ K‡iwQ‡jb|<br />
‡cÖÿvcU<br />
Kg©ms¯’vb I m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i `vwi‡`ª¨i wb‡®úlY, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi A‡bK<br />
m~P‡Ki wbwi‡L evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv cyiæl‡`i †P‡q A‡bK wcwQ‡q| GLv‡b weevn bvixi A_©‰bwZK<br />
wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi GKwU Drm, wKš‘ Ab¨w`‡K Zv Avevi Kg©ms¯’vb I Avw_©K m¤ú‡`i Ici<br />
bvixi wbqš¿‡Yi c‡_ evav n‡q `uvov‡Z cv‡i| G Aa¨v‡q bvixi mvaviY A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ Ges<br />
weevn bvixi Rb¨ †h A_©‰bwZK e¨Äbv enb K‡i Zvi †cÖÿvcU Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| cieZx©<br />
Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z weevnwe‡”Q` Ges ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv bvix ˆelg¨c~Y© cvwievwiK AvB‡bi Kvi‡Y<br />
†hme ÿwZi m¤§yLxb nq Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|<br />
bvixi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cUf‚wg<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki kªgkw³‡Z cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq bvixi AskMÖnY A‡bK Kg| 2009 mv‡ji me©‡kl GKwU<br />
miKvwi Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq 15 eQi I Gi D‡aŸ© cyiæl‡`i 87 kZvsk Avqg~jK Kv‡R RwoZ, Gi<br />
wecix‡Z 15 eQi I Gi D‡aŸ© bvix‡`i gvÎ 30 kZvsk Avqg~jK KvR Ki‡Q 1 Ges ÒgRywiwenxb<br />
cvwievwiK kª‡g bvixi AskMÖnY cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk|Ó 2<br />
GgbwK †g‡qiv hLb Avqg~jK KvR Ki‡Z hvb ZLbI Zuviv gRywi-ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi nb Ges<br />
bvix I cyiæ‡li Av‡qi g‡a¨ weivU dvivK i‡q‡Q| 3 AvšÍR©vwZK kªg ms¯’v 2008 mv‡j gRywi<br />
1<br />
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http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/Latest%20Statistics%20Release/employsurvey_09.pdf<br />
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 19 Rvbyqvwi 2011), c„. 2-3| cÖwZ‡e`bwU‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Òbvixi mwµqZv Kg nIqvi Ab¨Zg KviY evwoi mvsmvwiK KvRB bvixi<br />
cÖavb KvR G ai‡bi g‡bvfve|Ó<br />
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http://www.plancomm.gov.bd/SFYP-PDF-F<strong>in</strong>al%2029-08-2011/SFYP-F<strong>in</strong>al-%20Part-1-17-08-11[1].pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q<br />
18B wW‡m¤^i 2011), c„. 153, (ejv n‡q‡Q bvixcÖavb cwievi¸‡jv mvaviYZ Kg Avq K‡i †h‡nZz bvixi DcvR©‡bi mvg_©¨ cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq Kg Ges gRywiI Zuviv<br />
cyiæ‡li †P‡q Kg cvb|<br />
20
ˆelg¨ msµvšÍ Rwi‡c †`‡L‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv cyiæ‡li †P‡q NÈvq 21 kZvsk Kg Avq<br />
K‡ib| 4 Rwg Ges Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡`i IciI bvixi gvwjKvbv cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg| 2008<br />
mv‡ji K…wl ïgvwi cÖwZ‡e`b (G msµvšÍ cy‡ivcywi cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`b¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mv¤úªwZKZg)<br />
Abyhvqx ‡gvU K…wl Rwgi gvÎ 2.95 kZvs‡ki gvwjK bvix| 5 2011 mv‡j RvwZmsN Lv`¨ I K…wl<br />
ms¯’v KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`‡b Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k Òcyiæl-cÖavb LvbvÓ ÒbvixcÖavb<br />
LvbviÓ †P‡q wظ‡YiI †ewk Rwgi gvwjK| 6<br />
wb‡R‡`i bv‡g Rwg †iwRw÷ª Kivi †ÿ‡ÎI bvixiv mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb| f‚wg †iwRw÷ª Kvh©vjq¸‡jv<br />
Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Kvh©vj‡qi g‡ZvB cyiæl Kgx© Øviv c~Y© hv GKwU iÿYkxj mgv‡Ri bvix‡`i Rb¨<br />
Amyweav m„wó K‡i| 7 f‚wg †iwRw÷ª cÖwµqv AZ¨šÍ mgqmv‡cÿ Ges AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZvq c~Y©<br />
hv bvix‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl K‡i GKwU eo evav †Kbbv cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv I mvÿiZvi w`K †_‡K Zuviv<br />
cyiæ‡li †P‡q wcwQ‡q Av‡Qb| ZvQvov f‚wg †iwRw÷ª Kvh©vj‡qi `ybx©wZ m¤ú‡K©I BwZg‡a¨ A‡bK<br />
cÖwZ‡e`‡b DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q| 8<br />
c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k RbM‡Yi m¤ú‡`i AwaKvi I gvwjKvbvi Ici wfwË K‡i †`kwUi g~j¨vqbKvix<br />
ms¯’v `¨ B› Uvib¨vkbvj cÖcvwU© ivBUm Bb‡W· bvixi m¤ú‡`i Ici gvwjKvbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’v h‡_ó Lvivc e‡j gZ w`‡q‡Q| ms¯’vwUi m~P‡K IBwmwWfz³ bq Ggb 83wU<br />
†`‡ki g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb 81 b¤^‡i wb‡`©k K‡i‡Q| ïaygvÎ Pv` I wR¤^vey‡q evsjv‡`‡ki<br />
†P‡q wb‡P Av‡Q| 9<br />
4<br />
w÷‡fb K¨vcmm, Òw` †RÛvi I‡qR M¨vc Bb evsjv‡`k,Ó 2008, AvBGjI-Gwkqv-c¨vwmwdK IqvwK©s †ccvi wmwiR, AvBGjI Kvh©vjq, Gwkqv I<br />
cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq AÂj, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/documents/<br />
publication/wcms_098063.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15B †deªæqvwi, 2011)|<br />
5<br />
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv, K…wl ïgvwi 2008, b‡f¤^i 2010,<br />
†`Lyb: http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/CenAgri2008/DetailedTable.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv<br />
n‡q‡Q 27 AvMó 2011), †Uwej - 1, c„ôv 51|<br />
wek¦e¨vsK, ÒûBmcvi Uz f‡q‡mm: †RÛvi GÛ †mvk¨vj UªvÝdi‡gkb Bb evsjv‡`k,Ó evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g› U wmwiR, †ccvi bs 22, 2008, †`Lyb:<br />
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTBANGLADESH/Resources/295657-1205740286726/genderReport.pdf<br />
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 3 b‡f¤^i 2011), c„. 76, c¨viv 5.11| 2006 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ wek¦ e¨vsK ‡RÐvi g~j¨‡eva Rwic-G †`Lv †M‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k<br />
evev-gvi KvQ †_‡K Rwg cvIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk eqmx bvixi (45-60 eQi) Zzjbvq Kg eqmx (15-25 eQi eqmx) bvix‡`i †ÿ‡Î †e‡o‡Q|<br />
6<br />
RvwZm•N Lv`¨ I K…wl ms¯’v, Ò`¨ †÷U Ad dzW GÛ GwMÖKvjPvi 2010-11Ó, 2011,<br />
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n‡q‡Q 20 Rvbyqvwi, 2012), c„. 23-4|<br />
7<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ wRbvZ Aviv n‡Ki mvÿvrKvi| wRbvZ DB K¨vb A¨vjv‡qÝ Uz GÛ †Wv‡gmwUK fv‡qv‡jÝ-Gi RvZxq mgš^qK|<br />
mvÿvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q XvKvq, 28†k gvP© 2011|<br />
8<br />
D`vniY wnmv‡e †`Lyb: Uª¨vÝc¨v‡iwÝ B› Uvib¨vkbvj, ÒKivckb Bb `¨ mvwf©m †m±i: b¨vkbvj nvDR‡nvì mv‡f©, 2010,Ó wW‡m¤^i 2010,<br />
http://bangladesh.org/research/Executive%20Summary_23122010%20FINAL.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 25†k †g 2012)| Lvbv<br />
RwicwU‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q DËi`vZviv miKvwi †mev¸‡jvi g‡a¨ f‚wg cÖkvmb `ybx©wZi w`K †_‡K Z…Zxq Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q e‡j gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|<br />
9<br />
cÖcvwU© ivBUm Gjv‡qÝ ÒB› Uvib¨vkbvj cÖcvwU© ivBUm Bb‡W·,Ó 2011,<br />
http://www.<strong>in</strong>ternationalpropertyrights<strong>in</strong>dex.org/userfiles/file/ATR_2011%20INDEX_Web2.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 19†k<br />
Rvbyqvwi 2011), c„. 66|<br />
21
Rwgi gvwjKvbvi †ÿ‡Î bvix †h wcwQ‡q Av‡Q Zvi Rb¨ AskZ `vqx ˆelg¨g~jK DËivwaKvi<br />
AvBb| gymjgvb, wn› `y I wLª÷vb‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi msµvšÍ welqwU wba©vwiZ nq H<br />
m¤úª`v‡qi DËivwaKvi AvBb Abyhvqx| 10 mvaviY wnmv‡e gymjgvb cyiæl †h m¤úwË cvq Zv‡`i<br />
bvix cÿ cvq Zvi A‡a©K| 11 wn› `y bvixiv DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cÖvß m¤ú` †Kej †fvM`Lj Ki‡Z<br />
cv‡i wKš‘ Zv KvD‡K w`‡Z cv‡i bv| 12 †hme wn› `y bvix cyÎ mšÍvb Rb¥ w`‡Z cvi‡e bv e‡j<br />
wek¦vm Kiv nq Zviv DËivwaKvi m~‡Î †Kv‡bv m¤ú`B cvq bv| 13 wLª÷vb cvwievwiK AvB‡b<br />
DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cÖvß m¤úwËi Ici bvixi AwaKvi cyiæ‡li cÖvq mgvb e‡j ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q<br />
Z‡e ev¯Í‡e wLª÷vb bvixiv me mgq Zv‡`i cyiæl c‡ÿi mgvb m¤úwË cvq bv| 14<br />
bvixi DËivwaKvi mxwgZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I †mB AwaKviI hv‡Z Zviv Z¨vM K‡i †mRb¨ Zv‡`i Ici<br />
mvgvwRK Pvc m„wó Kiv nq| wKQz wKQz cwiev‡i Kb¨v mšÍvb fwel¨‡Z hZUzKz m¤úwË cv‡e Zv Zvi<br />
¯^vgxi cwievi‡K †hŠZzK †`Iqvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| d‡j cieZx©Kv‡j Kb¨v mšÍvbwU‡K Avi<br />
m¤úwË †`Iqv nq bv| 15 A‡bK bvix Avevi wcZ…M„‡n DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cvIqv m¤úwË fvB‡`i w`‡q<br />
†`b GB Avkvq †h we‡q fvO‡j ev msmv‡i `y‡h©vM †`Lv w`‡j fvB‡`i Kv‡Q mvnvh¨ cvIqv hv‡e| 16<br />
10<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb e¨e¯’v I cvwievwiK AvB‡bi Ici Av‡iv Rvb‡Z wb‡P Òwe‡q, weevn we‡”Q` I c„_K emevmÓ kxl©K Aa¨vq †`Lyb|<br />
11<br />
W. dw÷bv †c‡iiv, `¨ d«¨vKPvW© †¯‹ jm: `¨ mvP© di Av BDwbdg© wmwfj †KvW (XvKv: ¯¿x, 2002), c„. 36| GKRb gymjgvb weaev Zuvi ¯^vgxi<br />
m¤úwËi AvU fv‡Mi GK fvM A_ev Pvi fv‡Mi GK fvM †c‡Z cv‡ib hv wbf©i K‡i h_vµ‡g Zuvi mšÍvbvw` Av‡Q wKbv ev †Q‡ji N‡i bvwZ-bvZwb Av‡Q<br />
wKbv A_ev wZwb wbtmšÍvb wKbv Zvi Ici| hw` GKvwaK ¯¿x _v‡Kb †m‡ÿ‡Î †mB AvU fv‡Mi GK fvM ev Pvi fv‡Mi GK fvM Zuv‡`i mK‡ji g‡a¨<br />
mgvb fvM n‡e| g„Z e¨w³i cyÎ hv cvq Kb¨v cvq Zvi A‡a©K|<br />
12<br />
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13<br />
c~‡e©v³| DËivwaKv‡ii †ÿ‡Î Kb¨vi ¸iæZ¡ cÂg ¯’v‡b: †m evevi m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix ZLbB nq hLb evevi †Kv‡bv cyÎ mšÍvb _v‡K bv A_ev cy‡Îi w`K<br />
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Rb¥ †`Iqvi mvg_©¨ Av‡Q wKbv Zvi Ici| †h AweevwnZ Kb¨vi †ÿ‡Î wek¦vm Kiv nq †h we‡q n‡j †m cy‡Îi Rb¥ w`‡Z cvi‡e m¤úwË cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î weevwnZ<br />
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14<br />
c~‡e©v³, c„.51-52|wLª÷vb‡`i DËivwaKvi AvBb Rvb‡Z †`Lyb DËivwaKvi AvBb 1925, Aby‡”Q` 33 I 34| GKRb wLª÷vb weaev ¯^vgxi m¤úwËi<br />
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15<br />
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16<br />
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weevwnZ| 18 15 †_‡K 19 eQi eqmx 20 jv‡LiI †ewk bvix Ges 10 †_‡K 14 eQi eqmx AvovB<br />
jvL bvix weevwnZ| 19<br />
eû bvix I evwjKvi Rb¨ we‡q A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv †`q| wKš‘ we‡q Avevi A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K<br />
ÿwZI e‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i hLb we‡qi ci †g‡q‡`i Ici DcvR©bg~jK KvR †Q‡o w`‡q N‡ii KvR<br />
Kivi Rb¨ Pvc m„wó Kiv nq| Gi d‡j weevwnZ bvixi Av‡qi Ici wbqš¿Y I mÂq `yÕ†UvB<br />
ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| weevwnZ bvix cwiev‡ii Mvn©¯’¨ m¤ú`mn e¨emv I Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î m¤ú` m‡qi<br />
†ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ `yBfv‡eB f‚wgKv iv‡L| wKš‘ cieZx© Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z Avgiv †`Le hw`<br />
†Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y we‡q †f‡O hvq Z‡e AwR©Z †mme m¤ú‡`i Ici bvixi AwaKvi I `Lj cÖwZôv Kiv<br />
cÖvq Am¤¢e|<br />
bvixi Avqg~jK KvR Ges DcvR©b I m‡qi Ici we‡qi cÖfve<br />
we‡q Ges Gi m‡½ †h mvgvwRK cÖZ¨vkv Rwo‡q _v‡K Zv †`‡ki kªgkw³‡Z bvixi AskMÖnY‡K<br />
ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i| weevwnZ bvix cyiæ‡li †P‡q mvsmvwiK Kv‡R †ewk mgq e¨q K‡i| hv‡`i mšÍvb<br />
Av‡Q †mme †ÿ‡Î gv-B ev”Pv‡`i †`Lfv‡ji wmsnfvM `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| Gme `vwqZ¡ cvjb<br />
17<br />
evj¨weevn wb‡iva AvBb, 1929, Aby‡”Q` 2(K)| cyiæ‡li Rb¨ we‡qi me©wbgœ eqm 21 eQi|<br />
18<br />
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv, Òccy‡jk †Ub Bqvim GÛ Ifvi evB GR MÖæc, †m· GÛ g¨vwiUvj ÷¨vUvm,Ó ÷¨vwUmwUKvj BqvieyK Ad evsjv‡`k<br />
(XvKv, evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv, 2010), mviYx 2.10,<br />
http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/SY2010/Chapter-02.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15B Ryb 2011),<br />
c„. 45| G Drm Abyhvqx †`‡ki `k eQi eq‡mi D‡aŸ© bvixi msL¨v 4,46,42,068 hvi g‡a¨ 2,81,02,602 Rb bvix weevwnZ (2001 mv‡ji<br />
Av`gïgvwi‡Z cÖvß Z‡_¨i Ici wfwË K‡i)| GQvov †`Lyb evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv, wi‡cvU© Ad I‡qj‡dqvi gwbUwis mv‡f© 2009,<br />
http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/Latest%20Statistics%20Release/welfaresurvey<br />
_09.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15B wW‡m¤^i 2011), c„. 2|<br />
19<br />
RvZxq RbmsL¨v M‡elYv I cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUDU (wb‡cvU©) I Ab¨vb¨, Òevsjv‡`k †W‡gvMÖvwdK GÛ †nj_ mv‡f©, 2007,Ó 2009,<br />
http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR207/FR207[April-10-2009].pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15B Ryb 2011), c„. 54| G Rwic<br />
PjvKvjxb 20-24 eQi eqmx bvix‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g mšÍvb avi‡Yi Mo eqm wQj 19|<br />
23
Ki‡Z nq e‡j Avqg~jK Kv‡R bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi mvg_©¨ K‡g hvq| †hme bvix Kg eq‡m we‡q<br />
K‡i Ges cov‡jLv gvSc‡_ eÜ K‡i †`q KvR cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î Av‡iv †ewk evavi m¤§yLxb nq|<br />
evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgkb Rvbv‡”Q, ÒKg eq‡m we‡q Kivi Rb¨ bvixi Ici mvgvwRK Pvc m„wó<br />
Kiv nq hvi †bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o Zvi cov‡jLv, Av‡qi my‡hvM, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZvi Ici<br />
Ges †m Kg eq‡m mšÍvb avi‡Y eva¨ nq|Ó 20 2006 mv‡ji GKwU Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq DËi`vZv<br />
¯^vgx‡`i 60 kZvsk Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zuv‡`i ¯¿x‡`i †Kv‡bv wbR¯^ Av‡qi Drm †bB| DËi`vZv ¯¿x‡`i<br />
Pvi fv‡Mi wZb fv‡MiI †ewk Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zuv‡`i wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv Avqg~jK KvR †bB| 21<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi m‡½ mvÿvrKv‡i wKQz bvix Rvwb‡q‡Qb we‡qi ci ¯^vgx I ¯^vgxi AvZ¥xq-<br />
¯^Rb Zuv‡`i Avqg~jK KvR †Q‡o †`Iqvi Rb¨ Pvc w`‡q‡Qb| iægvbv Avi. we‡qi ci †mv‡qUvi<br />
d¨v±wii KvR †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ nb Ges Ab¨ RvqMvq P‡j hvb| Zuvi ¯^vgx, k¦ïievwoi AvZ¥xq¯^Rb<br />
wZwb KvR K‡ib Zv Pvbwb| iægvbv e‡jb, ÒAvgvi Av‡Mi RxebB fvj wQj| hv †L‡Z B”Qv KiZ<br />
†LZvg, wb‡Ri Rb¨ wRwbm wKb‡Z cviZvg| we‡qi ci Avwg Lvwj evmv‡ZB KvR Ki‡Z cvwi|Ó 22<br />
GKBfv‡e b~iRvnvb Gb.I we‡qi ci ¯^vgxi Pv‡c Zuvi wKÛviMv‡U©b wkÿ‡Ki PvKwi †Q‡o w`‡Z<br />
eva¨ nb| 23 GKB e¨vcvi N‡U iwebv Avi.-Gi †ÿ‡ÎI whwb we‡qi ci †emiKvwi ms¯’vq Zuvi<br />
KvRwU †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ nb †Kbbv ¯^vgx Pvbwb wZwb evB‡i KvR Kiæb| Zuvi Avkv wQj KvR K‡i<br />
DcvR©b Ki‡eb wKš‘ Zvi e`‡j Zuv‡K †Kej evmvi Rb¨ ivbœv, Kvco †avqv, evwo cwi®‹ vi Avi<br />
cvwb Uvbvi KvR Ki‡Z n‡”Q| 24<br />
†hme bvix we‡qi ci Av‡qi Rb¨ KvR K‡ib Zuv‡`i A‡b‡K Avevi UvKv bv-I †c‡Z cv‡ib|<br />
2007 mv‡j m¤úbœ evsjv‡`k Rbweb¨vm I ¯^v¯’¨ Rwic (mv¤úªwZKZg Rwic hvi cy‡iv djvdj<br />
cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q) Abyhvqx Rwi‡ci AvIZvq c‡o‡Qb Ggb 14 kZvsk bvix Zuv‡`i Rvwb‡q‡Qb<br />
20 evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgkb, Òlô cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv (A_©eQi 2011-2015),Ó cÖ_g Ask, http://www.plancomm.gov.bd/SFYP-<br />
PDF-F<strong>in</strong>al%2029-08-2011/SFYP-F<strong>in</strong>al-%20Part-1-17-08-11[1].pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 18B wW‡m¤^i 2011), c„. 168|<br />
21 gvK© wcU I Ab¨vb¨, ÒGgcvIqvwis DB‡gb DB_ gvB‡µv wdbvÝ: Gwf‡WÝ d«g evsjv‡`k,Ó B‡KvbwgK †W‡fjvc‡g› U GÛ KvjPvivj †PÄ, 54Zg LÐ, 4<br />
bs (2004), http://repository.library.brown.edu:8080/fedora/objects/bdr:5946/datastreams/PDF/content ( †`Lv<br />
n‡q‡Q 11&B b‡f¤^i 2011), c„. 797|<br />
22 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K iægvbv Avi. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi †bIqv nq MvRxcy‡i, 4B Ryb 2011| iægvbv gymjgvb|<br />
23 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K b~iRvnvb Gb. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi †bIqv nq XvKvq, 4B A‡±vei 2011| b~iRvnvb gymjgvb| wnDg¨vb ivBUm<br />
IqvP‡K mvÿvrKvi w`‡q‡Qb Av‡iv †hme bvix ZuvivI cÖvq GKB ai‡bi AwfÁZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| D`vniY wnmv‡e ejv hvq wLª÷vb ag©vej¤^x wjmv<br />
Gj.(QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi hv XvKvq 3iv A‡±vei 2011 Zvwi‡L †bIqv n‡qwQj; Ges gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi iwebv Avi. (QÙbvg) mvÿvrKvi hv<br />
MvRxcy‡i 4B Ryb 2011 Zvwi‡L †bIqv nq|<br />
24 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K iwebv Avi. (QÙbvg) mvÿvrKvi hv MvRxcy‡i 4B Ryb 2011 Zvwi‡L †bIqv nq|<br />
24
Zuviv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kv‡bv gRywi cvb bv Ges Ab¨ 4 kZvsk e‡j‡Qb Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q Zuviv UvKv cvb<br />
bv, †Kej wRwbm cvb| 25<br />
we‡qi d‡j †g‡q‡`i wb‡R‡`i Avq I m‡qi Ici wbqš¿Y K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i| 2007 mv‡j m¤úbœ<br />
evsjv‡`k Rbweb¨vm I ¯^v¯’¨ Rwi‡ci AvIZvq DËi`vZv 12 kZvsk weevwnZ bvix Rvwb‡q‡Qb<br />
Zuv‡`i ¯^vgxiv wVK K‡ib Kxfv‡e ¯¿x‡`i DcvR©b e¨q n‡e, 56 kZvsk ¯^vgxi m‡½ wg‡j G e¨vcv‡i<br />
wm×všÍ †bb Ges 31 kZvsk wb‡RB wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib| 26 Z‡e 2006 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ GKwU<br />
†emiKvwi Rwi‡c †`Lv †M‡Q DËi`vZv 78 kZvsk bvix Rvwb‡q‡Qb ¯^vgxi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv Qvov<br />
wb‡R‡`i Avq †Kv_vq e¨envi n‡e Zv wVK Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| 27<br />
bvixi wb‡Ri Av‡qi Ici Zvi wbqš¿Y †e‡o‡Q wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv Ges cvwievwiK m¤ú` evovi<br />
m‡½| 2007 mv‡j m¤úbœ evsjv‡`k Rbweb¨vm I ¯^v¯’¨ Rwic Abyhvqx DËi`vZv 42 kZvsk bvix<br />
huv‡`i gva¨wgK ev Zvi †ewk wkÿv i‡q‡Q Rvwb‡q‡Qb wbR¯^ Avq Kxfv‡e e¨envi n‡e †m wm×všÍ<br />
Zuviv wb‡Riv †bb| Gi wecix‡Z cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿvnxb bvix DËi`vZv‡`i 26 kZvsk wb‡R‡`i<br />
wm×všÍg‡Zv wbR¯^ Avq e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib GgbUv e‡j‡Qb| GKBfv‡e RbmsL¨v‡K Avw_©K<br />
Ae¯’vi wePv‡i cuvP fv‡M fvM Ki‡j me‡P‡q m”Qj ev A_©kvjx As‡ki bvix‡`i wbR¯^ Avq<br />
e¨env‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e wm×všÍ †bIqvi ÿgZv me‡P‡q wb‡P _vKv GK-cÂgvs‡k †h bvixiv i‡q‡Qb<br />
Zuv‡`i †P‡q †ewk| 28<br />
we‡qi d‡j wbR¯^ m‡qi IciI bvixi wbqš¿Y K‡g hvIqvi m¤¢vebv ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| 2006<br />
mv‡j cwiPvwjZ GK Rwic †_‡K †`Lv hvq †hme bvix Zuv‡`i wbR¯^ mÂq i‡q‡Q e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb<br />
Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ 90 kZvsk e‡j‡Qb ¯^vgxiv Zuv‡`i mÂq wel‡q AeMZ Ges 85 kZvsk e‡j‡Qb<br />
wb‡R‡`i m‡qi Ici Zuv‡`i ¯^vaxb wbqš¿Y †bB| 29<br />
25 wb‡cvU© I Ab¨vb¨, Òevsjv‡`k †W‡gvMÖvwdK GÛ †nj_ mv‡f©, 2007,Ó 2009,<br />
http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR207/FR207[April-10-2009].pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15, 2011), c„. 181-2|<br />
mv¤úªwZKKv‡j Av‡iv wWGBPGm Rwic n‡q‡Q Z‡e Zvi †Kej cÖv_wgK djvdj cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q 2011 mv‡j|<br />
26 c~‡e©v³, c„.182|<br />
27<br />
wcU I Ab¨vb¨, ÒGgcvIqvwis DB‡gb,Ó c„. 797|<br />
28<br />
evsjv‡`k Rbweb¨vm I ¯^v¯’¨ Rwic, 2007, c„.186-7|<br />
29<br />
wcU I Ab¨vb¨, ÒGgcvIqvwis DB‡gb,Ó c„. 797|<br />
25
‰eevwnK evwo‡Z (¯^vgxM„‡n) bvixi Ae`vb<br />
wZwb ej‡Zb, ÒAvwg gv `~M©vi g‡Zv| Avgvi `kUv nvZ| Avwg evwo‡Z KZUv kÖg<br />
†`B †KD Zvi g~j¨vqb K‡i bv| evmvi mK‡ji Rb¨ Avwg ivbœv Kwi wKš‘ wb‡R LvB<br />
mevi †k‡l|Ó<br />
Ñ gvKmy`v AvLZvi, AvBbRxex, evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil`, XvKv, 4 A‡±vei<br />
2011| Zuvi GK g‡°j Zuv‡K G K_v e‡jwQ‡jb|<br />
¯^vgxM„‡n hvIqvi ci bvix bvbvfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Z ïiæ K‡i| evwo, cvwievwiK e¨emv I Ab¨vb¨<br />
m¤ú` e¨e¯’vcbv I evov‡bvi gva¨‡g cvwievwiK m¤ú` iÿv I e„wׇZ kªg †`b| weevwnZ cyiælI<br />
ZvB K‡i wKš‘ AwR©Z †m m¤ú‡`i Ici cyiæ‡li †h wbqš¿Y _v‡K Zvi wKQzB cÖvq bvixi _v‡K bv|<br />
†Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y we‡q we‡”Q` NU‡j bvix Zvi GZw`‡bi kª‡gi †Kv‡bv mydj †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv<br />
†Kbbv †m m¤ú‡`i cÖvq wKQzB Zvi Kv‡Q Av‡m bv|<br />
A_©-ewnf‚©Z Ae`vb<br />
evsjv‡`‡k weevwnZ bvix cvwievwiK m¤ú` iÿv I e„wׇZ A‡bK Ae`vb iv‡Lb hv H m¤ú‡`i<br />
g~j¨ evovq| bvixi G kªg cwievi wUuwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K wKš‘ G Ae`vb Zviv Avw_©K ev<br />
m¤ú‡`i AvKv‡i iv‡L bv| A_©‰bwZK weeiYx †`b huviv bvixi G kªg‡K ÒA-A_©‰bwZKÓ e‡j<br />
AwfwnZ Kivi cÖeYZv Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq hw`I G Ae`v‡bi my¯úó A_©‰bwZK g~j¨ i‡q‡Q|<br />
weevwnZ bvix weevwnZ cyiæ‡li †P‡q A‡bK †ewk mgq M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R e¨q K‡ib| G‡Z K‡i<br />
Avqg~jK Kv‡R jvMvi mvg_©¨ Zuv‡`i K‡g hvq| 30<br />
2007 mv‡ji GKwU Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq DËi`vZv cyiæl‡`i 57 kZvsk I bvix‡`i 55 kZvsk<br />
e‡j‡Qb bvixiv mvsmvwiK Kv‡R 16-20 NÈv mgq e¨q K‡i| 31 DËi`vZv 40 kZvs‡kiI †ewk<br />
bvix I cyiæl DfqB e‡j‡Qb evwo‡Z cyiæliv †Kv‡bv KvRB K‡i bv| 32<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †hme weevwnZ bvixi mvÿvrKvi wb‡q‡Q wb‡R‡`i M„n¯’vwj Kv‡Ri weeiY<br />
w`‡q‡Qb hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ivbœv, evwo cwi®‹ vi, Kvco I evmb‡Kvmb †avqv, Miæ-QvMj Piv‡bv,<br />
30 BDbvB‡UW †÷Um G‡RwÝ di B› Uvib¨vkbvj †W‡fjc‡g› U (BDGmGBW), ÒKvw› Uª weªd: evsjv‡`k,Ó 2008,<br />
http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutt<strong>in</strong>g_programs/wid/pubs/usaid_booklet_bangladesh_508.pdf (†`Lv<br />
n‡q‡Q 23†k Ryb 2011), c„.2|<br />
31 †Weiv G‡d«vBgmb I Ab¨vb¨, Òevsjv‡`‡k gRywiwenxb kª‡gi gva¨‡g A_©bxwZ‡Z bvixi Ae`vb,Ó †m‡Þ¤^i 2007,<br />
http://www.healthbridge.ca/economic%20contribution%20<strong>report</strong>.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 6B wW‡m¤^i 2011), c„. 13|<br />
32 c~‡e©v³ 14|<br />
26
cvwb Avbv Ges wkï, cÖexY I ¯^vgxi AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi †`Lfvj I cwiPh©v| Rqv Zvi ¯^vgx †_‡K<br />
Avjv`v nIqvi Av‡M Zuvi ˆ`bw› `b Kv‡Ri weeiY w`‡q‡Qb:<br />
†fvi mv‡o cuvPUvq Avgvi w`b ïiæ n‡Zv| Nyg †_‡K D‡V bv¯Ívi Rb¨ iæwU-fvwR<br />
evbvZvg| mv‡o mvZUvi g‡a¨ bv¯Ív w`‡Z bv cvi‡j Avgvi kvïwo PxrKvi ïiæ<br />
Ki‡Zb| gqjv Kvco wfRvZvg, mevB‡K bv¯Ív w`Zvg, Zvici Kvco ayZvg...<br />
Zvici Avgvi †g‡q‡K Pvb Kwi‡q LvIqvZvg| Avgvi †g‡q PvBZ Avwg Zvi m‡½<br />
†Lwj wKš‘ Iw`‡K Avgvi kvïwo PxrKvi Ki‡Zb, ÒKx n‡”QUv Kx? Avgvi Lvevi<br />
ivbœv Ki‡e †K?Ó... Avgvi †fZiUv wQu‡o †hZ wKš‘ †g‡q‡K †Q‡o Avgv‡K ivbœv<br />
Ki‡Z †h‡Z n‡Zv, Zvici wQj evmb gvRv| cÖvqB Avgvi Pvb Kivi mgqUvI n‡Zv<br />
bv| †g‡q‡K LvIqv‡bvi ci Zv‡K Nyg cvovZvg| `ycy‡i LvIqvi ci hw` KLbI<br />
wSgywb AvmZ kvïwo Avevi †i‡M DV‡Zb| KvR KLbI dzivZ bv| 33<br />
eû bvix wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb Zuviv cvwievwiK K…wlRwg Ges e¨emv‡Z webv gRywii kªg<br />
†`b| gwngv Gg. e‡j‡Qb wZwb ¯^vgxi †mjvB‡qi e¨emvq Kvc‡o dzj †Zv‡jb wKš‘ †Kv‡bv gRywi<br />
cvb bv| 34 †kdvwj Gm. K…wlRwg‡Z KvR K‡i‡Qb Avevi msmv‡iI KvR K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb,<br />
ÒAvwg avb, Mg I Av‡Li exR ey‡bwQ, dmj Zz‡jwQ Avevi Iw`‡K evwo‡ZI Kvco †avqv, ivbœvevov,<br />
ev”Pv‡K Pvb Kiv‡bv, LvIqv‡bv meB Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|Ó 35<br />
Avw_©K Ae`vb: mÂq, m¤úwË, †hŠZzK<br />
eû bvix ¯^vgxM„‡n hvIqvi ci cvwievwiK m¤ú` evov‡bvi †ÿ‡Î A_©Kwo w`‡q _v‡K|<br />
wKš‘ cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e †`Iqv G UvKv-cqmvI we‡q we‡”Q` NU‡j †diZ cvIqv cÖvq Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|<br />
iwebv Avi.-Gi hLb we‡q nq ZLb Zuvi ¯^vgxi cwiev‡ii gvÎ GKUv Ni wQj| iwebv I Zuvi<br />
AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb bZzb `¤úwZi RvqMvi Ici wU‡bi Ni †Zvjvi LiP †`b| G‡Z Zuv‡`i LiP nq mv‡o<br />
wZb jvL UvKv (4267 gvwK©b Wjvi)| ÒAvwg Avgvi mg¯Í mÂq w`‡qwQ| Avgvi †evb I PvPvI<br />
(ev gvgv) UvKv w`‡q‡Qb| meB w`‡q‡Qb Zuviv Ñ Kv‡bi `yj, Pzwo, AvswU, Avmeve, †kv‡Km, w÷‡ji<br />
Avjgvwi, d¨vb, †mvdv mewKQz †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|Ó 36<br />
33<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv wLª÷vb ag©vej¤^x Rqv †R. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| XvKv, 29†k †m‡Þ¤^i 2011|<br />
34<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv gwngv Gg. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| gwngv gymjgvb| XvKv, 19†k †g 2011|<br />
35<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv †kdvwj Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| †kdvwj gymjgvb| XvKv, 19†k †g 2011| AwaKvi Kgx© Ges Ab¨vb¨<br />
bvixI gwnjv‡`i ¯^vgxi cvwievwiK K…wlRwg‡Z I ÿz`ª e¨emvq webv gRywii kªg †`Iqvi A‡bK NUbv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| D`vniY wnmv‡e †`Lyb wnDg¨vb<br />
ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ iægvbv Avi. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi, gymjgvb, MvRxcyi, 4B Ryb 2011; GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ‡`i AwaKvi Av`v‡q mwµq<br />
GKRb e¨w³i (Bwb cwiPqwenxb _vK‡Z †P‡q‡Qb) mvÿvrKvi, XvKv, 18B †g 2011|<br />
36<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi m‡½ iwebv Avi. (QÙbvg) mvÿvrKvi, 4B Ryb 2011| Av‡iv †`Lyb wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi †bIqv gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi wbw¤§<br />
Gb. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi, MvRxcyi †Rjv, 4B Ryb 2011|<br />
27
GKBfv‡e iæKmv`v Avi.-Gi evev Zuv‡K wKQz UvKv w`‡qwQ‡jb hv wZwb ¯^vgx‡K †`b Zuv‡`i `yÕR‡bi<br />
bv‡g Rwg †Kbvi Rb¨| wKš‘ ¯^vgx †mB UvKv w`‡q iæKmv`v‡K ev` w`‡q wb‡Ri bv‡g Rwg †K‡bb| 37<br />
wKQz bvix Avevi e‡j‡Qb Zuviv ¯^vgxi †ckvMZ DbœwZ ev e¨emv AvMv‡bvi Rb¨ Zuv‡`i Av‡qi UvKv I<br />
m¤úwË †hgb Mqbv ¯^vgxi nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡q‡Qb| nvwmbv GBP. I Zuvi gv ¯^vgx‡K BZvwj‡Z cvVv‡bvi<br />
Rb¨ mv‡o wZb jvL UvKv LiP K‡i‡Qb| c‡i ¯^vgx nvwmbv‡K Z¨vM K‡ib| 38 AvBbRxex dv<strong>in</strong>vbv<br />
Avd‡ivR wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi m‡½ GK mvÿvrKv‡i Rvwb‡q‡Qb Kxfv‡e Zuvi g‡°j jxjv Gj.<br />
Zuvi evevi KvQ †_‡K cvIqv `yB jvL UvKv ¯^vgx‡K †`b e¨emvq wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨| ¯^vgx Zuv‡K gvi‡Z<br />
ïiæ K‡ib hv‡Z jxjv e¨emv‡q †Kv‡bv Askx`vwiZ¡ `vwe bv K‡i Zuv‡K †Q‡o P‡j hvb| 39 cvwievwiK<br />
Av`vj‡Zi cÖv³b GK wePviK eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Av‡iKwU NUbv †hLv‡b †g‡qwU I Zuvi evev Zuv‡`i<br />
mg¯Í mÂq LiP K‡i †g‡qwUi ¯^vgx‡K †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri wkÿv †kl Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib †h ¯^vgx<br />
c‡i †g‡qwU‡K ZvjvK †`b| †g‡qwU I Zuvi evevi †Kv‡bv mÂqB Avi Aewkó wQj bv| 40<br />
†hŠZz‡Ki gva¨‡g ¯^vgxi cvwievwiK m¤ú` e„w× †g‡qwUi w`K †_‡K Av‡iKwU cÖZ¨ÿ A_©‰bwZK<br />
Ae`vb| evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î K‡b ev Zvi cwievi ¯^vgx ev Zvi cwievi‡K<br />
we‡qi mgq ev KLbI Zvi c‡i †hŠZzK wnmv‡e A_© ev Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú` w`‡q _v‡K|<br />
1980 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k †hŠZzK MÖnY‡K `Ðbxq Aciva wnmv‡e wPwýZ K‡i AvBb cvk Kiv<br />
n‡q‡Q| 41 Zv m‡Ë¡I cwÐZ Ges bvix AwaKvi Kgx©‡`i mK‡jB e‡j‡Qb †hŠZzK cÖ_v evsjv‡`‡k<br />
AZ¨šÍ e¨vß| 42 AšÍZ GKwU M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki mgv‡R †hŠZzK cÖ_vi we¯Ívi<br />
NU‡Q| 43<br />
37<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv iæKmv`v (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| iæKmv`v gymjgvb| XvKv, 27†k †g 2011|<br />
38<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv nvwmbv (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| nvwmbv gymjgvb| XvKv, 28†k †g 2011|<br />
39<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ AvBb I mvwjk †K› `ª cÖwZôv‡bi gvgjv wefv‡Mi DaŸ©Zb AvBb Kg©KZ©v dv<strong>in</strong>vbv Avd‡iv‡Ri mvÿvrKvi, XvKv,<br />
31†k †g 2011|<br />
40<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb cÖv³b wePvi‡Ki mvÿvrKvi| Bwb †`‡ki 10wU †Rjvq GK nvRvi gvgjvi wePvwiK<br />
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb (bvg I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ Zuvi Aby‡iv‡a Dn¨ ivLv n‡jv|)<br />
41<br />
†hŠZzK wb‡iva AvBb 1980, G AvB‡bi 3 I 4 Aby‡”Q`| Aby‡”Q` 3 Abyhvqx †hŠZzK MÖnY ev †hŠZzK MÖn‡Y mnvqZvi Rb¨ me©wbgœ GK eQi †_‡K cuvP<br />
eQi ch©šÍ Kviv`Ð n‡Z cv‡i ev Rwigvbv n‡Z cv‡i A_ev †Rj-Rwigvbv `yB-B n‡Z cv‡i| Aby‡”Q` 4 †hŠZzK `vwe‡K `ЇhvM¨ Aciva wnmv‡e wPwýZ<br />
K‡i GKB kvw¯Íi weavb w`‡q‡Q|<br />
42<br />
†hŠZzK MÖnY `Ðbxq Aciva wnmv‡e wPwýZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I †Kb we¯Í…Z n‡”Q †m m¤ú‡K© cwÐZ I bvix AwaKvi Kgx©iv wewfbœ ZË¡ w`‡q _v‡Kb|<br />
cÖ_gZ, K‡bi cwievi ZvjvKv ev ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqvi weiæ‡× GK ai‡bi iÿvKeP wnmv‡e †hŠZzK‡K †`‡L _v‡K| wØZxqZ, K‡bi<br />
cwiev‡ii cÿ †_‡K †hŠZzK‡K evev-gvi g„Zz¨-c~e© DËivwaKvi wnmv‡e †`Lv nq| A_ev cwievi cwiKíbv mvgMÖx e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y bvixi<br />
mšÍvbaviY ÿgZv K‡g hvIqvi †ÿ‡Î GK ai‡bi ÿwZc~iY wnmv‡e †`Lv nq G‡K| wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvBb<br />
wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK kvnbvR û`vi mvÿvrKvi, 30†k gvP© 2011; wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i mfvcwZ Av‡qkv Lvbg I<br />
AvBb wefv‡Mi cÖavb gvKmy`v AvLZv‡ii mvÿvrKvi, 29†k gvP© 2011| Av‡iv †`Lyb eviZv G‡¯Í †fvjvU©, ÒWvDwi Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k:<br />
cvwU©wm‡ckb GR BbwmI‡iÝ G‡Mb÷ wW‡fvm©,Ó GwcÖj 2004,<br />
http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/3/3520/papers/esteve_volart.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 3iv b‡f¤^i 2011); jywmqvbv myivb<br />
I Ab¨vb¨, ÒWvR WvDwi BgcÖæf jvBd di eªvBWm? Av †U÷ Ad `¨ we‡Kv‡q÷ w_‡qvwi Ad WvDwi Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k,Ó ccy‡jkb KvDwÝj<br />
IqvwK©s †ccvi b¤^i 194, 2004, http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/195.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15B b‡f¤^i 2011); GwiKv I<br />
28
cÖvq me weevwnZ bvix huviv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K mvÿvrKvi w`‡q‡Qb Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zuviv we‡q‡Z<br />
†hŠZzK w`‡q‡Qb| 44 Gu‡`i g‡a¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Kv‡Q ¯^vgx ev Zuvi cwievi evi evi †hŠZzK `vwe<br />
K‡i‡Q Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zv mwnsm wbh©vZ‡bi iƒc wb‡q‡Q| D`vniY wnmv‡e Avmgv G.-Gi K_v<br />
ejv hvq whwb ¯^vgxM„n †_‡K cvwj‡q G‡mwQ‡jb hLb Av‡iv †hŠZz‡Ki `vwe c~iY Ki‡Z bv cvivq<br />
¯^vgx Zuv‡K cywo‡q gvivi ûgwK w`‡qwQ‡jb| Avmgvi K_vq,<br />
†m [Avmgvi ¯^vgx] Zvi e¨emvq DbœwZ Ki‡Z Pvw”Qj... [Zvi] †Kv‡bv<br />
†UªW jvB‡mÝ wQj bv †hUv Kivi Rb¨ Zviv UvKvi `iKvi n‡qwQj|<br />
†m Av‡MB Avgvi me †mvbvi Mqbv wb‡q wewµ K‡i w`‡qwQj|<br />
Avwg hLb UvKv w`‡Z cvwi bv ZLb †m `iRv eÜ K‡i Avgv‡K<br />
jvwÌ gv‡i, Mjv wU‡c a‡i Avi gvi‡Z _v‡K hZÿY bv Avgvi nvZ<br />
RLg nq| GLb †m Avgv‡K ûgwK †`q †h Avgv‡K cywo‡q gvi‡e<br />
hw`I Avwg GLb Mf©eZx| †m e‡j Avgvi evev-gv hw` Zv‡K<br />
UvKv bv †`q Zvn‡j Avgv‡K †ek¨ve„wË K‡i Zv‡K UvKv G‡b<br />
w`‡Z n‡e| bqZ [†m] Avgv‡K †Q‡o †`‡e e‡j ûgwK †`q| †m e‡j<br />
†m GLb mn‡RB Av‡iKUv we‡q K‡i `yB jvL UvKv †hŠZzK Avb‡Z cv‡i| 45<br />
kvnbvR Gm.-Gi ¯^vgxI Zuv‡K †hŠZz‡Ki Rb¨ wbh©vZb K‡iwQ‡jb| Òwe‡qi mgq Avwg I Avgvi gv<br />
wg‡j 40 nvRvi UvKv w`‡qwQjvg| wZb gvm ci †m Av‡iv 35 nvRvi UvKv `vwe K‡i| Avgvi gv<br />
Zvi †mvbvi Mqbv eÜK †i‡L I avi K‡i †mB UvKv Avgvi ¯^vgx‡K †`b| †m GB UvKv `vwe<br />
K‡iwQj Zvi gyw` †`vKv‡bi Av‡iv DbœwZ Kivi Rb¨| 46<br />
Ab¨vb¨, Ògymwjg d¨vwgwj j, wcÖbycwUqvj GwMÖ‡g› Um GÛ `¨ Bgv‡R©Ý Ad WvDwi Bb evsjv‡`k,Ó 2008,<br />
http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/FieldAmbrusTorero_February08_(2).pdf<br />
(†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15B b‡f¤^i 2011); Ges ivR AiæYvPjg I my‡ik bvBWz, Ò`¨ cÖvBm Ad dvwU©wjwU: g¨v‡iR gv‡K©Um GÛ `¨ cÖvBm Ad<br />
dvwU©wjwU Bb evsjv‡`k,Ó 2008, http://www-personal.umich.edu/~arunacha/AN_dowryfertility.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q<br />
15B b‡f¤^i 2011)|<br />
43<br />
eviZv G‡¯Í †fvjvU©, ÒWvDwi Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k,Ó c„. 19 (ejv n‡q‡Q gymjgvb mgv‡R †hŠZz‡Ki we¯Ívi NU‡Q)|<br />
44<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ weevwnZ bvix I AvBbRxex‡`i mvÿvrKvi| Gme mvÿvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q XvKv kni, †bvqvLvwj, MvRxcyi I<br />
gv`vwicyi †Rjvq, †g, Ryb, †m‡Þ¤^i I A‡±vei 2011| ¸wUK‡qK weevwnZ bvix Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zuviv †hŠZzK †`bwb| evwK me gwnjv e‡j‡Qb Zuv‡`i †hŠZzK<br />
w`‡Z n‡qwQj| D`vniY wnmv‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi m‡½ mviv Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKv‡ii K_v| gymjgvb GB bvixi mvÿvrKvi<br />
†bIqv n‡qwQj †bvqvLvwj‡Z, 20†k †g 2011|<br />
45<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv Avmgv G. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| Avmgv gymjgvb| XvKv, 24†k †g 2011|<br />
46<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ Bmjvg ag©vej¤^x kvnbvR Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| XvKv, 2iv Ryb 2011|<br />
29
‰eevwnK m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Y<br />
¯^vgxM„‡ni m¤ú` e¨e¯’v I Zvi kÖxe„w×i †ÿ‡Î ¯¿xi Ae`vb _vKv m‡Ë¡I †mme m¤ú`, ¯’vei-<br />
A¯’vei me ai‡bi m¤úwËi gvwjK I wbqš¿‡Yi KZ©v †Kej ¯^vgx| 2006 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k wek¦<br />
e¨vsK KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ wj½ g~j¨‡eva Rwic Abyhvqx Rwi‡ci AvIZvaxb 10 kZvs‡kiI Kg ÿ‡Î<br />
¯^vgxM„‡ni m¤ú‡` ¯¿x‡`i bvg wQj| Avevi Kg eqmx‡`i (15 †_‡K 25 eQi eqmx) †ÿ‡Î wZb<br />
kZvs‡kiI Kg ¯¿x‡`i bvg ¯^vgxM„‡ni m¤ú‡`i g‡a¨ wQj| G‡ÿ‡Î fvov Kiv I gvwjKvbv Dfq<br />
cÖKvi m¤ú`B MY¨ n‡q‡Q| 47 G‡ÿ‡Î AvšÍR©vwZK Lv`¨ bxwZ M‡elYv BÝwUwUDU KZ…©K 2000<br />
mv‡j cwiPvwjZ GKwU M‡elYvi djvdjI D‡jøL‡hvM¨| evsjv‡`‡ki wZb †Rjvq 47wU MÖv‡g<br />
cwiPvwjZ G Lvbv Rwic Abyhvqx Ò eZ©gv‡b Ges we‡qKvjxb Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB ¯^vgxiv cÖvq ixwZgvwdK<br />
¯¿x‡`i †P‡q †ewk m¤ú‡`i gvwjK|Ó 48 Ges Ò¯¿xi eZ©gvb m¤ú‡`i Mo g~j¨ cwiev‡ii †gvU<br />
m¤ú‡`i GKUv AwZ ÿz`ª Ask|Ó 49 ¯¿x‡`i g‡a¨ 70 kZvsk Mqbvi gvwjK Ges gvÎ 15 kZvsk<br />
cvwievwiK ¯’vei m¤ú‡`i gvwjK| 50<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †hme bvixi mvÿvrKvi wb‡q‡Q †mLv‡b ¯^vgxM„‡ni m¤ú‡`i Ici ¯¿x‡`i<br />
gvwjKvbvi Abycw¯’wZ I wbqš¿‡Yi Afv‡ei welqwU evievi wd‡i G‡m‡Q| D`vniY wnmv‡e mv‡jvwb<br />
Gm.-Gi K_v ejv hvq| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvgiv evwo ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖPzi cwikªg K‡iwQ| Avgvi<br />
Kv‡bi `yj wewµ K‡iwQ, evB‡i KvR K‡i Avq K‡iwQ, gv‡V Pvl K‡iwQ, Miæ Pwi‡qwQ| cqmv hv<br />
†c‡qwQ me ¯^vgxi nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡qwQ| wKš‘ mewKQzi c‡i evwo Avgvi ¯^vgxi bv‡g|Ó 51<br />
bxiv GKUv gyiwMi dv‡g© KvR K‡i hv †c‡Zb me ¯^vgx‡K w`‡Zb| ¯^vgx Rwg †K‡bb Z‡e †mUv ïay<br />
wb‡Ri bv‡g| ÒUvKv Rgv‡bvi Rb¨ gy‡L i³ Zz‡j w`‡bi ci w`b †L‡UwQ| wKš‘ †mB m‡qi GLb<br />
Kx Av‡Q Avgvi Kv‡Q? wK”Qz bv,Ó bxiv e‡jwQ‡jb| 52<br />
47<br />
wek¦ e¨vsK, ÒûBmcvi Uz f‡q‡mm: †RÛvi GÛ †mvk¨vj Uª¨vÝdi‡gkb Bb evsjv‡`k,Ó evsjv‡`k †W‡fjvc‡g› U wmwiR, †ccvi bs 22, 2008,<br />
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTBANGLADESH/Resources/295657-205740286726/genderReport.pdf<br />
(†`Lv n‡q‡Q 3iv b‡f¤^i 2011), c„. 76, c¨viv 5.11|<br />
48<br />
GM‡bm KzBmvgwes Ges †e‡bwW‡± wW jv weª‡qi, ÒDB‡gbm A¨v‡mUm GÛ B› UªvnvDR A¨v‡jv‡Kkb Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k: †Uw÷s †gRvim Ad ev‡M©wbs<br />
cvIqvi,Ó wWmKvkb †ccvi b¤^i 86, B› Uvib¨vkbvj dzW cwjwm wimvP© BÝwUwUDU, 2000,<br />
http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/fcnbr86.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 3iv b‡f¤^i 2011), c„ôvb¤^iwenxb|<br />
49<br />
B› Uvib¨vkbvj dzW cwjwm wimvP© BÝwUwUDU, Ògv`vi-dv`vi wi‡mv‡m©m GÛ Mvj©-eq †nj_ Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k,Ó GwcÖj 2000, cwjwm weªd b¤^i 3,<br />
†RÛvi GÛ nvDR‡nvì A¨vm‡c±m Ad dzW cwjwm, http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/mp17_brief03.pdf<br />
(†`Lv n‡q‡Q 3iv b‡f¤^i 2011), c„ôvb¤^iwenxb|<br />
50<br />
GM‡bm KzBmvgwes Ges †e‡bwW‡± wW jv weª‡qi, ÒDB‡gbm A¨v‡mUm GÛ B› UªvnvDR A¨v‡jv‡Kkb Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k,Ó c„ôvb¤^iwenxb|<br />
51<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ mv‡jvwb Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| mv‡jvwb wn› `y ag©vej¤^x| mvÿvrKvi †bIqv nq †bvqvLvwj‡Z, 22†k †g<br />
2011|<br />
52<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ bxiv Gb. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| bxiv wn› `y m¤úª`v‡qi| mvÿvrKvi †bIqv nq †bvqvLvwj‡Z, 22†k †g 2011|<br />
30
2. weevn, ZvjvK I we‡”Q` msµvšÍ AvBb<br />
evsjv‡`k bvix AwaKv‡ii wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î (†hgb cvwievwiK wbh©vZb) A‡bK k³ AvBb K‡i‡Q|<br />
wKš‘ cvwievwiK welq †hgb weevn ZvjvK I we‡”Q` AvBb¸wj cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K cÖPwjZ Ges<br />
ˆelg¨g~jK| weevn ev weevn wb®úwË msµvšÍ cÖvq mKj wel‡qB evsjv‡`‡k wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ<br />
e¨w³MZ agx©q AvBb¸wji Dc‡i wbf©i Kiv nq| G e¨w³MZ agx©q AvBb¸wj bvix‡`i cÖwZ<br />
AZ¨šÍ ‰elg¨g~jK| msweav‡b ejv n‡q‡Q Òivóª wj½‡f‡` ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y †Kvb cÖKvi ˆelg¨<br />
cÖ`©kb Ki‡e bv Ges ivóª I MYRxe‡bi me©¯Í‡i bvix cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi jvf Ki‡eÓ| 53<br />
wKš‘ msweav‡b e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Rxe‡b mgAwaKv‡ii welqwU mivmwi D‡jøL Kiv nqwb|<br />
cvwievwiK I e¨w³MZ chv©‡q bvix I wK‡kvix‡`i AwaKvi iÿvq evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK AvBb cÖYqb<br />
Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G¸wj mKj agx©q m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ GKBfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| Gi g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e<br />
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj 2010 mv‡ji cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiÿv) AvBb, eû eQi a‡i<br />
we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q evj¨ weevn cÖwZ‡iva AvBb, ‡hŠZzK wb‡iva AvBb, bvix I wkï wbh©vZb `gb AvBb<br />
Ges GwmW Aciva `gb AvBb| 54 evsjv‡`‡k GLb †h AvBbUv AZ¨šÍ Riæixfv‡e cÖYqb Kiv<br />
`iKvi †mUv nj weevn I we‡”Q` msµvšÍ wel‡q bvix cyiæ‡li mgAwaKvi wbwðZKiY AvBb|<br />
GB Aa¨v‡q evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb cvwievwiK AvBbmg~n Ges †m¸wj wKfv‡e weevn, ZvjvK, we‡”Q`<br />
Ges fiY‡cvl‡Yi (hw` _v‡K) welq¸wj cwiPvjbv K‡i Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI Av‡jvPbv<br />
Kiv n‡q‡Q weevn we‡”Q` cieZx© mg‡q weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwË e› U‡bi AvBb Gi Abycw¯’wZi K_v|<br />
me‡k‡l ‡h welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †mwU n‡jv GKwU Awfbœ cvwievwiK AvBb hv mKj<br />
agx©q Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e Ges we`¨gvb cvwievwiK AvB‡bi chv©qµwgK ms¯‹ vi Ki‡e|<br />
GB AvBbwU cÖYq‡bi AZxZ I eZ©gvb cÖ‡Póv Ges cÖ¯Ívebvmg~nI Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q GB Aa¨v‡q|<br />
cvwievwiK AvBb<br />
evsjv‡`‡k weevn, ZvjvK, c„_Kevm Ges we‡”Q` cieZx© A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi mewKQzB cÖvq<br />
m¤ú~b©fv‡e e¨w³MZ AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| 55 2001 mv‡ji cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki<br />
msL¨vMwiô (89.7% Rb‡Mvôx gymwjg), wn› `y kZKiv 9.2 fvM, ‡eŠ× 0.7 fvM Ges Lªx÷vb 0.3<br />
fvM| 56 Z‡e †h mKj RbMY wb‡R‡`i‡K †Kvb wbw`©ó a‡g©i Abymvix g‡b K‡ib bv Zv‡`i †Kvb<br />
53<br />
c~‡ev©³ Aby‡”Q` 28(1) Ó†Kej ag©, †Mvôx, eY©, bvix cyiæl ev mšÍv‡bi Kvi‡Y †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki cÖwZ ivóª ˆelg¨ cÖ`k©b Kwi‡eb bv, (2) ivóª I<br />
MbRxe‡bi me©¯Í‡i bvix cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi jvf Kwi‡eb|”<br />
54<br />
cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiÿv) AvBb 2010, bvix I wkï wbhv©Zb `gb AvBb 2000 (ms‡kvwaZ 2003), †hŠZzK wb‡iva AvBb 1980 Ges<br />
GwmW Aciva `gb AvBb 2002, evsjv‡`‡k Av‡iv i‡q‡Q weªwUk Avgj †_‡K P‡j Avmv evj¨weevn cÖwZ‡iva AvBb, 1929|<br />
55<br />
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56<br />
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi Òevsjv‡`k Av`gïgvix 2001Ó 2004, we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information<br />
and Statistics, “Bangladesh: Country Profile,” http://www.banbeis.gov.bd/bd_pro.htm (accessed November 22,<br />
31
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India (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1996).<br />
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Streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g Family Courts: An Analysis of <strong>the</strong> Confusions and Uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties Thwart<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Family Courts <strong>in</strong><br />
Bangladesh (Dhaka, BLAST: 2006), http://www.blast.org.bd/content/publications/family_courts.pdf, pp. 16-<br />
17 (accessed June 6, 2012)|<br />
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35
†ewkifvM bvix Rv‡bbbv Zvi †`b‡gvn‡ii cwigvY KZ wQj| 74 †h c×wZ‡Z †`b‡gvni wbav©ib Kiv<br />
nq †mLv‡b mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| gy`ªvùxwZ I RxebhvÎvgv‡bi e„w× cvIqvi Rb¨ `xN©w`‡bi weevwnZ<br />
Rxeb †k‡l GK mg‡q GB †gvn‡ii cwigvY LyeB bMY¨ n‡q `uvovq| wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP<br />
bvix‡`i Ges cÖv³b cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePviK‡`i ‡gvnivbvi wel‡q mvÿvrKvi wb‡q †`‡L‡Q<br />
†h A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv †`evi †ÿ‡Î GB ‡gvnivbvi cwigvY LyeB Kg| `yBwU gvgjvq †`Lv †M‡Q,<br />
`yRb bvix we‡qi GKhyM c‡i ‡gvnivbv `vex K‡i‡Q- GK gvgjvq ‡gvn‡ii cwigvY 101 UvKv 75<br />
Ges Ab¨ gvgjvq 2.5 UvKv| 76 wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi msiÿ‡Y Ab¨vb¨ †h gvgjv¸wj i‡q‡Q<br />
†mLv‡b †gvnivbv 51 nvRvi cvPukZ UvKv Ges 600 UvKv gvÎ| 77 Ab¨ RvqMvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h,<br />
¯^vgx GZ †ekx †gvnivbv avh© K‡i‡Q †h †m †h cieZx©‡Z H ‡gvnivbv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi<br />
†Kvb wbðqZv bvB Ges hLb weevn we‡”Q` nq ZLb †gvnivbvi wKQzB cwi‡kva K‡i bvB, A_‰bwZK<br />
wbðqZvi bv‡g †gvnivbv kyayB KvM‡R Kj‡g| 78 ¯¿x weevn we‡”Q` cieZx©‰Z †h †Kvb e‡Kqv<br />
†`b‡gvni cvevi AwaKvix wKš‘ bvix‡`i c‡ÿ GB AwaKv‡ii AvBbUv ev¯Íevqb Kiv `y:mva¨| 79<br />
eûweevn<br />
Ò`yB ¯¿x `yB mšÍvb - GKRb ¯‹ zj †kl Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, GLb wiKkv Pvjvq, Av‡iK<br />
mšÍvb K‡jR †kl K‡i‡QÓ|<br />
gvKmy`v Av³vi, AvBbRxex, evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil`, XvKv, Ryb 1, 2011|<br />
ÒwK‡mi AbygwZ? ¯^vgx wØZxq we‡q Kivi Av‡M GKUv K_vI e‡jwb| Zviv hLb<br />
Pvq ZLbB we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡iÓ|<br />
AvQgv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 20 †g, 2011|<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ GjvKvq eû weev‡ni cÖPjb An<strong>in</strong>, hw`I wKQz wKQz m~Î ej‡Q GUvi cwigvY<br />
n«vm cv‡”Q| 80 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ 40 Rb bvix eû weev‡ni g‡a¨<br />
i‡q‡Qb Ges me¸wj NUbv‡ZB †`Lv hvq, GmKj bvixi AwaKv‡ii Ici eû weev‡ni AZ¨šÍ<br />
74<br />
‡g I Ryb 2011 mv‡j XvKv , MvRxcyi gv`vixcyi I †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi Kgc‡ 50 Rb gymwjg bvixi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP Av‡iv A‡bK bvix‡`i mv‡_ K_v e‡j‡Qb hviv Rvb‡Zbv Zv‡`i ‡gvni KZ wQj&| Zviv A‡b‡KB wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb †h<br />
Zviv GKwU mv`v KvM‡R Av½y‡ji Qvc w`‡q‡Qb Ges c‡i ï‡b‡Qb IUvB Kvweb bvgv| wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi- kvnbvR (QÙbvg) gymwjg,<br />
†bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 20 †g 2011, Av‡bvqviv (QÙbvg) gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 21 †g, 2011 dwi`v (QÙbvg) gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 22 †g, 2011|<br />
75<br />
GKRb cÖv³b wePvi‡Ki m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv bv)|<br />
76<br />
20 †g, 2011 Zvwi‡L †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi gymwjg bvix AvLZvivi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
77<br />
20 I 21 †g, 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi Avwgiv (QÙbvg) Ges †RvevB`vi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
78<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBm Iqv‡Pi wewfbœ cwigv‡bi †gvn‡ii Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i‡Q| A‡bK‡‡ÎB †gvn‡ii cwigvb 50,000 UvKv Kg Ges wnDg¨vb ivBm Iqv‡Pi<br />
msMÖnxZ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ m‡ev©”P †gvni 1 j 50 nvRvi UvKv|<br />
79<br />
cieZx© ÒAvBbx cÖwZeÜKZvÓ Aa¨vqwU‡Z †`Lyb|<br />
80<br />
D`vniY¯^iƒc †`Lyb; OECD, “Social Institutions and Gender Index,” http://gender<strong>in</strong>dex.org/country/bangladesh<br />
(accessed April 3, 2011)|<br />
36
weiæc cÖwZwµqv i‡q‡Q| †ewki fvM bvixivB e‡j‡Qb ¯^vgx Av‡iKUv we‡q Kivi m‡½ m‡½<br />
Zv‡`i‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Q| hvi Kvi‡Y Zviv evmM„n Ges A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvMwZvi AwaKvi<br />
nviv‡”Qb|81 †KD †KD Avevi e‡j‡Qb eû weevn Ges cvwievwiK wbh©vZ‡bi g‡a¨ GKUv †hvMm~Î<br />
i‡q‡Q| hLbB ¯¿xiv ¯^vgxi wØZxq we‡q wb‡q cÖkœ K‡i ZLbB ¯^vgxiv gviai ïiæ K‡i|82 GKRb<br />
AwaKvi Kgx© GKUv NUbvi K_v e‡j‡Qb- †hLv‡b ¯¿x Zvi ¯^vgx‡K wØZxq we‡q wb‡q cÖkœ Kivq ¯^vgx<br />
Zv‡K GwmW wb‡ÿc K‡i‡Q| 83 kixqv AvBb Abyhvqx GKRb cyyiæl PviUv ch©šÍ we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡i<br />
wKš‘ gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k GB †ÿ‡Î wKQz c×wZMZ iÿvKe‡Ri weavb K‡i‡Q| 84<br />
GKRb cyiæl wØZxq we‡q Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii †Pqvig¨v‡bi eivei Av‡e`b Ki‡Z<br />
n‡e GB g‡g© ‡h, Zvi eZ©gvb ¯¿x wØZxq weev‡ni AbygwZ w`‡q‡Qb| 85 Gici †Pqvig¨vb mvwjkx<br />
cwil` WvK‡eb, †hLv‡b wZwb wb‡R _vK‡eb Ges ¯^vgx I ¯¿xi Dfq cÿ †_‡K wbhy³ Kiv<br />
cÖwZwbwaiv _vK‡eb| GB cwil` ïaygvÎ ZLbB AbygwZ †`‡e hLb Zviv mš‘ó n‡eb †h weev‡ni<br />
cÖ¯Íve ÒcÖ‡qvRbxq I b¨vq m½ZÓ 86 Ges weev‡n kZ© hy³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| 87 cÖ‡qvRbxq I<br />
b¨vqm½Z ej‡Z wK ‡evSvq Zv AvB‡b e¨vL¨v Kiv nqwb| Z‡e gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡bi wewa‡Z<br />
GKUv we¯ÍvwiZ ZvwjKv i‡q‡Q hLb eû weevn‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq I b¨vqm½Z MY¨ Kiv n‡e| †m¸wj<br />
nj- eZ©gvb ¯¿xi mšÍvb avi‡Yi AÿgZv, kvwiixK cÖwZeÜKZv, `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cvj‡b kvixwiK<br />
AÿgZv, `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybi“×v‡i Av`vj‡Zi wWwµ bv gvbv| 88 ZË¡MZfv‡e GB mvwjkx cwil`<br />
¯^vgx‡`i wØZxq weev‡ni AbygwZ †`evi mgq eZ©©gvb ¯¿xi A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wKQz<br />
AwZwi³ kZ© Ry‡o w`‡Z cv‡ib| 89 †h mKj cyiæl GB c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z e¨_© Zviv eZ©gvb ¯¿x<br />
ev ¯¿xM‡Yi †gvnivbv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ 90 Ges ¯¿x ¯^vgxi weiæ‡× ‡dŠR`vix gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡Z<br />
cv‡ib hvi kvw¯Í m‡e©v”P GK eQ‡ii Kviv`Û ev 10,000 nvRvi UvKv ch©šÍ Rwigvbv| ¯¿x weevn<br />
we‡”Q‡`i Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 91 weevn Pzw³‡Z ei-K‡b Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK Ae¯’vi K_v<br />
D‡jøL Ki‡Z eva¨ Ges g¨v‡iR †iwRóªvi †mUv hvPvB K‡i †`L‡eb| Av`k© Kvwebbvgv Pzw³‡Z<br />
mywbw`©ófv‡e Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq †h, cv‡Îi †Kvb eZ©gvb ¯¿x i‡q‡Q wKbv, hw` _v‡K Zvn‡j †m wØZxq<br />
we‡qi Rb¨ mvwjkx cwil` †_‡K h_vh_ AbygwZ wb‡q‡Q wKbv| 92 Kvwebbvgv bvix‡`i†K AwZwi³<br />
81<br />
†g, Ryb †m‡Þ¤^i I A‡±vei 2011 Zvwi‡L XvKv, †bvqvLvjx, gv`vixcyi Ges MvRxcyi †Rjvi bvix‡`i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
82<br />
19 †g, 2011 ZvwiL XvKv †Rivi gymwjg bvix kwg©jv (QÙbvg) 22 †g 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi gymwjg bvix nvwg`v, 4 Ryb 2011 ZvwiL<br />
MvRxcyi †Rjvi gymwjg bvix wbw¤§ (QÙbvg), 19 †g, 2011 ZvwiL XvKv †Rjvi gymwjg bvix †kdvjx (QÏbvg) 22 †g,2011 †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi dwi`v,<br />
gnwmbv Ges mvB`vi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
83<br />
31 †g 2011 ZvwiK XvKv †Rjvi gymwjg bvix gv‡jKv (QÙbvg) Zvi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
84<br />
gymxjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k 1961 aviv 6|<br />
85<br />
c~‡ev©³<br />
86<br />
c~‡ev©³<br />
87<br />
c~‡ev©³<br />
88<br />
gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb wewagvjv 1961, wewa 14|<br />
89<br />
gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k 1961 aviv (6), gymwjg weevn we‡”Q` AvBb, 1939, aviv 29(iia)|<br />
90<br />
c~‡ev©³|<br />
91<br />
c~‡ev©³|<br />
92<br />
wbKvnbvgv, evsjv‡`k gymwjg weevn I ZvjvK (wbeÜxKiY) wewagvjv 1975, wewa 9, Kjvg 21|<br />
37
myiÿvi Rb¨ mg‡SvZv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i, †hUv AvBbRxexiv g‡b K‡ib eû weevn ‡iv‡ai †ÿ‡Î eo<br />
ai‡bi myiÿvi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|93 †hgb gqgbwms‡ni GKRb AvBbRxex wnDg¨vb ivBUm<br />
IqvP‡K e‡jb, Zvi GKRb g‡°j Kvwebbvgv‡Z kZ© w`‡qwQj †h, hw` ¯^vgx cybivq we‡q K‡i<br />
Zvn‡j Zvi Rb¨ c„_K evmM„‡ni e¨e¯’v Ki‡e| 94 gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡b †Kvb ¯^vgx GKvwaK ¯¿x<br />
ivL‡j Zv‡`i cÖwZ mgZvi ( GUv e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q gymwjg cvwievwiK Aa¨v‡`‡k) ev mgfv‡e<br />
(GwU e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M) g~j¨vqb Ki‡e| 95 eû weevn<br />
wbqš¿Y I cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ AvB‡bi c×wZ¸‡jv Lye `ye©jfv‡e cÖ‡qvM nq| bvix, we‡klÁ Ges<br />
Kg©KZv©iv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP†K e‡j‡Qb ¯’vbxq miKvi hviv eû weev‡ni welqwU †`Lvi `vwq‡Z¡<br />
i‡q‡Qb Zviv Zv‡`i KZ©e¨ wVKgZ cvjb K‡ib bv| Zv‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Y `ye©jZv Ges GB wel‡q<br />
Áv‡bi LyeB Afve hv weev‡ni wbeÜb c×wZi `ye©jZv I eûweevn ‡iv‡a AvBbx myiÿvi c‡_<br />
evav| gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj GBW ms¯’vi GK Kgx©i g‡Z †ekxi fvM mvwjkx cwil`B AKvh©Ki-<br />
Òmvwjkx cwil`¸‡jv‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ cÿ‡`i‡K<br />
†bvwUk †`Iqv, hLb Zviv eû weev‡ni `iLv¯Í cvb ZLb cÿMY‡K mg‡SvZvi Rb¨ WvKv Ges<br />
GB wel‡q wm×všÍ¸wj h_vh_fv‡e msiÿY Kiv|Ó 96 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †h 40 Rb gymwjg<br />
bvix hviv eûweev‡ni g‡a¨ Av‡Qb Zv‡`i mvÿvrKi wb‡q‡Qb Zviv mK‡jB e‡j‡Qb Zviv ¯^vgx‡`i<br />
Av‡iKUv weev‡ni K_v NUbv NUvi A‡bK c‡i ¯^vgx, k¦ïievoxi †jvKRb A_ev cwiev‡ii Ab¨<br />
m`m¨ ev eÜzi Kv‡Q ï‡b‡Qb| ZvB hw`Iev wZwb Gi weiæ‡× wKš‘ GUvi cÖwZev` ev cÖwZ‡iva<br />
Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM wQjbv| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †KD mvwjkx cwil‡` cÖwZwbwa wb‡qvM K‡ib bvB hw`I<br />
AvBb GUv ej‡Q| †hgb mvqivi ¯^vgx Zvi AbygwZ bv wb‡q eûevi we‡q K‡i‡Qb| mvqiv e‡j‡Q-<br />
ÒhLb Avgvi †Q‡ji eqm GK eQi ZLb Avgvi ¯^vgx wØZxq we‡q K‡i, Avwg GUv RvbZvg bv|<br />
wKš‘ GKw`b †m wØZxq ¯¿x‡K evwo‡Z wb‡q Gj| wØZxq ¯¿xI RvbZ bv †h Zvi Av‡Mi †eŠ Av‡Q| †m<br />
Avgv‡`i mv‡_ wZb eQi wQj, Zvici P‡j hvq| Zvici Avevi Avgvi ¯^vgx P‡j hvq Ges Av‡iKwU<br />
‡eŠ wb‡q Av‡m| hLb †m PZz_© we‡qi Rb¨ hvq ZLb Avwg eyS‡Z cvwi, KviY †g‡q cÿ we‡qi<br />
Av‡qvRb KiwQj Ges GUv GKB GjvKvi g‡a¨|Ó 97 wibviI †Kvb my‡hvM wQj bv Zvi ¯^vgxi<br />
wØZxq we‡q cÖwZ‡iva Kivi, hLb †m k¦ïievoxi GKUv †dv‡b Rvb‡Z cvij †h k¦ïievoxi †jv‡Kiv<br />
GB we‡qi Av‡qvRb K‡i‡Q| Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K e‡jwQj †m Zvi gv‡qi Pv‡c c‡o we‡q Ki‡Z eva¨<br />
n‡q‡Q| Zv bv n‡j Zvi gv AvZ¥nZ¨v Ki‡Zv| wibv e‡j‡Q ÒAvi Avwg hw` AvZ¥nZ¨v Kwi †mUv<br />
wVK nZ?Ó 98 bvix‡`i Rb¨ mvwjkx cwil‡` †h‡q Zv‡`i ¯^vgx‡`i eûweev‡ni `iÿv¯Í cÖwZ‡iva<br />
93<br />
1jv GwcÖj 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡ói †Rjv chv©‡hi AvBbRxex‡`i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi Av‡jvPbv<br />
mfv |<br />
94<br />
c~‡e©v³|<br />
95<br />
‡Rmwgb myjZvbv ebvg †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm (1997) 17 BLD 4|<br />
96<br />
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj GBW G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi Kgx© bwgZv ivbx `‡Ëi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
97<br />
20 †g 2011 †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi gymwjg bvix mvqivi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
98<br />
24 †g, 2011, XvKv †Rjvi gymwjg bvjx ixbvi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
38
Kiv LyeB `y:mva¨| wKQz Kg©KZv©, we‡klÁiv e‡j‡Qb mvwjkx cwil‡` LyeB Kg bvix‡`i‡K<br />
mvwjk`vi wn‡m‡e wbhy³ Kiv nq| †hUv bvix‡`i Rb¨ Av‡iv A¯^w¯ÍKi| 99 GKRb BDwbqb<br />
cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb e‡j‡Qb mvwjkx cwil‡`i m`m¨ wn‡m‡e bvix‡`i wbhy³ Kiv LyeB<br />
¸iæZ¡cyY©| G‡Z K‡i bvixiv wbtms‡Kv‡P I gy³ g‡b Zv‡`i mgm¨vi K_v ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges<br />
m`m¨ivI Zv‡`i mgm¨v¸wj eyS‡eb| wKQz ‡ÿ‡Î bvixiv hLb mvwjkx cwil‡` Av‡mb ZLb Zviv<br />
cyiæl m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ K_vB e‡jb bv| 100 ¯’vbxq Kg©KZv© hviv mvwjkx cwil` Kvh©Ki ivLvi<br />
`vwq‡Z¡ Av‡Qb Zviv miKvi †_‡K LyeB ¯^í cÖwkÿY I mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q _v‡Kb| 101 ZvQvov<br />
mvwjkx cwil`¸wji mvwe©K A‡bK `ye©jZv i‡q‡Q †hUv †`Lvi `vwqZ¡ ¯’vbxq miKvi gš¿Yvj‡qi|<br />
eûweevn msµvšÍ wel‡q ¯’vbxq Kg©KZv©‡`i Kvh©ejx I cÖwZ‡e`b msMÖ‡ni GKwU cÖwµqv GB<br />
gš¿Yvj‡qi i‡q‡Q| 102 eûweev‡ni †ÿ‡Î `~e©j weevn wbeÜb c×wZ cÖwZeÜKZv wn‡m‡e KvR<br />
K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k ïaygvÎ gymwjg‡`i Rb¨ weevn wbe܇bi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GUv _vKvi ciI<br />
ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, GwU eûweevn cÖwZ‡iv‡a †Zgb †Kvb KvR Ki‡Q bv| A-wbeÜxKiY<br />
weevn‡K A‰ea K‡ibv| wbeÜxKiY c×wZ Kw¤úDUvivBRW bq, †Rjv¸‡jvi g‡a¨I †Kvb mgš^q<br />
†bB| ZvB cyiæl B‡PQ Ki‡j wfbœ wfbœ †Rjvq wM‡q A‡bK¸wj weevn wbeÜb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 103<br />
wKQzw`b Av‡MI GKRb cyiæl GKB †Rjvq cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g wfbœ bvg ‡`wL‡q GKvwaK we‡q<br />
wbeÜb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv, wKš‘ 2011 mv‡j bZzb wbqg Abyhvqx weev‡ni cÿMY‡K weev‡ni mgq<br />
†fvUvi AvBwW KvW© †`Lv‡Z n‡e| 104<br />
ZvjvK<br />
evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Av`vjZ e¨e¯’vi evB‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi ZvjvK Aby‡gv`b K‡i|<br />
me‡P‡q †ekx †`Lv hvq webv Kvi‡Y GKZidv ZvjvK| cyiæ‡li m¤ú~Y© ÿgZv i‡q‡Q Zvjv‡Ki<br />
gva¨‡g weevn we‡”Q` NUv‡bv| Ab¨w`‡K bvix‡`iI webv Kvi‡Y ZvjvK †`evi ÿgZv i‡q‡Q<br />
†mLv‡b †hLv‡b ¯^vgx Kvwebbvgv‡Z ¯¿x‡K ‡mB ÿgZv w`‡q‡Qb| 105<br />
webv Kvi‡Y Zvjv‡Ki GB ÿgZvi cvkvcvwk ¯^vgx I ¯¿xi †hŠ_ m¤§wËi gva¨‡g ZvjvK n‡Z cv‡i<br />
(gyeviZ)| Lyjv Zvjv‡Ki cÖPjb Kg, GB Zvjv‡Ki gva¨‡g ¯¿x ZvjvK `vwe K‡i Ges ‡mLv‡b ¯^vgxi<br />
99<br />
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj GBW G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi Kgx© bwgZv ivbx `Ë Ges BD‡iKv Av³v‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
100<br />
28 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi †Rjvi BDwbqb cwil` mfvcwZ KvRx Aveyj evkv‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| Av‡iv †`Lyb;<br />
AvjgMxi †gvnv¤§` wmivR Dwχbi, Shari’a law and society: Tradition and Change <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indian Subcont<strong>in</strong>ent (Dhaka:<br />
Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1991), ‡hLv‡b 1991 mv‡ji GKUv M‡elYv D‡jL K‡i ejv nq cyi“l cÖavb mvwjwk cwil` LyeB Kg †‡Î<br />
cyi“l‡`i cybivq weev‡ni Av‡e`b bv‡KvP K‡i|<br />
101<br />
19 †g 2011 Zvwi‡L evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwZi wgZvjx Rvnvb (Kg©m~Px Kg©KZv); 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vix cyi wjM¨vj GBW G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi<br />
bwgZv ivbx `Ë Ges BD‡iKv Av³vi ; gv`vixcyi I †bvqvLvjx †Rivi BDwbqb cwil‡`i m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
102<br />
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj GBW G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi Kgx© bwgZv ivbx `Ë I BD‡iKv Av³v‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
103<br />
†g 2011 †Z †bvqvLvjx I gv`vixcyi †Rjvi g¨v‡iR †iwRóvi‡`i (Aby‡iv‡a bvg AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
104 c~‡ev©³|<br />
105 c~‡ev©³|<br />
39
m¤§wZ Avek¨K| AwaKvi Kgx©, AvBbRxex Ges KvRxiv e‡j‡Qb (†hUv weZwK©Z) GB ai‡bi<br />
Zvjv‡Ki †ÿ‡Î ¯¿x‡K GKUv g~j¨ w`‡Z nq - mvaviYZ ‡mwU UvKvi wewbg‡q ev †gvn‡ii `vex †Q‡o<br />
†`qvi gva¨‡g nq| 106 1939 mv‡j gymwjg weevn we‡PQ` AvB‡bi Aax‡b Av‡iK ai‡bi Zvjv‡Ki<br />
cÖPjb i‡q‡Q †hUv n‡jv bvixiv Av`vj‡Zi Kv‡Q Zvjv‡Ki Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB AvB‡b bvixiv<br />
†Kvb& †Kvb& †ÿ‡Î ZvjvK PvB‡Z cv‡ib Zv mywb©w`ó Kiv Av‡Q| 107 we‡klÁiv e‡j‡Qb- GUv e„nr<br />
cwim‡i e¨envi Kiv nqbv, KviY Av`vj‡Z c×wZMZ RwUjZv I `xN©m~wÎZv i‡q‡Q| ¯^vgxi<br />
GKZidv webv Kvi‡Y ZvjvK †`evi ÿgZv‡K wKQzUv msiÿY Kivi Rb¨ gymwjg cvwievwiK<br />
Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`‡k wKQz c×wZMZ e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q ZvjvK Kvh©Ki Kiv Rb¨| GB AvBb<br />
Abyhvqx cÿMY ZvjvK w`‡Z PvB‡j (mvaviYZ ¯^vgx, Z‡e Kvwebbvgvq ÿgZv †`Iqv _vK‡j ¯¿xI)<br />
†h cÿ ZvjvK PvB‡e Zv‡K Ab¨ cÿ‡K Ges ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii †Pqvig¨vb‡K †bvwUk w`‡Z n‡e|<br />
†bvwUk cvevi 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ †Pqvig¨vb mg‡SvZv Kivi Rb¨ mvwjkx cwil` MVb Ki‡eb| hw`<br />
cÿØq mg‡SvZv bv K‡i Z‡e †Pqvig¨vb †bvwUk cvIqv †_‡K 90 w`‡bi ci ZvjvK Kvh©Ki n‡e,<br />
Avi hw` ¯¿x Mf©eZx© nb Zvn‡j mšÍvb R‡b¥i ci| 108 bvix, AvBbRxex I AwaKvi Kgx©iv wnDg¨vb<br />
ivBUm IqvP†K e‡j‡Qb cyiæliv ZvjvK †`evi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZi cvËvB †`q bv ev h‡_”Q e¨envi<br />
K‡i| †hgb †bvwU‡k c~‡e©i ZvwiL †`Lvq hv‡Z K‡i GB 90 w`‡bi fiY‡cvlY bv w`‡Z nq| 109<br />
fiY‡cvlY<br />
A-msKwjZ gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Abyhvqx ¯^vgx ‰eevwnK Ae¯’vq Zvi ¯¿x ev ¯¿xM‡Yi fiY †cvlY<br />
Ki‡Z eva¨| Gi g‡a¨ Lv`¨, e¯¿, I wbivcËv AšÍ©fz³| ¯¿x GB fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvi ZLbB<br />
cv‡e hLb †m fvj Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix Ges ¯^vgxi cÖwZ eva¨ _vK‡e| 110 ¯¿x weev‡ni Pzw³‡Z GB<br />
fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY I kZ© mywbw`©ó K‡i D‡jøL K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| 111 wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
106 ‡gwW‡qkb GÐ i¨vwcW †imcÝ BDwb‡Ui wmwbqi †WcywU wW‡i±i bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi, XvKv, 19 †g 2011; `k<br />
eQ‡iiI AwaK mgq a‡i jvB‡mÝavix GKRb KvRxi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi (Aby‡iv‡ai †cÖwÿ‡Z bvg Ges we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ),<br />
‡g 2011; †WBjx ÷vi cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ iscyi cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi Gwm÷¨v› U RR& †gvnv¤§` Avãyi <strong>in</strong>gv‡bi †jLv “Khula Talaq and<br />
essence of service of notice,” Law and Our <strong>Rights</strong>, 27 †g 2006, †`Lyb:<br />
http://www.<strong>the</strong>dailystar.net/law/2006/05/04/advocacy.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 23 Ryb 2012)|<br />
107 ‡Î¸wj n‡jv: ¯^vgx 4 eQi a‡i wb‡LvuR, †m `yB eQi a‡i fiY‡cvlY w`‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q ev Ae‡njv K‡i‡Q| †m AvBbMZ cÖwµqv Abymib bv K‡i<br />
Av‡iKwU ¯¿x MÖnY K‡i‡Q| †m 7 eQi ev AwaK mg‡qi Rb¨ Kviv`‡Û `wÛZ n‡q‡Q| †m †Kvb hyw³msMZ KviY e¨ZxZ 3 eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i `v¤ú˨<br />
`vwqZ¡ cvj‡b e¨_© n‡q‡Q| cyiælZ¡nxbZv, `yB eQi a‡i gvbwmK fvimvg¨nxb ev Kzô ev gvivZ¡K †hŠb e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ| ¯¿xi 16 eQi eq‡mi c~‡e© weevn<br />
n‡q‡Q Ges 18 eQi c~Y© nevi ci ¯¿x weevn Am¦xKvi K‡i| Z‡e weevwnZ _vKv Ae¯’vq mnevm nqwb| ¯^vgx Zvi cÖwZ wbózi AvPib K‡i (AvB‡b wbóziZvi<br />
aib ejv n‡q‡Q) Ges gymwjg AvB‡b ¯^xK…Z Ab¨vb¨ KviY| gymwjg weevn we‡”Q` AvBb 1939, aviv 2|<br />
108 gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k 1961, aviv 7|<br />
109 16 †g 2011 Zvwi‡L AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxex mvjgv †Rexb, 1jv Ryb 2011 Zvwi‡L evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i AvBbRxex gvKmy`v Ges<br />
Ab¨vb¨iv 28 †g 2011 ZvwiL evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡ói AvBbRxex dwi`v Bqvmwgb I Ab¨vb¨‡`i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mvvrKvi|<br />
110 ‡`Lyb, †c‡iiv, The Fractured Scales, c„-30; W. Zvmwjgv gbmyi, Gender Equity and Economic Empowerment: Family Law and<br />
Women <strong>in</strong> Bangladesh (Dhaka: British Council, 2008), c„-66. cÖ‡dmi gbmyi e‡j‡Qb Òeva¨ ¯¿xi k‡Z©i GKgvÎ e¨wZµg n‡jv hLb ¯^vgx<br />
†gvn‡ii GKUv Ask ¯¿x‡K cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nq (PvwnevgvÎ cÖ`v‡b eva¨ ‡`b‡gvni)|<br />
111 gymwjg weevn Ges we‡”Q` (wbeÜxKiY) wewagvjv 1975, wewa 9, Kjvg 20|<br />
40
mv‡_ †h bvixiv K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv‡`i Kv‡iviB GB m¤¢ebvi wel‡q ‡Kvb aviYv wQj bv| 112<br />
Av`vj‡Zi wm×všÍ Abyhvqx GKRb ¯^vgx hw` ˆeevwnK Rxe‡b ¯¿xi fiY‡cvlY w`‡Z e¨_© nb Z‡e<br />
¯¿x Av`vj‡Zi wbKU 6 eQi ch©šÍ AZxZ fiY‡cvlY `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 113 GKRb gymwjg bvix<br />
ZvjvK cieZx©‡Z Zvjv‡Ki †bvwUk cvevi 90 w`b ch©šÍ ev hw` mšÍvbm¤¢ev nb Zvn‡j mšÍvb<br />
Rb¥ bv nIqv ch©šÍ fiY‡cvlY cvevi AwaKvix| 114 evsjv‡`k mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i Avcxj wefvM<br />
nvB†KvU© wefv‡Mi GKwU ivq cwieZ©b K‡i GKwU weZwK©Z iv‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, BmjvwgK AvB‡bi<br />
nvbvdx gZev` gymwjg bvix‡`i ZvjvK cieZx© fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvi †`q bv| 115 A‡bK bvix<br />
AwaKvi Kgx© Ges AvBbRxexiv GB iv‡qi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i GB<br />
e¨vL¨vwU LyeB †UKwbK¨vj Ges µzwUcyY©| 116<br />
wn› `y cvwievwiK AvBb<br />
wn› `y weevn I we‡”Q` wn› `y AvB‡bi `vqfvMv gZev` Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| ïaygvÎ wn› `y weevwnZ<br />
bvixi c„_K evmM„n I fiY‡cvl‡Yi AvBb- 1946 e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj AvBbB A-msKwjZ|<br />
weevn Ges eû weevn<br />
wn› `y weevn agx©q AvPvi Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq, †Kvb weevn Pzw³ ev wbeÜbKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb<br />
nq bv| 117 AvBbRxexiv e‡j‡Qb †h, A‡bK wn› `y bvix Rv‡bb bv AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z GKUv ˆea agx©q<br />
weevn Abyôvb ej‡Z wK eySvq| 118 wKQz wKQz wn› `y `¤úwZ †Kvb agx©q AvPv‡ii g‡a¨ bv wM‡q<br />
ïaygvÎ fMeZ MxZvi Dci nvZ †i‡L weevn m¤úbœ K‡ib| 119 AvBbRxexiv Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb wKQz wKQz<br />
†ÿ‡Î weev‡ni cÿMY †bvUvixi Kv‡Q hvb Ges GKUv mvaviY Gwd‡WwdU ˆZix K‡i †NvlYv †`b<br />
Zviv ¯^vgx ¯¿x, Zviv †Kvb agx©q AvbyôvwbKZvi wfZi hvb bv| 120 weev‡ni wbeÜb bv _vKvq †h<br />
mKj bvix Zv‡`i ¯^vgx †_‡K c„_K n‡q fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡e`b K‡ib Zv‡`i Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z weevn<br />
cÖgvY Kiv KóKi| AvBbRxex Ges bvix AwaKvi Kgx©iv eû eQi a‡i wn› `y weevn wbeÜb<br />
112<br />
†g Ges Ryb 2011 Zvwi‡L XvKv, †bvqvLvjx gv`vixcyi Ges MvRxcyi †Rjvi gymwjg bvix‡`i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
113<br />
Rvwgjv LvZzb ebvg †iv¯Íg Avjx, 16 BLD(Ad) (1996)61|<br />
114<br />
‡c‡iiv, The Fractured Scales, c„-29|<br />
115<br />
†gv: †ndRyi <strong>in</strong>gvb ebvg kvgmybœvnvi †eMg 15 BLD ( 1995) 34|<br />
116<br />
17 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z AvBbRxex †dŠwRqv Kwig Ges 30 gvP© 2011 ZvwiL eªvK Ges wnDg¨vb ivBUm I wjM¨vj GBW mvwf©‡mm Gi cwiPvjK<br />
W. dwóbv †c‡iivi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
117<br />
Ag~j¨P› `ª †gv`K ebvg ivóª 35, DLR, 160 (1983) Av‡iv †`Lyb W. kvnvbv û`v, “‘Double Trouble’: H<strong>in</strong>du Women <strong>in</strong><br />
Bangladesh—A Comparative Study,” Dhaka University Studies, Part-F, vol. 9 issue 1,1998, c„-111|<br />
118<br />
Ag~j¨ P› `ª †gv`K ebvg ivóª, c~‡e©v³, gvgjvq Av`vjZ weZ©wK©Zfv‡e e‡j‡Qb †h, GKwU wn› `y ˆea weev‡ni Rb¨ `yBwU agx©q AvPvi m¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e|<br />
GKwU n‡jv Av¸‡bi m¤§y‡L kc_ Ges Av‡iKwU mßc`x (mvZ cvK †Nviv) †g 25, 2011 ZvwiL evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡ói DcwiPvjK<br />
(AvBb) dwi`v Bqvmwgb, 19 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi wmwbqi DccwiPvjK bxbv †Mv¯^vgx Ges 30 gvP© 2011 ZvwiL XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi<br />
AvBb wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK kvnvbvR û`vi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
119<br />
cy‡ev©³|<br />
120<br />
†g 2011 mv‡j †bvqvLvjx I gv`vixcyi †Rjvi 5 Rb KvRxi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| (Aby‡iv‡ai †cÖwÿ‡Z bvg cÖKvk Kiv nqwb)|<br />
41
eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi AvBb cv‡ki `vwe Rvwb‡q Avm‡Qb| wKš‘ wn› `y m¤úª`v‡qi k³ cÖwZev‡`i Rb¨<br />
†mUv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| wn› `y †eŠ× I Lªx÷vb HK¨ cwil‡`i mfvcwZ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K<br />
e‡j‡Qb, RbM‡Yi cÖej evav _vKv m‡Ë¡I A‡bK wn› `y †bZviv e¨w³MZfv‡e wbeÜb c×wZ Pvb|<br />
wZwb e‡jb, Òwn› `y †bZviv weevn wbe܇bi wec‡ÿ wKš‘ hLb e¨w³MZ chv©‡q mgm¨vq c‡ob<br />
†hgb cyÎ we‡`‡k hv‡e ZLb Zviv Xv‡Kk¦ix g› `x‡i Av‡m we‡qi mb` cÎ †bevi Rb¨| cÖwZ<br />
mßv‡n Avgiv 4/5wU mb`cÎ cÖ`vb KiwQ GB g‡g© †h, GB gw› `‡i weevn m¤úbœ n‡qwQj|Ó 121<br />
2012 mv‡ji †g gv‡m evsjv‡`k gš¿xcwil` wn› `y weev‡ni Hw”QK wbeÜbKiY AvB‡bi Aby‡gv`b<br />
w`‡q‡Qb| 122 wn› `y AvBb cyiæl‡`i eûweevn Aby‡gv`b K‡i GKvwaK ¯¿x Mªn‡Yi †Kvb mxgv ev<br />
c~e©kZ© QvovB | hw` ¯^vgx cybivq weevn K‡i Z‡e ¯¿x cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z c„_K evmM„n I<br />
fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 123<br />
c„_KxKiY I fiY‡cvlY<br />
evsjv‡`‡k wn› `y cvwievwiK AvB‡b ZvjvK Aby‡gvw`Z bq| 1946 mv‡ji weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi<br />
c„_K evm¯’vb I fiY‡cvlY AvBb Abyhvqx wn› `y bvixiv wKQz wKQz mxgve× †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi wbKU<br />
c„_K evm¯’vb I fiY‡cvl‡Yi wWwµ PvB‡Z cv‡ib| †ÿθwj n‡”Q- ¯^vgx hw` Kz-‡iv‡M AvµvšÍ<br />
nb †hUv ¯¿xi gva¨‡g msµwgZ nqwb, ¯¿x‡K AZ¨šÍ wbôzifv‡e †i‡L‡Q †hUv Zvi mv‡_ emev‡mi<br />
Rb¨ wbivc` ev cÖZ¨vwkZ bq, ¯^vgx ¯¿x‡K bv e‡j Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Qb, cyb:weevn, Ab¨ a‡g©<br />
agv©šÍwiZ n‡q‡Q, iwÿZv †i‡L‡Q ev Af¨vmMZ Kvi‡Y iwÿZvi mv‡_ emevm Ki‡Q Ges Ab¨vb¨<br />
b¨vq msMZ KviY| 124 GKRb wn› `y bvix fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvi cv‡eb bv hw` †m AmZx ev Ab¨<br />
a‡g© agv©šÍwiZ ev `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cyb:iæ×v‡i Av`vj‡Z wWwµ cvj‡b e¨_© nb| 125<br />
121 3 A‡±vei 2011 mv‡j wn› `y, †eŠ×, I Lªxóvb HK¨ cwil‡`i mfvcwZ Ges m`m¨ KvRj †`ebv‡_i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
122 ÒXvKv di wn› `y g¨v‡iR jÓ, w` wn› `y, †g 22, 2012, http://www.<strong>the</strong>h<strong>in</strong>du.com/news/<strong>in</strong>ternational/article3443443.ece<br />
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 22 †g 2012); “Registration Optional for H<strong>in</strong>du Marriage,” 21 †g 2012;<br />
http://www.<strong>the</strong>dailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=37859 (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 22 †g 2012)|<br />
123 weevwnZ wn› `ybvixi c„_K evmM„n Ges fiY‡cvlY AvBb 1945 aviv 2|<br />
124 cy‡ev©³|<br />
125 weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi c„_KevmM„n Ges fiY‡cvlY AvBb 1946, aviv 2|<br />
42
¤ªZvi NUbv 126<br />
wn› `y e¨w³MZ AvB‡b ZvjvK Am¤¢e ZvB Ggb wK wbôziZg NUbvi †ÿ‡ÎI †hgbwU N‡U‡Q<br />
b¤ªZvi †ÿ‡Î| b¤ªZv GKRb 20 eQ‡ii wn› `y bvix, we‡q K‡iwQj GKRb KvwiMi‡K †h wb‡R<br />
GKwU e¨emv Lyj‡Z †P‡qwQj Ges †mRb¨ b¤ªZvi Kv‡Q UvKv †P‡qwQj| Pvi eQi nvmcvZv‡j<br />
KvR K‡i b¤ªZv `yjÿ UvKv Rwg‡qwQj Ges Gi cy‡ivUvB †m ¯^vgxi nv‡Z Zz‡j †`q| †mB<br />
UvKv wb‡q ¯^vgx e¨emv bv K‡i evev-gv‡K UvKvUv w`‡q ‡`q| Gici b¤ªZv †mB UvKv PvB‡Z<br />
ïiæ K‡i Ges m¤ú‡K©I wZ³Zv ïiæ nq| b¤ªZvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K gviai ïiæ K‡i| 2009<br />
mv‡ji GK iv‡Z b¤ªZv hLb Amy¯’ wQj Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K cvwb LvIqv‡bvi K_v e‡j GwmW<br />
LvB‡q ‡`q| b¤ªZv e‡j Ò†m Avgv‡K e‡j Avwg †Zvgvi Rb¨ Lvevi cvwb G‡bwQ, Avwg wKQzUv<br />
Lvevi ci g‡b nj Avgvi gyL Ges wfZiUv Av¸‡b cy‡o hv‡”Q|Ó b¤ªZvi ¯^vgx GB Avµg‡bi<br />
ci cvwj‡q hvq Ges cÖwZwbqZ †MÖdZvi duvwK w`‡q Pj‡Q| AvR ch©šÍ b¤ªZv wKQz †L‡Z ev<br />
cvb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv | GKwU e¨vM †_‡K GKwU wUD‡ei gva¨‡g Zvi cvK¯’wj‡Z Lvevi mieivn<br />
Kiv nq| b¤ªZvi †Mvmj I ev_iæ‡g hvevi Rb¨ mve©ÿwYK mvnvh¨ `iKvi, ZvB Zvi weaev<br />
gv‡K PvKix †Q‡o Zvi mv‡_ _vK‡Z n‡”Q|<br />
b¤ªZv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP†K e‡j- Ò‡m ïay b¨vq wePviB Pvqbv, †m ZvjvK PvqÓ| Ò†m e‡j<br />
Avwg Zv‡K †RjLvbv‡Z †`L‡Z PvB Ges Avwg hLb nvmcvZvj †_‡K Qvov cve ZLb Avwg Zv‡K<br />
ZvjvK †`e| hw` Avwg Zv‡K we‡q Ki‡Z cvwi, Avwg ZvjvKI w`‡Z cvwi|Ó b¤ªZv Rv‡bbv †h,<br />
Zvi GB AKíbxq wbôzi NUbvi ciI wn› `y e¨w³MZ AvBb Zv‡K Zvjv‡Ki AbygwZ †`‡e bv|<br />
wLª÷vb cvwievwiK AvBb<br />
Lªx÷vb we‡q I ZvjvK 19 kZ‡Ki †`Iqvbx AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ| Gi g‡a¨ gyL¨ AvBb nj-<br />
Lªx÷vb weevn AvBb- 1872 Ges weevn we‡”Q` AvBb- 1869|<br />
weevn<br />
Lªxóvb weevn `yBRb ¯^vÿxi mvg‡b cv`ªx, mb`cÎavix agx©q gš¿x ev weevn wbeÜK Øviv m¤úvw`Z<br />
nq| 127 weevn Aek¨B wbewÜZ n‡Z n‡e| 128 Lªx÷vb AvB‡b eûweev‡ni AbygwZ bvB| K¨v_wjK‡`i<br />
Rb¨ Pv‡©P AbywôZ we‡q Lªx÷xq agxq© AvBb Ges †`Iqvbx AvBb `yBwU `& ¦vivB cwiPvwjZ nq|<br />
126 31 †g 2011 ZvwiL bgªZvi mv‡_ XvKv‡Z wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| GwmW mvifvBfim dvD‡Ûk‡bi e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK gwbiv <strong>in</strong>gv‡bi<br />
m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi 4Vv †m‡Þ¤^i 2011 ZvwiL B-‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM| GB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP bgªZvi wPwKrmv I kvixwiK<br />
Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Q|<br />
127 wLª÷vb weevn AvBb 1872, aviv 5|<br />
128 wLª÷vb weevn AvBb, 1872 aviv 27-37|<br />
43
ZvjvK I fiY‡cvlY<br />
Lªx÷vbiv 1869 mv‡j weevn we‡”Q` AvBb Abyhvqx ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡i| GB AvBb Abyhvqx ¯^vgx<br />
Zvi ¯¿x‡K e¨wfPv‡ii Awf‡hv‡M ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡ib| 129 Ab¨w`‡K ¯¿x‡`i‡K Aek¨B e¨wfPv‡ii<br />
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AvBb-1874 weevwnZ Lªx÷vb bvix‡`i wbR¯^ gRyix ev Av‡qi Dci wbqš¿Y ivLvi Rb¨ hv<br />
weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwË †_‡K Avjv`v| GKRb ZvjvKcÖvß ev we‡”Q‡` _vKv Lªx÷vb bvixi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ<br />
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132 evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi, “A F<strong>in</strong>al Report on <strong>the</strong> Proposed Amendment of <strong>the</strong> Divorce Act, 1989 (Act IV of 1869)<br />
along with a draft of <strong>the</strong> Divorce Act, 1869 (Amendment) Bill, 200_,” 2006,<br />
http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/<strong>report</strong>s/72.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 5 Ryb 2012), unpag<strong>in</strong>ated|<br />
133 c~‡e©v³|<br />
134 W. dw÷bv †c‡iivi The Fractured Scales c„: 51|<br />
44
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m¤úwË cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †Kvb AvBb bvB| 2010 mv‡ji cvwievwiK wbhv©Zb cÖwZ‡iva AvBb GB<br />
duvKUv wKQzUv c~iY K‡i‡Q| GUv cvwievwiK wbhv©Z‡bi wkKvi bvix‡`i Ò‡hŠ_ evmM„‡nÓ emev‡mi<br />
AwaKvi †`q| 135 GB AvB‡b cvwievwiK wbhv©Zb wn‡m‡e ‡m mKj Kvh©‡K eySvq hv ÒA_©‰bwZK<br />
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Pvwn`v‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i Ges we‡qi mgq Dcnvi wn‡m‡e hv ‡c‡q‡Q Zv e¨envi †_‡K ewÂZ<br />
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AvBb bv _vKvq evsjv‡`‡k ÒwbR¯^ m¤úwËÓi GKUv welq `uvwo‡q †M‡Q| weevwnZ Rxe‡b ¯^vgx-¯¿x<br />
wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i gZ K‡i m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GKR‡bi m¤úwˇZ<br />
Av‡iKR‡bi f~wgKv ev msmv‡i Zvi f~wgKv ZvjvK cieZx© mg‡q IB m¤úwËi Ici †Kvb `vexi<br />
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AvbyôvwbK gvwjKvbv cyiæl‡`i, myZivs GB ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi wbR¯^ m¤úwËi welqwU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e<br />
bvix‡`i kvw¯Í †`q Ges msmv‡i Zv‡`i f~wgKv‡K cvk KvwU‡q hvq| GB AvBbx eÂbv evsjv‡`‡k<br />
ZvjvKcÖvß I c„_K emevmiZ bxiv‡`i cyiæl‡`i Zzjbvq A‡bK †ekx A_©‰bwZK Kó I `vwi‡`ª¨i<br />
SzuwKi g‡a¨ †d‡j| ˆeevwnK evmM„‡n ev ¯^vgxi PvKzix ev e¨emvq ¯¿x‡`i KZ eo Ae`vb i‡q‡Q<br />
135 cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiv ) AvBb 2010 aviv 10 me-15 GB AvB‡bi †Kvb Awdwmqvj Bs‡iRx Abyev` bvB| evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW<br />
mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡ói Bs‡iRx Abyev‡` ejv n‡q‡Q GB AvBb 10 avivq bvix‡`i †hŠ_ M„‡n evm Kivi AwaKvi †`q Ges 15 aviv Av`vjZ‡K GB AwaKvi<br />
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KZ©„cÿ KZ©„K cÖ`Ë Av‡`k Abyhvqx msÿz× e¨w³ †h mKj Avw_©K myweav, m¤ú` ev m¤úwË jv‡fi AwaKvix Zv n‡Z Zv‡K ewÂZ Kiv ev Dnvi Dci Zvi<br />
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Dci ˆea AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡M evav cÖ`vb|<br />
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m¤úwˇZB ¯^vgx-¯¿xi †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv i‡q‡Q| ÒmgwóMZ m¤úwËi c×wZ‡Z mvaviYZ weevn c~‡e©i DËivwaKvi ev Dcnvim~‡Î †Kvb Dcv‡q AwR©Z<br />
m¤úwˇK c„_©K e¨w³MZ m¤úwË aiv nq| wKQz wKQz †`‡k ÒmgwóMZ m¤úwË Ges Òc„_K m¤úwËÓ `yBUv c×wZB i‡q‡Q Ges GLv‡b `¤úwˇ`i‡K we‡qi<br />
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wKQz RvqMvq †hg wdwjdvBb Ges BwÛqvi †Mvqv ivR¨‡Z m¤ú~Y© mgwóMZ m¤úwËi c×wZ †hLv‡b mKj m¤úwËi †hŠ_ m¤úwË wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e Zv †m<br />
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45
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AvBb ms¯‹ vi K‡i‡Q| 139 weevwnZ bvix‡`i ZvjvK cieZx©‡Z weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwËi Ask cÖ`v‡bi<br />
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138<br />
24 †g 2011 mv‡j gymwjg bvix Avmgvi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi K‡i| wKfv‡e<br />
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139<br />
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Rb¨ cÖ‡Rvh¨| †`Lyb:<br />
http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%204/Act%20164.pdf#http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.4/Act164.pdf# (me©‡kl<br />
†`Lv n‡q‡Q 29 †deªæhvix 2012)|<br />
wm½vcy‡i gymjgvb `¤úwZ‡`i ˆeevwnK m¤úwË e› U‡bi welqwU 1966 mv‡ji GWwgwb‡÷ªkb Ae gymwjg jÕ G¨v± (2009 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i ms‡kvwaZ) Abyhvqx<br />
cwiPvwjZ nq|<br />
†`Lyb: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%223e90fc65-b364-<br />
434b-b2dc-ced1d9608640%22%20Status%3Apublished%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 (me©‡kl †`Lv 5 Ryb 2012)|<br />
wZDwbwkqv‡Z 1998 mv‡ji 98-91 bs AvBb ÕjR Ab w` wiwRg Ad KwgDwbwU Ad cÖcvwU© weUzBb ¯úvD‡RmÕ - Gi Aby‡”Q` 1 ¯^vgx-¯¿x†K weev‡ni mgq<br />
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†`Lyb: http://www.jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/csp/biens1000.htm# (me©‡kl †`Lv 29 †deªæqvix 2012|<br />
gi‡°v‡Z Õw` g‡iv°vb d¨vwgwj †KvW (‡gŠ`vIqvbv) 2004Õ -Gi 49 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ¯^vgx-¯¿x `yB cÿB c„_K c„_K m¤úwËi gvwjK, Z‡e<br />
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`vq-`vwqZ¡Ó BZ¨vw`, †`Lyb: http://www.hrea.org/moudawana.html#24 (me©‡kl †`Lv 29 †deªæqvix 2012)|<br />
B‡› `v‡bwkqv‡Z 1974 mv‡ji weevn AvBb (1bs AvBb) Gi Aby‡”Q` 35 Abymv‡i ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi welqvw` cwiPvwjZ nq| 35 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q,<br />
weev‡ni mgq AwR©Z m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi| Z‡e ¯^vgx ev ¯¿xi DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cvIqv m¤úwË wKsev Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †KD hw` Dcnvi wn‡m‡e<br />
†Kvb m¤úwË †c‡q _v‡Kb †m¸wj mswkøó c‡ÿi e¨w³MZ m¤úwË wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e, hw` bv Zviv †mme m¤úwËi wel‡q Ab¨ †Kvb wm×všÍ †bb|<br />
‡`Lyb: http://sdm.ugm.ac.id/ma<strong>in</strong>/sites/sdm.ugm.ac.id/arsip/peraturan/UU_1_1974.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 14<br />
wW‡m¤^i 2011)|<br />
Zzi‡¯‹ †`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa 2001 Gi Aby‡”Q` 186-237, c„ôv 173 (DB‡gb wjwfs AvÛvi gymwjg jR& cy¯Í‡K “Know<strong>in</strong>g Our <strong>Rights</strong>: Women,<br />
family laws and customs <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Muslim World, 2006 wk‡ivbv‡g †hfv‡e D‡jøwLZ Av‡Q) Abyhvqx ˆeevwnK m¤úwË e› U‡bi welq¸wj<br />
cwiPvwjZ nq|<br />
‡`Lyb:http://www.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/files/import/english/pubs/pdf/know<strong>in</strong>g%20our%20rights/kor_2<br />
006_en.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv 29 †deªæqvix 2012)|<br />
wdwjcvB‡bi gymjgvb‡`i ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi welq msµvšÍ AvB‡bi Rb¨ †`Lyb - w` †KvW Ad gymwjg cvi‡mvbvj jÔR Ad w` wdwjwcÝ, †cÖwm‡WwÝqvj<br />
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m¤úwË msµvšÍ m¤úK© †Kgb n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Aby‡”Q` 37 G ejv n‡q‡Q ‰eevwnK m¤úwË cÖ_gZ weev‡ni Pzw³ Øviv, Zvici AvB‡bi<br />
weavb Abymv‡i Ges Zvic‡i cÖ_v Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡e| Aby‡”Q` 38 G ejv n‡q‡Q, weevn Pzw³i AeZ©gv‡b ¯^vgx-¯¿x wdwjcvB‡bi BmjvwgK AvBb I<br />
†`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa AbymiY Kiv QvovI ˆeevwnK m¤úwˇK m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Avjv`v m¤úwË wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvi bxwZ †g‡b Pj‡eb| †`Lyb:<br />
http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecreeno1083.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 5 Ryb 2012)| wdwjcvB‡bi A-gymwjgiv<br />
1987 mv‡ji wdwjwcÝ cvwievwiK AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡eb,<br />
†`Lyb: http://www.chanrobles.com/executiveorderno209.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv 22 †g 2012)| GKB mv‡_ †`Lyb wdwjwc‡Ýi<br />
†`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa 1950, http://www.chanrobles.com/civilcodeof<strong>the</strong>philipp<strong>in</strong>es<strong>full</strong>text.html (me©‡kl †`Lv 5 Ryb 2012)|<br />
46
†`‡ki AvBb agx©q AvB‡bi AvBbx ˆeaZv i‡q‡Q †m mKj †`‡ki weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwË AvBb<br />
i‡q‡Q| 140 evsjv‡`‡k weevwnZ `¤úwZiv †hŠ_ bv‡g m¤úwË wKb‡Z cv‡i †hgb Rwgi ev evwoi<br />
`wjj `yR‡bi bv‡g ivLv, †Kvb iKg AvBbx Aby‡gv`b QvovB cvwievwiK m¤úwËi †hŠ_ Askx`vi<br />
n‡Z cv‡ib| bvix‡`i bv‡g Lye Kg m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv _vKvi c‡iI wKQz `¤úwZ GB ai‡bi<br />
c`‡c ‡bb| hLb Zviv GUv K‡i, GwU `yBRb‡KB GK ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK wbðqZv †`q| wnDg¨vb<br />
ivBUm IqvP `yBRb weaevi mvvrKvi wb‡q‡Qb hv‡`i weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwˇZ †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv wQj,<br />
†hUv Zv‡`i ¯^vgxi gyZz¨i ci GB m¤úwË ivL‡Z Ges fvov ‡`evi gZv w`‡q‡Q| 141 Av‡iKRb<br />
bvix wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, wZwb Ges Zvi ¯^vgx †hŠ_fv‡e GKUv Rwg wK‡bwQ‡jb Ges<br />
Rwgi `wj‡j `yBR‡bi bvgB †`q| †hUv cieZx©‡Z hLb Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i ZLb †mB<br />
Rwg‡Z Zvi 3 mšÍvb I weaev gv‡qi Rb¨ GKUv evox evbv‡bvi AwaKvi †`q| 142 †`Lv hvq †h,<br />
weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwË msµvšÍ AvBb cÖYq‡b agx©q evavUv g~j evav bq| †hgbwU i‡q‡Q e¨w³MZ<br />
AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii †‡Î| iYkxj agx©q †bZv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Av‡m, hv cieZx©‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv<br />
n‡e| ei GUv miKv‡ii ivR‰bwZK mw`”Qvi Afve|<br />
cvwievwiK AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi 40 eQi ci AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQy AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii c`‡c †bqv n‡q‡Q<br />
hvi g‡a¨ wKQz n‡”Q bvix‡`i AwaKvi ivq we‡klZ cwiev‡ii †fZ‡i bvix‡`i cÖwZ wbhv©Zb<br />
cÖwZ‡iv‡a| 143 wKš‘ hLbB weevn we‡”Q` ev ZvjvK Ges we‡”Q` cieZx© A_©‰bwZK AwaKv‡ii<br />
welq¸wj Av‡m, †mBLv‡b Lye Kg cwieZ©bB G‡m‡Q| e„wUk Avgj †_‡K P‡j Avmv msKwjZ Ges<br />
AmsKwjZ e¨w³MZ AvBb, GgbwK wKQz AvBb 1860 mv‡jiI| mgv‡R I cvwievwiK Rxe‡b<br />
e¨vcK cwieZ©b Avmv m‡Z¡I G¸wj‡K ¯úk© Kiv nqwb| ¯^vaxbZvi ci GKUv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms¯‹ vi<br />
n‡jv 1974 mv‡ji gymwjg weevn I ZvjvK (wbeÜb) AvBb| hw`I GB ms¯‹ vi weevwnZ Ges<br />
ZvjvKcÖvß `¤úwZi AwaKv‡i ‡Zgb †Kvb †gŠwjK cwieZ©b K‡iwb| ¯^vaxbZv cieZx© mg‡qi<br />
Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms¯‹ vi nj 1985 mv‡ji cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k| GB ms¯‹ vi<br />
bvix‡`i c‡ÿ AvBbx cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ AšÍZc‡ÿ cvwievwiK Av`vjZ I cÖwµqv¸wji g‡a¨ GKUv<br />
†bUIqvK© cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q, †hLv‡b AwZwi³ †Kvb ms¯‹ vi QvovB we`¨gvb cvwievwiK AvB‡bi<br />
ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡”Q| 144<br />
ˆelg¨g~jK we`¨gvb Ae¯’vwU mgv‡R e¨vcKfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †c‡q‡Q e‡j cvwievwiK AvBb¸wji<br />
ms¯‹ vi n‡”Qbv, GB hyw³wU wVK bq| cÖK…Zc‡ A‡bK bvix AwaKvi Kgx©, GbwRI Ges e¨w³eM©<br />
140<br />
c~‡e©v³|<br />
141<br />
18 †g 2011 Zvwi‡L XvKvq gymwjg bvix kvnbvR (QÙbvg) Ges wn› `y bvix gxbvi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvÿvrKvi|<br />
142<br />
19 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix bvwdmvi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvÿvrKvi|<br />
143<br />
D`vniY¯^iƒc †`Lyb bvix I wkï wbh©vZb `gb AvBb 2000 Ges cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiv) AvBb 2010|<br />
144<br />
cvievwiK Av`vjZ wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ cieZ©x‡Z Av‡jvwPZ ÒAvBbx cÖwZeÜKZvÓ Aa¨vqwU †`Lyb|<br />
47
ms¯‹ v‡ii K_v e‡j Avm‡Qb| †KD †KD `xN© mgq a‡i GKUv ag©wbi‡cÿ Awfbœ cvwievwiK AvBb<br />
cÖYq‡bi K_v e‡j Avm‡Qb hv mKj a‡g©i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| 145 mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j wfbœ agx©q<br />
m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ wfbœfv‡e AvBbx ms¯‹ v‡ii Ici †Rvi ‡`qv n‡”Q| ms¯‹ v‡ii †h †Kvb c×wZB<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvBb¸‡jv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi AvBb¸wji mv‡_ GKB KvZv‡i<br />
wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GB ms¯‹ vi¸wj DËß ivR‰bwZK Ges agx©q cwi‡e‡ki Kv‡Q nvi †g‡b<br />
GK APjvqZ‡bi g‡a¨ AvU‡K Av‡Q|<br />
mKj agx©q m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ GKwU mgwš^Z e¨w³MZ AvBb cÖbq‡Yi cÖ¯ÍvewU Lye Kg RbwcÖqZv<br />
†c‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgkb 2005 mv‡j BDwbd©g d¨vwgwj †KvW Gi cÖ¯Ívebv we‡ePbv K‡i<br />
†`‡Lb Ges †Kvb ai‡bi M‡elYv ev mvgvwRK Pvwn`v wKsev c„w_exi Ab¨ †`‡ki msweavb<br />
ms‡kvabxi D`vniY we‡ePbv bv K‡iB `ªæZ ‡mwU‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| 146 m¤úªwZ bvix‡`i wKQz<br />
msMVb BDwbdg© d¨vwgwj †Kv‡Wi `vex cÖwZwbqZ K‡i hv‡”Q| wKš‘ AvBb cÖ‡YZv ev Kg©KZv©‡`i<br />
GB welqUv we‡ePbv Kivi †Kvb D‡`¨vM j¨ Kiv hv‡”Qbv|<br />
eZ©gvb mg‡q eis cvwievwiK AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii welqwU †ekx jYxq| 2012 mv‡j evsjv‡`k AvBb<br />
Kwgkb gymwjg, wn› `y I wLª÷vb m¤úª`v‡qi cvwievwiK AvB‡b Abym„Z weevn Ges Zvjv‡Ki<br />
welq¸wj wb‡q GKwU M‡elYv †kl Kivi ci †mme AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii Rb¨ mycvwik K‡i‡Q| 147<br />
wLª÷vb cvwievwiK AvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î, Kwgk‡bi wi‡cv‡U© Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi g‡a¨, Gi 2006 mv‡ji<br />
mycvwik¸wji Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kwgkb Zvjv‡Ki †‡Î bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨<br />
weivRgvb ˆelg¨ `~i Kivmn ¯^vgx-¯¿xi †hŠ_ m¤§wZ‡K Zvjv‡Ki wfwË wn‡m‡e AvB‡b AšÍf©y³<br />
Kivi Rb¨ miKv‡ii cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Q| 148 Abyiƒcfv‡e, wn› `y cvwievwiK AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii<br />
cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Kwgkb eûweevn wbwl× Ges weevn wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kivmn<br />
wn› `y `¤úwZ‡`i weevn we‡”Q‡` Aby‡gv`b †`Iqvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii Kv‡Q mycvwik K‡i‡Q| 149<br />
145<br />
GKwU Awfbœ cvwievwiK AvB‡bi `vwe‡Z bvix AwaKvi Av‡› `vj‡bi ‡h BwZnvm †m m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ ‡`Lyb †c‡iivi †jLv Õw`<br />
d«vK&PviW ‡¯‹ jmÕ|<br />
146<br />
evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b “Report on a reference by <strong>the</strong> government towards <strong>the</strong> possibility of fram<strong>in</strong>g out<br />
of a uniform family code for all communities of Bangladesh relat<strong>in</strong>g to marriage, divorce, guardianship,<br />
<strong>in</strong>heritance etc,Ó 18 RyjvB 2005,<br />
†`Lyb: http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/<strong>report</strong>s/69.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 30 gvP© 2011)| XvKvq 3 A‡±vei 2011<br />
evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb W: kvn& Avjg-Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
147<br />
12 AvMó 2012 ZvwiL hyM¥ †Rjv RR& Ges evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi wmwbqi wimvP© Awdmvi kviwgb wbMv‡ii mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi B-<br />
‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM| wZwb Rvbvb †h, gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii wel‡q Kwgk‡bi wi‡cvU© ZLbI P‚ovšÍ nqwb| Z‡e wLª÷vb Ges wn› `y cvwievwiK<br />
AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi m¤úwK©Z P‚ovšÍ cÖwZ‡e`b AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv n‡q‡Q|<br />
148<br />
evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b “F<strong>in</strong>al Report on <strong>the</strong> Law Commission’s Recommendations for <strong>the</strong> Amendment of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Divorce Act of 1869 (Divorce of Christian Couples) and Enactment of a New Law on Adoption by <strong>the</strong><br />
Christians,” ‡`Lyb: http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/<strong>report</strong>s.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 26 Ryb 2012)|<br />
149<br />
Ówn› `y cvwievwiK AvB‡bi ms¯‹ v‡ii Rb¨ †ckK…Z mycvwikgvjv m¤ú‡K© evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi P‚ovšÍ cÖwZ‡e`bÓ, AvMó 2012| wnDg¨vb ivBUm<br />
Iqv‡Pi Kv‡Q Gi Kwc i‡q‡Q| hyM¥ †Rjv RR& Ges evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi wmwbqi wimvP© Awdmvi kviwgb wbMv‡ii mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi B-‡gBj<br />
†hvMv‡hvM, 12 AvMó 2012|<br />
48
AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg©m~wP (BDGbwWwc)Õi A_©vqb wb‡q<br />
AvBb Kwgk‡bi M‡elYv¸wj‡Z mnvqZv w`‡”Q| 150 GKBfv‡e GwcÖj 2012 mv‡j GKwU †emiKvwi<br />
ms¯’v mvD_ Gwkqvb Bbw÷wUDU Ad GWfvÝW wjM¨vj GÛ wnDg¨vb ivBUm ÷vwWR (†mBjm)<br />
gymjgvb, wn› `y Ges wLª÷vb m¤úª`v‡qi cvwievwiK AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii c‡ÿ 3wU M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b<br />
cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| 151<br />
cÖ‡Z¨KUv agx©q msMV‡bi g‡a¨ cvwievwiK AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii cÖ¯ÍveK I mgv‡jvPK i‡q‡Qb|<br />
iYkxj agx©q ivR‰bwZK †bZviv gymwjg AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi‡K `„pfv‡e cÖwZev` K‡ib| Zviv `vex<br />
K‡ib †h GwU kixqv AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v †_‡K c_åó n‡e| 152 Ab¨w`‡K, Ab¨vb¨ †`k hv‡`i<br />
cvwievwiK AvBb kixqv AvBb‡K AšÍfy©³ K‡i ev D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx i‡q‡Q, Zviv<br />
ˆelg¨ `~i Kiv ev Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i AvBb ms¯‹ vi K‡i‡Q| †hgb, wZDwbwkqv Ges Zzi¯‹<br />
eûweevn m¤ú~Y© wbwl× K‡i‡Q Ges gi‡°vi g‡Zv †`k eûweevn †iva Kivi Rb¨ LyeB k³ cÖwµqv<br />
ïiæ K‡i‡Q| 153 gvj‡qwkqv, B‡› `v‡bwkqv, wm½vcyi, wZDwbwkqv, gi‡°v Ges Zzi¯‹ me †`‡kB<br />
ZvjvK cieZx© ˆeevwnK m¤úwË e› U‡bi weavb i‡q‡Q| 154 wn› `y m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨I e¨w³MZ AvBb<br />
I msKjb ms¯‹ vi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Pvjy i‡q‡Q, wKš‘ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ evavI i‡q‡Q| 2011 mv‡j<br />
bvixKgx© Ges agx©q †bZviv evsjv‡`‡ki †fZi AvÂwjK civgk© mfvi Av‡qvRb K‡i hvi D‡Ïk¨<br />
wQj wn› `y cvwievwiK AvBb we‡klZ weevn Ges ZvjvK wel‡q GKwU Lmov AvBb ˆZix Kiv| 155<br />
wn› `y weevn AvBb cÖYq‡b bvix †RvU bv‡g GKwU msMVb 3000 †Km ÷vwW msMÖn K‡i hv‡Z<br />
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q wn› `y bvixiv ‰elg¨c~Y© e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi Kvi‡Y wKfv‡e `~`©kvi wkKvi n‡”Qb| 156<br />
GB Av‡jvPbvi dj wn‡m‡e GB †RvU ïaygvÎ weevn wbeÜb AvBbB bq weevn Ges Zvjv‡Ki †‡Î<br />
150<br />
c~‡e©v³| Av‡iv †`Lyb- 9 GwcÖj 2012 Zvwi‡L XvKv¯’ RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg©m~wP-i †`v‡qj gyLvR©xi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi B‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM|<br />
BDGbwWwc mgw_©Z cÖ‡gvwUs GK‡mm Uz Rvw÷m GÛ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Bb evsjv‡`k cÖK‡í mnvqZvi Ask wn‡m‡e GB Znwej †`Iqv n‡”Q|<br />
151<br />
bIwib Zvgvbœv Ges Ab¨vb¨, gymwjg DB‡gbm ivBUm AvÛvi evsjv‡`k j: cÖwfkbm, cwjwmR GÛ cÖ¨vKwU‡mm wi‡j‡UW Uz KvmUzwW GÛ MvwW©qvbwkc<br />
(XvKv: †mBjm, 2012); W. kvnbvR û`v, Kge¨vwUs †RÛvi BbRvw÷m: wn› `y j Bb evsjv‡`k (XvKv: †mBjm, 2012); W. dw÷bv †c‡iiv, wmwfj jÕR<br />
Mfvwb©s wLªwðqvbm Bb evsjv‡`k: G cÖ‡cvRvj di widg© (XvKv: †mBjm, 2012)|<br />
152<br />
gvP©, †g I Ryb 2011 mv‡j XvKv‡Z AwaKvi Kg©x I AvBbRxex‡`i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| D`vniY¯^iƒc, gvP© 2011 mv‡j<br />
evsjv‡`k miKvi RvZxq bvix Dbœqb bxwZ cÖYqb K‡ib| hw`I GB bxwZ‡Z cvwievwiK AvB‡bi †Kvb cwieZ©b Kiv nqwb Z_vwc GB bxwZi fzj e¨L¨v<br />
w`‡q iYkxj ag©xq †bZviv e¨vcK cÖwZev‡` bv‡g| D`vniY¯^iƒc ‡`Lyb, Òevsjv‡`k cÖ‡Uó G‡MBÝU DB‡gbÕm ivBUm †jd&U Iqvb †WW,Ó wewewm wbDR,<br />
3 GwcÖj 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12950866 (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 22†g 2012)|<br />
153<br />
g‡iv° `yBwU †‡Î eûweevn wbwl× K‡i| g‡iv°vb cvwievwiK wewa (gy`vIqvbv) 2004 -Gi 40 Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, Ó†hme †‡Î ¯¿x‡`i cÖwZ<br />
Amg AvPi‡Yi fq i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b eûweevn wbwl×| †hLv‡b weev‡ni Pzw³‡Z ¯¿xi kZ© i‡q‡Q †h ¯^vgx wØZxq ¯¿x MÖnY Ki‡ebv †mLv‡bI eûweevn wbwl×|<br />
Aby‡”Q` 40 I 41 G ejv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b weev‡ni Pzw³‡Z ¯¿x ¯^vgxi wØZxq weev‡ni †‡Î †Kvb kZ© ¯’vcb K‡iwb †mLv‡b ¯^vgx‡K Av`vj‡Zi wbKU<br />
Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ Ôe¨wZµgx I ev¯Íem¤§Z KviY `wk©‡qÕ Zvi P~ovšÍ e³e¨ mnKv‡i Av‡e`b Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡`Lyb:<br />
http://www.hrea.org/moudawana.html#24 (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 29 †deªæqvwi 2012)| wZDwbwkqvi cvwievwiK AvBb 1956 Gi<br />
Aby‡”Q` 18 †Z ejv n‡q‡Q ÒwZDwbwkqv eûweevn wbwl× K‡i‡Q Ges †h e¨vw³ GKRb ¯¿xi eZ©gv‡b cybivq weevn K‡i Zvi GK eQ‡ii Kviv`Ð n‡e ev<br />
240,000 d«v¼m (GLb 240 wZDwbwkqvb w`bvi ev 149 BDGm Wjvi) Rwigvbv w`‡Z n‡e A_ev `y‡Uv kvw¯ÍB GKmv‡_ †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó<br />
‡`Lyb:http://www.e-justice.tn/fileadm<strong>in</strong>/fichiers_site_francais/codes_juridiques/Statut_personel_Fr.pdf (me©‡kl<br />
†`Lv n‡q‡Q 5 Ryb 2012)| Women Liv<strong>in</strong>g under Muslim Law, “Know<strong>in</strong>g Our <strong>Rights</strong>: Women, family laws and customs<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Muslim World,” c„ôv 197| Zzi¯‹ I eûweevn wbwl× K‡i‡Q|<br />
154<br />
Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki AvBb wel‡q AwZwi³ Z‡_¨i Rb¨Òweevn‡Ëvi m¤úwË AvB‡bi AfveÓ kxl©K Dc‡iv³ Aa¨vqwU †`Lyb|<br />
155<br />
1 Ryb 2011 mv‡j XvKv‡Z gvby‡li Rb¨ dvD‡Ûk‡bi cwiPvjK (AwaKvi) ixbv ivq Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
156<br />
W. kvnbvR û`v, Kge¨vwUs †RÛvi BbRvmwUm: wn› `y j Bb evsjv‡`k(XvKv:†mBjm, 2012) c„ 45|<br />
49
mgvb AwaKvi `vex K‡i‡Q| wKQy wn› `y †bZviv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb weevn wbeÜb<br />
AvB‡bi Afv‡e ïaygvÎ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z weevn cÖgv‡b Amyweav n‡”Q bv, Av‡iv A‡bK ev¯Íe<br />
mgm¨v †hgb we‡`k hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ KvMRcÎ ˆZwi Kiv BZ¨vw` Amyweavi m¤§ywLb n‡Z nq| 157<br />
hvB‡nvK bv †Kb wKQz iYkxj wn› `y †bZv Ges msMVb e¨w³MZ AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii we‡ivwaZv K‡i<br />
hv‡”Qb| KviY wnmv‡e †hUv ejv nq Zv n‡jv evsjv‡`‡k msL¨vjNy wn› `y cÖvwšÍKxKiY Ges AvBb<br />
cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i AwaKvi eÂbvi AZxZ BwZnvm| Ab¨viv evsjv‡`‡ki ÒAwcZ© m¤úwËÓ<br />
AvB‡bi BwZnvm Zz‡j Av‡bb| †hUv miKvi‡K msL¨vjNy‡`i m¤úwË wb‡q †h‡Z w`‡q‡Q Ges m¤úwË<br />
wel‡q bZzb †Kvb AvBb n‡jB GKUv m‡› `‡ni ˆZix nq| 158 wKš‘ 2011 mv‡j miKvi Awc©Z<br />
m¤úwË cÖZ¨eZ©‡bi GKwU AvBb K‡i‡Q, †hUv‡K wn› `y †bZviv mwVK c_ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Qb|<br />
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GKUv AskI e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi ms¯‹ v‡ii welq wb‡q weZ©K Ki‡Q| 2002 mv‡j RvZxq PvP© cwil`<br />
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†bb| 160 2010 mv‡j evsjv‡`k Lªx÷vb AvBbRxex ms¯’v cÖwZwôZ nq Ges GUvi GKUv Ab¨Zg<br />
D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi| 161<br />
157 3 A‡±vei 2011 mv‡j XvKv‡Z wn› `y, †eŠ× I wLª÷vb HK¨ cwil‡`i mfvcwZ KvRj †`ebv‡_i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
158 2001 mv‡ji AvBbwU GB mKj m¤úwË wdwi‡q †`evi Rb¨ GKUv cÖwµqvi K_v e‡jwQj wKš‘ †mUv ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| †`Lyb- Aveyj eiKvZ I<br />
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159 ÒXvKv di wn› `y g¨v‡iR jÓ, w` wn› `y, †g 22, 2012, http://www.<strong>the</strong>h<strong>in</strong>du.com/news/<strong>in</strong>ternational/article3443443.ece<br />
(me©‡kl †`Lv 22 †g 2012); “Registration Optional for H<strong>in</strong>du Marriage,” May 21, 2012,<br />
http://www.<strong>the</strong>dailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=37859 (me©‡kl †`Lv 22 †g 2012)|<br />
160 dw÷bv †c‡iiv, Ò G cÖ‡cvRvj Uz widg© w` wmwfj jÕR cvi‡UBwbs Uz wLªwðqvbm Bb evsjv‡`k ,ÓRyb 2011|<br />
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50
3. weevwnZ, ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c„_K emevmKvix bvix‡`i Dci<br />
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cybtcÖwZôv K‡i Ges cvwievwiK wbhv©Z‡bi SuzwK evovq| G¸wj evsjv‡`‡k bvix cÖavb cwiev‡ii<br />
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n‡q‡Q †h wKfv‡e e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi gva¨‡g bvixiv Ges Zv‡`i Ici wbf©ikxjiv wZMÖ¯Í<br />
n‡”Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki we‡qi D”Pnvi m‡Z¡I 3,30,000 ZvjvKcÖvß bvix 162 Ges AmsL¨ c„_K<br />
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2010 mv‡ji cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiÿv) AvBb GB duvKUv wKQzUv c~iY K‡i‡Q| GB<br />
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162<br />
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(XvKv: evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb e¨y‡iv 2010)c„-45|<br />
163<br />
19 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwZi †cÖvMÖvg g¨v‡bRvi (cvwievwiK wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva) wgZvjx Rvnvb; 19 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I<br />
mvwjk‡K‡› `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, †gwW†qkb I i¨vwcW †imcÝ BDwbU, bxbv †Mv¯^vgx ; 29 gvP© 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i<br />
Av‡qkv Lvbg I gvKmy`v Av³vi Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi; 30 gvP© 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil‡`i wbe©vnx<br />
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mgš^qKvix, PvBì †cÖv‡UKkb GÛ Gw› U UªvwdwKs †cÖvMÖvg, gwkDi Avjg, mnKvix †cÖvMÖvg g¨v‡bRvi , GW‡fv‡Kmx GÛ wimvP© BDwbU Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb<br />
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51
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we‡qi mgq Dcnvi wn‡m‡e hv ‡c‡q‡Q Zv e¨envi †_‡K ewÂZ K‡i| 164<br />
2007 mv‡ji †W‡gvMÖvwdK GÛ †nj_ mv‡f©‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, 53 kZvsk weevwnZ bvix Zv‡`i<br />
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gv‡mi ci gvm Ges A‡bK mgq eQ‡ii ci eQi cvwievwiK wbhv©Zb mn¨ K‡i hv‡”Q Kvib Zviv<br />
Rv‡b †h hw` Zviv ZvjvK †`q ev c„_K _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡`i fqven A_©‰bwZK `yive¯’vq co‡Z<br />
n‡e| †hgb dwi`v e‡j‡Q, Zvi ¯^vgx Ges ¯^vgxi cÖ_g ¯¿x Zv‡K gviZ, bv LvB‡q ivLZ Ges<br />
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¯^vgxi cwiev‡ii KvQ †_‡K wbhv©Z‡bi ga¨ w`‡q eQ‡i ci eQi cvi K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ P‡j †h‡Z<br />
cv‡iwb KviY Zvi wb‡R‡K Pvjv‡bvi gZ ‡Kvb mvg_¨© bvB| ‡m hLb mšÍvbm¤¢ev Ges ¯^vgxi 2q<br />
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164<br />
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165<br />
wb‡cvU© (NIPORT) Ges Ab¨vb¨, evsjv‡`k RbmsL¨v I ¯^v¯’¨ Rwic 2007, c„-201|<br />
166<br />
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167<br />
22 †g 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx‡Z gymwjg bvix dwi`vi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
168<br />
19 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix †kdvwji (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| Ab¨vb¨ bvixivI GKB ai‡bi cvwievwiK<br />
wbh©vZ‡bi K_v eb©bv K‡i‡Qb| 18 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix Z…òv (QÙbvg), 19 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix kwg©jv (QÙbvg), 19<br />
†g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix gwbiv (QÙbvg); Ges 20 †g 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx‡Z gymwjg bvix AvLZvivi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm<br />
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169<br />
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52
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evsjv‡`‡ki 49 kZvsk bvix cÖavb cwievi `wi`ª mxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vb Ki‡Qb, cyiæl cÖavb cwievi<br />
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95 fvM bvix cÖavb cwievi `vwi`ª mxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vb Ki‡Qb| 174 2009 mv‡ji wg‡jwbqvg<br />
†Wfjc‡g› U ‡Mvj Gi Dbœqb cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q hw`I me©cwi †`‡ki `vwi`ªZvi mxgv K‡g‡Q,<br />
bvix cÖavb cwiev‡ii Rxeb gvÎvi gv‡bi LyeB Kg Dbœqb n‡q‡Q| 175 GUv‡Z †Kvb AbywgZ `vwi`ª<br />
mxgv †`Lv‡bv nqwb| 176 evsjv‡`‡k cvwievwiK Avq I e¨v‡qi Rwi‡c GKUv wfbœ wPÎ †`Lv hvq|<br />
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n‡q‡Q †h, 2000 mv‡j AbygvwbK 35. 1 kZvsk bvix cÖavb cwievi `vwi`ªmxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vb KiZ,<br />
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kZvsk bvix cÖavb cwievi `wi`ª †mLv‡b 17.9 kZvsk cyiæl cÖavb cwievi `wi`ª| we‡klÁiv GB<br />
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170<br />
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http://www.undp.org/asia/country_programme/CCA/CCA-Bangladesh2005.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv 20 Ryb 2011)|<br />
171<br />
cwiKíbv Kwgkb, 6ô c evwl©Kx cwiKíbv, c„-153|<br />
172<br />
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173<br />
evsjv‡`k miKvi I BDGb Gi Kvw› Uª wUg, mn¯ªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv: evsjv‡`k Dbœqb cÖwZ‡e`bÓ 2005<br />
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2006,2007 I 2009 mv‡ji Dbœqb cÖwZ‡e`‡b bvixcÖavb cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ `vwi`ª¨ wel‡q †Kvb Z_¨B bvB|<br />
174<br />
BDGb Gi evsjv‡`k Kvw› Uª Uxg, ÒBDbv‡UW †bkbk Kgb Kvw› Uª G‡mm‡g› UÓ c¨viv 2.1.4|<br />
175<br />
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RyjvB 2011) c„-44|<br />
176<br />
2011 mv‡ji me©‡kl GgwWwR Dbœqb cÖwZ‡e`b cyiælcÖavb cwiev‡ii Zzjbvq bvixcÖavb cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ `vwi`ªZv wel‡q †Kvb wbw`©ó Z_¨ ms‡hvRb<br />
K‡iwb wKš‘ ejv n‡q‡Q †h bvixcÖavb cwievi †ekx Lv`¨ AwbivcËvq i‡q‡Qb|<br />
177<br />
10 Ryb 2012 ZvwiL iæivj GgcvIqvi‡g› U AciPzwbwUm di cvewjK G‡mUm (REOPA) Gi ‡cÖvMÖvg g¨v‡bRvi †Mvivb Rbm‡bi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm<br />
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53
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†g‡q‡`i LvIqv‡ev? Zviv‡Zv Avgvi `vwqZ¡ bq| wZwb Avgv‡K Avgvi †g‡q‡`i `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z ej‡jb<br />
ev Zv‡`i †Q‡o Avm‡Z ej‡jb| 178<br />
Ab¨vb¨ bvixiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb ZvjvK ev we‡”Q‡`i ci NiQvov n‡q Zviv Avkªq<br />
Ly‡R‡Qb eÜy, cÖwZ‡ekx ev agx©q cÖwZôv‡b| Rqv Zvi ¯^vgxi Ni †_‡K A‡bKeviB k¦vïox I ¯^vgxi<br />
AmnYxq wbhv©Zb mn¨ bv Ki‡Z †c‡i cvwj‡q G‡m‡Qb| cÖ_g K‡qKevi cvwj‡q wM‡q GKwU ¯’vbxq<br />
Pv‡P© Avkªq †bq| cieZx©‡Z †m evevgvi Kv‡Q _vKvi Rb¨ hvq wKš‘ cÖwZeviB Zv‡K ¯^vgxi Kv‡Q<br />
wd‡i hvevi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡ekxiv Pvc †`q| ¯^vgx Zvi Dci AZ¨vPvi K‡i Ges †m cvwj‡q GK<br />
cvwievwiK eÜzi Kv‡Q Avkªq †bq| Rqv e‡j‡Q ÒLvjvi ¯^vgx Avwg IB evox‡Z _vwK Zv Pvqwb,<br />
m~Zivs Avwg IB evoxi eviv› `vq 10-12 w`b _vwK| Avgvi VvÛv †j‡M Amy¯’ n‡q hvB| ZLb<br />
kxZKvj, ZvB Avwg Avgv‡K ILvb †_‡K wb‡q GKwU Ae¨eüZ ev_i“‡g wb‡q ivLv nq| Ibv‡`i<br />
2Uv ev_iæg wQj| Avwg Gfv‡e cÖvq 1 gvm _vwK| Avwg ev_i“‡g †_‡K ZLb †ei nZvg ZLb<br />
Lvjvi ¯^vgx Kv‡R evB‡i †h‡Zb| GKw`b Avwg aiv cojvg Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ SMov jvMj, Lvjv<br />
Avgvi Rb¨ SMov K‡iwQj|Ó 179 wKQz bvix wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb Zviv we‡”Q` ev ZvjvK<br />
cieZx©‡Z NiQvov n‡q Kv‡Ri eyqvi KvR wb‡q‡Q, Zv‡Z K‡i gv_vi Ici Qv` _v‡K| 180 ‡hgb-<br />
Zvevmmyg, †m hLb ¯^vgxi Øviv cwiZ¨v³ nb ZLb Zvi †QvU †ev‡bi ev”Pvi †`Lv‡kvbvi mve©wYK<br />
`vwqZ¡ †bb hLb Zvi †evb PvKix‡Z †hZ| Zvevmyg Gi ¯^vgx Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK evox‡ZB _v‡K Ges<br />
Zvevmyg †Kvb fiY‡cvlb ev ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi †Kvb AskB cvqwb| 181 wKQz bvix we‡”Q` I ZvjvK<br />
cieZx©‡Z wb‡R‡`i M„nnxb Ges iv¯Ívq †`L‡Z cvb| mvqiv 30 eQi eq‡m `yB mšÍv‡bi gv|<br />
178<br />
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gymwjg bvix †Kwnby‡ii (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
179<br />
29 †m‡Þ¤^i 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z wLª÷vb bvix Rqvi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
180<br />
16 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk‡K‡› `ªi mvjgv †Rexb; 19†g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil‡`i †cÖvMÖvg g¨v‡bRvi (cvwievwiK<br />
wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva) wgZvjx Rvnvb; 24 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i cwiPvjK(wjMvj GBW) †<strong>in</strong>vbv myjZvbvi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm<br />
Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| 22 †g 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx‡Z nvwg`vi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
181<br />
4 Ryb 2011 ZvwiL MvRxcy‡i gymwjg bvix Zvevmmy‡gi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
54
eQ‡ii ci eQi cvwievwiK wbhv©Z‡bi Kvi‡Y ¯^vgx †_‡K we‡”Q‡` Av‡Qb| Zvi ¯^vgx ‰eevwnK<br />
evox‡Z Av‡Qb Ges †m `yB mšÍvb I wKQz e¨w³MZ mvgMÖxmn cvwj‡q Av‡m| Zvi cwievi wKQz`wb<br />
Zv‡K iv‡L wKš‘ c‡i P‡j hvevi Rb¨ Pvc †`q| wZwb e‡jb Avgvi evev I fvB Avgv‡K Lvevi<br />
w`‡Z PvB‡Zv bv, Avwg wd‡i G‡mwQ G‡Z Zviv Lye wß Ges Avgv‡K Avevi we‡q Ki‡Z e‡jb|<br />
Avwg we‡q Ki‡Z PvBwb ZvB ev”Pv‡`i wb‡q P‡j Avwm| Avwg mšÍvb‡`i wb‡q GKUv eo Mv‡Qi<br />
bx‡P †_‡KwQ Ges Lvevi Rb¨ wfv K‡iwQ| hZY ch©šÍ GKUv ¯’vbxq ms¯’v Avgvi mn‡hvMxZv<br />
K‡i‡Q| 182 Pwjø‡kva© AvwQgvI Zvi ˆeevwnK M„n Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nq Ges iv¯Ívq G‡m `uvovq|<br />
Zvi ¯^vgx k¦ïi evox‡Z _vKZ Ges hLb Zvi ¯^vgx wØZxq we‡q K‡i ZLb Zvi k¦ïievoxi †jvKRb<br />
AvwQgv‡K †ei K‡i †`q| †Kvb fiY‡cvlY ev weevn‡Ëvi AwaKvi bv †c‡q AvwQgv Zvi 10 eQ‡ii<br />
†g‡q‡K M„nkªwg‡Ki KvR w`‡q Ab¨ GKwUv cwiev‡i cvVvq| AvwQgv I Zvi ‡QvU †g‡q iv¯Ívq<br />
_v‡K hZw`b bv GKRb M„nKZv© Zv‡`i _vKvi RvqMv ‡`q GB k‡Z© †h Zviv Zvi Rwg‡Z webv<br />
gRyix‡Z KvR Ki‡e| 183 wKQz bvix wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Q †h, ZvjvK ev we‡”Q` cieZx©<br />
mg‡q Zviv Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK M„n ivL‡Z †c‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †KD †KD GLbI ch©šÍ Avw_©K<br />
K‡ó i‡q‡Qb| fiY‡cvl‡Yi welqwU wbwðZ bv K‡i ïaygvÎ Ni †i‡L †`Iqv nq‡Zv bvix‡`i<br />
`wi`ªZv ‡_‡K †<strong>in</strong>vB †`‡ebv| 35 eQ‡ii †ivLmvbv, ¯^vgx Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM Kivi ciI ‡mB evox‡Z<br />
i‡q hvq| wKš‘ Zvi Øviv evmv fvov, msmv‡ii LiP Ges `yBUv mšÍv‡bi †`Lv‡kvbv Kiv Am¤¢e<br />
wQj| †m Mv‡g©‡› U‡m PvKzix bv cvIqv ch©šÍ FY wb‡q P‡j wKš‘ GLbI ch©šÍ me cÖ‡qvRb<br />
†gUv‡bv Zvi Rb¨ KóKi| 184<br />
Lv`¨<br />
evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c„_K emevmiZ bvix‡`i Rb¨ Lv‡`¨i wbðqZv GKwU AZ¨šÍ<br />
`ytmva¨ welq| weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwË e› Ub Ges fiY‡cvlY wbwðZKi‡Yi AvBbx cÖwZKv‡ii Afve<br />
GB zavi Pvwn`v e„wׇZ Av‡iv mnvqZv K‡i| 2002 mv‡ji wek¦ Lv`¨ Kg©m~wPi cÖwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv<br />
hvq †h, cyiæl cÖavb cwiev‡ii †P‡q cÖvq wظY msL¨K bvix cÖavb cwiev‡ii w`‡b gvÎ `yB †ejv<br />
Lvevi †Rv‡U| 185 WweøD Gd wcÕi ZvwjKvq ‡gvUvgywUfv‡e 38 kZvsk bvix cÖavb cwievi‡K ÓLv`¨<br />
182 20 †g 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx‡Z gymwjg bvix mvqivi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
183 20 †g 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx‡Z gymwjg bvix AvwQgvi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| Ab¨vb¨ bvixivI GKB ai‡bi AwfÁZvi<br />
K_v eb©bv K‡i‡Qb| ‡hgb- 20 †g 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx‡Z gymwjg bvix †RvevB`v (QÏbvg), 20 †g 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx‡Z gymwjg bvix dvwZgv<br />
(QÙbvg); Ges 21 †g 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx‡Z gymwjg bvix wkwi‡bi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
184 27 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix †ivLmvbvi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| Av‡iv †`Lyb 27 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z<br />
†MvcxevM wjMvj GBW wK¬wb‡Ki mgš^qKvix gvmy`v †<strong>in</strong>vbv †eM‡gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
185 5 †g 2012 ZvwiL XvKv¯’ `v BDbvB‡UW †bkbk Iqvì© dzW †cÖvMÖ‡gi fvjbvwiwewjwU GbvjvBwmm GÛ g¨vwcs (wfGGg) BDwb‡Ui cÖavb bymv Bqvwgbv<br />
†PŠaywii mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi B‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM| 30 GwcÖj 2012 ZvwiL BDbvB‡UW †bkbk Iqvì© dzW †cÖvMÖ‡gi Kvw› Uª wW‡i±i wµóv ivWv‡ii<br />
wbKU wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi bvix cÖavb cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ Lv`¨ A-wbivcËvi me©‡kl Z_¨ wel‡q GKwU wPwVi Dˇi, wgR. †PŠaywi †j‡Lb, Ò5.6% cyilcÖavb<br />
cwiev‡ii wecix‡Z 11% bvix-cÖavb cwievi w`‡b `yB-†ejv Lvevi cvb| 26% cyil-cÖavb cwiev‡ii wecix‡Z 38% bvix-cÖavb cwievi Lv`¨ AwbivcËvi<br />
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q| ÒAwf‡hvRb †KŠk‡ji LwZqv‡b 13% cyil-cÖavb cwiev‡ii wecix‡Z 23% bvix-cÖavb cwievi i‡q‡QbÓ| Avi Awf‡hvRb<br />
†KŠk‡ji LwZqv‡b D”P Ae¯’vb D”P Lv`¨ A-wbivcËv wb‡`©k K‡i|<br />
55
wbivcËvnxbÓ 186 wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, ‡hLv‡b mvaviY cwiev‡ii ‡ÿ‡Î GB nvi 23<br />
kZvsk| 187<br />
A‡bK bvixB wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb Zviv ZvjvK I we‡”Q‡`i ci Zv‡`i Ges mš—vb‡`i<br />
Lv‡`¨i Rb¨ msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb| †hgb 30 eQi eqmx `yB mšÍv‡bi Rbbx wmZviv e‡j‡Qb Ò hLb<br />
Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K ZvjvK w`j ZLb XvKvi kn‡ii †m Zvi Lvevi Ges evox fvov †RvMvo Ki‡Z<br />
cv‡iwb| ÒAvgvi Avq 2000 UvKv Gi g‡a¨ Ni fvov 1300 UvKv, ev”Pv‡`i LiP 500 UvKv †`evi<br />
ci Avgvi Kv‡Q Lvev‡ii Rb¨ †Kvb UvKv _v‡Kbv|Ó †m e‡j ÒAvwg gvby‡li evwo‡Z KvR Kwi Ges<br />
Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Lvevi wfv PvB Ges †m¸wj evmx Lvevi wb‡q Avwm ev”Pv‡`i Rb¨| Avwg Avgvi<br />
KvcoI wKb‡Z cvwi bv| Avwg Avgvi PvKzix`vZv‡`i ewj Avgv‡K Zv‡`i cyivZb Kvco w`‡Z civi<br />
Rb¨| wmZviv Zvi †Quov kvwo †U‡b a‡i GB K_v¸wj e‡j| 188 GKB fv‡e cÂv‡kva© †g‡neyev e‡j<br />
Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K †Q‡o hvevi ci cÖvqB Zvi Lvevi UvKv _v‡K bv| ÒAvwg hv‡`i evox‡Z KvR Kwi<br />
Zv‡`i evwo ‡_‡K evmx cvš—v fvZ LvB| 189<br />
¯^v¯’¨<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK e¨w³MZ AvBb¸wj ZvjvKcÖvß Ges we‡”Q‡` _vKv bvix Ges Zv‡`i<br />
wbf©ikxj‡`i Lvivc ¯^v‡¯’¨i SzwK‡Z †d‡j| fiY‡cvlY wbwðZKiY Ges weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwË e› U‡b<br />
AvB‡bi Afve bvix‡`i‡K cÖvqB `vwi`ªZvi g‡a¨ †d‡j †`q †hUv ¯^v¯’¨ Lviv‡c cÖfve †d‡j Ges<br />
¯^v¯’¨‡mev †c‡Z evav ˆZix K‡i| bvix cÖavb cwiev‡ii mš—vb‡`i ¯^v¯¨’ Ges ¯^v¯’¨‡mev cvevi<br />
my‡hv‡Mi wel‡q M‡elYvq GKUv jYxq cv_©K¨ †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| †hgb 2001 mv‡ji GKwU M‡lYvq<br />
†`Lv hvq †h, Me‡lYvi GjvKv¸wj‡Z ZvjvKcÖvß bvix‡`i wkï g„Zz¨i nvi weevwnZ gv‡qi wkï<br />
g„Zz¨i msL¨v †_‡K wظY| 190 2000 mv‡ji GKwU †`Lv †M‡Q †h, cyiæl cÖavb cwiev‡i 65% Amy¯’<br />
ev”Pvi ¯^v¯’¨‡mevi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K bvix cÖavb cwiev‡ii kZKiv 44 kZvsk Amy¯’ ev”Pvi<br />
¯^v¯’¨ †mevi my‡hvM cvq| 191 A‡bK ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c„_KemevmiZ bvix wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K<br />
e‡j‡Qb Zv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ †mev †bevi gZ †Kvb UvKvB †bB ev LyeB mxwgZ Av‡Q| †h Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i<br />
Amy¯’Zv AviI e„w× cvq| †hgb 30 eQi eqmx †gvbv e‡j‡Q, hLb Zvi †c‡Ui ev”PvwU bó n‡q hvq<br />
186 c~‡e©v³|<br />
187 c~‡e©v³|<br />
188 24 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix wmZvivi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
189 24 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix ‡gneyevi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
190 Gb Avjg I Ab¨vb¨, Òw` B‡d± Ad wW‡fvm© Ab Bbd¨v› U gU©vwjwU Bb G wi‡gvU© Gwiqv Ad evsjv‡`k,Ó Rvb©vj Ad ev‡qv †mvmvj mvBÝ, fwjDg<br />
33, 2011, c„ 271| B› Uvib¨vkbvj †m› Uvi di Wvqwiqvj wWwRR Gi Kiv GB M‡elYvwU‡Z Zvjv‡Ki ci, Zvjv‡Ki 12 gv‡mi g‡a¨ ev Zvjv‡Ki 12<br />
gv‡mi c~‡e© Rb¨ †bIqv wkï‡`i Dci Kiv n‡q‡Q|<br />
191 Gg G gvbœvb, Òwd‡gj †n‡WW nvDR‡nvì Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k: ÷ª¨vwUwR di I‡qj wes GÛ mvifvBevj,Ó †ccvi 10: †m› Uvi di cwjwm WvqjM<br />
GbW BDGbGdwcG, 2000, http://www.cpd-bangladesh.org/publications/cpdunfpa/unfpa10.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv 17<br />
Rvbyqvix 2011) c„-11| BDGb ccy‡jgb dvÛ Ges ¯’vbxq GKwU NGO †m› Uvi di cwjwm WvqjM GB M‡elYvwU K‡i‡Q|<br />
56
ZLb Zvi ¯^vgx wØZxq we‡q K‡i Ges Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i| †Kvb DcvR©b I fiY‡cvlY QvovB<br />
‡gvbv Zvi ˆeevwnK M„n Qvo‡Z eva¨ nq Ges Zvi gv‡qi evox‡Z Avkªq †bq| †gvbv e‡j ÒAvgvi<br />
ev”PUv bó nevi ci Avgvi Jla `iKvi wQ‡jv, Avwg †mB LiP enb Ki‡Z cvwiwb| Avgvi gv‡qi<br />
‡Kvb mvg_© bvB ‡h Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Avwg †Kvb Jla wKb‡Z cvwiwb| Avgvi Lye<br />
e¨v_v nZ Ges `xN©w`b `~e©j wQjvg|Ó 192<br />
wkïkªg I wkï‡`i wkv<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK cvwievwiK AvB‡bi A_©‰bwZK †LmviZ wn‡m‡e A‡bK ZvjvKcÖvß Ges<br />
c„_K emevmK…Z bvixiv Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i ¯‹ zj †_‡K Qvwo‡q wb‡q Av‡m Ges Zv‡`i‡K Kv‡R<br />
†`q| M‡elYvq †`Lv ‡M‡Q †h, bvix cÖavb cwiev‡ii mšÍvb‡`i ¯‹ zj †_‡K S‡i covi msL¨v<br />
A‡bK †ekx Ges Gme cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ wKQz cwievi ZvjvK ev we‡”Q‡`i Kvi‡b bvix cÖavb| 2009<br />
mv‡ji mnmªvã Dbœqb jgvÎvi evsjv‡`k cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q kZKiv 88 kZvsk bvix cÖavb<br />
cwievi e‡j‡Q Zv‡`i mšÍv‡biv ¯‹ zj †_‡K S‡i c‡o‡Q| 193 A‡bK ZvjvKcÖvß I c„_K emevm<br />
Kiv bvixiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb hLb ˆeevwnK M„n †_‡K Zvwo‡q †`qv nq Zviv Zv‡`i<br />
Kb¨v mšÍvb‡`i ¯‹ zj †_‡K wb‡q G‡m gvby‡li evmvq M„nkªwg‡Ki Kv‡R cvVvb| G‡`i g‡a¨<br />
GKRb nj †Rgv, hv‡K Zvi evev wØZxq we‡q Kivi ci Zvi gv I †QvU‡evbmn evox †_‡K Zvwo‡q<br />
†`q| ZLb †m ¯‹ zj †Q‡o P‡j Av‡m| †Kvb fiY‡cvlY ev weev‡nvËi m¤úwË bv †c‡q Zvi gv<br />
Zv‡`i‡K Pvjv‡Z cviwQj bv ev ¯‹ z‡jI cvVv‡Z cviwQj bv| †Rgv Mv‡g©› U‡m KvR ïiæ K‡i Ges<br />
Zvi gv I †QvU‡evb XvKvq `~im¤úKx©q GK AvZ¥x‡qi evox‡Z M„nkªwg‡Ki KvR †bq| 194<br />
192<br />
3 A‡±vei 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z wLª÷vb bvix ‡gvbvi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| GKRb AvBbRxex wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mvvZKv‡i Zvi GKwU gvgjvi K_v e‡jb †hLv‡b GKRb bvixi `yBevi Mf©cvZ nevi cwiZ¨v³v nb hLb Zvi wPwKrmvi Li‡Pi Rb¨ LyeB mvgvb¨ UvKv<br />
wQj| 4 A‡±vei 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i wjwU‡Mkb BDwb‡Ui cÖavb, AvBbRxex gvKmy`v Av³v‡ii mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mvvZKvi|<br />
193<br />
evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgkb, Òmnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMwZ cÖwZ‡e`b 2009Ó c„-59|<br />
194<br />
22 †g 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx‡Z gymwjg bvix ‡Rgvi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
57
4. AvBbx cÖwZeÜKZv<br />
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AvBbx `vexi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Avkv Lye Kg| †h‡nZz G‡`‡k `wi`ªZvi nvi<br />
Lye cÖKU we‡klZ bvix cÖavb cwiev‡i, †m‡‡Î mg‡SvZv ev Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK cÖwZKvi<br />
AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i| `ytLRbKfv‡e we‡”Q` I Zvjv‡Ki ci AvBbx `vex Av`v‡qi cÖwµqv<br />
bvbv mgm¨vq cwic~Y© hv GB Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| A‡bK bvixivB cÖ_g ch©v‡q mgv‡R<br />
e‡qv‡R¨ô‡`i gva¨‡g AcÖvwZôvwbK mvwj‡ki gva¨‡g †gvni ev fiY‡cvlb Av`v‡qi †Póv K‡ib|<br />
GB cÖwµqvi wKQy BwZevPK w`K i‡q‡Q, †hgb GwU AbvbyôvwbK, evoxi Kv‡Q Ges mgv‡R<br />
MÖnY‡hvM¨| hw`I Gi wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †bwZevPK w`K i‡q‡Q| e‡qv‡R¨ôiv †Kvb mywbw`©ó c×wZ<br />
†g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨ bb Ges AvBbx RvqMv¸‡jv‡ZI `~e©jZv i‡q‡Q| miKvi †_‡K †Kvb Z`viwK †bB<br />
Ges e‡qv‡R¨ôiv (mvaviYZ cyiæl) cÖvqkB bvix‡`i GB cÖwµqvq c~Y© AskMÖnY †_‡K `~‡i iv‡Lb|<br />
e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi welq¸wj mgvav‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k cvwievwiK Av`vjZ e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q|<br />
wKš‘ †gvni ev fiY‡cvl‡bi Rb¨ †h mKj bvixiv Av`vj‡Z hvb Zviv A‡bK ai‡bi evavi m¤§yLxb<br />
nb| wKQy welq `ªæZ I Kvh©Ki c×wZ‡Z cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z gvgjv cwiPvjbv Kivi gZvi mv‡_<br />
m¤úwK©Z| Ab¨ welq¸wj n‡jv A¯úó AvBb we‡klZ fib‡cvl‡bi Av‡`k †`evi †‡Î †h<br />
†Î¸wj i‡q‡Q| A‡bK¸wj Av‡Q c×wZMZ †hgb Kvh©Ki mgb c×wZ, Z_¨ cÖgv‡Yi k³ Ges<br />
Aev¯Íe eva¨evaKZv Ges Av`vj‡Zi ivq ev¯Íevq‡b ÎæwUc~Y© e¨e¯’v| †gvni I fiY‡cvlb<br />
Av`v‡qi †‡Î cÖwµqvi Ace¨envi Ges mgq bó Kivi Rb¨ cyiæliv cÖvqB cvëv gvgjv †hgb<br />
`v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×vi ev Pzwii Awf‡hv‡M †dŠR`vix gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i _v‡Kb| G¸wj<br />
ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c„_K evm Kiv bvix‡`i b¨vq wePvi cvIqvi c‡_ Av‡iKwU eo evav| †`Iqvbx<br />
Av`vjZ c×wZ ms¯‹ v‡ii gva¨‡g ‡gvni I fiY‡cvlb Av`v‡qi †‡Î GB cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kivi<br />
wKQy m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡q 2011 mv‡j c×wZMZ ms¯‹ v‡ii<br />
wel‡q Av‡jvPbv ïiæ K‡i‡Q †hUv GLbI Pjgvb| 195 wKš‘ DbœZ c×wZ Pvjy Ki‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki<br />
bvixiv A_©‰bwZK cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z †h‡q A‡bK SzwKi m¤§yLxb n‡eb hZY bv ch©šÍ<br />
†gŠwjK AvBb Ges b¨vq wePvi c×wZi Av‡iv ms¯‹ vi bv nq|<br />
195 2 †deªæqvwi 2012 ZvwiL XvKv¯’ RvwZm•N Dbœqb Znwe‡ji †`v‡qj g~LvR©xi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi B-‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM|<br />
58
AbvbyôvwbK mg‡SvZv ev mvwjk<br />
A‡bK GjvKvq we‡klZ MÖvg GjvKvq bvixiv Zv‡`i †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡Yi `vex Av`v‡qi Rb¨ MÖvg ev<br />
mgv‡Ri gyiæeŸx‡`i Kv‡Q AbvbyôvwbK mvwj‡ki Rb¨ hvq| AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e weev` wb®úwËi gva¨‡g<br />
nqZ mgq Ges UvKv (hvZvqZ fvZv I †KvU© wd) evuPv‡bv m¤¢e| wKš‘ bvix‡`i Rb¨ e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi<br />
`vex Av`v‡q GKwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ c×wZ †_‡K GUv GLbI A‡bK `~‡i| wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP GiKg<br />
A‡bK bvixi mvvZKvi wb‡q‡Q hviv mgv‡Ri †bZv Ges AvBbRxex‡`i mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g<br />
AbvbyôvwbK mvwjk c×wZ‡Z Zv‡`i ‡gvni I fiY‡cvlb Av`v‡qi c`‡c wb‡q‡Qb| 196<br />
Zviv wfbœ wfbœ AwfÁZv ebY©v K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb Zviv Zv‡`i AwfÁZvq Lywk Ges<br />
mvwjkKvixiv Zv‡`i †gvni I fiY‡cvlY Av`vq K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ A‡bK bvix Ges Kg©xiv<br />
e‡j‡Qb †h e‡qv‡R¨ô cyiæliv mvwj‡k bvix‡`i K_v ej‡Z w`‡Z Pvb bv| Zviv Zv‡`i wm×všÍUv<br />
Ach©vß Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ wb‡q _v‡Kb Ges †Kvb †Kvb ‡‡Î gvgjv/ mvwjk cwiPvjbv eve` cvIbv<br />
UvKv †_‡K GKUv Ask †P‡q _v‡Kb| gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj GBW G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi GK Kg©x e‡j‡Qb<br />
wZwb A‡bK bvix‡KB AbvbyôvwbK mvwj‡k mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb Ges †`‡L‡Qb †h me mvwjkB<br />
mgv‡Ri cyiæl †bZv‡`i gva¨‡g Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wZwb GB mvwjkKviiv Lye KgB bvix‡`i<br />
†Lvjvg‡b K_v ejvi my‡hvM †`b hvi d‡j Zviv AvswkK NUbvi Dci wbf©i K‡i wm×všÍ †bb|<br />
ÒMÖv‡gi gyiæeŸxiv GgbwK fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wbav©iY K‡ib bvix‡`i mv‡_ K_v bv e‡j| Zviv<br />
†Kvb c×wZ AbymiY K‡ib bv| MÖv‡gi gyiæeŸxiv bvixwU‡K e‡jb- Zzwg †fZ‡i hvI Ges em| hw`<br />
BDwbqb cwil‡`i ‡Pqvig¨vbI Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb wZwb †Kvb n¯Í‡c K‡ib bv ev e‡jb bv †h<br />
bvix‡`i GLv‡b Dcw¯’Z _vKv ev K_v ejv `iKvi|Ó 197 hw`I aiv nq †h AbvbyôvwbK mvwjk<br />
Av`vj‡Zi Zzjbvq Kg e¨q mv‡c wKš‘ AvBbRxexiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb MÖvgxY<br />
gyiæeŸxiv mvwj‡ki gva¨‡g †h UvKv D×vi K‡ib Zvi GKUv Ask mvwj‡ki Li‡Pi K_v e‡j<br />
wb‡R‡`i c‡K‡U †i‡L †`b| 198 GKUv NUbvq MÖv‡gi gyiæeŸxiv †gvni I fiY‡cvlb eve` ¯¿x‡K<br />
GKj wÎk nvRvi UvKv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vgx‡K wb‡`©k †`b| wKš‘ bvixwU †c‡q‡Q GKj `k<br />
nvRvi UvKv evKx UvKvUv gyiæeŸxiv †i‡L †`b| 199 AvBbRxex I bvixiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K<br />
196 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP AcÖvwZôvwbK wePvi e¨e¯’v ev mvwjk wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ AbymÜvb K‡iwb KviY GB wel‡qi A‡bK we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ejx msiwZ<br />
Av‡Q| †hgb †`Lyb-†`Lyb Kzgvi KzÛy, ÒAvÛvi÷¨vwÛs AjUvi‡bwUf wWmwcDU †iRy‡jkb di w` iæivj DBg¨vb Bb evsjv‡`k: mvg Bjv‡÷ªkb d«g eª¨vK<br />
GBP Avi Gj Gm †cÖvMÖvgm, IqvwK©s †ccvi b¤^i 13, A‡±vei 2010,<br />
http://www.bracresearch.org/work<strong>in</strong>gpapers/red_wp13_new.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 22 †g 2011)|<br />
197 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gv`vixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mwm‡qk‡bi Kg©x bwgZv ivbx `‡Ëi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| Ab¨vb¨<br />
Kg©xivI GKB ai‡bi D‡Ø‡Mi K_v eb©bv K‡i‡Qb| 25 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk ‡K‡› `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, †gwW†qkb I i¨vwcW †imcÝ<br />
BDwbU, bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mv‡_ mvvrKvi|<br />
198 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gv`vixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mwm‡qk‡bi cÖKí mgš^qKvix ûgvqyb j¯‹ ‡ii mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
Ab¨vb¨ Kg©xivI GKB ai‡bi D‡Ø‡Mi K_v eb©bv K‡i‡Qb| 25 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk‡K‡› `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, †gwW†qkb I i¨vwcW<br />
†imcÝ BDwbU, bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBU Iqv‡Pi mv‡_ mvvrKvi|<br />
199 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gv`vixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mwm‡qk‡bi Kg©x bwgZv ivbx `‡Ëi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| Ab¨vb¨ Kg©x<br />
I bvixivI GKB ai‡bi AwfÁZvi K_v e‡i‡Qb| 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gv`vixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mwm‡qk‡bi cÖKí mgš^qKvix ûgvqyb<br />
j¯‹ ‡ii mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi; 25 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk‡K‡› `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, †gwW†qkb I i¨vwcW †imcÝ<br />
BDwbU, bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mv‡_ mvvrKvi; 25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjMvj GBW I mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i dwi`v Bqvmwgb,<br />
59
e‡j‡Qb miKv‡ii Z`viKxi Afve Ges mvwjk wbqš¿Ywewai Afve bvix‡`i‡K ïay wZB Ki‡Q bv<br />
G¸wj AvBbm¤§ZI bq| †kdvjx e‡j‡Qb hLb Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K Mf©eZx Ae¯’vq gviai K‡i‡Q<br />
ZLb MÖv‡gi gyiæeŸxiv Zvi evev‡K †hŠZz‡Ki evKx UvKvUv ¯^vgx‡K †`evi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q, hw`I<br />
†hŠZzK †bqv †eAvBbx Kiv n‡q‡Q GK`k‡KiI †ewk mgq a‡i| 200 evsjv‡`‡ki AvB‡b GB<br />
AbvbyôvwbK mvwj‡ki †Kvb ¯^xK…wZ bvB Ges Gai‡bi mvwj‡ki wm×všÍ¸wji †Kvb g~j¨vqb ev<br />
Avcxj MÖnY Kiv nq bv| 201 kxl©¯’vbxq †emiKvix m&s¯’v¸wj †Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q hv‡Z GB<br />
c×wZ¸wji Z`viwK I ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq| hv‡Z K‡i mvwjkx‡Z bvix‡`i AvBbx AwaKvi Abyhvqx<br />
wm×všÍ †bqv nq| 202 ¯’vbxq ms¯’v¸wj wb‡RivI Zv‡`i AvBbRxex‡`i gva¨‡g GB ai‡bi<br />
cvwievwiK we‡iva wb®úwËi Rb¨ mvwj‡ki gva¨‡g mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡i _v‡Kb hv‡Z K‡i<br />
gvgjv ‡gvKÏgvi gva¨‡g Av`vj‡Zi mgq I UvKvi AcPq bv nq| 203<br />
Av`vj‡Z hZ jovB<br />
hLb †m Avgv‡K †Q‡o P‡j †Mj ZLb †m wKQyB †`qwb, GgbwK GKUv Kvc‡oi<br />
UzKivI bq| Avwg Lvev‡ii Rb¨ wfv K‡iwQ| hLb Avwg Zv‡K e‡jwQjvg †h<br />
Avwg Av`vj‡Z hve ZLb †m e‡jwQj- Av`vj‡Z hvI Zzwg wKQyB cv‡e bv| KLb<br />
Avwg Av`vjZ †_‡K wKQy cv‡ev?<br />
—wmZviv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, XvKv, †g 2011|<br />
AvbyôvwbK wePvie¨e¯’vq evsjv‡`‡k cvwievwiK Av`vjZB †gvni I fib‡cvlb Av`v‡qi cÖavb<br />
†Î| 204 1985 mv‡ji cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k Øviv cwiPvwjZ GB Av`vjZ¸wj 205 cÖwZwU<br />
†Rjvi wbgœ Av`vj‡Zi mv‡_ mshy³| wKQy wKQy cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePviKiv ïaygvÎ cvwievwiK<br />
Dc-cwiPvjK (AvBb), Gg wW eiKZ Avjx, mn-cwiPvjK (AvBb) Ges Zvcmx iv‡eqv, mnKvix mgš^qKvix (mvwjm) Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
`jxq mvvZKvi|<br />
200<br />
19 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix †kdvjxi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
201<br />
‡`Lyb eøv÷ I Abvb¨ ebvg evsjv‡`k miKvi I Ab¨vb¨, 2010 mv‡ji ixU wcwUkb bs 754 Ges 4275 †Z Av`vjZ ivq w`‡qQb †h mvwj‡mi gva¨‡g<br />
†Kvb wePvi ewnf©~Z kvw¯Í †`Iqv hv‡e bv| http://www.blast.org.bd/content/judgement/ejp-judgment-8July2010.pdf (me©‡kl<br />
†`Lv n‡q‡Q 30 GwcÖj 2012)| GB gvgjv Ges mswkó wel‡q AwZwi³ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ †`Lyb wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi 7 RyjvB 2011 Zvwi‡Li †cÖm weÁwß,<br />
Òevsjv‡`k: †cÖv‡U± DBg¨vb G‡MBbó d‡Zvqv fv‡qv‡jÝÓ http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/06/bangladesh-protect-womenaga<strong>in</strong>st-fatwa-violence<br />
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 30 GwcÖj 2012)|<br />
202<br />
D`vniY¯^iƒc †`Lyb- w`bv wmwÏKx, Ò‡cwfs `v I‡q Uz RvmwUm: `v GK&ª‡cwi‡qÝ Ad bvMwiK D‡`¨vMÓ<br />
http://www.gadnetwork.org.uk/storage/29.%20Pav<strong>in</strong>g%20<strong>the</strong>%20Way%20to%20Justice.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv<br />
30GwcÖj 2012)|<br />
203<br />
gvP©, ‡g, Ryb I A‡±vei 2011 mv‡j eª¨vK-GBP Avi Gj Gm, eøv÷, weGgwc, AvmK Ges weGbWweøGjG Gi AvBbRxwe‡`i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm<br />
Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
204<br />
ZË¡MZfv‡e GKRb gymwjg bvix wZwb †h GjvKvq emevm K‡ib †mB GjvKvi ¯’vbxq cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨v‡bi wbKU Zvi fiY‡cvlb Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Av‡e`b<br />
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ¯¿x Zvi GB fiY‡cvl‡bi AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨v‡bi wbKU Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib whwb welqUv †`Lvi Rb¨ mvwjwm<br />
cwil` MVb Ki‡eb| GB mvwjwm cwil` ¯^vgx‡K fiY‡cvlb cÖ`v‡bi wb‡`©k w`‡q mvwU©wd‡KU †ei Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1961, aviv<br />
9| hvB †nvK, wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †h mKj bvix‡`i mv‡_ K_v K‡i‡Q Zviv †KDB fiY‡cvlb Av`v‡qi Rb¨ mvwjwm cwil†` hvbwb, nq Zviv GB welqwU<br />
Rvb‡Zb bv ev mvwjwm cwil‡`i †Kvb Kvh©µg ev Aw¯ÍZ¡ bvB|<br />
205<br />
cvwevwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 4|<br />
60
welq¸wj wePvi K‡ib Ges †KD †KD †`Iqvbx welq¸wjI †`‡Lb| †gvni (gymwjg‡`i Rb¨) Ges<br />
fiY‡cvlbmn AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ mKj agx©q m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jv‡KivB cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z<br />
Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wePviKMY gymwjg, wn› `y I Lªx÷vb AvBb¸wj AbymiY K‡ib| Z‡e<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k Ges †`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa Abyhvqx mK‡ji Rb¨ GKB cÖwµqv AbymiY<br />
Kiv nq| 206 cvwievwiK Av`vjZ cÖwµqvq bvix‡`i †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡bi cÖK…Z mgvavb Kiv<br />
GLbI A‡bK `~‡ii KvR, hv wb‡gœ we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi `xN©m~wÎZv<br />
bvg cÖKvk bv Kivi k‡Z© cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi †h mKj cÖv³b wePviK wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mv‡_ K_v e‡j‡Qb Zviv Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z wbqwgZfv‡e AmsL¨ gvgjvi RU<br />
†j‡MB _v‡K| GKRb cÖv³b wePviK e‡j‡Qb, wZwb GKUv †Rjvq GKmv‡_ mvZkÕ cvwievwiK<br />
gvgjv GKv cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb| 207 AvBbRxexiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, †hLv‡b<br />
RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ †ewk †mLv‡b cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z gvgjv mvgjv‡Z wngwkg †L‡Z nq| 208 †hgb<br />
XvKv kn‡ii K_v G‡ÿ‡Î D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b _vbvi msL¨v 43wU Avi cvwievwiK<br />
Av`vj‡Zi msL¨v gvÎ 3wU| 209 cvwievwiK Av`vjZ we‡klÁiv e‡j‡Qb, †h †Rjvq GKRb wePviK<br />
cvwievwiK I †`Iqvbx gvgjv `y‡UvB cwiPvjbv K‡ib †mB †Rjvi Ae¯’v AviI †ewk Lvivc| 210<br />
gvgjvi RU, c×wZMZ RwUjZv (hv bx‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q) ZvjvKcÖvß I we‡”Q` nIqv<br />
bvix‡`i AvBbx cÖwZKvi cÖvw߇K AZ¨šÍ KóKi I axiMwZ m¤úbœ K‡i †d‡j| hw`I †ewki fvM<br />
†‡Î ‡`b‡gvni ev fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY LyeB Kg, ZeyI A‡bK bvixi Rb¨ †mwU A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©,<br />
KviY weevn we‡”Q‡`i mv‡_ mv‡_ Zviv mvaviYZ M„nnxb n‡q c‡ob Ges †mB ÿwZ cywl‡q †bIqvi<br />
Rb¨ GB A_©Uv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| Zviv gv‡mi ci gvm ev eQ‡ii ci eQi cvwievwiK<br />
Av`vj‡Zi iv‡qi Rb¨ A‡cv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv, hw`I ev¯Í‡e ZvB Ki‡Z nq| 211 wKQy wKQy<br />
gvgjvq bvixiv A¯^vfvweK `xN© mgq a‡i cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi iv‡qi wKsev ivq ev¯Íevq‡bi<br />
206<br />
c~‡e©v³, aviv 5|<br />
207<br />
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mvvrKvi|<br />
208<br />
16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxex mvjgv †Rexb I dv<strong>in</strong>vbv Avd‡iv‡Ri m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi; 1 Ryb 2011<br />
ZvwiL XvKv‡Z evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i wjwU‡Mkb BDwb‡Ui cÖavb, AvBbRxex gvKmy`v Av³vi; 25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÐ mvwf©‡mm<br />
Uªv‡÷i mnKvwi cwiPvjK (AvBb) dwi`v Bqvmwgb Ges 21 ‡g 2011 †bvqvLvjx‡Z AvBbRxex Av b g Avãyj <strong>in</strong>gv‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mvvrKvi|<br />
209<br />
16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxex mvjgv †Rex‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
210<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi AemicÖvß wePviK‡`i (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
211<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k, 1985 Gi aviv 10, 13 I 14| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ cÖwµqvi `xN©m~wÎZv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨, cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k,<br />
1985 wePvi-c~e© I wePvi cieZ©x mvwj‡mi gva¨‡g cØq‡K mg‡SvZvi †Póvi my‡hvM †`b| †hLv‡b Dfq c mg‡SvZvq †cŠQvq †mLv‡b Av`vjZ<br />
mg‡SvZv wWwµ Rvwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|<br />
61
Rb¨ A‡cv K‡ib| 212 evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i GKRb AvBbRxex e‡j‡Qb,<br />
Zvi GKwU gvgjvq cvwievwiK Av`vjZ GKRb bvixi †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡Yi wWwµ ev¯Íevq‡bi<br />
Rb¨ 18 eQi mgq wb‡q‡Qb| 213 GKBfv‡e GKRb cÖv³b wePviK wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K GKwU<br />
fiY‡cvl‡Yi gvgjvi K_v e‡j‡Qb †hUvi ivq †`Iqv n‡qwQj 1980-i `k‡K, wKš‘ Ryb 2011<br />
ch©šÍ H ivq ZLbI ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| wZwb e‡jb -<br />
H ¯^vgx Zvi AvBbRxex Ges †KvU© wd eve` ¯¿xi fiY‡cvl‡Yi UvKvi cwigv‡Yi<br />
†P‡q A‡bK †ewk UvKv LiP K‡i‡Qb| Avi Ab¨w`‡K GB Amnvq `wi`ª bvixwU MZ<br />
20 eQ‡ii †ewk mgq a‡i wKQyB cvqwb| 214<br />
‡emiKvwi ms¯’v eª¨vK -Gi wnDg¨vb ivBUm GÐ wjM¨vj GBW mvwf©‡mm wefvM evsjv‡`‡ki 64wU<br />
†Rjvi g‡a¨ 61wU †Rjvi cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z fiY‡cvl‡Yi gvgjv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| 1998 mv‡j<br />
ms¯’vwU AvBbx mnvqZv Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i| H mgq †_‡K 2012 mv‡ji 31 †g ch©šÍ †`‡ki<br />
wewfbœ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z fiY‡cvlY msµvšÍ Zv‡`i †hme gvgjv Sz‡j Av‡Q Zvi GKwU wnmve<br />
Zviv wb‡q‡Qb Ges wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mv‡_ †mme Z_¨ wewbgq K‡i‡Qb| 215 cwiwkó - 2 †Z<br />
D‡jøwLZ wewfbœ gvgjvi Z_¨ †_‡K fiY‡cvlY msµvšÍ nvRvi nvRvi gvgjvq cvwievwiK<br />
Av`vj‡Zi `xN©m~wÎZvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|<br />
hw`I 1985 mv‡ji cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k cvwievwiK Av`vjZ‡K AšÍe©Zx©Kvjxb<br />
fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡`k †`Iqvi gZv w`‡q‡Q hv‡Z K‡i †Kvb c gvgjvi D‡Ïk¨‡K e¨vnZ Ki‡Z<br />
bv cv‡i, wKš‘ wePviKiv †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡Yi gvgjvq Gai‡bi AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb Av‡`‡ki gva¨‡g<br />
bvixi c‡ÿ A_©‰bwZK cÖwZKvi weav‡bi gZv Lye KgB e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| 216<br />
212<br />
25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÐ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i mnKvwi cwiPvjK (AvBb) Gg. wW. eiKZ Avjx; 24 †g 2011 evsjv‡`k RvZxq<br />
gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwZi cwiPvjK (wjM¨vj GBW) †<strong>in</strong>vbv myjZvbv; 16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxex mvjgv †Rexb; Ges<br />
Av`vj‡Zi AemicÖvß wePviK‡`i (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z<br />
fiY‡cvlY gvgjvi Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †`Lyb cwiwkó - 2, †h¸wj eª¨vK wnDg¨vb ivBUm GÐ wjM¨vj GBW mvwf©‡mm KZ…©K †`‡ki 61wU †Rjv †_‡K<br />
msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q|<br />
213<br />
25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjMvj GBW I mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i dwi`v Bqvmgxb, Dc-cwiPvjK (AvBb) Ges Gg wW eiKZ Avjx, mnKvix-cwiPvjK<br />
(AvBb) -Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi; 29 I 30 †g 2012 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW I mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i Bb‡fw÷‡Mkb I gwbUwis<br />
†m‡ji mgš^qKvix Avãyj gv‡jK -Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi B-‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM| Rbve gv‡jK eøv‡÷i c¨v‡bj AvBbRxex‡`i Øviv †`‡ki wewfbœ<br />
†Rjvq cwiPvwjZ gvgjvi GKUv ZvwjKv †`b †h¸wj 10 eQi Av‡M ïiæ n‡q‡Q Ges GLbI Pj‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ wm‡jU †Rjvi 7wU, gqgbwmsn ‡Rjvi 3wU,<br />
Lyjbv †Rjvi 2wU Ges ivRkvnx †Rjvi `yÕwU gvgjv i‡q‡Q| GB gvgjv¸wj wWwµ ev¯Íevq‡bi ch©v‡q Sz‡j Av‡Q|<br />
214<br />
3 Ryb 2011, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wePvi‡Ki (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mvvrKvi|<br />
215<br />
eª¨vK wnDg¨vb ivBUm GÐ wjM¨vj GBW mvwf©‡mm -Gi wmwbqi †cÖvMÖvg †¯úkvwj÷ CwkZv Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi B-‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM;<br />
4, 5 Ges 29 RyjvB 2012, XvKv| gvgjv¸wj wePvi-c~e© Ae¯’vq Sz‡j wQj Óeª¨vK-GBPAviGjGm -Gi gvV ch©v‡qi AwfÁZv Abyhvqx, cÖ_gZ mgb<br />
msµvšÍ RwUjZvi Kvi‡Y,Ó|<br />
216<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k, 1985 Gi aviv 16(K) †Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h hw` †Kvb Av`vjZ Dcjw× K‡ib †h Av‡`k Rvwii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q<br />
Zvn‡j D³ Av`vjZ Ògvgjvi †Kvb c†K gvgjvi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ Kivi cÖ†Póv †_‡K weiZ ivLvi Rb¨ ZvrwbK e¨e¯’v wnmv‡e ‡hfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ †mfv‡e<br />
AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb Av‡`k w`‡Z cv‡ibÓ| wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP GKwU gvgjvi NUbv ï‡b‡Q †hLv‡b cvwievwiK Av`vjZ GB AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb fiY‡cvl‡Yi<br />
62
fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Yi A¯úó gvb`Ð<br />
GgbwK `xN© mg‡qi AvBbx jovB I Lye z`ª cwigvY fiY‡cvl‡bi ivq Qvov Avi †Zgb wKQyB<br />
w`‡Z cv‡i bv| hw`I fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY gvgjv †_‡K gvgjvq wfbœ nq, AvBbRxexiv wnDg¨vb<br />
ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, Zviv A‡bK gvgjv K‡i‡Qb †hLv‡b Av`vjZ ¯^vgxi gZv I ¯¿x Pvwn`vi<br />
Dci wbf©i K‡i gvwmK 800 UvKv †_‡KI Kg cwigvY fiY‡cvlb wba©viY K‡i‡Q| GKRb wePviK<br />
e‡j‡Qb, Ò1980 `k‡Ki GK gvgjvi iv‡q wePviK AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ-gvwmK 2000 UvKv<br />
fiY‡cvl‡bi wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb, Avcx‡j mycªxg †KvU© †mUv Kwg‡q 800 UvKv K‡i‡Q| Zvic‡iI Ryb<br />
2011 mvj ch©šÍ †mB ivq ev¯Íevqb nqwb|Ó 217 cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k Ges e¨w³MZ<br />
AvBb GB `yB RvqMv‡Z ¯úó K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q wePviKMY fiY‡cvl‡bi ivq w`‡Z cv‡ib wKš‘ Gi<br />
AvIZv wbf©i K‡i ag©xq AvB‡bi Dci| wØZxq Aa¨v‡q †hUv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q, gymwjg‡`i Rb¨<br />
e¨w³MZ AvBb fiY‡cvlb Aby‡gv`b K‡i weevwnZ mgqKvj Ges ZvjvK cieZ©x 90 w`b (A‡cvi<br />
mgq) ev Mf©eZ©x n‡j mšÍvb Rb¥ bv nIqv ch©šÍ| wn› `y‡`i Rb¨ weevwnZ mgqKvj Ges c„_K<br />
emevmKvjxb (†Kvb ZvjvK bvB) Ae¯’vq fiY‡cvl‡bi AwaKvix, Lªx÷vb bvixiv weevn PjvKvjxb ev<br />
we‡”Q` Ae¯’vq ev Zvjv‡Ki ci Ges Av`vj‡Zi Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb mgq ch©šÍ fiY‡cvlb `vex<br />
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hw`I AvB‡b GUv ¯úó †h, wePviKiv fiY‡cvl‡bi ivq w`‡Z cv‡ib, Z‡e<br />
fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY I kZ©¸wj Kx n‡e †mUv wba©vi‡Y A¯úóZv i‡q‡Q| gymwjg e¨w³MZ AvB‡b<br />
fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wbav©i‡Yi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó †Kvb wjwLZ †Î bvB, ïaygvÎ ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ¯^vgx<br />
Zvi ¯¿x‡K Òch©vßÓ fiY‡cvlb w`‡Z eva¨| 218 wn› `y e¨w³MZ AvB‡b ejv n‡q‡Q Av`vj‡Z wba©vwiZ<br />
fiY‡cvlb Òcmg~‡ni mvgvwRK gh©v`vi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© I ¯^vgxi gZvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z n‡eÓ| 219<br />
Lªx÷vb I Ab¨vb¨iv hviv ag© cvjb K‡ib bv Ges we‡kl weevn AvB‡bi Aax‡b we‡q K‡i‡Qb, ZvjvK<br />
AvB‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †h, wePviK ¯¿x fiY‡cvlb wba©vi‡bi mgq ¯^vgxi gZv, c؇qi AvPiY Ges<br />
¯¿xi Òfwel¨ZÓ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 220 mKj ai‡bi bvix‡`i Rb¨B fiY‡cvlb wba©vi‡bi †‡Î<br />
Av`vj‡Zi GB we‡ePbvi gZv I mywbw`©ó †Kvb bxwZgvjv bv _vKvi welqwU GKwU eo mgm¨v|<br />
wKš‘ gymwjg bvix‡`i Ae¯’v me‡P‡q †kvPbxq| KviY Zviv ZvjvK cieZ©x fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvix bq<br />
Ges hw` Zviv ˆeevwnK Rxe‡bi ev we‡”Q` cieZ©x fiY‡cvlY `vex K‡i Z‡e ¯^vgx Zv‡`i GKZidv<br />
ZvjvK w`‡q Zv‡`i fiY‡cvl‡bi `vex eÜ Ki‡Z cv‡i| 221 Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki wePviK‡`i fiY‡cvlb<br />
wbav©vi‡b mvnvh©¨ Kivi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó bxwZgvjv Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q †hUv Av‡e`bKvix‡`i GB wel‡q<br />
Av‡`k w`‡q‡Qb| cieZ©x‡Z ¯^vgxi Avcx‡j IB AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb Av‡`k Zz‡j †bIqv nq| 2 Ryb 2011 cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb wePvi‡Ki (Aby‡iv‡a<br />
bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi †Uwj‡dvb mvvrKvi|<br />
217<br />
3 Ryb 2011 XvKv‡Z cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wePvi‡Ki (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mvvrKvi| Av`vjZ KZ…©K ¯^vgxi fib‡cvlY cÖ`v‡bi gZvi we‡ePbv fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wba©vi‡Y A‡bK ZviZg¨ NwU‡q _v‡K|<br />
218<br />
gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k weevn PjvKvjxb mg‡q fiY‡cvl‡bi K_v e‡j †h mvwjwk cwil` fiY‡cvl‡bi wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡i,<br />
wKš‘ fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvb wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb gvb`Ð wbwÏó K‡i †`qbv| hLb ¯^vgx KZ…©K ¯¿x‡`i fiY‡cvl‡bi welwU Av‡jvPbv nq ZLb AvBb Ôch©vßÕ<br />
kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Q| gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k 1961, aviv 9(1)|<br />
219<br />
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220<br />
ZvjvK AvBb 1869, aviv 37|<br />
221<br />
26 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil‡`i cwiPvjK(wjMvj GBW) †<strong>in</strong>vbv myjZvbv Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
63
wKQyUv n‡jI aviYv †`q| 222 hw`I AvšÍR©vwZK I AvÂwjK Pzw³¸wj fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY<br />
wbav©i‡bi wel‡q K_v e‡jbv, Z‡e GKwU AvÂwjK ms¯’v K¨vwiweqvb KwgDwbwU g‡Wj AvBb<br />
fiY‡cvlY I fiY‡cvl‡Yi ivq welqK GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ AvBb K‡i‡Q hv fiY‡cvl‡bi †Î<br />
wba©vi‡b LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| 223 fiY‡cvl‡Yi GBme wel‡qi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q; wbf©ikxj c‡i Ab¨ c‡i<br />
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡b Ae`vb, m¤ú‡K©i mgqKvj, wbf©ikxj c‡i DcvR©b gZvi Dci mvsmvwiK<br />
Pv‡ci cÖfve, wbf©ikxj c‡i DcvR©b gZv Ges †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi gZvi Dci ev”Pv †`Lv‡kvi<br />
`vwq†Z¡i cÖfve, wbf©ikxj c Ges Ab¨c‡i eZ©gvb I m¤¢ve¨ fwel¨Z Avq, wbf©ikxj c‡i<br />
wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ wb‡R †bIqvi gZv, ¯^vgx-¯¿xi gvbwlK Ges kvwiwiK ¯^v¯’¨ I eqm, wbf©ikxj c‡i<br />
Pvwn`v I RxebhvÎvi gvb; Ges Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ Dcvq| 224<br />
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†`Lv †M‡Q fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Y AvBbMZ †‡Îi Afv‡e wePviK‡`i g‡a¨ Am½wZc~Y© ivq, A-<br />
Abygvb‡hvM¨ djvdj Ges msmv‡i bvixi f~wgKv we‡ePbvq †bqvi e¨_©Zv bvix‡`i weevwnZ I weevn<br />
cieZ©x Rxe‡b A_©‰bwZK AmgZvi g‡a¨ †d‡j w`‡q‡Q| cÖv³b wePviKiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K<br />
e‡j‡Qb- evsjv‡`‡k cvwievwiK Av`vjZ hLb fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY wba©vib K‡ib ZLb g~jZ:<br />
we‡ePbv K‡ib ¯^vgxi gZv Ges ¯¿xi Pvwn`v, wKš‘ wKfv‡e Zviv G¸wji gvb`Ð wbY©q K‡ib †m<br />
wel‡q LyeB Kg ¯úóZv i‡q‡Q| 225 cÖv³b wePviKiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, fiY‡cvlb<br />
wba©vi‡bi mgq AvBb Zv‡`i‡K we‡qi Kvi‡b ¯¿xi wkv AR©‡b ev Kg©‡‡Î †h evuav, DcvR©‡bi<br />
my‡hvM †_‡K ewÂZ nIqvq †h wZ, ev”Pv †`Lvïbv, msmv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ KvR ¯^vgxi e¨emv ev<br />
†ckvMZ cÖwk‡Y Ae`vb ivLv Gme †Kvb wKQyB we‡ePbvi my‡hvM †`qbv| 226 GKwU gvgjvi wel‡q<br />
Av‡jvPbvi mgq D‡V Av‡m †h, GKRb ¯¿x Ges Zvi cwievi ¯^vgxi Wv³vix covi Rb¨ Zv‡`i<br />
222 5 Ryb 2012 Zvwi‡L wm½vcy‡ii AvBbRxwe nvwjRvn& †gvnv‡g` Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| bvix mb` Abyhvqx gymwjg ¯¿xiv weevn<br />
ejeZ Ae¯’vq †h‡Kvb mgq fiY‡cvl‡bi `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i| wm½vcy‡ii gymwjg AvBb cÖkvmb AvBb Abyhvqx ZvjvK cieZ©x‡Z ÔwZcyiYÕ ev gyZvn& Gi<br />
AwaKvix| bvix mb` Abyhvqx Ab¨ bvixiv weevn ejeZ Ae¯’vq ev weevn cieZ©x †h‡Kvb mg‡q fiY‡cvlb `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i| wm½vcyi bvix mb` 1961<br />
Gi aviv 69(4) I 114;<br />
http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=CompId%3A61deee43-1e42-490f-a5ae-<br />
33054850e926;rec=0;whole=yes#P1VIII-. (me©‡kl †`Lv 4 GwcÖj 2012 )| aviv 69(4) G ejv n‡q‡Q hLb Av`vjZ fiY‡cvl‡bi Av‡`k<br />
w`‡eb ZLb my-wbwÏ©ó wKQy welq we‡ePbvq ivL‡eb hvi g‡a¨; ¯¿xi Avw_©K Pvwn`v, ¯¿xi DcvR©‡bi gZv(hw` _v‡K), kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜxZ¡, weev‡ni<br />
eqm I mgqKvj, msmv‡ii Dbœq‡b weev‡ni cmg~‡ni Ae`vb hvi g‡a¨ evox I cwiev‡ii †`Lv‡kvbv AšÍfz©³| `wY Avwd«Kvi ZvjvK AvBb, 1979 Gi<br />
aviv 7(2) http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1979-070.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 4 GwcÖj 2012 )|<br />
A‡÷ªwjqvi cvwievwiK AvBb 1975 Gi aviv 75 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fla1975114/ (me©‡kl †`Lv<br />
n‡q‡Q 4 GwcÖj 2012 )|<br />
223 KvwiKg g‡Wj †jwRm‡jkb Ab †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ GÛ †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ AW©vim,<br />
http://www.caricom.org/jsp/secretariat/legal_<strong>in</strong>struments/model_legislation_ma<strong>in</strong>tenance.jsp (me©‡kl †`Lv 15<br />
b‡f¤^i 2011) |<br />
224 c~‡e©v³, aviv 8(5) |<br />
225 ‡g I Ryb 2011, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi AemicÖvß wePviK‡`i (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi<br />
|16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rexb; 26 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil‡`i cwiPvjK(wjMvj GBW)<br />
†<strong>in</strong>vbv myjZvbv; Ges 1Ryb 2011 ZvwiL evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i wjwU‡Mkb BDwb‡Ui cÖavb gvKmy`v Av³v‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mvvrKvi|<br />
226 cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi AemicÖvß wePviK‡`i (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
64
Rxe‡bi mg¯Í mÂq w`‡q †`q| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z wZwb hLb fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY wba©viY<br />
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Ab¨vb¨ cÖv³b wePviKiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, Zviv fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY wba©vi‡bi<br />
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Ki‡eb| Z…Âv GBPAvBwf c‡RwUf GKRb bvix e‡j‡Qb ÒZvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K Mf©eZx Ae¯’vq<br />
cwiZ¨vM K‡i| †m ev”Pvi R‡b¥i ci †_‡K hš¿Yv`vqK g~Î_wj msµvšÍ RwUjZvq fyM‡Q| †m KvR<br />
Ki‡Z cv‡ibv Ges Zvi e„× weaev gv‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj| mvgvb¨ cwigvY fiY‡cvl‡bi UvKvI<br />
Zv‡`i msmv‡i Lye DcKv‡i jvM‡e| wKš‘ Z…Âv AbvbyôvwbK mvwj‡ki gva¨‡g GwU Av`v‡q e¨_©<br />
n‡q‡Q Ges Zvi Av`vj‡Z hvIqvi gZv bvB| 228<br />
mvwgiv cvwievwiK wbh©vZb mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i ¯^vgx‡K ZvjvK †`q| wKš‘ †m GLb †Kvb KvR<br />
cv‡”Q bv †hUvi cvkvcvwk †m Zvi cÖwZeÜx wkïwU‡K †`Lvïbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Zvi ¯^vgx mšÍv‡bi<br />
†Kvb fiY‡cvlb †`q bv, GgbwK Zvjv‡Ki c‡i 90 w`‡bi †h fiY‡cvlb †mUvI †`qwb| 229 GwU<br />
AKíbxq †h, Av`vjZ fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY wba©vi‡bi mgq e„× eqm, cÖwZeÜxZ¡ ev Ab¨vb¨<br />
Amy¯’Zvi K_v we‡ePbv Ki‡eb hw`Iev G¸wj ZvjvK ev we‡”Q` cieZ©x‡Z bvix‡`i DcvR©‡bi<br />
gZv‡K mxgve× K‡i †`q| A_P e„× bvixiv eQ‡ii ci eQi msmv‡ii KvR Ges cwiev‡ii<br />
†`Lvïbv Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i RxebUv e¨q K‡i‡Qb|<br />
‡gn&eyevi Mí<br />
ÒAvwg e„×, g‡b nq 50 eQ‡iiI †ewk, GLv‡b †KDB bvB †h Avgv‡K GK Møvm cvwb †`‡e| Avwg<br />
GKv _vwK|Ó †g‡neyev, gymwjg, XvKv, 24 †g 2011| †g‡neyevi NUbvwU‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, Zvi NUbvq<br />
A‡bK¸wj cÖvmw½K welq wQj †hUv Av`vjZ fiY‡cvlb wba©vi‡bi mgq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb|<br />
wKš‘ †g‡neyevi Kv‡Q †Kvb wbðqZv bvB †h, hLb Av`vjZ fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY PzovšÍ Ki‡eb<br />
ZLb GB welqMywj we‡ePbv Ki‡eb| †g‡neyev, ‡h GLb cÂv‡lva© hLb Zvi evev Zv‡K I Zvi<br />
cwievi †d‡j wØZxq we‡q K‡i ZLb †_‡KB †m Zvi wK‡kvix Rxe‡bi cy‡ivUvB M„nkªwgK wn‡m‡e KvR<br />
227 c~‡e©v³|<br />
228 18 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix Z…òvi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
229 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gymwjg bvix mvwgivi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
65
K‡i‡Q| hLb †m mvevwjKv nq ZLb Zvi PvKzix`vZv Zvi we‡qi wVK K‡ib Ggb GK ‡jv‡Ki mv‡_<br />
†h Zvi †P‡q eq‡m A‡bK eo| †g‡neyev RvbZ bv Zvi ¯^vgxi 20 eQi a‡i Av‡iKwU eD i‡q‡Q|<br />
Zvi cÖ_g ¯¿xI GB we‡q m¤ú©‡K wKQyB RvbZ bv Ges Gi cÖwZ‡kva †bq †m †g‡neyevi Dci w`‡q|<br />
ÒcÖ_g ¯¿x Avgv‡K fvj K‡i †L‡Z †`qwb| †m Avgv‡K gvi‡Zv, hw` Avwg Avgvi ¯^vgxi Kv‡Q bvwjk<br />
KiZvg †mI Avgv‡K gvi‡Zv| GKw`b †m Avgv‡K wee¯¿ Ae¯’vq Uvb‡Z Uvb‡Z cyKz‡i wb‡q Av‡m Ges<br />
cvwbi g‡a¨ Pzwe‡q †`q| GiciI Avwg Zv‡`i mv‡_ _vwK, Avgvi †Kv_vI hvevi RvqMv bvB| gvbyl<br />
Avgv‡K ej‡jv hw` Avgvi ev”Pv nq Zvn‡j wVK n‡q hv‡e| GLb Avgvi 3 †Q‡j| GKw`b †m Avgv‡K<br />
GZ †ewk gvij †h Avwg Avgvi †QvU †Q‡j †h ZLb ey‡Ki `ya Lvq Zv‡K wb‡q cvwj‡q Avwm Ges<br />
¯^vgx‡K ZvjvK w`B| †g‡neyev †Q‡jmn XvKv‡Z P‡j Av‡m, Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K †gvnivbv, 90 w`‡bi<br />
Li‡cvl ev mšÍv‡bi fiY‡cvlb wKQyB ‡`qwb| †m evox evox KvR Ki‡Zv Ges cieZ©x‡Z<br />
Mv‡g‡› U©‡m KvR †bq| †m Ges Zvi †Q‡j XvKvq GK ew¯Í‡Z _v‡K| †m Zvi †Q‡j‡K gv`ªvmvq<br />
cvwV‡q‡Q KviY †m ¯‹ z‡ji LiP †hvMv‡Z cv‡i bv| K‡qK eQi ci †g‡neyev H gv`ªvmvi GK †gvjv‡K<br />
we‡q K‡i| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z †`‡L †h, ZviI Av‡iK eD Ges 4 mšÍvb i‡q‡Q h‡kvi †Rjvq| hLb<br />
Zviv XvKv‡Z GKmv‡_ wQj †g‡neyev Ni fvov w`Z| Zvi ¯^vgx Zvi Kv‡Q UvKv PvB‡Zv Ges hw` †m bv<br />
w`Z Zvn‡j Zv‡K gviai Ki‡Zv| †m Zvi mg¯Í mÂq 60 nvRvi UvKv wb‡q cvwj‡q hvq| hLb<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP †g 2011 Zvwi‡L †g‡neyevi mv‡_ K_v e‡jwQj ZLb †m Zvi ¯^vgxi Lei Rv‡b<br />
bv 4 eQi| 2009 mv‡ji GK `yN©Ubvq †g‡neyevi cv‡q mgm¨v nq Ges kixi †f‡½ c‡o| †m ZLb<br />
Mv‡g©‡› U‡mi KvR Qvo‡Z eva¨ nq Ges evox‡Z KvR ïiæ K‡i †hLvb †_‡K gv‡m 2200 UvKv cvq|<br />
†m wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j ÒAvwg Avgvi e„× eq‡m Pjvi Rb¨ A‡bK UvKv Rwg‡qwQjvg|<br />
wKš‘ GLb Avgvi wKQyB bvB| Avwg Zvi KvQ †_‡K wKQyB cvqwb GgbwK GKwU jvj m~ZvI bv|<br />
†Zvgiv wK Rv‡bv GLb Avwg w`‡b wK LvB? Avwg †h evmvq KvR Kwi †mB evmv †_‡K cvbZv fvZ<br />
†P‡q Lvq|Ó 230 fwel¨‡Zi wPšÍv K‡i †g‡neyev 2009 mv‡j †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡bi GKUv gvgjv<br />
K‡iwQj| Z‡e Zvi †Kvb aviYv bvB †h, Av`vjZ Zvi gvgjvi wel‡q Lye ZvovZvwo †Kvb wm×všÍ<br />
†b‡e| †m miKvix mnvqZv Kvh©µg m¤ú©‡KI wKQyB Rv‡bbv †hUv Zv‡K mvnvh©¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m fq<br />
cv‡”Q †h, Av`vjZ Zvi cy‡iv welq¸wj‡K we‡ePbvq bvI Avb‡Z cv‡i Ges †m nqZ †Kvb wKQy bv<br />
†c‡q †_‡K hv‡e|<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki e¨w³MZ AvBb¸wji Av‡iKwU A¯úó welq n‡jv bvix‡`i ÔmZxÕ Ges Ôeva¨Õ n‡Z n‡e<br />
fiY‡cvl‡bi AwaKvi †c‡Z n‡j| GKgvÎ wn› `y cvwievwiK AvB‡b mywbw`©ó K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h,<br />
fiY‡cvlb I c„_K evmM„‡ni AwaKvix n‡e bv hw` ¯¿x ÔAmZxÕ nq| 231 hw`I msKwjZ gymwjg Ges<br />
Lªx÷vb cvwievwiK AvBb mZxZ¡ ev eva¨ e¨envi m¤ú©‡K wKQyB e‡j bv| wKš‘ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi<br />
AvBbRxex I we‡klÁiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb †h, AmsKwjZ cvwievwiK AvBb¸wj<br />
230<br />
24†g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix ‡gneyevi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|<br />
231<br />
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`v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© c~biæ×v‡ii Av‡`k cvj‡b e¨_© nq Z‡e †m fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvi nviv‡e|<br />
66
GLbI ¯¿xi fiY‡cvl‡bi †‡Î mZxZ¡ Ges `v¤úZ¨ `vwqZ¡ cvjb‡K mZ¨ wn‡m‡e †`‡L Ges<br />
Av`vj‡Zi Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ Db¥y³ iv‡L| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvBb wefv‡Mi GKRb Aa¨vcK GiKg<br />
A‡bK gvgjvi Z_¨ msiY K‡i‡Qb †hLv‡b ¯¿x Ô`v¤úZ¨ `vwqZ¡Õ cvj‡b e¨_© nIqvi Awf‡hv‡M Zvi<br />
fiY‡cvl‡bi `vex cÖZ¨vLvb Kiv n‡q‡Q| 232 A‡bK AvBbRxexivB e‡j‡Qb, †h mKj cyiæl<br />
fiY‡cvlb w`‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i Zviv Awf‡hvM K‡ib †h, Zv‡`i ¯¿x Ni †Q‡o P‡j wM‡q‡Q Ges hvi<br />
Kvi‡Y ¯^vgx mnev‡mi Rb¨ Kv‡Q cv‡”Qb bv| GmKj Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g ¯¿x Zvi `v¤úZ¨ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b<br />
e¨_© n‡q‡Q| 233 Z‡e AvBbRxexiv AviI e‡j‡Qb mv¤cÖwZKv‡ji wKQy gvgjvq †hLv‡b bvixiv Zv‡`i<br />
msmvi †_‡K †hŠZz‡Ki Kvi‡b nqivbx, cvwievwiK wbh©vZb, AbygwZ bv wb‡q wØZxq we‡q Kiv cÖf„wZ<br />
Kvi‡b gv-evevi evox‡Z wM‡q emevm Ki‡Qb †mB †Î¸wj‡Z fiY‡cvl‡bi Av‡`k †`qv nq| 234<br />
Aev¯Íe Ges †evSv¯^iƒc AvBbx cÖwµqv<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985 Ges †`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa 1908 GB `yBUv AvB‡bi Aax‡b<br />
Av`vjZ bvix‡`i fiY‡cvl‡bi Av‡e`b¸wj cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Av`vjZ wKQy c×wZ<br />
AbymiY Ki‡Z e¨_© nq Ges Ggb wKQy wewa i‡q‡Q †h¸wj Aev¯Íe Ges †evSv¯^iƒc| Avi GB<br />
Kvi‡b b¨vh¨ fiY‡cvl‡bi `vexi gvgjvq bvix‡`i civRq nq| me‡P‡q †ewk mgm¨v i‡q‡Q mgb<br />
I †bvwUk Rvixi cÖwµqvq, mv¨ Dc¯’vcb Ges wWµx Kvh©Kib cwµqvq|<br />
mgb I †bvwUk c×wZ<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z GKwU gvgjv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡j mgb (weev`x‡K Av`vj‡Z nvwRi nevi wb‡`©k)<br />
Ges gvgjvi †bvwUk cvVv‡Z n‡e cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k235 Ges †`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa AvBb236 Abyhvqx| `ytLRbKfv‡e wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †hmKj AvBbRxex‡`i mvvrKvi wb‡q‡Q Zviv<br />
mevB GKev‡K¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, mgb c×wZ bvbv mgm¨v I `xN©m~wÎZvi †eovRv‡j Ave×, hvi<br />
Kvi‡Y GB c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z †M‡j gv‡mi ci gvm ev eQ‡ii ci eQi †j‡M hvq| mgm¨v¸wji<br />
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mgb Rvixi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó mgqmxgv †eu‡a w`‡Z Av`vj‡Zi e¨_©Zv, mgbRvixKvix<br />
Kg©Pvix‡`i Ny‡li Pvwn`v Ges wePviK‡`i Z`viwKi Afve| 237<br />
232<br />
W. Zvmwjgv gbmyi, †RÛvi BKzBwU GÛ B‡KvbwgK GgcvIqvi‡g› U: d¨vwgwj j GÛ DBg¨vb Bb evsjv‡`k (XvKv, e„wUk KvDwÝj,2008) c„-66|<br />
233<br />
16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rexb; 26 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxex cwil‡`i cwiPvjK (wjMvj<br />
GBW) †<strong>in</strong>vbv myjZvbv i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
234<br />
†g, Ryb I †m‡Þ¤^i 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil`, evsjv‡`k wjMvj GBW I mvwf©‡mm Uªv÷ I AvBb I mvwjm †K†› `ªi<br />
AvBbRxwe‡`i i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
235<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 7|<br />
236<br />
‡`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa AvBb 1908, Av‡`k 5|<br />
237<br />
evsjv‡`‡k mgb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z ‡`Lyb-evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi Òwi‡cvU© Ab wiK‡g‡Ûkb di GK&ª‡cWvBwUs wmwfj<br />
cÖwmwWsmÒ, wW‡m¤^i 2010, http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/<strong>report</strong>s.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 3 b‡f¤^i 2011)|<br />
67
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi Aa¨v‡`‡k ejv n‡q‡Q, Kv‡iv weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM `v‡qi Kiv n‡j Av`vjZ<br />
Awfhy³ e¨w³‡K †Kv‡U© nvwRi nIqvi Rb¨ ÒmvaviYZ AbwaK 30 w`‡biÓ mgqmxgv †eu‡a †`‡eb<br />
Ges †KvW Ae wmwfj cÖwmwWIi Abyhvqx mgb Rvix Ki‡eb| 238 mgbRvixKviK Kg©Pvixiv<br />
evsjv‡`k †`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa Abyhvqx `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb| wZwb hw` h_vwewnZ I hyw³m½Z mKj<br />
†Póv Kiv m‡Ë¡I weev`x‡K bv cvb ev weev`x mgb MÖnY bv K‡ib, Z‡e †h M„‡n weev`x mvaviYZ<br />
emevm K‡i ev e¨emv cwiPvjbv K‡i †mB M„‡ni †Kvb cÖKvk¨ †Kvb RvqMvq mg‡bi GKwU Kwc<br />
ÕjUKvBqvÕ w`‡eb| 239 A_ev Av`vjZ hw` hyw³m½Z Kvi‡Y wek¦vm K‡ib †h, weev`x mgb Govevi<br />
Rb¨ jywK‡q Av‡Q ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y mvaviY Dcv‡q mgb Rvix Kiv hv‡”Q bv, †m‡‡Î Av`vjZ<br />
mg‡bi GKUv bKj Av`vj‡Zi †Kvb cÖKvk¨ ¯’v‡b ev weev`x †h M„‡n me©‡kl emevm ev e¨emv<br />
cwiPvjbv K‡iwQj †mB M„‡ni †Kvb cÖKvk¨ RvqMvq mg‡bi GKwU bKj ÕjUKvBqv RvixÕ Kivi<br />
Av‡`k w`‡Z cv‡ib (GUv‡K jUKvBqv mgb Rvix e‡j)| 240<br />
mg‡bi cvkvcvwk Av`vjZ Awf‡hv‡Mi GKUv bKjmn weev`x‡K gvgjvi wel‡q †bvwUk cvVv‡eb| hLb<br />
Av`vjZ weev`xi c †_‡K ÔcÖvw߯^xKviÕ cv‡eb ZLb †bvwUk Rvix n‡q‡Q e‡j a‡i wb‡eb| cvwievwiK<br />
Av`vj‡Zi Aa¨v‡`‡k ejv n‡q‡Q, hw` †bvwUk h_vh_ wbq‡g cvVv‡bv n‡q _v‡K Z‡e weev`x cÖvwß<br />
¯^xKvi KiæK ev bv KiæK, aiv n‡e †bvwUk cvVv‡bvi 30 w`‡bi c‡i ‡mwU Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q| 241<br />
hw` gvgjvi ïbvbxi w`‡b weev`x nvwRi bv nq Ges ev`x cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, †bvwUk ev mgb<br />
h_vh_fv‡e Rvix Kiv n‡q‡Q Z‡e Av`vjZ GKZidv (GKc‡i e³e¨ ï‡b) gvgjv Pvjv‡Z<br />
cv‡ib A_ev wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡ib †h, GKwU bZzb mgb I ‡bvwUk Rvix Kiv ‡nvK| hw` mgb Ges<br />
†bvwUk Ach©vß mg‡qi g‡a¨ Rvix nq †h Kvi‡b weev`x Reve ‰Zix Ki‡Z cv‡iwb †m‡‡Î ïbvwb<br />
21 w`‡bi Rb¨ ‡cQv‡bv hv‡e| 242<br />
mgb I †bvwUk Rvixi GB `xN© cÖwµqv Ges weev`xi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z GKZidv Kvh©µg G¸wji evB‡iI<br />
fiY‡cvlb I †gvnivbvi gvgjvi †‡Î GKZidv gvgjv ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ gvmvwaK ev eQivwaK mgq<br />
A‡cv Ki‡Z nq †hUv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K AvBbRxex I cÖv³b wePviKiv e‡j‡Qb| 243<br />
238<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 7|<br />
239<br />
evsjv‡`k ‡`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa AvBb 1908, Av‡`k 5 wewa 17|<br />
240<br />
evsjv‡`k ‡`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa AvBb 1908, Av‡`k 5 wewa 20|<br />
241<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 9|<br />
242<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 7, 8 I 9|<br />
243<br />
cy‡e©v³, Ryb 2011, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi AemicÖvß wePviK‡`i (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mvvrKvi | 16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rexb; 26 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil‡`i<br />
cwiPvjK(wjMvj GBW) †<strong>in</strong>vbv myjZvbv; Ges 21 †g 2011 AvBbRxwe Av b g Avãyj <strong>in</strong>gv‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
68
GKRb AvBbRxex e‡j‡Qb, GK g‡°‡ji mgb Rvix Kiv‡Z AvovB eQi mgq †j‡M‡Q Ges 2011<br />
mvj ch©šÍ Zviv weev`x ¯^vgxi c †_‡K Reve `vwL‡ji A‡cvq i‡q‡Qb| Av`vj‡Zi gZv<br />
i‡q‡Q AviI `ªæZ GKZidv c×wZ‡Z gvgjv Pvjv‡bvi| 244<br />
AvBbRxex Ges wePvi‡Kiv AviI e‡j‡Qb †h, mgb I †bvwUk RvixKviK Kg©Pvix‡`i Nyl †bevi<br />
cÖeYZv GB cÖwµqv‡K AviI evavMÖ¯Í K‡i| evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i GKRb AvBbRxex<br />
e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒGKUv mgb Rvix Kiv‡Z Avgv‡`i 500 †_‡K 1000 UvKv Nyl jv‡MÓ| 245 Ab¨<br />
GKRb AvBbRxex e‡jb, Ò¯^vgx‡`i Rb¨ mgb MÖnY bv Kivi LyeB mnR| Zvi cwievi RvixKviK<br />
Kg©Pvix‡K wKQy UvKv w`‡q e‡j †h, †m †hb e‡j GB wVKvbvq †KD _v‡K bv|Ó 246<br />
GKRb cÖv³b wePviK whwb cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z †bRviZ wefv‡Mi (†h wefvM mgb Rvix K‡i)<br />
`vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb wZwb wnDg¨vb ivBUm& Iqv‡Pi Kv‡Q ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb GB wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ h‡_ó `ybx©wZ<br />
i‡q‡Q| 247 Ab¨ GKRb wePviK Gi mv‡_ GKgZ n‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, GB wefv‡Mi Kg©Pvix Kg _vKv<br />
Ges RvixKviK Kg©Pvixiv hvZvqZ eve` †h UvKv LiP K‡ib miKvi †_‡K Zv h_vmg‡q cwi‡kva<br />
bv Kivi Kvi‡b `ybx©wZ AviI e„w× cv‡”Q| 248<br />
mgb Ges †bvwUk Rvix cÖwµqvq wePviK‡`i ¯^í Z`viwKI †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡bi gvgjv¸wj<br />
`xN©vwqZ Kivi Av‡iKUv KviY| ZvQvov wePviK‡`i Dci gvgjv †`Lvi e¨vcK `vwq‡Z¡i cvkvcvwk<br />
GB wefv‡Mi Z`viwKi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq| GKRb cÖv³b wePviK e‡j‡Qb,ÒGKRb Kvh©iZ wePviK‡K<br />
†bRviZ †`Lvi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq| Z_¨ wVKg‡Zv n‡”Q wKbv, mg‡bi †‡Î RU Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lv<br />
Ges G¸wj Kiv bv n‡j Kg©Pvix‡`i `ybx©wZi weiæ‡× e¨e¯’v †bIqvi gZ mgq Zv‡`i nv‡Z bvB|Ó 249<br />
A‡bK cÖv³b wePviK wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb †h,ÒwePviK‡`i memgq mgb I †bvwUk<br />
cÖwµqvi wel‡q `Zv _v‡K bv Ges Gi Rb¨ wZwb AbwfÁZv I Ach©vß cÖwkY‡K `vqx K‡i‡Qb|<br />
wZwb e‡jb, cvwievwiK Av`vjZ n‡jv bZzb wb‡qvMcÖvß wePviK‡`i cÖ_g Kg©‡Î, Zviv mvaviYZ<br />
GK mßvn cÖwkY GB c‡` †hvM`v‡bi Av‡M| GKRb e‡jb, hLb Avcwb gvÎ GK mßv‡ni<br />
244<br />
16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rex‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
245<br />
3 A‡±vei 2011 ZvwiL evsjv‡`k gwnjv mwgwZ wjwU‡Mkb BDwb‡Ui cÖavb gvKmy`v Av³v‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |<br />
246<br />
26 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe mwgwZ AvBbRxwe †`evwkl `‡Ëi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
247<br />
2 Ryb 2011, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wePvi‡Ki (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mvvrKvi |<br />
248<br />
28 †m‡Þ¤^i 2011, XvKv‡Z ‡Rjv Av`vj‡Zi wePviK I RvZxq AvBb mnvqZv ms¯’vi cwiPvjK ˆmq` Avwgbyj Bmjv‡gi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm<br />
Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
249<br />
2 Ryb 2011, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wePvi‡Ki (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mvvrKvi|<br />
69
cÖwkYcÖvß ZLb Avcwb wb‡RB cÖwµqv wel‡q wbwðZ bb-myZivs Avcwb mg‡bi Rb¨ †ewk mgq<br />
w`‡eb Ges GKZidv Kvh©µg kyiæ Ki‡ZI †ewk mgq w`‡eb|Ó 250<br />
†`Iqvbx wePvie¨e¯’v Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi 2010 mv‡ji mycvwi‡k miKv‡ii<br />
Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Kiv n‡q‡Q †h mgb Ges †bvwUk c×wZi ms¯‹ vi cÖ‡qvRb| Zviv mycvwik K‡i‡Qb †h,<br />
mgb Rvixi †‡Î e¨w³MZ Kzwiqvi (miKvix WvK wefv‡Mi cwie‡Z©), d¨v· I B-†gBj e¨envi Kivi<br />
gva¨‡g GB cÖwµqv `ªæZ Kivi AbygwZ †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb| 251 †`Iqvbx wePvie¨e¯’v ch©v‡jvPbvi Ask<br />
wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k miKviI mgb I †bvwUk c×wZi ms¯‹ v‡ii welqwU we‡ePbv Ki‡Qb|<br />
mv¨ cÖgv‡Yi mgm¨v<br />
bvix‡`i Zv‡`i †gvni ev fiY‡cvl‡bi Av‡e`b mdjfv‡e `vwLj Kivi Rb¨ Aek¨B we‡qi cÖgvY<br />
w`‡Z n‡e| 252 GKRb bvix hw` GB wek¦v‡m Kv‡ivi mv‡_ emevm K‡ib †h, Zviv weevwnZ<br />
wKš‘ AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z †mUv weevn bq †m‡‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb H fiY‡cvl‡bi AwaKv‡ii<br />
¯^xK…wZ †`q bv| 253 †hLv‡b m¤¢e bvix Zvi we‡qi `vwjwjK cÖgvY †hgb Kvwebbvgvi bKj mieivn<br />
Ki‡eb| 254 †hLv‡b †Kvb `vwjwjK cÖgvY cvIqv hv‡”Q bv †mLv‡b Av`vjZ †gŠwLK mv¨ ev<br />
Gwd‡WwdU BZ¨vw` nvwR‡ii AbygwZ †`q| Z‡e memgq GUv †`qv nq bv| 255<br />
Ab¨w`‡K ¯¿x‡`i Rb¨ we‡qi `vwjwjK cÖgvY †hvMvo Kiv KwVb| wn› `y we‡qi AvbyôzvwbK wbeÜb nq<br />
bv| ZvB Zv‡`i †Kvb we‡qi `wjj _v‡K bv| Zv‡`i‡K Aek¨B Ab¨vb¨ mv¨ †hgb, mvx‡`i<br />
e³e¨ †h Zviv wn› `y a‡g©i weavb Abyhvqx we‡q K‡iwQj, gymwjg Ges Lªx÷vb‡`i weevn wbeÜb<br />
eva¨Zvg~jK| Z‡e wKQy wKQy †‡Î gymwjg `¤úwZivI weevn wbeÜb K‡ib bv| 256<br />
250<br />
3 Ryb 2011, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wePvi‡Ki (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi<br />
mvvrKvi|<br />
251<br />
evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi Ò wi‡cvU© Ab wiK‡g‡Ûkb di GK&ªwc‡WwUs wmwfj cÖ‡mwWsmÒ, wW‡m¤^i 2010, c„2-3,<br />
http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/<strong>report</strong>s.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv 3 b‡f¤^i 2011)|<br />
252<br />
1872 mv‡ji mv¨ AvB‡bi aviv 101: Òwhwb †Kvb wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ `vex †I Zvi Dci wbf©ikxj †Kvb AvBbx AwaKvi ev `vq m¤ú‡K© Av`vj‡Zi<br />
ivq Kvgbv K‡ib, wZwb †mB wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ AekB cÖgvb Ki‡eb| †Kvb e¨w³ hLb †Kvb wel‡hi Aw¯ÍZ cÖgvb Ki‡Z ea¨ _v‡Kb, ZLb ejv nq †h,<br />
†mB welwU cÖgvb Kivi `vwqZ¡ †mB e¨w³i Dci b¨¯Í|Ò<br />
253<br />
AwZwi³ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ Dc‡iv³ weevn Aa¨v‡qi Ò weevn, ZvjvK I we‡”Q` msµvšÍ AvBbÓ Aa¨vqwU †`Lyb|<br />
254<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985 Gi aviv 20, 10,11 I 12| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985 Gi aviv 20 G ejv n‡q‡Q-10 I 11 aviv<br />
mswkøó wel‡q †hUv wcÖ-Uªvqvj Ges K¨v‡giv Uªvqvj c×wZ msµvšÍ, †mB †ÿ‡Î 1872 mv‡ji mv¨ AvBb cÖ‡Rvh¨ n‡e| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k<br />
1985 Gi 12 avivq mvÿx‡`i wKfv‡e †Riv Kiv n‡e, we‡kl K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h mvÿxiv Av`vj‡Z Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i fvl¨ ev Gwd‡WwfU Gi gva¨‡g<br />
Zv‡`i e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|<br />
1872 mv‡ji mv¨ AvBb Gi aviv 61, 62 I 64| aviv 61 †Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h †Kvb `wj‡ji welqe¯‘ cÖv_wgK ev gva¨wgK mv‡ÿ¨I Øviv cÖgvY Kiv<br />
†h‡Z cv‡i| 62 avivq cÖv_wgK mv‡ÿ¨i msÁv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q †h ¬ mswkøó `wjjwUB Av`vj‡Z cwi`k©‡bi Rb¨ `vwLj Kiv| aviv 64 †Z ejv n‡q‡Q<br />
ïaygvÎ 65 avivq ewY©Z †ÿÎmg~n e¨vZxZ mKj‡ÿ‡Î `wjj Aek¨B cÖv_wgK mvÿ¨ Øvi cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e|<br />
255<br />
c~‡e©v³, aviv 63 I 65| aviv 63 †Z gva¨wgK mv‡ÿ¨i msÁv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q hvi g‡‡a¨ †h e¨w³ †Kvb `wjj †`‡K _vK‡j, Zvi †`Iqv IB `wj‡ji<br />
welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© †gŠwLK weeiY I AšÍ©f’³| mv¨ AvBb Gi aviv 65 †Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †Kvb `wj‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡, Ae¯’v ev<br />
welqe¯‘ cÖgv‡bi Rb¨ gva¨wgK mvÿ¨ †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i|<br />
256<br />
AwZwi³ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ Dc‡iv³ 2q Aa¨v‡q gymwjg Òweev‡ni Pzw³ I wbeÜxKiYÓ Aa¨vqwU †`Lyb|<br />
70
GgbwK †hLv‡b we‡qi wbeÜb n‡q‡Q †mLv‡bI we‡klZ gymwjg bvix‡`i Rb¨ wbe܇bi `wjj<br />
†hvMvo Kiv KwVb| wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP GKRb gymwjg bvixi mvvZKvi wb‡q‡Qb whwb e‡j‡Qb<br />
†h, hLb Zvi we‡q nq KvRx Zv‡K we‡qi †Kvb KvMR †`bwb| cieZ©x‡Z †gvni ev fiY‡cvl‡bi<br />
Rb¨ GB `wjj †ei Kiv KwVb| G‡`‡k Kw¤úDUv‡i we‡qi wbe܇bi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †Kvb e¨e¯’v bvB,<br />
GwU bvix‡`i Av‡iv Sv‡gjvq †d‡j †`q we‡klZ; hviv we‡qi ci Ab¨ †Rjvq P‡j hvb| Av‡iKwU<br />
welq nj LiP| ïaygvÎ bKj †Zvjvi LiP bq, wKQy wKQy KvRx A‡bK †ewk UvKv `vex K‡ib KvMR<br />
†Zvjvi Rb¨| 257<br />
dRjyj nK whwb evsjv‡`‡k wjM¨vj GB‡Wi cÖwZôvZv Ges eZ©gv‡b gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj GBW<br />
G¨v‡mvwm‡qkb Gi cÖavb †hLv‡b AmsL¨ cvwievwiK gvgjv †`Lvïbv Kiv nq, e‡jb †h-wKQy KvRx<br />
weevn †iwR÷ªvi RvwjqvwZ K‡ib hw` ¯^vgx †gvni I fiY‡cvlb bv †`evi Rb¨ KvRx‡K Nyl †`b|<br />
ÒKvRx‡`i †Kbv hvq, Avwg wb‡R †`‡LwQ g¨v‡iR †iwRw÷ª eB‡qi A‡bK cvZv †Quov|Ó 258<br />
GKRb KvRx wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP Gi Kv‡Q GB `~bx©wZi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| bvg bv cÖKvk<br />
Kivi k‡Z© wZwb e‡jb,ÒAvgiv miKvi †_‡K †Kvb fvZv cvB bv| Avgiv weevn wbe܇bi wd †_‡K<br />
GKUv Ask cvB Ges evKxUv P‡j hvq miKv‡ii Kv‡Q| Z`viwK cÖwµqvI `~bx©wZMÖ¯Í, Zviv<br />
Avgv‡`i KvQ †_‡K UvKv Pvq| ZvB †hfv‡e †nvK Avgv‡`i‡K †ewk UvKv †ivRMvi Ki‡Z nq|<br />
†mRb¨B Nyl †bqv nq|Ó 259<br />
hw`I Av`vj‡Zi DwPZ weev‡ni cÖgvY wn‡m‡e †gŠwLK mv¨ MÖnY Kiv wKš‘ Zviv memgq GUv<br />
K‡ib bv| 260 evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷ªi GKRb AvBbRxex Rvbvb, †h‡‡Î<br />
mšÍvb _v‡K †m‡‡Î Av`vjZ †gŠwLK mv¨ MÖn‡Y BwZevPK _v‡Kb| 261 hw`Iev Av`vjZ we‡qi<br />
cÖgvY wn‡m‡e †gŠwLK mv¨ MÖn‡Yi AbygwZ †`b ZeyI mvx‡`i WvKv Ges Zv‡`i hvZvqZ I<br />
_vKv-LvIqv A‡bK e¨q mv‡c e¨vcvi| Av`vjZ ev wjM¨vj GBW dvÛ GB LiP enb K‡i bv|<br />
A‡bK `wi`ª bvixB mvx‡`i‡K Av`vj‡Z wb‡q Avmvi LiP enb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| 262<br />
257<br />
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi †Rjvi gv`ixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mvwm‡qkb Gi †m‡µUvix dRjyj n‡Ki m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi: 4<br />
Ryb 2011 ZvwiL MvRxcy‡i gymwjg bvix wbw¤§i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
258<br />
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi †Rjvi gv`ixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mvwm‡qkb Gi †m‡µUvix dRjyj n‡Ki m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
259<br />
†g 2011 ZvwiL G 10 eQ‡ii †ekx mgq mb` i‡q‡Q Ggb KRb KvRxi ( Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm<br />
Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
260<br />
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi †Rjvi miKvix AvBbRxwe kvnvbv ˆkwji m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
261<br />
25 †g 2011 ZvwiL eøv‡÷i dwi`v Bqvmwg‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
262<br />
25 †g 2011 ZvwiL ‡<strong>in</strong>vbv myjZvbvi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
71
Av`vj‡Zi wWwµ ev¯Íevqb<br />
hw`I ev Av`vjZ †gvni ev fiY‡cvl‡bi wWµx †`b, bvix‡`i‡K †mB wWµx ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨<br />
cybivq Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| 263 hw` ¯^vgx UvKv w`‡Z e¨_© nq Z‡e Av`vjZ Zv‡K Rwigvbv ev<br />
wZbgvm ch©šÍ Kviv`Ð w`‡Z cv‡ib| 264 GB kvw¯Íi weavb _vKv m‡Ë¡I wWµx ev¯Íevq‡b `xN©<br />
mgq jv‡M| GKRb AvBbRxex wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, Zvi GKRb g‡°j 2008 mv‡j<br />
cvIqv wWµx ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ GZ `xN© mgq A‡cv Ki‡Qb †h, wZwb cÖkœ K‡ib ÒAvwg wK Avgvi<br />
g„Zz¨i Av‡M cvIbvUv cv‡ev?Ó 265<br />
hw`I cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi Aa¨v‡`‡k wbw`©ó K‡i wKQy ejv nqwb, ev¯Í‡e hLb †Kvb bvix wWµx<br />
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡ib ZLb cÖvqB Av`vjZ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Zv‡`i ¯^vgxi m¤úwË ev †eZb ev<br />
e¨vsK GKvD‡› Ui cÖgvY Pvb| GUv ejv A‡bK bvixi Rb¨ KóKi| 266 †ewkifvM bvixiB Gme Z‡_¨i<br />
wel‡q †Kvb aviYv bvB we‡kl K‡i hLb we‡q †f‡O †M‡Q| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †‡Î †`Lv hvq †h,<br />
m¤úwËi Dc‡i wbqš¿Y ¯^vgxi wKš‘ Zv‡`i bv‡g gvwjKvbv bvB| †KD †KD Avevi kª×v †`Lvevi Rb¨<br />
Rwg I evox wK‡b Zv‡`i evev-gvÕi bv‡g iv‡L (wKQy‡‡Î Ki duvwK †`Iqvi Rb¨)| 267<br />
†hŠ_ cwiev‡ii SzuwK AviI †ewk| A‡bK AvBbRxex e‡j‡Qb Zviv A‡bK gvgjv Ki‡Qb †hLv‡b<br />
weevwnZ bvixiv ïay ¯^vgxi cwiev‡i bq, ¯^vgx I k¦ïievoxi †hŠ_ cwiev‡i A‡bK f~wgKv<br />
†i‡L‡Qb| 268 A‡bK‡‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, ˆeevwnK evwoUv nqZ k¦ï‡ii bv‡g|<br />
`vwi`ª¨I GKUv wekvj cÖwZeÜKZv wn‡m‡e nvwRi nq| A‡bK AvBbRxex e‡j‡Qb A‡bK mgq Zviv<br />
Lye nZvk †eva K‡ib hLb †`‡Lb GKwU Amnvq `wi`ª bvixi †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡Yi wWµx<br />
ev¯Íevqb Kiv hv‡”Q bv KviY ¯^vgxI A‡bK `wi`ª| 269<br />
Zviv GKgZ n‡q‡Qb †h †hLv‡b ¯^vgxiv fiY‡cvlY cÖ`v‡b Amg_© †mLv‡b cvwievwiK Av`vjZ<br />
e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ mvgvwRK wbivcËvi Kg©m~Pxi GKUv †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb Kiv `iKvi| †gvni I<br />
fiY‡cvl‡bi wWµx ev¯Íevq‡bi Av‡e`b GKwU mgqmv‡c e¨vcvi Ges Gig‡a¨ A‡bK bvixivB<br />
263<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 16 (3)|<br />
264<br />
cy‡e©v³, aviv 16|<br />
265<br />
1 Ryb 2011 ZvwiL evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i wjwU‡Mkb BDwb‡Ui cÖavb gvKmy`v Av³v‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
266<br />
21 †g 2011 AvBbRxwe Av b g Avãyj <strong>in</strong>gvb Ges 16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rex‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm<br />
Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
267<br />
19 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBbRxwe ‡dŠwRqv Kwig;, 25 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk ‡K‡› `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, †gwW†qkb I i¨vwcW †imcÝ<br />
BDwbU, bxbv †Mv¯^vgx; 16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rex‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
268<br />
24 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil‡`i cwiPvjK(wjMvj GBW) †<strong>in</strong>vbv myjZvbv; 25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjMvj GBW I<br />
mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i dwi`v Bqvmwgb, Dc-cwiPvjK (AvBb); 1 Ryb 2011 ZvwiL evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i wjwU‡Mkb BDwb‡Ui cÖavb gvKmy`v Av³vi ;<br />
Ges 16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rex‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
269<br />
c~‡e©v³, 16 †g 2011 Zvwi‡L wb‡Riv Kwii mgš^qKvix Lykx Kwe‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
72
Pig Avw_©K AbU‡bi gy‡L c‡ob| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ AšÍ©eZ©©xKvjxb A_©‰bwZK cÖwZKv‡ii<br />
Av‡`k 270 w`‡Z cv‡ib wKš‘ we‡klÁiv e‡j‡Qb GUv LyeB weij| AvBbRxex I cÖv³b wePviKiv<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, wWµx ev¯Íevq‡bi `xN©m~wÎZv GZ †ewk †h KvhKiY c×wZ<br />
ms¯‹ vi ev Kvh©Kix ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqv Pvjy Kiv AZxe Riæwi| evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgkb 2010<br />
mv‡ji †`Iqvbx wePvie¨e¯’v Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi mycvwi‡k e‡j‡Qb ÒwWµx ev¯Íevq‡bi Av‡e`‡bi wbqg<br />
g~j gvgjvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kiv cÖ‡qRb|Ó 271<br />
“AvBbMZ” nqivwb<br />
‡h mKj ¯^vgxiv †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡bi gvgjvi weev`x Zviv cÖvqB ¯¿x‡`i wei“‡× cvëv gvgjv ev<br />
†dŠR`vix Awf‡hvM `v‡qi K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡`i‡K nqivbx Kivi Rb¨; Gig‡a¨ `v¤úZ¨ cybi“×v‡ii<br />
gvgjv Ges Pzwii Awf‡hvM AšÍf~©³|<br />
`v¤úZ¨ AwaKvi cybiæ×vi<br />
evsjv‡`‡k e¨w³MZ AvBb `v¤úZ¨ AwaKvi cybiæ×v‡ii gvgjvi Aby‡gv`b †`q| GB AvBbx<br />
`vweUv mKj ai‡bi Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z ¯^xK…Z| Lªx÷vb‡`i wW‡fv©m AvB‡b ejv<br />
n‡q‡Q †h, hLb GKc †Kvb †hŠw³K KviY QvovB Ab¨c‡i mgvR †_‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m ZLb<br />
Ab¨c `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú©K cybiæ×v‡ii gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i| 272 weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi c„_K evmM„n<br />
Ges fiY‡cvl‡bi AvB‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ¯¿xiv fiY‡cvlb ev c„_K evmM„‡ni AwaKvix n‡eb bv<br />
hw` Zviv Av`vj‡Zi `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×v‡ii ivq bv gv‡bb| 273 gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡bi<br />
wewa ¯^vgx‡K cybtweev‡ni AbygwZ †`q hw` cÖ_g ¯¿x Av`vj‡Zi `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×v‡ii wWµx<br />
bv gv‡bb| cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×v‡ii gvgjv cwiPvjbvi gZv i‡q‡Q| 274<br />
evsjv‡`k mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i nvU‡KvU© wefv‡Mi Gwel‡q GKwU weZwK©Z wm×všÍ i‡q‡Q| Kgc‡<br />
wZbwU gvgjvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb Av`vjZB GKRb ¯^vgx ev ¯¿x‡K GKmv‡_ emev‡mi wb‡`©k<br />
w`‡Z cv‡ib bv| KviY GwU Zv‡`i mvsweavwbK AwaKvi A_v©r AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgZv, ivóªxq I<br />
MYRxe‡bi me©Î bvixi mgvb AwaKvi, Rxeb I e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi Yœ K‡i| 275<br />
270<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 16 K|<br />
271<br />
evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi Ò wi‡cvU© Ab wiK‡g‡Ûkb di G·‡cWvBwUs wmwfj cÖwmwWsmÒ, c„-6-7|<br />
272<br />
ZvjvK AvBb 1869, aviv 32|<br />
273<br />
weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi c„_KevmM„n Ges fiY‡cvlY AvBb 1946, aviv 2|<br />
274<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 5 L|<br />
275<br />
kviwgb †nv‡mb Ii‡d iƒcv ebvg wgRvbyi <strong>in</strong>gvb, 2 BLC 509; ‡bjx Rvgvb ebvg wMqvmDwÏb 34 DLR 221; wkwib AvLZvi I Ab¨vb¨iv ebvg †gv:<br />
BmgvBj 51 DLR 512 |<br />
73
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi AvBbRxex I cÖv³b AvBbRxexiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb mvaviYZ<br />
¯¿xiv †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡bi gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡j ¯^vgxiv Zv‡`i nqivbx Kivi Rb¨ `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb<br />
cybiæ×v‡ii gvgjv K‡i _v‡Kb| 276<br />
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ÒïaygvÎ †gvni I fiY‡cvlb bv †`evi Rb¨B A‡bK gvgjv‡Z ¯^vgxiv `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×v‡ii<br />
gvgjv K‡i _v‡Kb| †ewkifvM gvgjvB wWµx nIqv Aewa †cŠuQvq bv| mvaviYZ †ewkifvM †‡Î<br />
ïbvwb c~e© Ae¯’v‡Z ¯^vgxiv gvgjv bv Pvjv‡bvi wel‡q GKgZ nb| GUv g~jZt bvix‡`i Dci<br />
GKai‡bi gvbwmK wbh©vZb Kiv| ej‡Z cv‡ib GK ai‡bi nqivwbg~jK wPšÍv|Ó 277<br />
`v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×v‡ii gvgjvi wWµx mKj a‡g©i bvix‡`iB AwaKvi f½ K‡i wKš‘ wn› `y<br />
bvix‡`i Rb¨ GwU AZ¨šÍ mgm¨vRbK, †h‡nZz wn› `y bvix‡`i ZvjvK Am¤¢e| GKwU wn› `y weevn<br />
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evwo †_‡K †ei n‡q G‡m †gvni ev fiY‡cvl‡bi gvgjv K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K ¯^vgx ¯¿xi weiæ‡× Pzwi<br />
Kivi †dŠR`vixi Awf‡hvM Av‡bb GB e‡j †h, ¯¿x evwo †_‡K †ewi‡q hvevi mgq Zvi e¨w³MZ<br />
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LiP Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡ói GKRb AvBbRxex whwb eûeQi a‡i<br />
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†_‡K cvwj‡q Avmvi ci ¯^Y©vjsKvi, Kvco‡Pvco Ges UvKv Pzwii wg_¨v gvgjvq Rwo‡q c‡ob|<br />
Avgiv cÖwZ eQi GiKg 30-50wU gvgjv †c‡q _vwK| 279<br />
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gvi †L‡q evox †Q‡o †ewi‡q Av‡mb Ges Zvici †gvni I fib‡cvl‡bi Rb¨ mvwj‡ki Av‡e`b K‡ib|<br />
wKš‘ †mUv †kl nIqvi Av‡MB ¯^vgx †dŠR`vix gvgjv `v‡qi K‡ib GB Awf‡hv‡M †h †m GKj lvU<br />
276 16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi wjwU‡Mkb BDwb‡Ui AvBbRxex dv<strong>in</strong>vbv Avd‡iv‡Ri m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi; ‡g 2011,<br />
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†gvnv¤§` wmivR Dwχbi, RywWwkqvj Gw±wfRg GÛ d¨vwgwj j Bb evsjv‡`k 2009, cÖ‡dmi gvndzRv Lvbg GÛ e¨vwi÷vi kwdK Avn‡g` Uªv÷ dvÛ †‡jKPvi,<br />
evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU,<br />
http://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journals/June_2010/contents/03_Alamgir%20Muhammad%20Serajudd<strong>in</strong>.htm#_<br />
ftn1 (accessed January 15, 2011). AvBbRxweiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡‡j‡Qb Lye Kg †ÿ‡ÎB hLb ¯^vgxiv fib‡cvlY I †gvn‡ii `vex‡Z mvov<br />
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277 24 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil‡`i cwiPvjK(wjMvj GBW) †<strong>in</strong>vbv myjZvbvi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
278 weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi c„_KevmM„n Ges fiY‡cvlY AvBb 1946, aviv 2|<br />
279 25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjMvj GBW I mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i dwi`v Bqvmwg‡bi, Dc-cwiPvjK (AvBb) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|<br />
74
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mgvavb K‡ib Ges cieZ©x‡Z Av`vjZ gvgjv LvwiR K‡i †`b| 281 wKQy wKQy gvgjvq bvix‡`i AvUK<br />
Kiv nq †hLv‡b Zviv Rvwg‡b †ei n‡q Av‡mb ev cieZ©x‡Z Awf‡hvM Zz‡j †bIqv nq|<br />
280<br />
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(AvBb) Ges Zvcmx iv‡eqv, mnKvix mgš^Kvix (mvwjk) Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi `jxq mvvZKvi; 2GwcÖj 2011 eøv‡÷i 20 Rb c¨v‡bj<br />
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75
5. ZvjvKcÖvß, c„_K emevmKvix Ges cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi<br />
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j‡ÿ¨ cvwievwiK AvBb Ges Av`vj‡Zi Kvh©cÖYvjx h_vh_fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j †mwU Zv‡`i<br />
Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ mnvqK n‡e| Z‡e KviI KviI †ÿ‡Î GB cÖwµqv¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv ‡`Iqvi<br />
Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| ‡hme cwiev‡i Lye Aí cwigvY m¤úwË Av‡Q wKsev hv‡`i ¯^vgxi Avq-DcvR©b<br />
AZ¨šÍ Kg ev G‡Kev‡i †bB, ‡mme cwiev‡ii weevn wew”Qbœ, c„_K emevmiZ ev ¯^vgx<br />
cwiZ¨³ bvix‡`i ivóxq mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP †_‡K mvnvh¨ MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| A‡b‡K<br />
nq‡Zv PvKwi LyuR‡eb Ges Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii †`LfvjI Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ weevn m¤ú©K †f‡½<br />
hvIqvi cieZx© msKUgq mgqUv‡Z Zv‡`i AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP †_‡K mvnvh¨<br />
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ch©‡eÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Gi g‡a¨<br />
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A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q †m¸‡jv †cŠuQv‡”Q bv| ZvQvov mswkøó AvBb I Kg©m~wP¸‡jv (we‡kl K‡i<br />
feNy‡i‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ AvBb †hLv‡b M„nnxbZv‡K Aciv‡ai aviYvi mv‡_ Rwo‡q †djv n‡q‡Q<br />
Ges f~wg e› Ub Kg©m~wP hvi GKwUi kZ© n‡jv, f‚wg †c‡Z n‡j Av‡e`bKvix bvixi GKRb<br />
ÒkvixwiKfv‡e mg_©Ó cyiæl _vK‡Z n‡e) Gme BwZevPK c`‡ÿ‡ci ¸iæZ¡‡K Kwg‡q w`‡”Q|<br />
bvix‡`i Rb¨ miKvwi AvkÖq ‡K› `ª<br />
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Zv‡`i Rb¨ A¯’vqx miKvwi AvkÖq †K› `ª e¨env‡ii my‡hvM cvIqvUv AZ¨šÍ Riæix| evsjv‡`k<br />
miKvi bvix‡`i Rb¨ AvkÖq †K› `ª cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q| Z‡e mswkøó GW‡fv‡KU I Kg©KZ©viv g‡b<br />
K‡ib, cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Gme AvkÖq †K› `ª h‡_ó bq| bvix I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi GKRb<br />
282 AviI †`Lyb cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiÿv) AvBb, 2010, aviv 15| GB AvBbwU cvwievwiK mwnsmZvq ÿwZMÖ‡¯Íi Rb¨ AvkÖq †K› `ª<br />
wbwðZ Ki‡Z AviI wKQz e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Q| GB AvBbe‡j Av`vjZ ÿwZMÖ¯Í e¨w³‡K ÒAskx`vix evmM„nÓ GK‡PwUqv ev AvswkKfv‡e e¨env‡ii<br />
AbygwZ w`‡q Aciva msNUbKvixi cÖwZ Av‡`k Rvix Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Av`vj‡Zi wbKU hw` cÖZxqgvb nq †h, ÒAskx`vix evmM„nÓ ÿwZMÖ¯Í e¨w³i Rb¨<br />
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Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AvBbwU G ai‡bi AvkÖq †K› `ª cÖwZôv Ki‡Z miKv‡ii Rb¨I eva¨evaKZv m„wó K‡i, ‡hLv‡b cvwievwiK mwnsmZvq ÿwZM͇֯`i‡K<br />
A¯’vqx e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|<br />
76
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K‡i †gvU mvZwU AvkÖq †K› `ª cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K AvkÖq †K› `ª Qq gvm mgq ch©šÍ 50<br />
Rb bvix I 100 wkïi Rb¨ AvkÖ‡qi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU BwZevPK c`‡ÿc n‡jI †Rjv<br />
ch©v‡q AviI AwaK AvkÖq †K› `ª cÖ‡qvRb e‡j H Kg©KZ©v g‡b K‡ib:<br />
cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡M GKwU AvkÖq †K› `ª _vK‡j wK n‡e? AvkÖq ‡K› `ª LuyR‡jI GZ `xN©<br />
c_ cvwo w`‡q bvixiv ‡Zv Avi wefvMxq m`‡i hv‡eb bv......| wec`MÖ¯Í bvix‡`i<br />
mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjvq Kgc‡ÿ GKwU K‡i AvkÖq †K› `ª<br />
cÖ‡qvRb| Avi Gme AvkÖq †K‡› `ª bvix‡`i Rb¨ Avqea©K wewfbœ Kg©m~wP nv‡Z<br />
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†e½j †fM‡iwÝ G¨v±, 1931 Gi Aax‡b cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e D³ AvBbwUi ¯’‡j eZ©gv‡b<br />
feNy‡i I wbivkÖq e¨w³ (cybe©vmb) AvBb, 2011 cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKw`‡K GB AvBbwU<br />
Av`vjZ KZ„©K ÓfeNy‡iÓ wnmv‡e †NvwlZ e¨w³‡`i cybe©vm‡b mvnvh¨ Kiv, Zv‡`i‡K A¯’vqx AvkÖq<br />
cÖ`vb Kiv Ges †hme Acivax Pµ `wi`ª‡`i‡K wfÿv e„wˇZ wb‡qvwRZ K‡i †mme Pµ‡K<br />
wbqš¿Y Kivi K_v| 284 Ab¨w`‡K AvBbwU GZB A¯úó †h, h‡_”Qfv‡e †h †Kvb e¨w³‡K AvUK<br />
Ges Zv‡`i Pjv‡divi ¯^vaxbZv wbqš¿Y wKsev Zv‡`i‡K Òcybe©vmbÓ ‡`qvi ARynv‡Z `vwi`ª¨ I<br />
M„nnxbZvi kvw¯Í¯^iƒc GB AvBbwU e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e wewae× AvBb wn‡m‡e feNy‡i<br />
AvBbwU e¨w³i Acivag~jK AvPiY ev Kg©Kv‡Ði †P‡q ‡hme e¨w³ `wi`ª I M„nnxb Zv‡`i‡KB<br />
Acivax mve¨¯Í Ki‡Q| GB AvBb¸‡jv AvšÍ©RvwZK gvb`‡Û myiwÿZ b¨vh¨Zv I AvBbMZ<br />
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AvBb‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq AwfcÖvqmn Awfhy‡³i mywbw`©ó AvPiY‡K jÿ¨e¯‘ Kiv DwPZ| gvbevwaKvi<br />
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Ges †mLv‡b iv‡óªi Rb¨ Ggb eva¨evaKZv _vK‡e hv‡Z ivóª mKj ‡dŠR`vix Aciva¸‡jv‡K<br />
my¯úófv‡e Ges ¯^”Q I AvMvg †evaMg¨ c×wZ‡Z e¨vLv Ki‡e| 285 D‡jøwLZ gvb`Û¸‡jv<br />
feNy‡i AvB‡b cvIqv hvq bv|<br />
283 wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& bvix I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi GKRb D”Pc`¯’ miKvix Kg©KZ©vi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY K‡i, whwb Õgvwë-†m‡±vivj †cÖvMÖvg Ab<br />
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284 †fM‡iwÝ G¨v±, 1943 Gi ¯’‡j 2011 mv‡ji AvBbwU cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|<br />
285 AvšÍ©RvwZK gvbevwaKvi AvB‡bi `yBwU †ÿ‡Î Õmywbw`©óZvÕ cÖgv‡Yi Avek¨KZv i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, GB mywbw`©óZv `Ûwewa‡Z Awfhy³ Acivaxi PwiÎ ev<br />
AvPiY e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq (GwU GKwU gZev` hv‡K cÖvqkt AvBwmwmwcAvi-Gi 15 Aby‡”Q‡` ewY©Z ÒA¯úóZvi Rb¨ evwZjÓ bxwZ wnmv‡e MY¨<br />
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77
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KviY n‡”Q Ggb me e¨w³‡K feNy‡i wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| 286 Z‡e `vZe¨ cÖwZôvb ev agx©q<br />
Kvi‡Y hviv Lv`¨`ªe¨, Avw_©K mvnvh¨ wKsev †Kvb Dcnvi MÖnY K‡i Ges D‡jøwLZ D‡Ï‡k¨<br />
†m¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K GB AvB‡bi AvIZv ewnf‚©Z ivLv n‡q‡Q| 287 feNy‡iwgi<br />
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†_‡K cvwj‡q hvIqv e¨w³‡K wZb gvm ch©šÍ Kviv`Ð ‡`Iqvi weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q| 288<br />
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miKv‡ii mgvR †mev wefvM feNy‡i AvkÖq †K› `ª¸‡jv †`Lvïbv K‡i| wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& GB<br />
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welqwU wb‡q K_v e‡j‡Q| bvix ÔfeNy‡iivÕ †h Gme AvkÖq †K‡› `ª Av‡Q Zv Zviv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb,<br />
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GKRb Kg©KZ©v e‡jb, Ò‡m ai‡bi NUbv `yj©f, Z‡e N‡U _v‡K| Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q G ai‡bi Pvi ev<br />
cuvPwU NUbv _vK‡Z cv‡i|Ó 290<br />
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286<br />
feNy‡i I wbivkÖq e¨w³ (cybe©vmb) AvBb, 2011, aviv 2 (14)| evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv÷ Gi Abvivwi wW‡i±i GW‡fv‡KU I bvix<br />
AwaKvi Kgx© mviv †nv‡m‡bi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& - Gi B‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM, XvKv, 7 A‡±vei 2011; AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi †gwW‡qkb GÛ<br />
i¨vwcW †imcÝ BDwbU - Gi wmwbqi †WcywU wW‡i±i bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& - Gi B‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM, XvKv, 25 †g 2011|<br />
287<br />
c~‡e©v³|<br />
288<br />
feNy‡i I wbivkÖq e¨w³ (cybe©vmb) AvBb, 2011, aviv 10 (3)(L) Ges aviv 22(1)(L)|<br />
289<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& hv‡`i mvÿvrKvi MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zviv n‡jb - Amxgv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 20 †g 2011; RyevB`v (QÙbvg),<br />
gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 20 †g 2011; dvwZgv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 20 †g 2011 Ges †kwib (QÙbvg), gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 21<br />
†g 2011|<br />
290<br />
feNy‡i AvkÖq †K› `ª bRi`vwi I cwiPvjbv Ux‡gi mv‡_ hy³ Av‡Qb mgvR †mev wefv‡Mi Ggb `yÕRb Kg©KZ©vi mvÿvrKvi wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& MÖnY<br />
K‡i‡Q (Zuv‡`i Aby‡iv‡a bvg Ges we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY AcÖKvwkZ _vK‡jv)| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ZvwiL - 3 A‡±vei 2011, XvKv|<br />
78
mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP<br />
evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK mnvqZvi welq¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ch©vß †Kvb AvBb †bB, Z‡e mvgvwRK<br />
mnvqZvg~jK †ek wKQz Kg©m~wP Av‡Q| 291 BDGbwWwci Z_¨g‡Z, ÓmvgvwRK wbivcËv Rv‡ji †h<br />
†Kvb Kg©m~wP Øviv AwZ `wi`ª 23% cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ gvÎ `k kZvs‡ki Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡bv m¤¢e nq| 292<br />
mvgvwRK ewn¯’tZvi mKj mgm¨v we`¨gvb _vKv m‡Z¡I D‡jøwLZ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi †Kvb<br />
†KvbwU A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vq RR©woZ c„_K emevmKvix I ZvjvKcÖvß bvix‡`i DcKv‡i G‡m‡Q| 293 G<br />
ai‡bi mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi GKwU n‡jv Òweaev, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ I `yt¯’ bvixÓ‡`i Rb¨ cÖwZ<br />
gv‡m 300 UvKvi GKwU miKvwi Avw_©K fvZv Kg©m~wP| A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v m¤úwK©Z gvcKvwV¸‡jv c~iY<br />
Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zviv GB Avw_©K fvZvwU †c‡q _v‡K| 294<br />
c„_Kfv‡e emevmiZ I ZvjvKcÖvß bvixiv mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi myweav KZUzKz MÖnY Ki‡Q †m<br />
wel‡q †Kvb miKvwi Z_¨ †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Z‡e Gme myweav MÖn‡Yi ‡ÿ‡Î ‡h bvbvwea cÖwZeÜKZv<br />
i‡q †M‡Q, Zv wewfbœ †kÖYx †ckvi bvix Ges mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbvKvix ¯’vbxq<br />
Kg©KZ©v‡`i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& -Gi mvÿvrKvi¸‡jv †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq| Gme cÖwZeÜKZvi<br />
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q m‡PZbZvi Afve, Kg©GjvKv ev DcKvi‡fvMx wba©vi‡Y ˆelg¨ (Amg Kvfv‡iR) Ges<br />
Znwe‡ji Ace¨envi cÖf…wZ| GQvov mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP¸‡jv kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv, ¯^vgx KZ…©K<br />
cwiZ¨vM Ges fMœ¯^v‡¯’¨i g‡Zv ci®úi m¤úwK©Z bvRyK Ae¯’v¸‡jv‡K ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbvq †bqwb|<br />
evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi ch©‡eÿY Abymv‡i ÓmvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖavb<br />
291 Gme Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q eq¯‹ fvZv, weaev fvZv, cÖwZeÜx fvZv, gvZ…Z¡ Ges ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ bvix‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK myweav cÖf…wZ| Kg©ms¯’vb m„Rb<br />
Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k Kg©ms¯’vb‡KI mvgvwRK wbivcËvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡i‡Q| †gvU 30wU wewfbœ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ 7wU Kg©m~wP `wi`ª<br />
bvix‡`i mvnvh¨ mnvqZv †Kw› `ªK| Av‡iv Z‡_¨i Rb¨ †`Lyb- BDGbwWwc Ges cvIqvi GÛ cvwU©wm‡ckb wimvm© †m› Uvi (wcwcAviwm) - Gi Ò†mvk¨vj<br />
†mdwU †bUm& Bb evsjv‡`k, fwjDg 1Ó, †diæqvix 2012,<br />
http://www.undp.org.bd/<strong>in</strong>fo/pub/PPRC%20Social%20Safety%20Nets%20<strong>in</strong>%20Bangladesh.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv<br />
n‡q‡Q - 22 ‡g 2012), c„ôv 38-42; mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k, Òeq¯‹ fvZvÓ,<br />
http://www.dss.gov.bd/<strong>in</strong>dex.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59:old-ageallowences&catid=39:social-cash-transfer&Itemid=71<br />
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 21 †deªæqvix 2012)|<br />
292 evsjv‡`‡k BDGbwWwcÕi Kvw› Uª wW‡i±i w÷‡db wcÖmbv‡ii mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP-Gi B‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM, XvKv, 31 †g 2012|<br />
293 evsjv‡`‡ki †mvk¨vj †mdwU †bU ¯‹ x‡gi Dci mv¤úªwZK Rwic ev M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b cvIqv hv‡”Q| Z‡e wewfbœ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi we¯ÍvwiZ<br />
Av‡jvPbv ev we‡kølY GB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi AvIZv ewnf‚©Z| G wel‡q me©mv¤úªwZK M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Rb¨ †`Lyb BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcAviwmÕi Ò‡mvk¨vj<br />
†mdwU †bUm Bb evsjv‡`k, fwjDg - 1 Ges 2Ó, †deªæqvix 2012,<br />
http://www.undp.org.bd/<strong>in</strong>fo/pub/PPRC%Social%Safety%Nets%20<strong>in</strong>%20Bangladesh.pdf Ges<br />
http://www.undp.org.bd/<strong>in</strong>fo/pub/PPRC%Social%Safety%Nets%20Volume-2%20qxd.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 22<br />
†g 2012)|<br />
294 mgvR ‡mev wefvM, mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k; Òweaev Ges ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ bvix‡`i Rb¨ fvZvÓ,<br />
http://www.dss.gov.bd/<strong>in</strong>dex.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62:allowences-for-widow-andhusbands-deserted-destitute-women&catid=39:social-cash-transfer&Itemid=71<br />
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 22 †deªæqvwi<br />
2012)| †`Lyb BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcAviwmÕi Ò‡mvk¨vj wmwKIwiwU †bUm Bb evsjv‡`k, fwjDg - 2Ó, c„ôv - 62| cÖ‡Z¨K myweav‡fvMx cuvP eQi mg‡qi<br />
Rb¨ mnvqZv wn‡m‡e 18,000 UvKv †c‡Z cv‡ib|<br />
79
P¨v‡jĸ‡jv n‡”Q jÿ¨gvÎv wba©viY I c~iY msµvšÍ bvbv mgm¨v, DcKvi‡fvMx wba©vi‡Y RwUjZv,<br />
bvbv wQ`ªc_ w`‡q A‡_©i AcPq, Ges AvÂwjK e› U‡bi †ÿ‡Î ˆelg¨|Ó 295<br />
ÓcwiZ¨³Ó bvix‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ fvZv ‡c‡Z cvi‡Zb Ggb A‡bK bvix wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP&‡K<br />
e‡j‡Qb, Zviv Kg©m~wPwUi wel‡q AeMZ bb| GB Kg©m~wP †_‡K Zviv †KDB miKv‡ii †Kvb<br />
mnvqZv MÖnY K‡ib wb|<br />
D`vniY¯^iƒc, mvwgiv e‡jwQ‡jb, GKwU kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvmn wkï Rb¥ †`Iqvi Aciv‡a Zvi<br />
¯^vgx Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK evox †_‡K Zv‡K †ei K‡i †`b| cieZx©‡Z Zviv weevn we‡”Q` NUvb| mvwgiv<br />
wKfv‡e, †Kv_vq KvR Luy‡R †c‡Z nq Zv Rv‡bb bv| Kv‡Ri my‡hvM †c‡j wZwb Zvi wkï‡K<br />
fvjfv‡e †`Lfvj Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| Zvi ¯^vgx wkïwUi fiY‡cvl‡Yi ‡Kvb `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡iwb|<br />
mvwgiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-‡K e‡j‡Qb †h, wZwb †Kvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi wel‡q<br />
Rvb‡Zb bv Ges G e¨vcv‡i Kvi Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡e ZvI Rvbv wQjbv| 296<br />
bvix‡`i K‡qKRb e‡j‡Qb, Zviv wKQz miKvwi mnvqZv Kg©m~wP Av‡Q †mK_v Rvb‡Zb|<br />
wKš‘ †mLv‡b mvnvh¨ PvB‡Z †M‡j K‡qKwU cÖkœwe× Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i‡K wdwi‡q †`Iqv nq|<br />
D`vniY¯^iƒc, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ nIqvi ci Z…òv GLb Zvi wZb eQ‡ii Kb¨vmn weaev gv‡qi Dci<br />
wbf©ikxj Rxebhvcb Ki‡Q| Zvi gv M„n¯’vjx KvR ‡_‡K AwZ mvgvb¨ †eZb Ges Aí wKQz e„×<br />
fvZv cvb| Z…òvi GKwU AZ¨šÍ Kó`vqK kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv i‡q‡Q, d‡j wZwb †Kvb KvR<br />
Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| GKmgq Z…òv Zv‡`i ¯’vbxq BDwbqb cwil` m`m¨‡`i Kv‡Q wM‡q mvgvwRK<br />
mnvqZv Kg©m~wP †_‡K †Kvb mvnvh¨ cvIqv hvq wKbv ‡m †Póv Pvjvb| wKš‘ Zviv Z…òv‡K Rvbvb †h,<br />
Zvi gv †h‡nZz e„×-fvZv cv‡”Qb †m‡nZz †Kvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP †_‡K mvnvh¨ cvIqvi<br />
my‡hvM Zvi †bB| 297<br />
¯úóZtB cvwievwiK Av`vjZ n‡jv †mB RvqMv †hLv‡b bvixiv mvgvwRK mnvqZvi cÖ‡qvR‡b aibv<br />
w`‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ †hfv‡eB †nvK Gme cvwievwiK Av`vjZ‡K mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ hy³<br />
Kivi Rb¨ wbqggvwdK †Kvb cÖ‡Póv GLbI `„k¨gvb bq| cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z GLbI gvgjv Awb®úbœ<br />
Ae¯’vq Av‡Q fz³‡fvMx Ggb A‡bK bvixi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP K_v e‡j‡Q| G‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q,<br />
Zv‡`i †KDB ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ bvix‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ fvZvi welqwU Rv‡bb bv| Av`vj‡Zi cÖkvmb<br />
Gme Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ bvix‡`i †hvMv‡hvM NwU‡q †`Iqv wKsev Kg©m~wP m¤ú‡K© †gŠwjK wKQz Z_¨<br />
cÖ`v‡bi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb KvRB K‡iwb| GB KvRwU †hgb Kiv DwPZ †Zgwb Gme cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ hv‡Z<br />
295 c~‡e©v³|<br />
296 gv`vwicyi †Rjvi mwgiv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, Zvi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& - Gi mvÿvrKvi; 29 †g 2011|<br />
297 XvKv †Rjvi evwm› `v Z…Âv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, Zvi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& - Gi mvÿvrKvi; 18 †g 2011, XvKv|<br />
80
mywbw`©ó wbqg †g‡b mswkøó mevi Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡bv hvq Zvi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ m¤¢ve¨ Dcvq¸‡jv‡KI<br />
miKv‡ii wPwýZ Kiv DwPZ| wewfbœ ¯^v¯’¨ †K› `ª, ¯‹ zj, GbwRI Awdm Ges RvZxq AvBb †mev<br />
KZ…©c‡ÿi Awd‡mi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨cÖevn wbwðZ Kivi GB KvRwU Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|<br />
Z_¨cÖvwß m¤úwK©Z cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv QvovI AvgjvZvwš¿K A`ÿZv Ges Znwej Ace¨env‡ii<br />
gva¨‡gI mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi my‡hvM jvf evavMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i| A_©-fvZv mnvqZv Kg©m~wPwU<br />
BDwbqb cwil`mn ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| BDwbqb cwil` m`m¨‡`i A‡b‡K<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-‡K e‡j‡Qb, Zviv nq‡Zv †Kvb& †Kvb& weaev ev ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ bvix‡K fvZv<br />
†`Iqv n‡e Zvi wm×všÍ wb‡jb, wKš‘ †`Lv †Mj H A_© Qv‡oi †ÿ‡Î gv‡S gv‡S gš¿Yvjq †ek<br />
wej¤^ Ki‡Q| 2011 mv‡ji †g gv‡m hLb wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP -Gi mv‡_ Zv‡`i GB Av‡jvPbv<br />
nw”Qj ZLbI 2011 A_© eQ‡ii fvZv weZiY Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| 298<br />
Znwej Qv‡oi ci †m¸‡jv ¯’vbxq miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i gv‡S weZiY K‡i †`Iqv n‡jI Gme<br />
Znwej Z…Yg~‡ji me‡P‡q AfveMÖ¯Í m`m¨‡`i Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡e wKbv Zvi †Kvb wbðqZv †bB|<br />
ev¯Í‡e wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP wZb WR‡biI AwaK msL¨K bvixi mvÿvrKvi (GKKfv‡e I ‡QvU<br />
`‡j wef³ K‡i) MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Gme bvixiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb, wb‡R‡`i mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ Zviv Ggb A‡bK<br />
NUbv Rv‡bb †hLv‡b BDwbqb cwil‡`i m`m¨iv mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi myweav‡fvMx wn‡m‡e<br />
wb‡R‡`i AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb I eÜy-evÜe‡`i †e‡Q †bb| `wi`ª myweav‡fvMx wKfv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡e<br />
Zvi Rb¨ Kg©m~wP‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq gvcKvwV wba©vwiZ _vK‡jI memgq †m wbqg gvbv nqbv| 299<br />
BDGbwWwci mnvqZvq evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi Dci cwiPvwjZ me©mv¤úªwZK GK<br />
M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, Avw_©K fvZv Kg©m~wPi Rb¨ cwiKwíZ jÿ¨gvÎvi AvIZvq AR©b n‡jv<br />
cÖvq 32 kZvsk| ZvQvov GB M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡b weaev, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ I `yt¯’ bvix‡`i Avw_©K<br />
fvZv Kg©m~wP‡Z 21 kZvsk ÔAšÍf©zw³msµvšÍ fzjÕ wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q| 300 Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨Kvi<br />
`ybx©wZi wKQz duvK-‡dvKiI cÖwZ‡e`‡b wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb, A‡bK bvix e‡j‡Qb Kg©m~wPi myweav<br />
MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K GKwU wewa ewnf‚©Z I Ab¨vh¨ ÔcÖ‡ek wdÕ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| GB ÔcÖ‡ek<br />
wdÕi †evSvwU `vwi`ª¨ KewjZ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i †ekx| Ómvnvh¨ fvZvi mxwgZ msL¨K<br />
Kv‡W©i GKwU cvIqvi Rb¨ `wi`ª‡`i g‡a¨ ‡h wK Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZv KvR K‡i cÖ‡ek wd msµvšÍ<br />
298<br />
`yBRb cyiæl I `yBRb gwnjv BDwbqb cwil` m`‡m¨i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& - Gi mvÿvrKvi (Zuv‡`i Aby‡iv‡a bvg Ges we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY<br />
AcÖKvwkZ _vK‡jv), 23 †g 2011|<br />
299<br />
Avwgbv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, XvKv -Gi mv‡_ 18 †g 2011 Zvwi‡L Ges †nbv (QÙbvg), gymwjg -Gi mv‡_ 21 †g 2011 Zvwi‡L wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP -<br />
Gi mvÿvrKvi| 18 Rb bvixi mv‡_ †QvU `‡j wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP -Gi MÖæc B› UviwfD (¯’vb cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv bv), 21 †g 2011; Avd‡ivRv (QÙbvg),<br />
gymwjg -Gi mvÿvrKvi (¯’vb cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv bv), 22 †g 2011; 16 Rb wn› `y bvixi mv‡_ `jxq Av‡jvPbv ev mvÿvrKvi (¯’vb cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv bv),<br />
22 †g 2011|<br />
300<br />
BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcAviwm, Ò‡mvk¨vj †mdwU †bUm& Bb evsjv‡`k, fwjDg 2Ó, †deªæqvix 2012,<br />
http://www.undp.org.bd/<strong>in</strong>fo/pub/PPRC%Social%Safety%Nets%20Volume-2%20qxd.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 22<br />
†g 2012), c„ôv - 43 Ges 56|<br />
81
GB †jb‡`‡‡bi NUbv †_‡K Zv cÖZxqgvb nq| 301 Avi `vwi`ª¨ KewjZ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z A_© n¯ÍvšÍi<br />
¯‹ x‡gi GB ÔcÖ‡ek wdÕi cwigvY wQj M‡o 2000 UvKv| A_P ¯^í `vwi`ª¨cÖeY †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z ÔcÖ‡ek<br />
wdÕi GB cwigvY Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg, A_©vr 1500 UvKv| 302<br />
mvgvwRK wbivcËvi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki M„nxZ f~wgKvi e¨_©Zv¸‡jv evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv KwgkbI<br />
¯^xKvi K‡i| cwiKíbv Kwgkb ej‡Q, evsjv‡`k miKvi 2011 ‡_‡K 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU<br />
ÒmvgÄm¨c~Y© I mgwš^Z RvZxq mvgvwRK myiÿv †KŠkjÓ cÖYqb Ki‡e| 303<br />
f~wg e› Ub Kg©m~wP<br />
Ab¨ Av‡iKwU ivóªxq Kg©m~wP A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv AR©‡b ZvjvKcÖvß I c„_K emevmKvix bvix‡`i‡K<br />
mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mwU n‡jv Lvm Rwg (miKv‡ii gvwjKvbvaxb) e› Ub Kg©m~wP| f~wgnxb<br />
RbM‡Yi Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ j¨vÛ widg© G¨vKkb ‡cÖvMÖvg 1987 -Gi AvIZvq GB Kg©m~wPwU Pvjy Kiv<br />
nq| bvix cÖavb cwievi¸‡jvI GB Kg©m~wP‡Z AšÍf©y³ nIqvi †hvM¨| Z‡e AwaKvi Kg©xiv<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-‡K Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, miKv‡ii bxwZgvjv ‡hme bvix cÖavb cwiev‡i GKRb<br />
mÿg cyiæl Av‡Q ïaygvÎ †mme cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ GB Lvm Rwg e› U‡bi my‡hvM mxwgZ K‡i<br />
w`‡q‡Q| 304<br />
bvix cÖavb cwievi¸‡jv‡Z Lvm Rwg e› U‡bi †ÿ‡Î weivRgvb H ˆelg¨wU `~i Kivi Rb¨ miKv‡ii<br />
Kv‡Q evievi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡jI D³ f‚wg e› Ub bxwZ GLbI ms‡kva‡bi A‡cÿvq Av‡Q| 305<br />
G‡mvwm‡qkb di j¨vÛ widg© GÛ †Wcjc‡g› U bvgK GbwRIÕi cwiPvjK wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-<br />
‡K e‡j‡Qb, Òbvix cÖavb cwievi¸‡jv cyÎ mšÍvb Av‡Q k‡Z© Lvm Rwg cvIqvi AwaKvix n‡e|<br />
Avgiv GB welqwU miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡iwQ| GwU †h GKwU ˆelg¨ Ges Zv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e ‡m<br />
e¨vcv‡i miKvi bxwZMZfv‡e GKgZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Gi †Kvb ms‡kvab GLbI nqwb|Ó 306<br />
301<br />
BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcAviwm, Ò‡mvk¨vj †mdwU †bUm& Bb evsjv‡`k, fwjDg 2, c„ôv 59-60| `vwi`ª¨ cÖeY †Rjv¸‡jvi kZKiv 50-80 Rb bvix<br />
ÓcÖ‡ek wdÓ cwi‡kva Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zvi Zzjbvq Kg `vwi`ª¨ cÖeY †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z cÖ‡ek wd cÖ`vbKvix GB bvix‡`i msL¨v kZKiv 7-20 Rb|<br />
302<br />
c~‡e©v³, c„ôv - 60|<br />
303<br />
cwiKíbv Kwgkb, 6ô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv, c„ôv - 168|<br />
304<br />
Lykx Kwei, mgš^qKvix, wb‡Riv Kwi, XvKv| Zuvi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& -Gi mvÿvrKvi, 16 †g 2011|<br />
305<br />
c~‡e©v³|<br />
306<br />
G‡mvwm‡qkb di j¨vÛ widg© GÛ †Wfjc‡g› U -Gi wbe©vnx cwiPvjK kvgmyj û`vi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP -Gi mvÿvrKvi, 30 gvP© 2011|<br />
82
6. AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki eva¨evaKZv<br />
evsjv‡`k weevn I weevn-we‡”Q‡`i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z ‡ek KÕwU Aj•Nbxq AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi<br />
Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿiKvix †`k| Gme Pzw³i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi ˆelg¨ we‡jvc Kb‡fbkb<br />
(wmWI) 307 , wmWIÕi Ackbvj cÖ‡UvKj 308 , bvMwiK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³<br />
(AvBwmwmwcAvi) 309 , A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³<br />
(AvBwmBGmwmAvi) 310 , cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i AwaKvi welqK Pzw³ (wmAviwcwW) 311 , Ges weev‡n m¤§wZ,<br />
weev‡ni b~¨bZg eqm I weevn wbeÜb msµvšÍ Pzw³| 312 †eBwRs cø¨vUdg© di G¨vKkb 313 , Ges<br />
RvwZmsN mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎvmn †RÐvi mgZv weav‡b Ab¨ †hme AvšÍR©vwZK gvb`Ð I jÿ¨<br />
i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨I evsjv‡`k miKvi A½xKvi e¨³ K‡i‡Q| 314<br />
weevn Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i mgq cÖ‡hvR¨ mgvbvwaKvi<br />
AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi AvBb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e weevn Ges weevn cieZ©x mg‡q mv‡g¨i wbðqZv †`q|<br />
wmWIÕi 16 bs Aby‡”Q` iv‡óªi cÖwZ GB eva¨evaKZv ˆZwi K‡i‡Q †h, Òweevn Ges cvwievwiK<br />
m¤ú‡K©i mKj †ÿ‡ÎÓ bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ we‡jv‡c ivóª h_vh_ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e| Óweevn m¤úK©<br />
¯’vcb Ges Gi cwimgvwßi mg‡qI ivóª Abyiƒc mgvbvwaKvi I `vwq‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvMÓ wbwðZ Ki‡e| 315<br />
wmWIÕi wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki AvcwËi Kvi‡Y †hme AwfNvZ `„k¨gvb n‡”Q †m¸‡jv bx‡P<br />
we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|<br />
307<br />
bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi ˆelg¨ we‡jvc Kb‡fbkb (wmWI), wW‡m¤^i 18, 1979 mv‡j M„nxZ, G.A. res. 34/180, 34 U.N. GAOR Supp.<br />
(No. 46) at 193, U.N. Doc.A/34/46, 1981 mv‡ji 3 †m‡Þ¤^i ZvwiL †_‡K wmWI mb`wU Kvh©Ki nq| evsjv‡`k 1984 mv‡ji 6 b‡f¤^i<br />
wmWI mb`wU MÖnY K‡i| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b wmWI mb‡`i Aby‡”Q` 2 Ges 16(1)(wm) -Gi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki AvcwË i‡q‡Q| ÓMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi<br />
wb‡Ri †ÿ‡Î Aby‡”Q` 2, [...Ges ...] 16(1)(wm) †g‡b Pjvi eva¨evaKZv Av‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ibv, KviY Gme Aby‡”Q` cweÎ †Kvivb I mybœvn& wbf©i<br />
kwiqvn& AvB‡bi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K|Ó<br />
308<br />
bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi ˆelg¨ we‡jvc Kb‡fbkb (wmWI)Õi Ackb¨vj ‡cÖv‡UvKj, 6 A‡±vei 1999 mv‡j M„nxZ, G.A. res. 54/4, annex, 54<br />
U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 5, U.N. Doc.A/54/49 (Vol. I) (2000), Kvh©Ki nIqvi ZvwiL - 22 wW‡m¤^i 2000| evsjv‡`k 2000<br />
mv‡ji 6 †m‡Þ¤^i wmWI Ackb¨vj ‡cÖv‡UvK‡j Abymg_©b †`q|<br />
309<br />
bvMwiK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ (AvBwmwmwcAvi), 16 wW‡m¤^i 1966 mv‡j M„nxZ, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N.<br />
GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S.171, Kvh©Ki nIqvi ZvwiL - 23 gvP© 1976| evsjv‡`k 28<br />
†m‡Þ¤^i 2000 mv‡j AvBwmwmwcAvi - Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq|<br />
310<br />
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ (AvBwmBGmwmAvi), wW‡m¤^i 16, 1966 mv‡j M„nxZ, G.A. Res. 2200A<br />
(XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 49, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3, Kvh©Ki nIqvi ZvwiL - 3 Rvbyqvwi<br />
1976| evsjv‡`k 12 A‡±vei 1999 mv‡j AvBwmBGmwmAvi - Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq|<br />
311<br />
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i AwaKvi welqK Pzw³ (wmAviwcwW), wW‡m¤^i 13, 2006 mv‡j M„nxZ, G.A. Res. 61/106, Kvh©Ki nIqvi ZvwiL – 3 †g 2008|<br />
evsjv‡`k 30 b‡f¤^i 2007 mv‡j wmAviwcwW-‡Z Aby¯^vÿi K‡i|<br />
312<br />
weev‡n m¤§wZ, weev‡ni b~¨bZg eqm I weevn wbeÜb msµvšÍ Pzw³|<br />
313<br />
RvwZmsN mn¯ªvã †NvlYv, 18 †m‡Þ¤^i 2000, G.A. Res. 55/2, U.N. GAOR, 55th Sess., Supp. No. 49, at 4, U.N.<br />
Doc.A/55/49 (2000)|<br />
314<br />
RvwZmsN mn¯ªvã †NvlYv, 18 †m‡Þ¤^i 2000, G.A. Res. 55/2, U.N. GAOR, 55th Sess., Supp. No. 49, at 4, U.N.<br />
Doc.A/55/49 (2000)|<br />
315<br />
wmWI, Aby‡”Q` 16(1)(wm)|<br />
83
AvBwmwmwcAvi Gi 23 bs Aby‡”Q`I Òweevn Ges Gi cwimgvwßKv‡jÓ ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi Rb¨<br />
mgZvi wbðqZv †`q|<br />
AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi AvBb Abyhvqx ivóª ïaygvÎ AvbyôvwbK mvg¨ bq eis †gŠwjK I<br />
e¯‘wbôfv‡e mgZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z eva¨| wmWI KwgwUi (wmWIÕi ev¯Íevqb ch©‡eÿ‡Yi R‡b¨<br />
wb‡qvwRZ we‡klÁ `j) e¨vL¨v Abyhvqx Gi A_© n‡jv miKvi Ggb GKwU ÓDchy³ cwi‡ekÓ m„wó<br />
Ki‡e hvi ÒdjkÖæwZ‡Z mvg¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡eÓ| 316 wmWI KwgwUi AwfgZ n‡jv, ivóª bvix-cyiæ‡li<br />
g‡a¨ we`¨gvb ‰RweK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK cv_©K¨¸‡jv‡KI Avewk¨Kfv‡e we‡ePbvq †b‡e, hv‡Z<br />
we‡kl wKQz †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx ivóª wfbœ wfbœ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| 317 cÖK…Z mvg¨ AR©‡bi<br />
j‡ÿ¨ mswkøó KZ©„cÿ¸‡jv Òˆel‡g¨i kZ© ev KviY¸‡jv‡K `~wif‚Z Kivi Rb¨ BwZevPK<br />
cÿcvZg~jK e¨e¯’vÓ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvov we`¨gvb ˆelg¨ `~i Ki‡Z Õwe‡kl we‡kl †ÿ‡Î<br />
AMÖvwaKvig~jK e¨e¯’vÕi cÖ‡qvMI ivóª we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gai‡bi AMÖvwaKvig~jK we‡kl<br />
e¨e¯’v‡K ˆelg¨ wn‡m‡e †`Lv wVK n‡ebv| 318 Ab¨w`‡K wmWI KwgwUi AwfgZ n‡jv, bvix-cyiæ‡li<br />
Rb¨ GKB ai‡bi wKsev wbi‡cÿ e¨e¯’v MÖnY bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨g~jK n‡Z cv‡i hw` GB e¨e¯’v<br />
bvixi we‡klvwaKvi cÖvwßi ¸iæZ¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| KviY bvix †h HwZnvwmKfv‡e Av‡M †_‡KB<br />
weivRgvb wj½-‰elg¨ ev AcÖvwßi wkKvi n‡q G‡m‡Q ev GLbI n‡”Q †mme welq ‡Zv D‡jøwLZ<br />
e¨e¯’v¸‡jv‡Z ¯^xKvi Kiv nqbv| 319<br />
weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î we`¨gvb wj½wfwËK ˆelg¨ Rv‡qR Kivi Rb¨ ivóª cÖPwjZ ag© ev cÖ_vi †`vnvB<br />
w`‡Z cv‡i bv| weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î mgZvi bxwZ m¤úwK©Z GK ‰¯^iZvwš¿K e¨vL¨vi †cÖwÿ‡Z wmWI<br />
KwgwUi AwfgZ n‡jv, GKwU iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡i AvBbMZ Abykvmb, ag©, cÖ_v ev HwZn¨ hvB _vKzK<br />
bv †Kb cwiev‡i AvBbx I e¨w³MZ Dfq †ÿ‡Î bvixi cÖwZ AvPiY Aek¨B me gvby‡li R‡b¨ mvg¨<br />
I b¨vqwePv‡ii bxwZi wfwˇZ n‡Z n‡e| 320 RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwUi (AvBwmwmwcAvi<br />
ev¯Íevqb ch©‡eÿ‡Y wbhy³ we‡klÁ `j) mycvwik n‡jv, HwZnvwmK, ag©xq, HwZn¨MZ wKsev<br />
mvs¯‹ …wZK eva¨evaKZvi †`vnvB w`‡q AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z bvixi mggh©v`v I mgmy‡hvM cÖvwßi AwaKvi<br />
316<br />
bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ we‡jvc msµvšÍ RvwZmsN KwgwU (wmWI KwgwU), mvaviY mycvwik bs 25, Temporary special measures (2004),<br />
HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol.II), c„ôv - 365,<br />
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/General%20recommendation%2025%20(English)<br />
.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 27 AvM÷ 2011), Aby‡”Q` - 8|<br />
317<br />
c~‡e©v³|<br />
318<br />
RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 18, Aby‡”Q` - 10|<br />
319<br />
wmWI KwgwU, mvaviY mycvwik bs 28; bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi ˆelg¨ we‡jvc Kb‡fbkb, Aby‡”Q` 2 -Gi AvIZvq ¯^vÿiKvix ivóªmg~‡ni †gŠwjK<br />
eva¨evaKZv (2010), CEDAW/C/2010/47/GC.2, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/CEDAW-C-<br />
2010-47-GC2.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012), Aby‡”Q` - 5|<br />
320<br />
wmWI KwgwU, mvaviY mycvwik bs 21; weevn Ges cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i mgZv, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol.II), c„ôv - 337,<br />
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm#recom21 (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 27 AvM÷<br />
2011), Aby‡”Q` - 13|<br />
84
hv‡Z jw•NZ bv nq Ges AvBwmwmwcAvi -Gi AvIZvq wba©vwiZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj AwaKvi hv‡Z bvixiv<br />
†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib †m welqwU ivóª mywbwðZ Ki‡e| 321 AwaKš‘, wmWIÕi Aby‡”Q` 5(K) iv‡óªi Rb¨<br />
AviI wKQz eva¨evaKZv Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| †m¸‡jv n‡jv, bvix-cyiæ‡li D”P-bxP †f`v‡f‡`i aviYv<br />
†_‡K M‡o IVv mKj ai‡bi Kyms¯‹ vi, cÖ_vMZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ me AvPiY `~ixKi‡Y bvix-cyiæ‡li<br />
mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AvPi‡Yi aviv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov bvix-cyiæ‡li R‡b¨ wba©vwiZ<br />
Avjv`v `vwqZ¡ ev f‚wgKviI cwieZ©b NUv‡Z n‡e|<br />
weev‡ni ‡ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvBb¸‡jv mv‡g¨i wbðqZv †`qbv| gvbevwaKv‡ii gvb`‡Ð<br />
weevn Ges cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K© ˆelg¨nxbZv PP©vi †h eva¨evaKZv i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki AvB‡bi<br />
A‡bK Dcv`vb Zvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K| bx‡P Av‡jvwPZ ‡mme ˆelg¨g~jK Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:<br />
weev‡ni †ejvq m¤ú~Y© I ¯^vaxb g‡Zi Abycw¯’wZ Ges eûweev‡ni AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZ; Zvjv‡Ki<br />
†ÿ‡Î bvix Ges cyiæ‡li Rb¨ Amg gvb`Ð; Zvjv‡Ki †ejvq ˆeevwnK m¤úwË `vexi †ÿ‡Î bvixi<br />
AÿgZv; fiY‡cvlY cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î bvbv cÖwZeÜKZv; eva¨Zvg~jK weevn wbeÜb e¨e¯’vi<br />
Abycw¯’wZ cÖf…wZ| AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi gvb`Ð cÖ‡qv‡MI evsjv‡`‡ki NvUwZ i‡q‡Q|<br />
D`vniY¯^iƒc, †hmKj bvix wek¦vm K‡ib †h Zv‡`i weevn AvBbMZfv‡e ˆea Ges Zviv ¯^vgx-<br />
¯¿xiƒ‡c GKmv‡_ emevm K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ Av`vj‡Z weev‡ni ‰eaZv cÖgv‡Y e¨_© n‡q‡Qb, ‡mme bvix‡`i<br />
Rb¨ AvBbx myiÿvi †Kvb e¨e¯’v evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb¸‡jv‡Z ivLv nqwb|<br />
wmWI Kb‡fbk‡b evsjv‡`‡ki msiY<br />
wmWI Kb‡fbk‡bi Aby‡”Q` 2 Ges 16 †Z evsjv‡`k miKvi msiY †i‡L‡Q| Aby‡”Q` 2<br />
Abyhvqx bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ c`‡c MÖn‡Y iv‡óªi eva¨evaKZv i‡q‡Q<br />
Ges 16 bs Aby‡”Q‡` weevn m¤úwK©Z wm×v‡šÍi AwaKvi wee„Z Av‡Q| ¯úóZB Dc‡iv³ 2 wU<br />
Aby‡”Q` †`‡k we`¨gvb kixqv AvB‡bi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K weavq evsjv‡`k miKvi D³<br />
Aby‡”Q`¸‡jv‡Z msiY †i‡L‡Q| wmWI KwgwU D‡jøL K‡i‡Q †h, G ai‡bi msiÿY GB<br />
Kb‡fbk‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Ges j‡ÿ¨i mv‡_ mvsNwl©K| ‡m Kvi‡Y GwU AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi cwicš’x<br />
Ges G msiÿY cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bIqv DwPZ| wmWI KwgwU msiÿY cÖZ¨vnv‡ii Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K<br />
evievi Aby‡iva Rvwb‡q G‡m‡Q| 322 evsjv‡`k miKvi 2010 mv‡j wmWI KwgwUi Kv‡Q †cÖwiZ<br />
wi‡cv‡U© D‡jøL K‡i‡Q †h, ÒmsiÿY cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bIqvi welqwU......we‡ePbvaxb i‡q‡Q|Ó 323<br />
321<br />
RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 28, Aby‡”Q` - 5|<br />
322<br />
wmWI KwgwU, Óbvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ we‡jvc msµvšÍ KwgwU, evsjv‡`k -Gi mgvcbx ch©‡eÿYÓ, 48Zg Awa‡ekb, Rvbyqvix 17 - †deªæqvwi 4, 2011,<br />
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G11/417/30/PDF/G1141730.pdf?OpenElement (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q<br />
- 5 wW‡m¤^i 2011), Aby‡”Q` 11; wmWI KwgwU, Óbvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ we‡jvc msµvšÍ KwgwU, evsjv‡`k -Gi mgvcbx ch©‡eÿYÓ, 31Zg Awa‡ekb, Ryb<br />
2004, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/BangladeshCO31.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 5 wW‡m¤^i<br />
2011), Aby‡”Q` 236|<br />
323<br />
¯^vÿiKvix ivóªmg~‡ni mgwš^Z lô I mßg wcwiIwWK cÖwZ‡e`b; wmWI Aby‡”Q` 18 -Gi AvIZvq ¯^vÿiKvix ivóªmg~‡ni †ckK…Z cÖwZ‡e`b we‡ePbv,<br />
CEDAW/C/BGD/6-7, gvP© 2010, http://daccess-dds-<br />
85
RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU gvbevwaKvi m¤úwK©Z Pzw³mg~‡n msiÿ‡Yi my‡hvM _vKvi Dc‡hvwMZv<br />
wb‡q cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Q| KwgwU D‡jøL K‡i‡Q †h, msiÿ‡Yi my‡hvMwU wf‡qbv Kb‡fbk‡bi Pzw³<br />
msµvšÍ AvB‡bi Aaxb| GB AvB‡bi Aby‡”Q` 19(3) e‡j †Kvb msiÿYB ‡Kvb Pzw³i D‡Ïk¨<br />
Ges j‡ÿ¨i mv‡_ msNvZc~Y© n‡Z cvi‡e bv| 324 Gi A_© n‡jv †h mg¯Í msiÿY cÖPwjZ bxwZ<br />
Ges AvšÍ©RvwZK cÖ_vMZ AvB‡bi mv‡_ msNvZc~Y© †m mg¯Í Aby‡”Q` ÔmsiÿYÕ Kiv hv‡e bv|<br />
Abyiƒcfv‡e Pzw³i g‡a¨ AwaKvi‡K kÖ×v Ges wbwðZKi‡Yi eva¨evaKZv wKsev Pzw³‡Z eY©xZ<br />
AwaKvi‡K ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖn‡Yi eva¨evaKZvi cÖwZ msiÿY<br />
Av‡ivc Kiv †Kvbµ‡gB MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq (†hgbUv evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡ivwcZ msiÿ‡Y cÖZxqgvb<br />
n‡”Q)| 325 GB KwgwU evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Abyiƒcfv‡e Av‡ivwcZ msiÿ‡Yi e¨vcv‡i we‡kl `„wó<br />
AvKl©Y K‡i‡Q| KviY G ai‡bi msiÿY e¨vcK nv‡i mymsMwVZ Ges ev¯ÍweK A‡_© ‡hme<br />
AwaKvi †fvM Kivi Rb¨ RvZxq AvB‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq ms¯‹ v‡ii Avek¨KZv _v‡K †mme AwaKvi‡K G<br />
ai‡bi msiÿY AKvh©Ki K‡i †`q| 326<br />
eûweevn<br />
RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU D‡jøL K‡i‡Q †h, Òeûweevn bvixi gh©v`v‡K ÿzbœ K‡iÓ Ges<br />
wbtm‡› `‡n GwU GKwU Òbvixi cÖwZ P‚ovšÍ ˆelg¨Ó hv Ò‡hLv‡bB N‡U _vKzK bv †Kb wbg©~j Kiv<br />
`iKviÓ| 327 wmWI KwgwUI e‡j‡Q -<br />
eûweevn cyiæ‡li Abyiƒc bvixi mgAwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î cªwZeÜKZv m„wó<br />
K‡i Ges G ai‡bi weevn bvixi cÖwZ Ges bvixi Dci wbf©ikxj e¨w³‡`i c‡ÿ<br />
Pig gvbwmK I Avw_©K ÿwZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| ‡m Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi weevn<br />
wbiærmvwnZ I wbwl× Kiv DwPZ| 328<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvB‡b gymwjg Ges wn› `y cyiæ‡li eûweevn Aby‡gvw`Z| GB AvBb Øviv bvixi<br />
mgAwaKvi ÿzbœ nq| hLb GKRb cyiæl Zvi eZ©gvb ˆeevwnK Ae¯’vi K_v †Mvcb iv‡L Ges<br />
cybtweevn K‡i ZLb weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ Zvi eZ©gvb ¯¿x ev ¯¿x‡`i m¤ú~Y© Ges ¯^vaxb gZ cÖKv‡ki<br />
AwaKviwUI (‡h AwaKvi wmWI, AvBwmwmwcAvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ Pzw³ ØvivI msiwÿZ) jw•NZ nq| 329<br />
ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N10/288/51/PDF/N1028851.pdf?OpenElement (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 5 wW‡m¤^i 2011),<br />
Aby‡”Q` 68|<br />
324<br />
mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 24: Pzw³ (Covenant) ev Zvi Ackbvj †cÖv‡UvK‡j Aby¯^vÿi Kiv ev hy³ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î AvcwË, wKsev Pzw³i Aby‡”Q` 41 Gi<br />
Aax‡b cÖ`Ë †NvlYv m¤úwK©Z welqmg~n, 11 GwcÖj 1994, Aby‡”Q` 6, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol.I), c„ôv 210|<br />
325<br />
c~‡e©v³, Aby‡”Q` 8 Ges 9|<br />
326<br />
c~‡e©v³, Aby‡”Q` 12|<br />
327<br />
RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU, mvavib gšÍe¨ bs 28, Aby‡”Q` 24|<br />
328<br />
wmWI KwgwU, mvavib mycvwik bs 21, Aby‡”Q` 14|<br />
329<br />
wmWI, Aby‡”Q` 16(b); AvBwmwmwcAvi, Aby‡”Q` 23(3); AvBwmBGmwmAvi, Aby‡”Q` 10(1)|<br />
86
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP evsjv‡`‡k cyiæ‡li eûweev‡ni Kvi‡Y A‡bK †ÿ‡Î bvixi cªwZ cvwievwiK<br />
wbh©vZ‡bi cÖgvY †c‡q‡Q, hv bvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZv ‡iv‡a evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii M„nxZ cÖ‡Póvi e¨vcv‡i<br />
cÖ‡kœi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| †hgb, ¯^vgxi cybtweev‡ni ‡‡Î AvBbMZ c~e©kZ©¸‡jv †g‡b Pjvi †h<br />
eva¨evaKZv i‡q‡Q Zv Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z evsjv‡`k miKvi e¨_© n‡q‡Q| AvBb cÖ‡qv‡M GB e¨_©Zv<br />
cvwievwiK wbh©vZb e„wׇZ Ae`vb ivL‡Q| 19 Ges 28 bs mvaviY mycvwi‡k wmWI KwgwU<br />
†Rviv‡jvfv‡e e‡j‡Q †h, hw` ivóª AwaKvi jsN‡bi NUbv †ivaK‡í h_vh_ ZrciZvi mv‡_<br />
Aciv‡ai Z`šÍ Ki‡Z Ges mwnsmZvi Aciv‡ai h_vh_ wePvi I kvw¯Í wbwðZKi‡Y e¨_© nq<br />
Zvn‡j e¨w³i e¨w³MZ Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ ivóª‡KB `vqx n‡Z n‡e| 330<br />
Zvjv‡Ki ‡ÿ‡Î bvix Ges cyiæ‡li Rb¨ Amg weavb<br />
weev‡ni mKj †ÿ‡Î bvix-cyiæ‡li mgAwaKvi Ges weev‡ni ÕcwimgvwßÕKv‡j cyiæ‡li PvB‡Z<br />
bvixi AvBbMZ evav hv‡Z †ewk bv nq Zv wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡ÎI iv‡óªi eva¨evaKZv i‡q‡Q|<br />
†h mKj AvB‡b weevn we‡”Q‡`i Aby‡gv`b i‡q‡Q, †mme †ÿ‡Î g~jZt gymwjg I wLª÷vb bvixiv<br />
weevn we‡”Q‡`i AwaKvi PP©vi †ejvq cyiæ‡li PvB‡Z †ewk cÖwZeÜKZvi m¤§yLxb nb| Zvjv‡Ki<br />
gva¨‡g weevn we‡”Q` NUv‡bvi c~Y© AwaKvi gymwjg cyiæl‡`i i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GKRb gymwjg bvix<br />
†KejgvÎ ZLbB ZvjvK w`‡Z cvi‡eb hw` Zvi ¯^vgx weev‡ni Pzw³c‡Î ¯¿xi weevn we‡”Q‡`i<br />
ÿgZvi e¨vcv‡i m¤§wZ Ávcb K‡ib| gymwjg bvixiv Aek¨ gyevivÕZ (hLb `yÕcÿB m¤§wZ ‡`b)<br />
A_ev Lyjv (hLb ¯¿x we‡”Q‡`i `vex K‡ib Ges ¯^vgx Zv‡Z m¤§wZ †`b) Gi gva¨‡g weevn we‡”Q`<br />
NUv‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, Lyjv cÖ_vi Aax‡b weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î bvix‡`i‡K wKQz<br />
Qvo (mvaviYZ UvKv A_ev †gvnivbvi `vex) w`‡Z nq| GB Qvo g~jZt n‡q _v‡K weevn we‡”Q‡`<br />
¯^vgxi m¤§wZ Av`v‡qi Rb¨| Z‡e weevn we‡”Q‡`i Rb¨ gymwjg bvixiv Av`vj‡ZiI Øvi¯’ n‡Z<br />
cv‡ib| ZLb gymwjg weevn AvB‡bi AvIZvq weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci<br />
my‡hvM N‡U Ges ‡m cÖwµqvwU mvaviYZ n‡q _v‡K †ek e¨qeûj I mgqmv‡cÿ| Avi AvBbwU<br />
weevn we‡”Q` mswkøó cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v‡KI wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K Ges ‡mB cwiw¯’wZ mvaviYZ<br />
bvix‡`i AbyK~j nqbv|<br />
wLªóvb ag©vej¤^xiv weevn we‡”Q` AvB‡bi Aax‡b we‡”Q` NUv‡Z cv‡ib| GB AvB‡b GKRb ¯^vgx<br />
Zvi ¯¿x‡K e¨wfPv‡ii Awf‡hv‡M mn‡RB cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e ¯¿x ¯^vgx‡K cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z<br />
PvB‡j Zv‡K †ek wKQz KwVb kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z nq| Gme wel‡q B‡Zvc~‡e© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|<br />
330<br />
wmWI KwgwU, Aby‡”Q` 2 -Gi Aax‡b m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni †gŠwjK eva¨evaKZv msµvšÍ mvaviY mycvwik bs 28, A‡±vei 2010,<br />
CEDAW/C.2010/47/GC.2, c¨viv - 19|<br />
87
ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZi Afve<br />
weevn Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i mg‡q bvixi mgAwaKvi ej‡Z ˆeevwnK m¤úwˇZ Zvi AwaKv‡ii<br />
welqwUI AšÍf©y³| wmWI Kb‡fbk‡bi Aby‡”Q` 16 ‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Ôm¤úwËi gvwjKvbv, m¤úwË<br />
AR©b, Gi e¨e¯’vcbv, cwiPvjbv, †fvM`Lj Ges n¯ÍvšÍ‡i ¯^vgx-¯¿x `yR‡biB mgAwaKvi i‡q‡QÕ<br />
hv ivóª‡K wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| 331<br />
RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwUi g‡Z, weev‡n mgZv gv‡b n‡jv Ôweev‡ni ci mKj †ÿ‡ÎÕ mgZv,<br />
hvi g‡a¨ Ôm¤úwËi e¨e¯’vcbvÕI AšÍf©z³| ‰eevwnK m¤ú‡K©i Aax‡b Õm¤úwËi gvwjKvbv A_ev<br />
e¨e¯’vcbvqÕ ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qiB mgAwaKvi Ges `vqe×Zv i‡q‡Q hv ivóª‡K wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e, Zv<br />
‡m m¤úwË ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi wKsev Zv‡`i †h †Kvb GKR‡bi gvwjKvbvaxb, †h ai‡biB †nvK bv<br />
†Kb| G RvZxq m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv jvf Ges cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î weevwnZ bvix‡`i mgAwaKvi<br />
wbwðZ Ki‡Z mswkøó AvBb¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU<br />
ivóªmg~‡ni cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Q| 332<br />
AvBwmBGmwmAvi -Gi ev¯Íevqb ch©‡eÿYKvix A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi<br />
msµvšÍ KwgwU (wmBGmwmAvi)I AwfgZ w`‡q‡Q †h, ‰eevwnK m¤úwˇZ bvixi mgAwaKvi iv‡óªi<br />
miKvi¸‡jv‡KB wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| 333<br />
mvgvwRK Ges agx©q `„wófw½ Abyhvqx, ¯^vgxivB Zv‡`i ¯¿x†`i `vq`vwqZ¡ enb K‡i Ges ‡m Kvi‡Y<br />
ˆeevwnK m¤úwˇZ bvix‡`i mgAwaKvi cÖ`vb AbywPZ, wmWI KwgwU GB aviYv‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb<br />
K‡i‡Q| cyiæl Zvi cwiev‡ii bvix I mšÍvb‡`i ØvwqZ¡ enb K‡i GB hyw³‡Z ˆeevwnK m¤úwˇZ<br />
bvixi mgAwaKvi wbwðZ bv Kiv ˆelg¨g~jK| 334 hw`I A‡bK †`k weevn we‡”Q‡`i mgq ˆeevwnK<br />
m¤úwË `¤úwZ‡`i g‡a¨ e› Ub K‡i _v‡K ZviciI GB KwgwU D‡jøL Ki‡Z Pvq †h, H †`kmg~n<br />
weevwnZ bvixi ïaygvÎ Avw_©K Ae`vb‡K we‡ePbvq iv‡L| d‡j Avw_©K bq Ggb Ae`vb¸‡jv<br />
Zv‡`i we‡ePbv ‡_‡K ev` c‡o hvq| 335 iv‡óªi DwPZ bvixi Avw_©K Ges A_©-mswkøó bq (†hgb<br />
wkï‡`i jvjb-cvjb, e‡qv‡R¨ô‡`i hZœ †bIqv, msmv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ ˆ`bw› `b Kvh© m¤úv`b) Ggb<br />
me ai‡bi Ae`vb‡K mgvb ¸iZ¡ w`‡q weevn we‡”Q‡`i mgq ˆeevwnK m¤úwË e› Ub Kiv| 336<br />
331<br />
wmWI, Aby‡”Q` 16(1)(h)|<br />
332<br />
RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 28, Aby‡”Q` 25|<br />
333<br />
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z RvwZmsN KwgwU, mvaviY gš—e¨ bs 16, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î<br />
bvix-cyiæ‡li mgAwaKvi, E/C.12/2005/4, 2005, http://daccess-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G05/435/39/PDF/G0543539.pdf?OpenElement<br />
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 27 AvM÷ 2011),<br />
Aby‡”Q` 27|<br />
334<br />
wmWI KwgwU, mvaviY mycvwik bs 21, Aby‡”Q` 28|<br />
335<br />
c~‡e©v³, Aby‡”Q` 30-33|<br />
336<br />
c~‡e©v³, Aby‡”Q` 32|<br />
88
evsjv`‡ki AvBb bvixi Avjv`v K‡i m¤úwË cvIqvi AwaKvi wbwðZ bv K‡i eis ˆeevwnK evox<br />
Ges ¯^vgxi m¤úwˇZ bvixi me ai‡bi Ae`vb‡K D‡cv K‡i _v‡K| 2010 mv‡ji cvwievwiK<br />
wbhv©Zb cÖwZ‡iva AvB‡b ÔA_©‰bwZK wZÕi aviYv‡K Ges ˆeevwnK ev Askx`vix evox‡Z ¯¿xi<br />
Ae`v‡bi mswÿß wKš‘ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Gi evB‡i Ab¨ †Kvb AvB‡b<br />
`v¤úZ¨ Rxeb hvcbKv‡j ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi wbqš¿Y I e¨envi wKsev `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cwimgvwßi<br />
mgq Gme m¤úwË e› U‡bi †ÿ‡Î bvixi mgAwaKv‡ii K_v mywbw`©ófv‡e ejv †bB| 337 Ô†gvniÕ<br />
n‡”Q bvixi GKgvÎ ¯^xK…Z m¤úwËi AwaKvi hv evsjv‡`‡ki gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡b ewY©Z<br />
Av‡Q| ‡gvn‡ii A_© GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZkÖæwZ hv weev‡ni Pzw³i mg‡q ¯^vgx KZ©„K cÖwZkÖæZ n‡q<br />
_v‡K| ev¯Í‡e cyiæl cÖvq memgq ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K©i c‡i AwR©Z evox, f~wg Ges Ab¨vb¨<br />
m¤úwËi gvwjK nq| hw`I H m¤úwË AR©‡b bvixi cÖPzi Ae`vb _v‡K Z_vwc weevn we‡”Q‡`i<br />
mgq cyiælB mKj m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv jvf K‡i| ˆeevwnK m¤úwË wel‡q h_vh_ AvBb bv _vKvi<br />
Kvi‡Y weevn Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î bvixi mgAwaKvi jw•NZ nq, hv bvixi gvbm¤§Z Rxeb<br />
hvc‡bi AwaKvi‡KI e¨vnZ K‡i| 338 GB AvBbx Afve bvixi gvbm¤§Z evm¯’vb cÖvwßi<br />
AwaKv‡ii DciI cÖfve †d‡j| KviY weevn we‡”Q‡`i c‡i bvix‡K Ni †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z nq|<br />
d‡j †h ai‡bi Rxeb-hvÎvq Af¨¯Í wQ‡jb weevn we‡”Q‡`i ci Zvi †P‡q wbgœ-gv‡bi evm¯’v‡b<br />
Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z wZwb eva¨ nb|<br />
Pzw³i kZ© c~i‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’v m¤úwK©Z me©‡kl wiwfD -Gi mgq wmWI KwgwU weevn<br />
we‡”Q`Kv‡j ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi e› Ub m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †P‡q‡Q| KwgwUi civgk© n‡jv -<br />
evsjv‡`‡ki DwPZ n‡e ÒGme †ÿ‡Î Ges GgbwK cvwievwiK AvB‡bi KwVb Abykvm‡bi<br />
cwiw¯’wZ‡ZI bvixi AwaKvi msiÿY I Dbœq‡b cÖMwZkxj AvBbx c`‡ÿc MÖnY KivÓ| GB<br />
KwgwU AviI mycvwik K‡i‡Q †h, Óweevn m¤úwK©Z mKj A_©‰bwZK djvdj ev cwiYwZ¸‡jv‡K<br />
‡`Iqvbx Pzw³i Aaxb¯’ welq wn‡m‡e cybivq msÁvwqZ Kiv `iKvi Ges ˆeevwnK m¤úwˇZ<br />
Askx`vwi‡Z¡i aviYvwU‡KI Õc‡ivÿ Pzw³Õi ZË¡ †_‡K MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, hv‡Z mKj cÖKvi<br />
weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î Zv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvqÓ| 339<br />
337 cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiÿv) AvBb 2010, aviv 10 Ges 15|<br />
338 AvBwmBGmwmAvi, Aby‡”Q` 11, Gi mv‡_ co–b A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z RvwZmsN KwgwUi mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 16,<br />
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î bvix-cyiæ‡li mgAwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` 3, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi welqK<br />
AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³), 2005, E/C.12/2005/4, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G05/435/39/PDF/<br />
G0543539.pdf?OpenElement (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012), Ges ‡`Lyb - mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 20, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK<br />
AwaKv‡ii †ÿ‡Î ˆelg¨nxbZv (Aby‡”Q` 2, c¨viv 2, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³), 2009,<br />
E/C.12/GC/20,http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/comments.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012)|<br />
339 wmWI KwgwU, ÓPzw³i 18 bs Aby‡”Q‡`i AvIZvq m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni †ckK…Z cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Dci we‡ePbv, evsjv‡`‡ki mgwš^Z lô I mßg wcwiIwWK<br />
cÖwZ‡e`bÓ, Aby‡”Q` - 51|<br />
89
fiY‡cvlY Av`v‡qi †ÿ‡Î evavmg~n<br />
gvbevwaKv‡ii AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³¸‡jv‡Z `¤úwZi fiY‡cvl‡Yi e¨vcv‡i mywbw`©ó e¨vL¨v we‡kølY<br />
bv _vK‡jI GK_v Ab¯^xKvh© †h, weevn Ges Gi cwimgvw߇Z bvix hv‡Z ˆelg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi<br />
wkKvi bv nq †m AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z Zvi fiY‡cvlY cÖvwßi welqwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|<br />
c„w_exi me †`‡k bvixi cÖwZ mgv‡Ri GK ai‡bi cÖZ¨vkv _v‡K †h, bvix Zvi K¨vwiqvi Ges<br />
A_©‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc‡K cwievi Ges M„n¯’vjxi `vwq‡Z¡i bx‡P ¯’vb †`‡e| bvixi Avqg~jK KvR‡K<br />
KLbI KLbI m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c eÜ Kiv bv †M‡jI weevn cÖvq mg‡qB Zvi Avq Ges K¨vwiqv‡ii<br />
AMÖMwZ‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i| `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡bi cy‡ivUv mgq Ry‡o bvix memgq cyiæ‡li †P‡q †`o<br />
†ekx M„n¯’vjxi KvR Ges cwiev‡ii †mevh‡Zœi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Zv‡`i G Ae`vb cÖvq<br />
mgq ¯^vgxi K¨vwiqv‡ii AMÖMwZ, cvwievwiK e¨emvi DbœwZ Ges cwiev‡ii mvwe©K gvb Dbœq‡b<br />
e¨vcK f‚wgKv iv‡L| weevn Ges weev‡ni cwimgvwßi mgq bvix I cyiæl hv‡Z mgAwaKvi †fvM<br />
Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ wKQz ev¯Íe welq‡K mswkøó AvB‡b ¯^xKvi K‡i ‡bqv Riæwi| †m¸‡jv n‡jv,<br />
weevn bvixi A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i, weev‡ni cwimgvw߇Z cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq A‡bK<br />
Kg m¤úwË Ges A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM bvixi Rb¨ eiv× ivLv nq, BZ¨vw`| Gme ‡ÿ‡Î bvixi Rb¨<br />
we‡kl AvBbx iÿvKeP _vK‡Z n‡e| `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡b cwicvwjZ wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ I f‚wgKv‡K<br />
we‡ePbvq wb‡q weevn we‡”Q‡`i mgq ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi Rb¨ hv‡Z mgvb Avw_©K Ae¯’v wbwðZ Kiv<br />
hvq, fiY‡cvlY msµvšÍ AvBbwU †miKB nIqv DwPZ|<br />
AvšÍRv©wZK Pzw³mg~‡n fiY‡cvlY wel‡q ch©vß e¨vL¨vi Afve _vK‡jI mswkøó RvwZmsN KwgwU<br />
G msµvšÍ AvB‡bi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ Zz‡j aivi cvkvcvwk Gme AvBb‡K AviI Kvh©Ki<br />
Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBbx ms¯‹ vi‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| ˆelg¨nxbZv hv‡Z Gme AvB‡bi †mev<br />
ev my‡hvM jv‡fi g~j wfwË nq, †m wel‡qI KwgwU Zvi e¨vL¨v Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi<br />
KwgwUi AwfgZ n‡jv, AvBwmwmwcAvi Gi 23 bs Aby‡”Q‡`i gva¨‡g Ò¯¿x‡K fiY‡cvlY Ges<br />
Av`vjZ KZ…©K wba©vwiZ †Lvi‡cvk cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î .... cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v I cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q<br />
Abym„Z ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY‡KÓ wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| 340 wmWI KwgwUI ¯^vÿiKvix ivóªmg~n‡K<br />
fiY‡cvlY AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii ZvwM` w`‡q‡Q, hv‡Z K‡i ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ weivRgvb †RÛvi mswkøó<br />
A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ Ges A‰eZwbK Kv‡R bvixi e¨vcK mswkøóZvi g‡Zv welq¸‡jvi cÖwZdjb D³<br />
AvBb¸‡jv‡Z cvIqv hvq| 341<br />
340 RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 19, c¨viv - 9|<br />
341 †`Lyb wmWI KwgwU, Rvgv©wbi Dci mgvcbx ch©‡eY, CEDAW/C/DEU/CO/6, 2009,<br />
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/CEDAW-C-DEU-CO6.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012),<br />
c¨viv - 55|<br />
90
wmWI KwgwUi m`m¨iv GKwU gvgjvi ivq cÖ`v‡bi mgqI fiY‡cvl‡Yi welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv<br />
K‡i‡Qb| GKRb ZvjvKcÖvß bvix wmWI Ackbvj cÖ‡UvK‡ji Aax‡b D³ gvgjv `v‡qi K‡ib| 342<br />
¯’vbxq AvB‡bi cÖwZKvig~jK e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© cy‡ivcywifv‡e AewnZ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y gvgjvwU evwZj<br />
Kiv nq| Z‡e KwgwUi `yÕRb m`m¨ gvgjvi cwiYwZi e¨vcv‡i wØgZ †cvlY K‡i ¯’vbxq Av`vj‡Zi<br />
we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ wQj Ggb wKQz welq ev wePvwiK gvb`Ð evZ‡j w`‡q‡Qb| Zv‡`i ch©‡eÿY wQj<br />
GiKg : ¯’vbxq Av`vjZ GKwU Õh‡_vwPZÕ gvÎvi fiY‡cvlY wba©viY K‡i †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î e¨_©Zvi<br />
cwiPq w`‡q‡Q, Av`vj‡Zi DwPZ wQj ¯^vgxi DcvR©b Ges K¨vwiqv‡ii DbœwZi mgq Zvi cwiev‡i<br />
¯¿x †hfv‡e eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i A‰eZwbK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb †m¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbvq<br />
†bqv| GQvov Zvi AwbwðZ A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v, evB‡i KvR Kivi e¨vcv‡i Zvi AbwfÁZv, eq‡mi<br />
Kvi‡Y KvR Luy‡R cvIqvi m¤¢vebv wKsev wb‡Ri fiY‡cvl‡Yi fvi en‡bi mvg_©¨ Av‡Q wKbv BZ¨vw`<br />
welqI ¯’vbxq Av`vj‡Zi we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ wQj e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡ib| GB mKj gvb`‡Ði mv‡_<br />
fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Yi wel‡q K¨vwiweqvb KwgDwbwUi AviI we¯Í…Z cwim‡i ˆZwi ZvwjKvi h‡_ó<br />
wgj i‡q‡Q (PZz_© Aa¨v‡q G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q)|<br />
fiY‡cvl‡Yi wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvB‡b hv ejv Av‡Q Zv LyeB A¯úó| mywbw`©ó gvb`Ð<br />
bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ wKsev cÖ_vMZ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Y gvbm¤§Z †Kvb wbqg ev<br />
c×wZ †h AbymiY Ki‡e Zvi †Kvb wbðqZv ‡bB| djkÖæwZ‡Z †`Lv hvq, ¯¿x‡K †`Iqv<br />
fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY cÖvq †ÿ‡Î AwZ mvgvb¨ n‡q _v‡K Ges weev‡ni cwimgvwßKv‡j bvixcyiæ‡li<br />
†h Amg Avw_©K Ae¯’v Zv ms‡kvab Kiv Avi m¤¢e n‡q I‡Vbv|<br />
AwaKš‘, evsjv‡`‡k ¯¿xi fiY‡cvl‡Yi e¨vcv‡i `v‡qiK…Z gvgjv¸‡jvi wb®úwË cÖwµqv h_vixwZ `xN©<br />
I mgqmv‡c n‡q _v‡K| cÖvqkt †`Lv hvq Gme gvgjv hy‡Mi ci hyM a‡i Pj‡Q| d‡j `v¤úZ¨<br />
Rxe‡bi cwimgvw߇Z A_©‰bwZK mnvqZv jv‡fi Rb¨ weevwnZ bvix‡`i `v‡qiK„Z gvgjv¸‡jv ev¯Í‡e<br />
AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o| G ai‡bi gvgjv wb®úwˇZ cvwievwiK Av`vjZmg~n hv‡Z GKwU mywbw`©ó<br />
mgqmxgv †g‡b P‡j Zv evsjv‡`k miKvi GLbI wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wKsev `v‡qiK…Z gvgjvi<br />
me©‡kl ivq bv Avmv ch©šÍ AšÍZtc‡ÿ AšÍeZx©Kvjxb mg‡qi Rb¨ wbw`©ó cwigv‡Y ¯¿xi<br />
fiY‡cvlY cvIqvi welqwUI wbwðZ Kiv hvqwb| Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k, †hgb cvwK¯Ív‡b, GB mgm¨vi<br />
mgvavb B‡Zvg‡a¨ n‡q †M‡Q| gvgjv PjvKvjxb Ae¯’vq ¯¿x ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K fiY‡cvlY cv‡e - G<br />
ai‡bi wbqg cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g cvwK¯Ív‡b GB welqwUi wb®úwË Kiv n‡q‡Q| 343<br />
342<br />
Ms. B-J v. Germany, Communication No.: 1/2003, bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ we‡jvc msµvšÍ KwgwUi wm×všÍ, wmWI Ackbvj cÖ‡UvK‡ji<br />
AvIZvq AvbxZ GKwU cÖ¯Íve/gvgjv‡K AMÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j †NvlYv, 2004 mv‡ji 14 RyjvB 31Zg Awa‡ek‡b GB wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq, cwiwkó `ªóe¨|<br />
343<br />
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvwievwiK Av`vjZ AvBb, 1964, aviv 17A; gvj‡qwkqvi gymwjg cvwievwiK (†dWv‡ij †Uwi‡UvwiR) AvBb, 1984, aviv 70; gi‡°v<br />
Ges gvj‡qwkqvI AšÍe©Zx©Kvjxb fiY‡cvlY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|<br />
91
weevn wbeÜb<br />
weev‡n m¤§wZ, weev‡ni b~¨bZg eqm Ges weevn wbeÜb msµvšÍ Pzw³ Òh‡_vchy³ KZ©„c‡i Øviv<br />
GKwU wbw`©ó miKvwi †iwR÷v‡ii g‡a¨ mKj weev‡ni wbeÜb wbwðZ KiviÓ Rb¨ m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni<br />
cÖwZ eva¨evaKZv Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| 344<br />
Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î weevn wbeÜb GKwU RwUj cÖwµqv| mKj agx©q m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ GB weevn<br />
wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jKI bq| wLªóvb Ges gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi gvbyl‡K weevn wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e wVKB,<br />
wKš‘ ‡m‡‡Î AvaywbK Z_¨cÖhyw³ wbf©i †iKW© msiÿ‡Yi †Kvb e¨e¯’v †bB| weev‡ni bw_c‡Î<br />
i`e`j, we‡klZ gymwjg‡`i †‡Î GKwU eo mgm¨v, hv miKvi GLb ch©šÍ wbqš¿‡Y e¨_©<br />
n‡q‡Q| wn› `y Rb‡Mvôxi ‡ejvq weevn wbe܇bi Av‡`Š †Kvb e¨e¯’v †bB| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki<br />
gwš¿mfv 2012 mv‡ji †g gv‡m wn› `y weev‡ni Hw”QK wbe܇bi GKwU wej Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q|<br />
¯^xK…Z bq Ggb m¤ú‡K©i †‡Î bvixi wbivcËv weavb<br />
Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ weeiY Abymv‡i, evsjv‡`‡k Ggb A‡bK NUbv Av‡Q †hLv‡b bvixiv cyiæ‡li mv‡_<br />
`v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© eRvq iv‡L GB wek¦v‡m †h, Zviv weevwnZ| hLb cyiælwU m¤úK© fvO‡Z Pvq<br />
GKgvÎ ZLbB bvixiv eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, AvBb Abyhvqx Zv‡`i weevn nqwb wKsev GB weev‡ni ˆeaZv<br />
cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb AvBbMZ Z_¨ cÖgvYvw` Zv‡`i nv‡Z †bB|<br />
gvbevwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb ÔcwieviÕ Gi aviYv‡K †ek bgbxq A‡_© MÖnY K‡i‡Q|<br />
RvwZms‡Ni Pzw³ msµvšÍ KwgwU¸‡jv wewfbœ cvwievwiK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cwievi m¤úwK©Z me<br />
AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqvi Rb¨ m`m¨ ivóªmg~n‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, AvBwmwmwcAvi<br />
-Gi 23 bs Aby‡”Q‡`i (‡h Aby‡”Q` cwievi, weevn Ges `¤úwZi mgvbvwaKv‡ii wbðqZv †`q)<br />
Dci †ckK…Z mvaviY gšÍ‡e¨ RvwZms‡Ni gvbevwaKvi KwgwU e‡j‡Q, GKK wcZv-gvZv Ges<br />
Zv‡`i mšÍvbvw`mn wewfbœ ai‡bi cwievi‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqvi e¨vcv‡i ivóªmg~‡ni ˆbwZK `vq ev<br />
eva¨evaKZv i‡q‡Q| Gme cwiw¯’wZ‡Z bvix‡`i Rb¨ mgAwaKvi I mgAvPiY wbwðZ KivI iv‡óªi<br />
Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡| 345<br />
evsjv‡`‡k ‡Kvb †Kvb agx©q †Mvôx‡Z GKwU ˆea weevn ej‡Z wK †evSvq ‡m m¤ú‡K© my®úó<br />
gvb`‡Ði Afve i‡q‡Q| G wel‡q mwVK aviYvi Afve Ges weevn wbeÜb e¨e¯’vi `ye©j cÖ‡qv‡Mi<br />
Kvi‡Y A‡bK `¤úwZ wb‡R‡`i‡K weevn e܇b Ave× e‡j g‡b K‡ib| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq,<br />
344 weev‡n m¤§wZ, weev‡ni b~b¨Zg eqm Ges weevn wbeÜb msµvšÍ Pzw³, 7 b‡f¤^i 1962 mv‡j M„nxZ, G.A. res. 1763 (XVII), Kvh©Ki nIqvi<br />
ZvwiL - 9 wW‡m¤^i 1964, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/convention.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 17 AvMó 2011), Aby‡”Q`<br />
3| evsjv‡`k 5 A‡±vei 1998 mv‡j GB Kb‡fbkb MÖnY K‡i|<br />
345 RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 19, c¨viv 2|<br />
92
Zviv Avm‡j weev‡ni †Kvb AvBbMZ kZ©B c~iY K‡ibwb| ‡hme bvix G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZi wkKvi<br />
nb Zviv cvwievwiK AvB‡bi AvIZvq fiY‡cvlY ev Ab¨ †Kvb ai‡bi wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKvix nb<br />
bv, †m fiY‡cvlY ev wbivcËv hZ AwKwÂZKiB †nvK bv †Kb| evsjv‡`‡ki DwPZ weev‡ni AvBbx<br />
kZ© c~i‡Y Aÿg nIqv m‡Ë¡I †Kvb e¨w³ wK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ˆeevwnK Ges cvwievwiK AwaKv‡ii `vex<br />
DÌvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wba©vi‡Y wePviK‡`i Rb¨ ¯^”Q w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖYqb Kiv| AvšÍR©vwZK<br />
AvB‡bi mv‡_ m½wZ weavb Kivi Rb¨B GB c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv Riæwi|<br />
mvgvwRK wbivcËvi AwaKvi<br />
mvgvwRK wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi j‡¨ evsjv‡`k eûwea gvbevwaKvi Pzw³ Aby‡gv`b<br />
K‡i‡Q| AvBwmBGmwmAvi Gi 9 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ÔmvgvwRK exgvmn cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mvgvwRK wbivcËv<br />
jv‡fi AwaKviÕ ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q| wmWI Kb‡fbk‡bi 11(B) bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q,<br />
bvix‡`i Rb¨ Õwe‡kl K‡i hviv ‡eKvi, Amy¯’, Ag Ges eq¯‹ wKsev Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y hv‡`i<br />
Kg©gZv nvwi‡q †M‡QÕ Zv‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v Kiv iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡| 346 Ab¨w`‡K<br />
Aby‡”Q` 14(wm) ej‡Q, mvgvwRK wbicËv Kg©m~wP †_‡K MÖvgxY bvixiv mivmwi DcK…Z n‡eb -<br />
GUvB cÖZ¨vwkZ| 347 wmAviwcwW Gi 28 bs Aby‡”Q` kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx, we‡klZ bvix Ges<br />
wK‡kvix‡`i cÖwZ, mvgvwRK wbivcËv I `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Kg©m~wPi myweav wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ m`m¨<br />
ivóªmg~‡ni Dci eva¨evaKZv Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i, cÖwZeÜx i‡q‡Q Ggb `wi`ª cwievi<br />
cÖwZeÜx fvZv cÖ`vbKvix Kg©m~wPi myweav hv‡Z MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z GB Aby‡”Q‡`<br />
ivóªmg~‡ni cÖwZ eva¨evaKZv Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| 348<br />
wmBGmwmAvi Gi mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 19 G ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAch©vß cvwievwiK mn‡hvwMZvÕ †_‡K<br />
wb‡R‡K iÿvi Rb¨ A_© wKsev Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú` jv‡fi gva¨‡g DcK…Z nIqvi AwaKvi mvgvwRK<br />
wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKv‡ii AšÍf©y³| 349 GLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q ÔhyrmB Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z ev<br />
Zv‡K a‡i ivL‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y †h AvqnxbZv ev ÿwZi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq, †mwU‡K cywl‡q<br />
†`Iqvi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM ev DcvR©‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡Õ| 350 mvgvwRK wbivcËv<br />
jv‡fi AwaKvi me bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jI cÖavbZ bvix, wkï, wbf©ikxj cÖvßeq¯‹ e¨w³,<br />
cÖwZeÜx, Ges e‡qvte„×mn wbw`©ó †kªYxi gvby‡li cÖwZ Ôwe‡kl g‡bv‡hvMÕ †`Iqvi Rb¨<br />
wmBGmwmAvi m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Q| 351 Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î bvbv<br />
cÖwZeÜKZv Ges cvwievwiK `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y †h mKj bvix mgv‡R f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡ib bv,<br />
346<br />
wmWI, Aby‡”Q` - 11(e)|<br />
347<br />
c~‡e©v³, Aby‡”Q` - 14(c)|<br />
348<br />
wmwcAviwW, Aby‡”Q` - 28|<br />
349<br />
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z RvwZmsN KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 19, c¨viv - 2|<br />
350<br />
c~‡e©v³, c¨viv - 16|<br />
351<br />
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z RvwZmsN KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 19, c¨viv - 31|<br />
93
Zv‡`i‡K AskMÖnYg~jK mvgvwRK wbivcËv ¯‹ x‡gi gva¨‡g mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡, GB<br />
g‡g© AwfgZ e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 352<br />
evsjv‡`k miKvi Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi cvkvcvwk weaev Ges Ô¯^vgx cwiZ¨³vÕ<br />
bvix‡`i‡K bM‡` z`ª A_© fvZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖksmbxq wKQz c`‡c MÖnY K‡i‡Q| mgm¨v n‡jv,<br />
†ewkifvM bvixB Gme Kg©m~wPi e¨vcv‡i Iqv‡Kenvj bb| ZvQvov mswkøó KZ©„c‡i mv‡_<br />
†hvMv‡hvM K‡i Gme Kg©m~wPi Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv bvix‡`i c‡ÿ †ek KwVb KvR| cÖvq †ÿ‡Î †`Lv<br />
hvq, †hme KZ…©c‡ÿi KvQ †_‡K Z_¨¸‡jv cvIqvi K_v, †hgb ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii wewfbœ Awdm<br />
wKsev cvwievwiK Av`vjZmg~n, †mLvb †_‡K Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi Z_¨ mn‡R cvIqv hvqbv| Gme<br />
Kg©m~wPi A_© fvZv weZi‡Y wej¤^ Ges Znwej Ace¨env‡ii welqwUI AZ¨šÍ cxov`vqK| f‚wg<br />
e› Ub Kg©m~wPi g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi g‡a¨I i‡q †M‡Q ˆel‡g¨i bvbv<br />
Dcv`vb| d‡j †mme Kg©m~wPI Kvw•LZ mydj e‡q Avb‡Z cvi‡Qbv| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq,<br />
miKv‡ii Lvm Rwg weZiY Kg©m~wPwU ÕGKgvÎ †h mKj bvix-cÖavb cwiev‡i Õmg cyiælÕ i‡q‡Q<br />
†mme cwiev‡ii g‡a¨BÕ Lvm Rwg cvIqvi †hvM¨Zv‡K mxgve× K‡i w`‡q‡Q|<br />
352 c~‡e©v³, c¨viv - 32|<br />
94
7. mycvwik<br />
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii:<br />
msm` m`m¨e…› `, gwš¿cwil` wefvM Ges AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖwZ;<br />
• weevn, we‡”Q` (c„_K emevm), ZvjvK Ges GZ`m¤úwK©Z hveZxq wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki<br />
AvB‡bi e¨vcK ms¯‹ v‡ii Rb¨ KvR Kiæb| G‡‡Î we‡klÁ e¨w³eM© Ges mykxj<br />
mgv‡Ri ‡hme msMVb bvix AwaKvi I msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ`vq wb‡q KvR K‡ib Zv‡`i mv‡_<br />
civgk© Kiæb| fz³‡fvMx mKj cÿ ev m¤úª`vq‡K mv‡_ wb‡q ag© wKsev bvix-cyiæl †f‡`<br />
ˆelg¨ m„wó Ki‡ebv Ggb weavb m¤^wjZ ‡`Iqvwb AvBb cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU AskM«nYg~jK<br />
c«wµqv Pvjy Kiæb| AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb c`‡c wn‡m‡e cvwievwiK AvBb ms‡kva†bi gva¨‡g<br />
Gi ‰elg¨g~jK w`K¸‡jv `~i Kiæb Ges ‡mme AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi c«wµqv ‡Rvi`vi<br />
Kiæb|<br />
GB ‡c«w‡Z KZ©…cmg~‡ni KiYxq n‡jv -<br />
• mKj ag©xq ‡Mvôxi m`m¨‡`i‡K Zv‡`i ag©xq mswkøóZv A¯^xKvi bv K‡i we‡kl weevn<br />
AvB‡bi Aax‡b weev‡ni Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi e¨e¯’v wbb| evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb<br />
Kwgk‡bi mycvwik Abyhvqx Ges bvix AwaKvi wel‡q mwµq msMVb¸‡jvi m‡½ civgk©µ‡g<br />
weevnwe‡”Q` AvB‡bi Aax‡b weevnwe‡”Q‡`i ‡Î¸‡jv‡K c«mvwiZ Kiæb|<br />
• me a‡g©i Abymvix‡`i Rb¨ weevn wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiæb| weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î wWwRUvj<br />
c×wZi Z_¨ e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiæb Ges †mLv‡b weev‡ni hveZxq Z_¨ Ggbfv‡e msiÿ‡Yi<br />
e¨e¯’v wbb, hv‡Z we‡qi c«gvY wn‡m‡e ‡mme Z_¨ mviv ‡`‡k mnRjf¨ nq|<br />
• ‰eevwnK m¤úwËi aviYvi c~Y© ¯^xK…wZ w`b Ges `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K©i cwimgvwß Kv‡j bvix‡`i<br />
Avw_©K Ges A_©-ewnf©~Z Ae`vbmg~‡ni ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ D³ m¤úwË mgvb<br />
fv‡M fvM Kiv‡K Aby‡gv`b Kiæb| mKj ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ GB weavb cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|<br />
• fiY‡cvlY AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi Kiæb, GRb¨:<br />
§� fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wbY©q Kivi mgq cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePviK‡`i w`K<br />
wb‡`©kbv ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ mywb©w`ó gvb`Ð ‰Zix Kiæb| GB gvb`‡Ði AšÍf©y³ n‡e:<br />
m¤ú‡K©i mgqKvj; `¤úwZi wbf©ikxj c‡i wkvjvf Ges DcvR©b gZvi Dci<br />
95
cwiev‡ii wkï cwiPh©v I mvsmvwiK `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i c«fve; c«‡Z¨K c‡i eZ©gvb I<br />
m¤¢ve¨ fwel¨Z Avq; wbf©ikxj c‡i (¯¿xi) wb‡R‡K wb‡R fiY‡cvl‡Yi mvg_©¨;<br />
¯^vgx-¯¿xi ¯^v¯’¨ Ges eqm; wbf©ikxj c‡i Pvwn`v Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb; Rxeb-<br />
RxweKvi Ab¨vb¨ Dcvq; Ges Aci c‡ÿi ‡ckvMZ Dbœq‡b wbf©ikxj c‡ÿi<br />
Ae`vb|<br />
§� ¯¿xi fiY‡cvl‡bi AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ Zvi "eva¨Zv," "mZxZ¡," "‰eevwnK KZ©e¨,"<br />
A_ev "PvwiwÎK mZZv" cÖf…wZ gvb`‡Ði g‡a¨Kvi hveZxq m¤úK© wejyß Kiæb|<br />
• evsjv‡`k myc«xg ‡Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wWwfk‡bi wm×v‡šÍ `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cybt¯’vc‡bi AvBbx<br />
`vex‡K AmvsweavwbK AvL¨v †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| D³ wm×všÍ ‡gvZv‡eK mswkøó AvBbwU<br />
wejyß Kiæb|<br />
• eûweev‡ni ‡bwZevPK djvdj Ges Zvi mv‡_ cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi m¤úK© wel‡q<br />
‡`ke¨vcx m‡PZbZv m…wói c`‡ÿc wbb Ges eûweev‡ni Aemv‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kiæb| GB<br />
msµvšÍ Z_¨ hv‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi MYgva¨‡g cvIqv hvq Ges †mme Z_¨cÖvwßi e¨e¯’vwU<br />
hv‡Z cÖwZeÜx evÜe nq Zv wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
• ev¯Í‡e eûweevn c«_vi c«Pjb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c `~ixf‚Z bv nIqv ch©šÍ GB cÖ_v evwZ‡j cÖYxZ<br />
AvBb (hw` _v‡K) hv‡Z eûweev‡ni wkKvi ¯¿x Ges Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i m¤úwË, ‡gvni Ges<br />
fiY‡cvlY cÖvwßmn hveZxq AwaKv‡ii myiÿv †`q, Zv wbwðZ Kiæb| eûweevn cÖ_v<br />
evwZj K‡i †Kvb AvBb cÖYxZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ, cyiæ‡li GKvwaK we‡q Kivi mvg_©¨‡K<br />
†iva Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb AvB‡bi K‡Vvi c«‡qvM wbwðZ Kiæb| GQvov ¯^vgxi Avw_©K mvg_©¨<br />
ev Ae¯’vi my¯úó Z_¨cÖgvYmn Av‡Mi ¯¿xi KvQ †_‡K AbygwZ MÖn‡Yi kZ©vejx Ges<br />
weev‡ni ‡bvwU‡ki mgqKvj evov‡bvi e¨e¯’v wbb|<br />
• weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î cyiæl Ges bvixi mgvb AwaKvi I my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
• ZvjvKcÖvß, weevn-wew”Qbœ (c„_K emevmKvix) Ges ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ bvix‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK<br />
mnvqZv cÖvwßi mywb©w`ó gvb`Ðmn GKwU cwic~Y© mvgvwRK wbivcËv AvBb c«Yqb Kiæb|<br />
• `v¤úZ¨ fv½‡bi wkKvi bvixmn `wi`« ev M…nnxb gvbyl‡K ‡hb wbwe©Pv‡i ‡M«dZvi I AvUK<br />
Kiv bv nq ‡mRb¨ feNy‡i Ges M…nnxb e¨w³ (cybe©vmb) AvBb, 2011 evwZj ev ms‡kvab<br />
96
Kiæb| hviv ‡Kvb Acivag~jK NUbvi mv‡_ RwoZ bq Zv‡`imn wbwe©Pv‡i AvUKK…Z‡`i<br />
gyw³ ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ Awej‡¤^ we`¨gvb mKj gvgjv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|<br />
mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖwZ;<br />
• we`¨gvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP, G‡Z myweav cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î ‡hvM¨Zvi gvcKvwV Ges<br />
Av‡e`‡bi wbqg wel‡q bvix‡`i m‡PZbZv e…w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g GB m¤úwK©Z Z_¨<br />
e¨vcKfv‡e c«Pv‡ii D‡`¨vM M«nY Kiæb Ges Z_¨cÖvwßi e¨e¯’v hv‡Z cÖwZeÜxevÜe nq Zv<br />
wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
• mvgvwRK wbivcËv welqK AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii Rb¨ gwš¿cwil` Ges cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi m‡½<br />
civgk© Kiæb| Gi cvkvcvwk evm¯’vb, Lv`¨, Kg©ms¯’vb, Ges ¯^v¯’¨‡mev welqK mvgvwRK<br />
mnvqZv Kg©m~wP¸‡jv‡Z c„_K-emevmiZ Ges ZvjvKc«vß bvix‡`i hv‡Z ch©vß cÖ‡ekvwaKvi<br />
_v‡K Zv wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
• weZiYK…Z A_© jwÿZ myweav‡fvMx‡`i Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡bv wbwðZ Kiv Ges Znwe‡ji Ace¨envi<br />
I `yb©xwZ wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡Mi mv‡_ civgk©µ‡g weaev Ges "cwiZ¨³"<br />
bvix welqK Kg©m~wPmn bM` A_© fvZv Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi Dci bRi`vix e„w× Kiæb|<br />
AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq Ges mywc«g ‡Kv‡U©i c«avb wePvicwZi c«wZ;<br />
• ZvjvK, we‡”Q`, fiY‡cvlb Ges ‡gvnivbvi gvgjv¸wj ¯^vaxb I ¯^”Qfv‡e cwiPvjbvi ¯^v‡_©<br />
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi mgZv e…w× Kiæb| gvgjvRU Ges gvgjvi `xN©m~wÎZv Kgv‡Z<br />
cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v M«nY Kiæb; Gi Rb¨ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z AviI wePviK wb‡qv‡Mi<br />
A_ev wePviK‡`i Dci ‡_‡K Ab¨vb¨ ‡`Iqvwb gvgjvi fvi Kgv‡bvi e¨e¯’v wbb|<br />
• fiY‡cvl‡Yi gvgjvi P~ovšÍ wb®úwË bv nIqv ch©šÍ cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`‡ki<br />
Aax‡b wePviK‡`i AšÍ©eZ©xKvjxb Av‡`k c«`v‡bi ‡h gZv i‡q‡Q †mwU‡K AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb<br />
fiY‡cvlY c«`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z Zv‡`i cÖwZ Riæix wb‡`©kbv Rvix Kiæb|<br />
• gvgjvKvix Ges Av`vj‡Zi Kg©KZ©v‡`i Kv‡Q mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨<br />
mieiv‡ni Rb¨ cÖwZwU cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z GKwU we‡kl ‡W¯‹ Pvjy Ges Zv‡Z ch©vß<br />
msL¨K Kg©Pvix wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi mv‡_ GK‡hv‡M KvR Kiæb|<br />
97
• cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Ges Avcxj wefv‡Mi mKj gvgjv wb®úwË cÖwµqv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb<br />
Ges `xN©m~wÎZv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ †m¸‡jv‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kiæb| we‡kl K‡i, wbgœwjwLZ<br />
c`‡c M«n‡Yi gva¨‡g cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi mgb Rvix c×wZ‡K DbœZ Kiæb :<br />
§� ‡`Iqvwb AvBb c×wZ I cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k ms¯‹ v‡ii D‡`¨vM wbb| Gme<br />
c×wZi ms¯‹ vi Ggbfv‡e Kiæb hv‡Z (1) mgb Ges cvwievwiK Av`vjZ gvgjvi<br />
‡bvwUk AviI Ab¨ Dcv‡q, ‡hgb e¨w³MZ Kywiqvi mvwf©m, d¨v· wKsev B-‡gB‡ji<br />
gva¨‡g Rvix Kiv hvq, Ges (2) gvgjvi GKZidv Kvhµ©g ïiæ Kivi Av‡M mgb<br />
Rvixi cÖwµqv, jUKvBqv mgbRvix Ges Gfv‡e mgb Rvixi Rb¨ ‡h cwigvY mgq e¨q<br />
nq †mwU‡KI cy‡iv cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ h_vh_ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ mgwš^Z Kiv hvq|<br />
§� ‡bRviZ wefvM Ges Zvi mgb Kvh©µg msµvšÍ †mevi Dci Z`viwK e„w× Kiæb|<br />
‡bRviZ wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©v Kg©Pvix‡`i e¨vcv‡i DÌvwcZ `yb©xwZi Awf‡hvM Z`šÍ<br />
Kiæb|<br />
§� mgb Rvixi Kv‡R ‡bRviZ Kg©Pvix‡`i hvZvqvZ Li‡Pi ‡hvMvb †`Iqvi Rb¨<br />
cÖ‡qvRbxq Znwe‡ji e¨e¯’v Kiæb|<br />
• cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi ivq/wWwµ h_vmg‡q ejer Kivi Rb¨ AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi GKwU<br />
kw³kvjx c×wZ M‡o Zzjyb| fiY‡cvlY ev ‡gvnivbvi Rb¨ Av‡e`bKvix cmg~n‡K<br />
GKBmv‡_ wWµx Rvix Ges Zv ejer Kivi Av‡e`b `vwL‡ji AbygwZ w`b|<br />
• bvix AwaKvi, ‡`Iqvwb c×wZ, Ges c«gv‡Yi wbqg wel‡q cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi<br />
wePvicwZ‡`i Rb¨ DbœZ c«wk‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiæb, hv‡Z Zviv h_vh_ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z jUKvBqv<br />
mgbRvix Ges ‡gŠwLK mv‡¨i wfwˇZ Av`vj‡Z †Kvb weevn cÖgvY Kiv n‡j Zvi<br />
Aby‡gv`b ‡`q|<br />
• ¯’vbxq wjM¨vj GBW GbwRI-‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i `wi`ª Av‡e`bKvix‡`i Rb¨ GKwU<br />
Znwej MVb Kiæb hv ‡_‡K ¯^vx‡`i nvwRiv eve` LiPmn cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z gvgjv<br />
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wKQz AvBbx LiP ‡hvMv‡bv hvq|<br />
• mKj AvBbx cÖwµqvq c×wZMZ mgš^q wbwðZ Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©m~wP cÖYqb Kiæb<br />
hv‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv Hme cÖwµqvq cy‡ivcywifv‡e AskM«nY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|<br />
98
gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ;<br />
• wewfbœ c«Kvi MYgva¨‡g cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi weiæ‡× ‡`ke¨vcx m‡PZbZvg~jK c«Pvi<br />
Awfhv‡bi D‡`¨vM M«nY Kiæb Ges Zv †hb cÖwZeÜxevÜe nq †m welqwU wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
GB c«PviYvq Askx`vix evm¯’v‡bi AwaKvi, A_©‰bwZK wZi Rb¨ myiv, A¯’vqx<br />
fiY‡cvlY Ges cvwievwiK mwnsmZv we‡ivax AvB‡bi Aax‡b bvix‡`i c«wZKvi PvIqv‡K<br />
DrmvwnZ Kiv cÖf…wZ wel‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiæb|<br />
• evj¨weevn c«wZ‡iv‡ai e¨e¯’v Ges evj¨ weevn c«wZ‡iva AvBb, 1929 -Gi ev¯Íevqb<br />
‡Rvi`vi Ges m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiæb|<br />
• c«wZ ‡Rjvq AšÍZ GKwU Avk«q‡K› `ª ¯’vc‡bi j‡¨ miKvix bvix Avk«q‡K‡› `ªi msL¨v<br />
e…w× Kiæb| ZvjvK ev we‡”Q` cieZ©x mg‡q Avw_©K mgm¨vq RR©woZ bvix Ges<br />
ZiæYxivmn cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi wkKvi bvixiv hv‡Z Gme Avk«q‡K‡› `ª A¯’vqx emev‡mi<br />
Rb¨ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi cvq †m welqwU wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
• A¯’vqx Riæix Avk«q†K› `ª ‡_‡K DcvR©‡bi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© wbR¯^ evm¯’v‡b P‡j ‡h‡Z<br />
bvix‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Avqg~jK Ges Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi mvnvh¨<br />
MÖnY QvovI cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcvq †ei Ki‡Z Ab¨vb¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi m‡½ ‡hŠ_fv‡e KvR Kiæb|<br />
• mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi mv‡_ ‡hvMv‡hvM K‡i feNy‡i Avk«q‡K› `«¸‡jv‡Z Avwk«Z bvix‡`i<br />
mKj gvgjv/ NUbv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb Ges `v¤úZ¨ fv½‡bi Kvi‡Y M…nnxb nIqv bvix‡`i<br />
gyw³ wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ;<br />
• LvmRwg e› Ub Kg©m~wPi ‡‡Î bvix c«avb cwiev‡i GKRb "mg" cyiæl _vK‡j ‡mB<br />
cwievi‡K Lvm Rwg cvIqvi ‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ Kivi kZ© evwZj Kiæb|<br />
• Ab¨vb¨ mswkøó gš¿Yvjqmg~‡ni m‡½ ‡hvMv‡hvM K‡i AbwZwej‡¤^ Awc©Z m¤úwË c«Z¨c©b<br />
AvBb ev¯Íevqb Kiæb|<br />
ag© welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ;<br />
• KvRx‡`i weiæ‡× DÌvwcZ bvbv `yb©xwZ, weev‡ni `wjj Rvj I weK…ZKiY msµvšÍ<br />
Awf‡hvM M«nY I Z`‡šÍi Rb¨ GKwU cÖwµqv Pvjy Kiæb|<br />
99
• wb‡R‡`i weevn Ges weevn cieZ©x AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© bvix‡`i g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv evov‡bvi Rb¨<br />
wewfbœ c«Kvi MYgva¨‡g Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki e¨vcK D‡`¨vM M«nY Kiæb Ges ‡mme e¨e¯’v hv‡Z<br />
cÖwZeÜxevÜe nq Zv wbwðZ Kiæb| Kvwebbvgv I Gi wewfbœ Aby‡”Q‡`i Zvrch© Ges<br />
wKfv‡e bvixiv Zv‡`i we‡qi mgq ‡mwUi gva¨‡g mg‡SvZv Ki‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q gymwjg<br />
bvix‡`i m‡PZbZv e…w×i Rb¨ we‡kl c`‡c M«nY wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡Mi c«wZ;<br />
• ¯’vbxq miKvi KZ©…c‡i `yb©xwZ Ges gZvi Ace¨env‡ii weiæ‡× DÌvwcZ Awf‡hvM<br />
MÖn‡Yi GKwU cÖwµqv Pvjy Kivmn mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi ev¯Íevqb h_vh_fv‡e<br />
gwbUi Kiæb|<br />
• gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`‡ki AvIZvq mvwjm cwil‡`i m`m¨ wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i †hme<br />
`vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q †m wel‡q ¯’vbxq miKvi KZ©…c‡i m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ c«wk‡Yi e¨e¯’v M«nY<br />
Kiæb Ges D³ cwil`¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡`i Kvh©vejx h_vh_fv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ ch©vß Znwej<br />
c«`vb Kiæb|<br />
• mvwjwm cwil`¸‡jv‡Z ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i AskM«n‡Yi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ<br />
Kiæb|<br />
evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi c«wZ;<br />
• bvix c«avb cwievi Ges `vwi`ª¨ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ avivevwnKfv‡e miKvwi cÖwZ‡e`b, we‡kl<br />
K‡i mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎvi AM«MwZ c«wZ‡e`‡b AšÍf©y³ Kiæb|<br />
• ZvjvKcÖvß, c„_K emevmKvix, Ges weaevmn bvix c«avb cwievi¸‡jvi Dci mvgvwRK<br />
mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi Kvh©KvwiZv I c«fve wel‡q ch©vqµwgK we‡kølY Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|<br />
AvšÍR©vwZK `vZv‡Mvôxi c«wZ;<br />
• evsjv‡`‡ki AvB‡bi Aax‡b "A_©‰bwZK wZ" mvab cvwievwiK mwnsmZv wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z<br />
cv‡i GB welqwUmn wb‡R‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ges AvBbMZ AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© bvix‡`i m‡PZbZv<br />
e…w×i D‡`¨v‡M mg_©b e„w× Kiæb|<br />
• cvwievwiK AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi Ges cÖPwjZ AvBb I PP©vq bvixi c«wZ ˆelg¨ Aemv‡bi j‡ÿ¨<br />
M„nxZ D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖwZ mn‡hvwMZv e„w× Kiæb| we‡kl K‡i, c„_K emevmKvix, cwiZ¨³,<br />
100
Ges ZvjvKc«vß bvix A_ev cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi wkKvi weevwnZ bvix‡`i AvBbx mnvqZvi<br />
Rb¨ mg_©b e…w× Kiæb|<br />
• mvgvwRK mnvqZv jv‡f bvix‡`i my‡hv‡Mi AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q evsjv‡`‡k<br />
mvgvwRK wbivcËvi AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z GKwU AvBb ‰Zwii cÖwµqvq mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb<br />
Kiæb|<br />
• evsjv‡`‡k `vZv‡`i mg_©b i‡q‡Q Ggb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP¸‡jv‡Z †hb<br />
c×wZMZfv‡e bvix c«avb cwievi¸‡jv‡K AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq Ges mvgvwRK mnvqZv<br />
Kg©m~wPi Z_¨ I my‡hv‡Mi welqwUi mv‡_ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi m¤ú„³Zv e„w×i Dci hv‡Z<br />
†Rvi †`Iqv nq Zv wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
• mvgvwRK myiv mswkøó wel‡q M‡elYvi cwimi Ges Kg©m~wP e„w× Kiæb| ewa©Z cwim‡i<br />
wkï cwiPh©vmn bvix‡`i M…n¯’vjx KvR‡K ¯^xK…wZ Ges cybe©› U‡bi gva¨‡g Avqea©K Kv‡R<br />
bvix‡`i AwaK AskM«nY wbwðZ Kivi welq¸‡jv M‡elYvq Ges Kg©m~wP¸‡jv‡Z AšÍf©y³<br />
Kiæb|<br />
• bvix Ges Kb¨vwkï‡`i Rb¨, we‡klZ ZvjvKc«vß, c„_K emevmKvix, Ges cvwievwiK<br />
mwnsmZv, evj¨weevn, ‡Rvic~e©K weevn wKsev ¯^vgxi eûweev‡ni Kvi‡Y cvwj‡q Avmv bvix‡`i<br />
Rb¨ mviv evsjv‡`‡k Riæix A¯’vqx Avk«vq‡bi my‡hvM m¤cÖmvi‡Y mnvqZv c«`vb Kiæb|<br />
• wePvi e¨e¯’v Lv‡Zi ms¯‹ v‡i `vZv‡`i mn‡hvwMZv cÖKí¸‡jv‡Z ‡hb cvwievwiK<br />
AvB‡bi ‰elg¨ wel‡q M‡elYv Ges GW‡fv‡Kwm, mgb Rvix I wWµx ev¯Íevq‡bi c×wZ‡K<br />
hy‡Mvc‡hvMxKiY, Ges AšÍ©eZ©xKvjxb fiY‡cvl‡Yi Aby‡gv`bmn cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi<br />
wePvi c×wZ ms‡kva‡bi g‡Zv welq¸‡jv‡K we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ ‡`Iqv nq Zv wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
• gvgjvRU n«vm Ges cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePvicwZ‡`i c«wkYmn cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi<br />
Dbœqb c«‡Póvi ‡‡Î mn‡hvwMZv c«`vb Kiæb|<br />
• mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎvi AM«MwZ c«wZ‡e`‡b bvix c«avb cwiev‡ii Z_¨, we‡kl K‡i<br />
Zv‡`i `vwi‡`ª¨i gvÎvi wel‡q Z_¨ AšÍf©yw³ wbwðZ Kiæb|<br />
101
K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi<br />
GB cÖwZ‡e`bwUi †jLK I M‡elK kÖxgwZ AiæYv Kvk¨vc| wZwb wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-Gi bvix<br />
AwaKvi wefv‡Mi M‡elK (Researcher)| cÖwZ‡e`bwU m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb h_vµ‡g bvix AwaKvi<br />
wefv‡Mi †WcywU wW‡i±i R¨v‡bU Iqvjm, cwiPvjK wjBm&j Mvb©‡_vëR, Ges wmwbqi GwWUi<br />
W¨vwb‡qj n¨vk| wmwbqi wjM¨vj GWfvBRvi G¨vBmwjs †iBwW, Ges †WcywU †cÖvMÖvg wW‡i±i Ug<br />
†cvwU©qvmI cÖwZ‡e`bwU ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| ¯^v¯’¨ I gvbevwaKvi wefv‡Mi cwiPvjK †Rv‡md<br />
A¨vgb, cÖwZeÜx AwaKvi wel‡qi M‡elK I GW‡fv‡KU kvš’v ivD e¨vwiM¨v, wkï AwaKvi wefv‡Mi<br />
Gwkqv M‡elK †e‡W †kdvW©, Ges Gwkqv wefv‡Mi `wÿY Gwkqv wel‡qi M‡elK †ZR _vcv GB<br />
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wewfbœ As‡k Zv‡`i g~j¨evb gZvgZ Ges Z_¨-DcvË cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|<br />
cÖwZ‡e`bwUi cÖv_wgK GKwU Lmovi wewfbœ Aa¨v‡q evB‡ii †hme ch©v‡jvPbvKvix gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb<br />
Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Avgiv we‡klfv‡e K…ZÁ| Zuviv n‡jb wb‡Riv KwiÕi mgš^qKvix Lykx Kwei, eª¨v‡Ki<br />
wnDg¨vb ivBUm GÐ wjM¨vj GBW mvwf©‡mm-Gi cwiPvjK W. dw÷bv †c‡iiv, XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi<br />
AvBb Abyl‡`i wkÿK cÖ‡dmi kvn&bvR û`v, AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi ‡gwW‡qkb GÐ i¨vwcW<br />
†imcÝ BDwb‡Ui wmwbqi †WcywU wW‡i±i bxbv †Mv¯^vgx, Ges evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÐ mvwf©‡mm<br />
Uªv÷-Gi Abvivwi wW‡i±i mviv †nv‡mb|<br />
bvix AwaKvi wefv‡Mi B› Uvb© kÖxgwZ mswnZv G¨vgev÷ GB M‡elYv Kv‡R AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I<br />
me©vZ¥K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| GB wefv‡Mi `yB G‡mvwm‡qUm g¨vw_D iv‡jøv Ges ivw¤^`‡RB<br />
wm`ywi cÖwZ‡e`bwUi m¤úv`bv I web¨v‡mi (Production) ‡ÿ‡Î mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| cÖKvkbv<br />
cwiPvjK †MÖm †PvB Ges †gBj g¨v‡bRvi wdUR&iq †ncwKÝ gy`ªY I cÖKvkbv mswkøó Kv‡R<br />
mnvqZv w`‡q‡Qb|<br />
Avgv‡`i M‡elYv Kv‡R mnvqZv `v‡bi Rb¨ Avgiv A‡bK cvwievwiK AvBb we‡klÁ, ¯’vbxq<br />
GbwRI, AvBbRxex, Ges Ab¨ A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q K…ZÁ| we‡kl K‡i Avkvi Av‡jv, evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj<br />
GBW GÐ mvwf©‡mm Uªv÷ (eøv÷), evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil`, evsjv‡`k b¨vkbvj DB‡gb jBqvm©<br />
G‡mvwm‡qkb, eª¨vK wnDg¨vb ivBUm GÐ wjM¨vj GBW mvwf©‡mm, Kg©Rxex bvix, gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj<br />
GBW G‡mvwm‡qkb, Ges wb‡Riv KwiÕi Kv‡Q Avgiv K…ZÁ|<br />
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cwiwkó - 1<br />
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cwiwkó - 2<br />
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ZË¡veav‡b cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z wePvivaxb fiY‡cvlY msµvšÍ gvgjvi Z_¨ cwi‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q|<br />
gvgjv¸wj wePvi-c~e©, wePvivaxb Ges ev¯Íevqbce© - GB wZb ¯Í‡i cÖwµqvaxb i‡q‡Q|<br />
KZ eQi a‡i fiY‡cvlY<br />
msµvšÍ gvgjv¸wj wePvivaxb<br />
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wePvi-c~e©<br />
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_vKv gvgjvi<br />
msL¨v<br />
wePvivaxb<br />
gvgjvi<br />
msL¨v<br />
106<br />
fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡`k<br />
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cÖwµqvaxb Av‡Q Ggb<br />
gvgjvi msL¨v<br />
Sz‡j _vKv<br />
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gvgjvi<br />
msL¨v<br />
2 erm‡ii bx‡P 3,031 1,109 1,657 5,797<br />
2 ermi wKsev ZviI ‡ekx<br />
wKš‘ 5 erm‡ii bx‡P<br />
5 ermi wKsev ZviI †ekx<br />
wKš‘ 10 erm‡ii bx‡P<br />
10 ermi wKsev ZviI †ekx<br />
897 648 1,264 2,809<br />
176 113 296 585<br />
3 1 10 14<br />
‡gvU 4,107 1,871 3,227 9,205
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