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ÒAvgvi cvIbv ..... g„Zz¨i Av‡M wK cv‡ev ?Ó
weevn, c„_K emevm Ges ZvjvK wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK AvBb:
bvixi eÂbv I ÿwZi DcvL¨vb
1

KwcivBU © 2012 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP
mKj AwaKvi msiwÿZ
Av‡gwiKv hy³iv‡óª gyw`ªZ
ISBN: 1-56432-941-0
cÖ”Q`: ivdv‡qj wR‡g‡bR
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP wek¦e¨vcx RbM‡Yi gvbevwaKvi iÿvq wb‡ew`Z GKwU ms¯’v| Avgiv ˆelg¨ wb‡iva,
ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv mgybœZ ivLv, hy×Kvjxb mg‡q AgvbweK AvPi‡Yi nvZ †_‡K RbMY‡K iÿv Kiv Ges
Acivax‡K wePv‡ii AvIZvq wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ wbcxwoZ gvbyl Ges AwaKvi Kgx©‡`i cv‡k `uvovB| Avgiv
gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi NUbv Z`‡šÍi gva¨‡g mZ¨ D`NvUb Kwi Ges gvbevwaKvi j•NbKvix‡K
Revew`wnZvi gy‡LvgywL `uvo KivB| miKvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ ÿgZvaiiv hv‡Z ÿgZvi wbcxobg~jK PP©vi
cwimgvwß NwU‡q AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v cÖ`k©b K‡ib †mRb¨ Zv‡`i‡K Avgiv
P¨v‡jÄ Kwi| Õmevi Rb¨ gvbevwaKviÕ GB bxwZ‡K mnvqZvi Rb¨ Avgiv wewfbœ miKvwi mn‡hvMx I
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úª`vq‡K ZvwjKvfz³ K‡i _vwK|
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP n‡jv GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v hvi Kg©KZ©v/Kgx©iv we‡k¦i 40wUiI AwaK †`‡k
`vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb| we‡k¦i †hme kn‡i ms¯’vwUi Awdm i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv Avg÷viWvg, ˆeiæZ,
evwj©b, eªv‡mjm&, wkKv‡Mv, †R‡bfv, †Mvgv, †Rvnv‡bmevM©, jÐb, jm G‡Äjm&, g‡¯‹ v, bvB‡ivwe, wbDBqK©,
c¨vwim, mvbd«vwÝm‡Kv, †UvwKI, U‡iv‡› Uv, wUDwbm, IqvwksUb wWwm, Ges RywiL|
AviI we¯ÍvwiZ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ Avgv‡`i I‡qemvBU †`Lyb: http://www.hrw.org

†m‡Þ¤^i 2012 1-56432-941-0
ÒAvgvi cvIbv ..... g„Zz¨i Av‡M wK cv‡ev ?Ó
weevn, c„_K emevm Ges ZvjvK wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK AvBb:
bvixi eÂbv I ÿwZi DcvL¨vb
cv`UxKv .............................................................................................................. 1
mvi-ms‡ÿc ........................................................................................................ 2
‰elg¨g~jK cvwievwiK AvBb ................................................................................................................................. 6
gymjgvb ................................................................................................................................................ 7
wn› `y .................................................................................................................................................... 8
wLª÷vb ................................................................................................................................................... 9
bvix Ges Zv‡`i †cvl¨‡`i Dci cvwievwiK AvB‡bi cÖfve ........................................................................................... 9
Av`vj‡Z jovB .............................................................................................................................................. 10
mvgvwRK mnvqZv ............................................................................................................................................ 12
K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mycvwik ..................................................................................... 15
M‡elYvq Abym„Z c×wZ ......................................................................................... 18
1. bvixi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vb Ges we‡qi djvdj ........................................................... 20
‡cÖÿvcU ...................................................................................................................................................... 20
bvixi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cUf‚wg ........................................................................................................................... 20
we‡q Ges Gi A_©‰bwZK cÖfve ............................................................................................................................ 23
bvixi Avqg~jK KvR Ges DcvR©b I m‡qi Ici we‡qi cÖfve ........................................................................... 23
‰eevwnK evwo‡Z (¯^vgxM„‡n) bvixi Ae`vb ....................................................................................................... 26
‰eevwnK m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Y ........................................................................................................... 30
2. weevn, ZvjvK I we‡”Q` msµvšÍ AvBb ................................................................ 31
cvwievwiK AvBb ............................................................................................................................................. 31
gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb .......................................................................................................................... 34
wn› `y cvwievwiK AvBb .............................................................................................................................. 41
wLª÷vb cvwievwiK AvBb ........................................................................................................................... 43
weev‡nvËi m¤úwË AvB‡bi Afve ........................................................................................................................ 45
cvwievwiK AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi ............................................................................................................................... 47
3. weevwnZ, ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c„_K emevmKvix bvix‡`i Dci
evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK cvwievwiK AvB‡bi cÖfve ........................................................ 51
cvwievwiK wbhv©Zb .......................................................................................................................................... 51
A_©‰bwZK wZ ............................................................................................................................................... 52
evm¯’vb ............................................................................................................................................... 54

Lv`¨ ................................................................................................................................................... 55
¯^v¯’¨ .................................................................................................................................................... 56
wkïkªg I wkï‡`i wkv ........................................................................................................................... 57
4. AvBbx cÖwZeÜKZv ........................................................................................... 58
AbvbyôvwbK mg‡SvZv ev mvwjk .......................................................................................................................... 59
Av`vj‡Z hZ jovB ......................................................................................................................................... 60
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi `xN©m~wÎZv ................................................................................................................. 61
fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Yi A¯úó gvb`Ð ............................................................................................................. 63
Aev¯Íe Ges †evSv¯^iƒc AvBbx cÖwµqv ........................................................................................................ 67
“AvBbMZ” nqivwb ................................................................................................................................ 73
5. ZvjvKcÖvß, c„_K emevmKvix Ges cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi
wkKvi bvix‡`i Rb¨ ivóªxq mnvqZv ........................................................................... 76
bvix‡`i Rb¨ miKvwi AvkÖq ‡K› `ª ...................................................................................................................... 76
feNy‡i‡`i Rb¨ AvkÖq †K› `ª ............................................................................................................................ 77
mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP .................................................................................................................................. 79
f~wg e› Ub Kg©m~wP .......................................................................................................................................... 82
6. AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki eva¨evaKZv ................................................ 83
weevn Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i mgq cÖ‡hvR¨ mgvbvwaKvi .............................................................................................. 83
wmWI Kb‡fbk‡b evsjv‡`‡ki msiY ........................................................................................................ 85
eûweevn .............................................................................................................................................. 86
Zvjv‡Ki ‡ÿ‡Î bvix Ges cyiæ‡li Rb¨ Amg weavb ....................................................................................... 87
ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZi Afve .................................................................................................... 88
fiY‡cvlY Av`v‡qi †ÿ‡Î evavmg~n ............................................................................................................ 90
weevn wbeÜb ......................................................................................................................................... 92
¯^xK…Z bq Ggb m¤ú‡K©i †‡Î bvixi wbivcËv weavb ........................................................................................ 92
mvgvwRK wbivcËvi AwaKvi .............................................................................................................................. 93
7. mycvwik ......................................................................................................... 95
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii: ......................................................................................................................... 95
msm` m`m¨e…› `, gwš¿cwil` wefvM Ges AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖwZ; ........................................... 95
mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖwZ; .................................................................................................................... 97
AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq Ges mywc«g ‡Kv‡U©i c«avb wePvicwZi c«wZ; .................................................... 97
gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ; .......................................................................................................... 99
f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ; ............................................................................................................................... 99
ag© welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ; ....................................................................................................................... 99
¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡Mi c«wZ; .................................................................................................................... 100
evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi c«wZ; ........................................................................................................... 100
AvšÍR©vwZK `vZv‡Mvôxi c«wZ; ......................................................................................................................... 100
K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi ................................................................................................. 102
cwiwkó - 1 ...................................................................................................... 104
cwiwkó - 2 ...................................................................................................... 106

cv`UxKv
‡hŠZzK weevn wKsev weevn cieZ©x mg‡q Kb¨v I Zvi cwievi †_‡K ei wKsev Zvi
cwievi‡K †Kvb A_©Kwo, Dcnvi ev Ab¨ †Kvb ab-m¤ú` †`Iqvi †h cÖ_v
cÖPwjZ Av‡Q, ‡mwUB †hŠZzK| GB cÖ_v AvBb-weiæ×, wKš‘ eûj cÖPwjZ|
Kvweb-bvgv,
wbKvn&bvgv
gymwjg AvB‡b GwU GKwU weevn Pzw³cÎ| GB Pzw³i R‡b¨ evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii
GKwU wba©vwiZ dig¨vU Av‡Q|
‡`b‡gvni ‡`b‡gvni nj wKQz cwigvY UvKv ev m¤úwË hv GKRb gymwjg ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿x‡K
weev‡ni wewbg‡q cwi‡kva ev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cÖwZkÖæwZe× nb| Gi Askwe‡kl
wKsev cy‡ivUvB Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK A_ev weevn-we‡”Q‡`i mgq wKsev g„Zz¨i ci
cwi‡kva Kiv nq| GwU ¯^vgx KZ…©K wKsev Zvi cwievi †_‡K cwi‡kva Kiv nq,
Ges GB †`b‡gvni A_© wKsev m¤úwË †h †Kvb iƒ‡cB cwi‡kva Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
‡Lvi‡cvl mvaviYZ ¯^vgx KZ©„K ¯¿x‡K cÖ`Ë Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb eve` hyw³m½Z cwigvY
A_© ev mvsmvwiK LiPcÎB n‡jv †Lvi‡cvl|
bvix-cÖavb
cwievi
‡h cwiev‡i †Kvb cÖvßeq¯‹ cyiæl _v‡K bv †mB cwievi n‡jv bvix-cÖavb
cwievi| Z‡e, wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP GB k‡ãi Øviv GgbwU †evSvq bv †h,
cwiev‡i cÖvßeq¯‹ cyiæl _vK‡jB †mme cwievi‡K cyiæl-cÖavb cwievi ejv
n‡e|
KvRx GKRb jvB‡mÝcÖvß Kg©KZ©v whwb gymwjg weevn I weevn-we‡”Q` wbeÜb
K‡ib|
Lyjv gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb GK ai‡bi weevn-we‡”Q` cÖ_v, hv cvi®úwiK
m¤§wZi wfwˇZ n‡q _v‡K| A‡bK cwÐZ e¨w³i e³e¨ n‡”Q, GwU mvaviYZ
bvix‡`i Øviv ïiæ nq Ges Zv‡`i R‡b¨ (weevn-we‡”Q‡`i) GKwU my‡hvM
GLv‡b _v‡K, hw` Zviv Zv‡`i ¯^vgxi AbyK‚‡j ‡Kvb wewbgq g~j¨ ev A_© cÖ`vb
K‡ib wKsev wKQz ¯^v_© (mvaviYZ ‡`b‡gvn‡ii `vex) Z¨vM Kivi welqwU
we‡ePbv K‡ib|
ZvjvK gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡b cyiæl‡K cÖ`Ë GKZidv ÿgZv, hv Øviv †Kvb
ÎæwU D‡jøL bv K‡iB ¯^vgx weevn-we‡”Q` NUv‡Z cv‡ib| GB AvBb e‡j ¯¿x
ïaygvÎ Zvjv‡K ZdB‡Ri ÿgZv _vK‡jB weevn we‡”Q` NUv‡Z cv‡ib|
1

mvi-ms‡ÿc
gymjgvb mgv‡Ri bvix ‡kdvwj Zvi ¯^vgx‡K wb‡q fvmyi‡`i mv‡_ GK evox‡Z emevm Ki‡Zb|
wZwb cwiev‡ii †ÿ‡Z Lvgv‡i KvR Kivi cvkvcvwk M„n¯’vwji me KvRI wbLuyZfv‡e m¤úv`b K‡i
_v‡Kb| cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv mšÍvb-m¤¢ev nIqvi ci †kdvwj Zvi ¯^vgxi wØZxq we‡qi cwiKíbvi
K_v Rvb‡Z cv‡ib Ges Gi Rb¨ cÖwZev` Rvbvb| ¯^vgx Zv‡K cÖPÐ †Rv‡i jvwV gv‡ib Ges
kvw¯Í¯^iƒc kx‡Zi mviv ivZ wee¯¿ Ae¯’vq `uvo Kwi‡q iv‡Lb| GKw`b †Kvb GK NUbvq ¯^vgx
Zv‡K msÁvnxb bv nIqv ch©šÍ gvi‡Z _v‡Kb| GKmgq †kdvwj‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i ¯^vgx wØZxq
Av‡iKwU we‡q K‡ib| ZviciI †kdvwj fvmyi‡`i AvkÖ‡q Ges Zv‡`i gviwcU mn¨ K‡i Av‡Mi
MÖv‡g emevm Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| KviY Zvi wcZv-gvZv GZB `wi`ª †h Zv‡K AvkÖq †`Iqvi mvg_©¨
Zv‡`i wQjbv Ges †kdvwj eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h, ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K fiY‡cvlY cvIqvi †Kvb
m¤¢vebvI Zvi †bB|
wn› `y mgv‡Ri bvix b¤ªZv GKwU e¨emv ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ Zvi mviv Rxe‡bi mÂq ¯^vgxi nv‡Z Zz‡j
†`b| ¯^vgx H UvKv e¨emvi Kv‡R bv LvwU‡q Ab¨fv‡e †m¸wj bqQq K‡i †d‡j| b¤ªZv hLb Gi
cÖwZev` Rvbvb Ges UvKv¸wj †diZ w`‡Z e‡jb ZLb ¯^vgx Zvi Dci wÿß n‡q I‡V Ges GK
ch©v‡q QjPvZzixi AvkÖq wb‡q b¤ªZv‡K cvwbi e`‡j GwmW cvb Kivq| b¤ªZv Avgv‡`i‡K Rvbvb,
Òcvwb cvb Ki‡Z wM‡q †`wL Avgvi gyL Ges wfZiUv †hb Av¸‡b cy‡o hv‡”Q|Ó GB NUbvi ci
b¤ªZvi ¯^vgx cvwj‡q hvq| Gw`‡K b¤ªZvi Lv`¨bvjx cy‡o hvIqvq †Kvb wKQz LvIqvi Rb¨ wZwb Lv`¨
mieivnKvix wUD‡ei Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡ob| b¤ªZv Zvi ¯^vgx‡K ZvjvK w`‡Z Pvb, wKš‘ wn› `y
cvwievwiK AvBb Zvi †mB ZvjvK Aby‡gv`b Ki‡ebv|
wLª÷vb mgv‡Ri bvix Rqvi cÖwZw`‡bi M„n¯’vwjKg© ïiæ nq †fvi mv‡o cuvPUv †_‡K| Kv‡R hw` †Kvb
†Q` c‡o Ges Zv hw` wb‡Ri †QvÆ †g‡qwU‡K †Ljv”Q‡j f‚wj‡q ivLvi Rb¨I nq, Zvn‡jI Zvi
k¦vïwo †ek ‡i‡M ‡h‡Zb| cÖvq mgq wZwb ¯œvb Kivi mgqUvI cvb bv| `ycy‡i LvIqvi ci KLbI
wSgywb Avm‡j kvïwo Zvi Dci ÿzä nb Ges Acgvb K‡ib| Rqvi ¯^vgxI gv‡S gv‡S Zv‡K
kvixwiKfv‡e jvwÂZ Ges MvwjMvjvR K‡ib| Gme kvixwiK I gvbwmK wbh©vZb mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i
Rqv †ek K‡qKevi evwo †Q‡o cvwj‡q wM‡q GKwU Pv‡P© Ges evev-gv‡qi evwo‡Z AvkÖq †bb|
cÖwZeviB PvP© KZ©„cÿ Ges evev-gv Zv‡K †Rvic~e©K ¯^vgxi evwo‡Z wd‡i †h‡Z eva¨ K‡ib| Gw`‡K
¯^vgxM„‡n Zvi Dci wbh©vZb Av‡Mi g‡ZvB Pj‡Z _v‡K| Avi †Kv_vI hvIqvi Dcvq wKsev Avjv`v
evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ UvKv cqmvi mvg_©¨ bv _vKvq Rqv Zv‡`i cvwievwiK m~‡Î cvIqv GK evÜexi evwoi
eviv› `v I ev_iæ‡g _vKvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| Gw`‡K Zvi ¯^vgx I fvmy‡iiv `yb©vg iwU‡q †`b †h, wZwb
Ab¨ GKRb cyiæ‡li mv‡_ cvwj‡q †M‡Qb|
2

‡kdvwj, b¤ªZv I Rqv mK‡jB wewfbœfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK cvwievwiK AvBb¸wji AwePvi I
†bwZevPK AwfNv‡Zi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb| Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK evwo‡Z Avw_©Kfv‡e wKsev
Ab¨ Dcv‡q Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb ˆeevwnK evwo‡Z GKRb ¯¿xi †h Ae`vb
Zv‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`qbv Ges weevn I weevn-we‡”Q‡`i mgq ˆeevwnK m¤úwˇZ bvixi mgvbvwaKvi
wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡ÎI GB AvBb e¨_© n‡q‡Q| ‡kdvwj, b¤ªZv I Rqv‡`i ‡KD miKv‡ii †Kvb
mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP ev Zvi my‡hvM MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ wQ‡jb bv|
evsjv‡`‡k weevn, ZvjvK I we‡”Q` msµvšÍ †hme AvBb i‡q‡Q †m¸wj cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e bvixi cÖwZ
ˆelg¨g~jK| gymjgvb, wn› `y I wLª÷vb m¤úª`v‡qi R‡b¨ Avjv`vfv‡e wba©vwiZ Gme wewa-weav‡bi
AwaKvsk eûhyM (wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î kZ eQ‡iiI) Av‡M ‡jLv n‡qwQj| GB AvBb¸wj weevn I
weevn-we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î bvixi Zzjbvq cyiæl‡`i‡K AZ¨waK ÿgZv w`‡q ‰Zwi n‡q‡Q| Gme
AvB‡b bvix‡`i R‡b¨ fiY‡cvlY I †`b‡gvn‡ii bv‡g ‡h mvgvb¨ Avw_©K ¯^‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ i‡q‡Q (hv
bvix‡K cÖ`v‡bi R‡b¨ gymwjg cyiæl weevn Pzw³‡Z cÖwZÁv K‡i), †m¸wj cÖvq †ÿ‡Î cwigv‡Y AwZ
mvgvb¨ n‡q _v‡K Ges †m¸wj Av`vq KivI AZ¨šÍ KwVb|
djkÖæwZ‡Z, evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvBb¸wj bvix‡`i‡K myiÿv †`Iqvi cwie‡Z© cÖvqkt
Zv‡`i‡K wbcxobg~jK weev‡ni Rv‡j ew› ` Ki‡Z Ae`vb iv‡L wKsev weevn †f‡O †M‡j Zv‡`i
A‡bK‡K `vwi‡`ª¨i mxgvnxb `y‡f©v‡Mi w`‡K †V‡j †`q| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î GB AvBb¸wj M„nnxbZv,
Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxbZv Ges ZvjvKcÖvß ev ¯^vgx-wew”Qbœ bvix I Zv‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj‡`i ¯^v¯’¨nvwbi
mgm¨v ˆZwi‡Z mivmwi Ae`vb iv‡L|
GB cÖwZ‡e`bwU 2011 mv‡j †bIqv 255 Rb e¨w³i mvÿvrKv‡ii wfwˇZ ‰Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvÿvrKvi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ wQ‡jb evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvBb¸wji `ye©jZvi wkKvi 120 Rb
bvixmn Av`vj‡Zi mv‡eK wePviK, AvBbRxex, we‡klÁ e¨w³ Ges miKvwi Kg©KZ©v| Zv‡`i
g~j¨vq‡b GKwU welq cwi®‹ vifv‡e D‡V G‡m‡Q Ges †mwU n‡jv, GmKj cvwievwiK AvBb weevn,
ZvjvK I we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ m„wó K‡i Ges bvixi A_©‰bwZK AmgZv‡K cÖKU
K‡i †Zv‡j|
cÖwZ‡e`‡b AviI cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q †h, ¯^í mg‡q, ¯^í Li‡P Ges mnR c×wZ‡Z cvwievwiK Ges
bvix mgv‡Ri wewfbœ welqvw` wb®úwˇZ cvwievwiK Av`vjZ cÖwZwôZ n‡jI KZ©„cÿ h_vmg‡q GB
AvBb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| d‡j cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi KvQ †_‡K †Kvb mydj jv‡fi Avkvq
bvix‡`i‡K gv‡mi ci gvm wKsev eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i A‡cÿv Ki‡Z nq| GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b AviI
D‡V G‡m‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP¸wj‡ZI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvbv cÖwZeÜKZv I
NvUwZ i‡q‡Q| ZvjvKcÖvß wKsev ¯^vgx-wew”Qbœ nIqvi ci †hme bvix Pig A_©‰bwZK m¼‡Ui g‡a¨
3

c‡ob Zv‡`i A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q Gme Kg©m~wP cÖZ¨vwkZ mydj †cŠu‡Q w`‡Z e¨_© n‡”Q| KviY A‡bK
bvix GLbI G ai‡bi mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP m¤ú‡K©B AewnZ bb|
evsjv‡`‡k 10 eQ‡ii AwaK eq‡mi wK‡kvix ev bvix‡`i g‡a¨ 55 kZvs‡ki †ewk n‡jv weevwnZ|
G‡`‡k A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q we‡q Avw_©K wbivcËvi †hvMvb`vZv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wKš‘ GB we‡q Avevi
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Avw_©K m¼‡Ui KviY n‡qI †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| we‡qi ci mvgvwRK Pv‡c bvixiv PvKzwi
†Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ n‡j Ges msmv‡ii wظY Kv‡Ri Pv‡c A_©Kwi Kv‡R Zv‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi ÿgZv
K‡g †M‡j wKsev wb‡Ri Avq I m‡qi Dci wbqš¿Y nvwi‡q †dj‡j cwiev‡i A_©m¼U ˆZwi n‡Z
cv‡i| miKvwi wn‡me g‡Z evsjv‡`‡k ZvjvKcÖvß bvixi msL¨v cÖvq 330,000| ZvQvov G‡`‡ki
AmsL¨ bvix ¯^vgx-wew”Qbœ n‡q emevm K‡ib hvi cÖK…Z msL¨v GLbI ARvbv|
evsjv‡`‡ki RvwZmsN Kvw› Uª Uxg ÕˆeevwnK Aw¯’wZkxjZvÕ‡K bvix-cÖavb cwievi¸‡jv‡Z `vwi`ª¨
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DbœwZ‡Z cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq AwaK kÖg w`‡q _v‡Kb| GB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi R‡b¨ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP
†hme weevwnZ bvixi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zviv e‡j‡Qb, ivbœvevbœv, N‡ii cwi”QbœZv iÿv,
Kvco †avqv, Mevw`cïi †`Lv‡kvbv, cvwb msMÖnmn M„n¯’vwji cÖvq me KvR Zv‡`i‡K GKKfv‡e
mvgjv‡Z nq| A‡b‡K e‡j‡Qb, bvixiv we‡qi mgq wKsev `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡b wb‡R‡`i Mnbv wewµ K‡i
wKsev wb‡Ri DcvwR©Z me A_© ¯^vgxi nv‡Z Zz‡j †`Iqvi gva¨‡g cwiev‡i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb
†i‡L‡Qb| Zv‡`i Gme Ae`vb ¯^vgxi bv‡g m¤úwË µq, ¯^vgxi D”Pwkÿv jvf, e¨emvcvwZ cÖwZôv
wKsev Zvi †ckvMZ I e¨emvi jvB‡mÝ ev cviwgU cÖvw߇Z e¨vcKfv‡e mnvqK n‡q‡Q| cÖvq me
bvixB e‡j‡Qb, Zviv Zv‡`i ¯^vgx wKsev k¦ïi evwo‡Z †hŠZzK G‡b w`‡q‡Qb|
‡h KqRb bvixi mvÿvrKvi Avgiv MÖnY K‡iwQjvg Zv‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q †h, Zv‡`i GB mxgvnxb
Ae`vb m‡Ë¡I, bvixiv Zv‡`i Avq-DcvR©b Ges ¯^vgxi N‡ii m¤úwËi Dci †Kvb wbqš¿Y cvb bv
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¯^vgx Zv‡K ‡Q‡o hvIqvi ci evm¯’vb I Lv‡`¨i ms¯’vb Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖwZwbqZ msMÖvg Ki‡Z n‡”Q
Ggb GKRb gymwjg bvix wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Kej Avjøvn&B Rv‡bb bvix‡`i‡K
4

KZUv `y‡f©vM †cvnv‡Z nq|Ó wZwb AviI e‡jb, ÒAvjøvn& Avgv‡`i‡K bvix bv evwb‡q cyiæl
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GK ai‡bi cvwievwiK wbh©vZb Ges GB AvB‡b ˆeevwnK (¯^vgxi) evwo‡Z ¯¿xi emevm GKwU
AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z nq| hviv cvwievwiK wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡”Qb Zv‡`i Rb¨ GB AvBbe‡j
A¯’vqx fiY‡cvlY cÖvwßi e¨e¯’v K‡i w`‡Z Av`vjZ‡K GLwZqvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| 2012 mv‡j
AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mnvqZvq evsjv‡`k jÕ Kwgkb gymwjg, wn› `y I wLª÷vb
cvwievwiK AvB‡bi ms¯‹ v‡ii j‡ÿ¨ GKwU M‡elYv mgvß K‡i| 2012 mv‡ji †g gv‡m
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msµvšÍ welqwU‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Q - hv cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi `ÿZv e„w× Ki‡e| `k‡Ki ci
`kK a‡i bvix AwaKvi msMVb¸wji Øviv Ae¨vnZ Pvc m„wói d‡j Gme ÿz`ª wKš‘ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
c`‡ÿc †bIqv n‡”Q| GB msMVb¸wj Ae¨vnZfv‡e cvwievwiK AvBb Ges G‡`i cÖwµqvMZ
ms¯‹ vi `vwe K‡i AvmwQj|
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wfwˇZ cvwievwiK m¤úwËi wnm¨vq ˆea AwaKvi Ges ¯^vgx wKsev mv‡eK ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K ch©vß
mnvqZv cvIqvi AwaKvimn cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi myweav cÖvwß bvixi Rb¨
mywbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov miKv‡ii f~wg e› Ub e¨e¯’vwUI ˆelg¨nxb nIqv `iKvi, hv‡Z
bvix-cÖavb cwievi¸wj myweavewÂZ ev MYbvi evB‡i bv _v‡K| evm¯’vb wKsev AvkÖq cÖvwßi
my‡hvMmn mvgvwRK myiÿv e¨e¯’v‡KI AviI m¤úªmvwiZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b D‡jøL _vK‡Q †h, ag©xq †bZvmn Ab¨‡`i KvQ †_‡K ms¯‹ v‡ii weiæ‡× k³
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‡Kvb bv †Kvb we‡iv‡ai Rb¥ †`‡e| wKš‘ GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, Ab¨vb¨ ivóª †hLv‡b gymwjg, wn› `y I
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5

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m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| wKš‘ weevn, we‡”Q` Ges ZvjvK msµvšÍ cvwievwiK AvBb¸wj, hv‡`i
†ek wKQz Avevi Ebwesk kZvãxi mgqKv‡j cÖYxZ, ‡gvUvgywUfv‡e GLbI Av‡Mi gZB i‡q †M‡Q|
2001 mv‡ji Av`gïgvix Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki e„nr msL¨vMwiô (89.7 kZvsk) gvbyl gymjgvb|
‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ wn› `y RbmsL¨v n‡jv 9.2 kZvsk, †eŠ× 0.7 kZvsk Ges wLª÷vb 0.3
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cÖwZcvj¨ AvBb, Ges cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k| wb‡Ri ag© cwiZ¨vMKvix e¨w³i †ÿ‡ÎB
†Kej we‡kl weevn AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨ nq Ges †mKvi‡Y GB AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM LyeB mxwgZ| Õ†`IqvwbÕ
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Zvjv‡Ki ci ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ Gi mgvb Askx`vwiZ¡ wbwðZ Ki‡ZI Gme AvBb e¨_© n‡q‡Q| GB
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K‡i, hw` †Kvb m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv ¯^‡Ë¡ ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi mgvb Askx`vwiZ¡ bv _v‡K| Z‡e Gai‡bi
Askx`vwiZ¡ GKwU e¨wZµgagx© NUbv| wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki 2006 mv‡ji GK Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq, RwicK…Z
6

vix‡`i g‡a¨ 10 kZvs‡ki Kg bvixi †ÿ‡Î ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi (wbR¯^ A_ev fvov) `wj‡j wb‡Ri
bvg AšÍf©y³ _vKvi bwRi Av‡Q|
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cyiæl‡`i eû weevn, Zvjv‡Ki ‰elg¨g~jK weavb, bvix‡`i †ejvq weevnKvjxb Ges ZvjvK cieZ©x
fiY‡cvlY cÖvwßi mxwgZ AwaKvi, ZvjvK cÖ`v‡bi 90 w`‡bi evB‡i fiY‡cvlY bv †`Iqv BZ¨vw`
†ÿ‡Î gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb ˆelg¨g~jK|
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cvwievwiK AvB‡b weevn GKwU Pzw³ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| GKwU Av`k© weevn Pzw³ weevnKvjxb mg‡q
bvix‡`i Rb¨ AwaKZi A_©‰bwZK myiÿvi wel‡q †`b `ievi Kivi my‡hvM ˆZwi K‡i †`q|
wKš‘ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP ch©‡eÿY K‡i‡Q †h, msMVbwU ‡h 71 Rb gymwjg bvixi mvÿvrKvi
MÖnY K‡i‡Q weevn Pzw³/Kvwebbvgv m¤ú‡K© wKsev Pzw³‡Z `iKlvKwl ev AwaKZi myweavRbK kZ©
hy³ Kivi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i Ávb wQj Lye mxwgZ|
weevn Pzw³i kZ© Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ †`b‡gvn‡i ¯¿xi AwaKvi gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡b ¯^xK…Z|
wKš‘ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î, we‡klfv‡e eq¯‹ bvix hviv `xN©mgq Av‡M we‡q K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i †ÿ‡Î ‰eevwnK
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AwaKš‘ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †`‡L‡Q †h, †hme †ÿ‡Î Aí eq¯‹ weevwnZ bvix‡`i †ejvq
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cÖwZeÜKZv QvovB wba©vwiZ †`b‡gvni cÖ`v‡bi k‡Z©i ei‡Ljvc K‡i‡Q|
eûweevn ˆel‡g¨i GKwU g~j wfwË wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡i| 1961 mv‡ji gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb
Aa¨v‡`k cÖwµqvMZ kZ© Av‡iv‡ci gva¨‡g eûweevn cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Póv K‡i| GB AvBb Abyhvqx
GKRb ¯^vgx‡K Zvi me ¯¿xi cÖwZ mgvb e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Ges eû weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î Av‡Mi ¯¿x
A_ev ¯¿xMY cieZx© weev‡ni Rb¨ m¤§wZ w`‡q‡Qb g‡g© ¯^vgx‡K ¯’vbxq mvwjkx cwil‡`i AbygwZ
cÖv_©bv Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi Kv‡Q mvÿvrKvi cÖ`vbKvix Ges eû weev‡ni
wkKvi 40 Rb gymwjg bvixi †KDB eûweev‡n m¤§wZ †`bwb wKsev †Kvb mvwjkx cwil‡`i
ch©v‡jvPbvi m¤§yLxb nbwb e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z, ¯’vbxq mvwjkx cwil‡`i m`m¨iv LyeB Aí cÖwkwÿZ Ges miKviI eûweev‡ni
weavb AbymiY Kiv n‡”Q wKbv Zv Z`viwK K‡ibv| gymwjg AvBb Abyhvqx weevn wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK
n‡jI G msµvšÍ `wjjc‡Îi mZ¨Zv hvPvB Kiv A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †ek KwVb, KviY weevn wbeÜbKvix
7

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GB Ae¨e¯’vcbvI cyiæl‡K h_vh_ AbygwZ Qvov eûweev‡ni my‡hvM ˆZwi K‡i †`q |
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Ab¨w`‡K GKRb bvix hLb weevn we‡”Q` Pvb ZLb Zv‡K Aek¨B Zvi ¯^vgxi m¤§wZ wbwðZ Ki‡Z
nq| ¯^vgx-¯¿x cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZvi gva¨‡g we‡”Q` (‡gvevivZ) NUv‡Z cv‡ib| gymjgvb bvix Lyjv
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g‡Z, bvix‡`i Rb¨ Lyjv we‡”Q‡`i GB my‡hvM ZLbB cÖ‡hvR¨ hLb Zuviv ¯^vgx‡`i AbyK‚‡j wKQz Qvo
(mvaviYZ †`b‡gvn‡ii `vwe †Q‡o †`Iqv) w`‡q _v‡Kb| Ab¨_vq 1939 mv‡ji gymwjg weevn
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fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvi evwZj K‡i †`b| AvBbRxex‡`i g‡Z, wePvi‡Kiv ZLbB bvixi weevnKvjxb
fiY‡cvlY Av`v‡qi Rb¨ AwaK AvMÖnx nb hLb Zviv cvwievwiK mwnsmZv ev †hŠZz‡Ki Rb¨
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AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ Kvi‡Y Avjv`v emevm Ges ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K fiY‡cvlY cvIqvi Rb¨ cvwievwiK
8

Av`vj‡Z AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Gme mxwgZ AwaKviI evwZj n‡q hvq hw`
Av`vjZ KZ„©©K cÖgvwYZ nq †h ¯¿x AmZx ev Ab¨ a‡g© ag©všÍwiZ n‡q‡Qb wKsev `v¤úZ¨ AwaKvi
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fiY‡cvlY A_ev c„_K emev‡mi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kivi mgq cÖ_gZ wn› `y bvix‡`i cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq
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weev‡ni Z_¨ cÖgvY nvwRi Kiv ‡ek KwVb n‡q c‡o| 2012 mv‡ji †g gv‡m evsjv‡`‡ki
gwš¿cwil` wn› `y weev‡ni Hw”QK wbeÜb wel‡q GKwU AvB‡bi Lmov Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q|
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wLªóvb cvwievwiK AvBbI bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨g~jK| bvix-cyiæl Df‡qi Rb¨B weevn we‡”Q` mxwgZ
†ÿ‡Î Aby‡gvw`Z, wKš‘ bvixi Rb¨ weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎ AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ| bvix‡K e¨wfPv‡ii
`v‡q Awfhy³ K‡i cyiæl weevn we‡”Q` NUv‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K bvix KZ©„K weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î
¯^vgxi weiæ‡× e¨wfPvi QvovI AviI Ab¨vb¨ welq †hgb, ag©všÍwiZ nIqv, al©Y, wØZxq weevn,
mgKvwgZv, cvkweKZv, `yB eQi a‡i ¯¿x‡K cwiZ¨vM Kiv wKsev wbôziZv BZ¨vw`i cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki iÿYkxj mgv‡R e¨wfPv‡ii Awf‡hvM Avbv, we‡klZ bvix‡`i Rb¨, AZ¨šÍ
AegvbbvKi|
wLª÷vb bvixiv `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K©i mg‡q Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i ci fiY‡cvlY ev †Lvi‡cvl cvIqvi
AwaKvix, Z‡e †mB fiY‡cvlY ev †Lvi‡cvl ‡`Iqv n‡e Zv‡`i ÕmZxZ¡Õ eRvq ivLvi k‡Z©|
bvix Ges Zv‡`i †cvl¨‡`i Dci cvwievwiK AvB‡bi cÖfve
evsjv‡`‡ki ˆelg¨g~jK cvwievwiK AvBb¸wj we‡q, ZvjvK wKsev we‡”Q‡`i mgq bvix Ges Zv‡`i
Dci wbf©ikxj‡`i Rb¨ bvbv wecwË †W‡K Av‡b| Gme AvBb bvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZv Ges bvix-cÖavb
cwiev‡i `vwi`ª¨ m„wó‡Z Ae`vb iv‡L|
GB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Rb¨ ‡hme bvixi mvvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB †Rvic~e©K wKsev duv‡`
c‡o we‡q‡Z eva¨ nIqvi K_v Rvwb‡q‡Qb| Gme we‡q‡Z Zviv eva¨ n‡q‡Qb, KviY Zv‡`i Avk¼v
wQj hw` ZvjvKcÖvß ev ¯^vgx-wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡ob Zvn‡j Zviv M„nnxb n‡q co‡Z cv‡ib Ges
wb‡R‡K cwiPvjbvi g‡Zv Avw_©K mvg_©¨ ZLb Zv‡`i bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| eûweev‡ni wkKvi A‡bK
gymwjg bvix Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, we‡q‡Z evav w`‡j Zv‡`i ¯^vgxiv kvixwiKfv‡e wbh©vZb K‡i Ges ¯^vgx
QvovI mZxb‡`i nv‡Z Zv‡`i‡K wbM„nxZ n‡Z nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, dwi`v Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, Zvi ¯^vgx
Ges Ab¨ mZx‡biv Zv‡K D‡cvm ivLvmn Zvi Dci kvixwiK I †gŠwLK wbh©vZb Pvjv‡Zv|
wKš‘ wZwb eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h, ¯^vgx‡K †Q‡o P‡j hvIqvi A_©B n‡jv AvkÖqnxb n‡q cov| wZwb
9

e‡jb, ÒAvgvi †Kv_vI hvIqvi RvqMv †bB| ZvB Zviv hZ wKQzB KiæK bv †Kb Avwg Zv‡`i mv‡_
†_‡K †MwQ|Ó
ZvjvKcÖvß wKsev ¯^vgx-wew”Qbœ AwaKvsk bvix Zv‡`i fqvbK A_©‰bwZK `yM©wZi weeiY
w`‡q‡Qb| ‰eevwnK evwo nvZQvov n‡q hvIqv, iv¯Ívq emevm, Lv‡`¨i R‡b¨ wfv Kiv, gv_v
†MuvRvi Av”Qv`‡bi Rb¨ A‡b¨i N‡i dvBdigvk LvUv, ¯‹ zj †_‡K ev”Pv‡`i‡K Avbv-‡bIqv Kiv,
fMœ¯^v‡¯’¨i mv‡_ msMÖvg, fqvbK A_©K‡ó w`bhvcb cÖf…wZ Gme `yM©wZi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask|
D`vniY¯^iƒc Amxgv Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K ˆeevwnK evwo †_‡K Zvwo‡q †`b Ges wZwb †Kvb
fiY‡cvlY wKsev ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi Ask cvbwb| wZwb Zvi 10 ermi eqmx Kb¨v‡K A‡b¨i N‡i
M„nkÖwg‡Ki KvR Kivi Rb¨ cvwV‡q †`b Ges wb‡R †QvU †g‡q‡K wb‡q iv¯Ívq wfÿv K‡i
w`bhvcb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| GKRb mü`q f‚-¯^vgx wb‡Ri †ÿ‡Z KvR Kivi wewbg‡q Amxgv‡K Lv`¨
I AvkÖq `v‡bi cÖ¯Íve bv †`Iqv ch©šÍ Zvi GB Ae¯’v Pj‡Z _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K †gvbvÕi ¯^vgx
Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i Ges GKwU Mf©cvZ n‡q hvIqvi ciI ‡gvbvÕi ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©vi Rb¨ †Kvb UvKv
cqmv bv w`‡q ‡m Ab¨ Av‡iKRb bvix‡K we‡q K‡i e‡m| Gici †gvbv †Kvb DcvqvšÍi bv †`‡L
Zvi weaev nZ`wi`ª gv‡qi Kv‡Q AvkÖq †bb|
Av`vj‡Z jovB
evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvBb¸wj Kvh©Ki Kivi cÖv_wgK `vwqZ¡ n‡jv cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi|
wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq, cvwievwiK Av`vjZ cÖwµqvMZ Ges cÖkvmwbK bvbv mgm¨vq fvivµvšÍ|
AvBbRxex, mv‡eK wePviK Ges AwaKvi Kgx©iv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h,
Av`vj‡Zi Av‡`k Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z eQ‡ii ci eQi cvi n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| mgbRvwi wKsev †bvwUk
msµvšÍ Sv‡gjvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡U©i iv‡qi Kvh©KvwiZv AviI wejw¤^Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î b¨vqwePvi cÖvwßi
Rb¨ wmZvivi `xN© A‡cÿvi NUbvwU D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ¯^vgx Zv‡K ZvjvK †`Iqvi ci
AvBbx mnvqZv cvIqvi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z gvgjv `v‡q‡ii †ÿ‡Î †h e¨vcviwU wmZviv‡K DØy× K‡i‡Q
Zv wZwb wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K Rvwb‡q‡Qb| wZwb ej‡Z _v‡Kb - ÓAvgv‡K †Q‡o P‡j hvIqvi
ci ‡_‡K ‡m Avgvi Rb¨ †Kvb wKQzB †`qwb| GgbwK GK UzK‡iv KvcoI bv| Avwg mviv‡ejv
(Lvev‡ii R‡b¨) wfÿv Kwi| Avwg hLb Zv‡K ejjvg, Avwg Av`vj‡Z hvw”Q, †m VvÆv K‡i ej‡jv,
Õhv, Av`vj‡Z hv, wK”Qz cvwe bv|Õ Avwg Av`vjZ †_‡K wKQz GKUv KLb cv‡ev ?Ó
cvwievwiK AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î weivRgvb Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨vi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mv¨ msµvšÍ
wel‡q wePviK‡`i Am½wZc~Y© AvPiY, AwbwðZ ivq, AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡`k w`‡Z
e¨_© nIqv, fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó gvb`Ð bv _vKv cÖf…wZ|
10

evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvB‡b hw`I D‡jøL Av‡Q †h, wePvi‡Kiv fiY‡cvlY †`Iqvi c‡ÿ ivq
†NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‘ Gi cwigvY ev kZ© Kx n‡e ‡m e¨vcv‡i AvB‡b †Kv‡bv my¯úó e¨vL¨v †bB|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡b fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigv‡Yi wel‡q mywbw`ó †Kv‡bv D‡jøL †bB,
hw`I †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ¯^vgxi DwPZ Zvi ¯¿xi Rb¨ Õch©vß cwigvYÕ fiY‡cvlY wbwðZ Kiv|
Aciw`‡K wn› `y AvB‡b D‡jøL Av‡Q †h, Av`vjZ Ó`yÕc‡i mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb we‡ePbv K‡i Ges
¯^vgxi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq wb‡qÓ fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wba©viY Ki‡eb| wLª÷vb wKsev Ab¨
hviv †Kv‡bv ag©xq AvBb bv †g‡b we‡kl weevn AvB‡b we‡q K‡ib, Zv‡`i †‡Î fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Y
wePviK mswkøó bvixi ÕfvM¨Õ, Zvi ¯^vgxi fiY‡cvlY †`Iqvi mvg_©¨ wKsev Dfq c‡i AvPiY
we‡ePbvq wb‡Z cv‡ib| ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq, wePvi‡Kiv ivq cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯^vgxi fiY‡cvlY
†`Iqvi mvg_©¨ Ges ¯¿xi Afve Awf‡hvM‡K we‡ePbvq wb‡q _v‡Kb| wKš‘ Gme mvg_©¨ ev Afve
wba©vi‡Yi gvb`Ð †ek A¯úó| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq, ¯^vgxiv Zv‡`i ¯¿x ÔAmZxÕ ÔKZ©e¨wegyLÕ ev
ÕPwiÎnxbÕ BZ¨vw` Acev` w`‡q fiY‡cvl‡Yi `vq †_‡K wb®‹ …wZ cvIqvi †Póv K‡i _v‡K|
Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wba©vi‡Y AwaKZi my¯úó AvBbx gvb`Ð i‡q‡Q| cÖvq †ÿ‡Î
`v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K©i †gqv`, wbf©ikxj e¨w³i wkÿv I DcvR©b ÿgZvi Dci mšÍvb‡`i †`Lvïbv
Ges mvsmvwiK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi cÖfve, ¯^vgx-¯¿xi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Avq, Zv‡`i eqm I ¯^v¯’¨ Ges
GKR‡bi ‡ckvMZ Dbœq‡b Av‡iKR‡bi Ae`vb cÖf…wZ welq Gme gvb`‡Ði AšÍfz©³ _v‡K|
fiY‡cvlY ev †gvnivbv msµvšÍ wel‡q †Kv‡U© nvwRiv †`Iqvi Rb¨ ¯^vgx‡K †h mgb I †bvwUk
†`Iqv nq †mLv‡bI bvbv mgm¨v _v‡K| A‡bK ‡ÿ‡Î wePvi‡Kiv AvBbZ ‡h mgq wba©vwiZ _v‡K
Zv †g‡b P‡jb bv| Avevi †hme Kg©KZ©v mgb Rvwi K‡ib Zviv Nyl Lvb| Gme mgm¨vi Rb¨
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi gvgjv wb®úwË n‡Z A‡hŠw³Kfv‡e `xN© mgq AwZevwnZ n‡q hvq| evsjv‡`k
AvBb Kwgkb 2010 mv‡j mgb I †bvwUk Rvwii cÖwµqv ms‡kva‡bi mycvwik K‡iwQj, wKš‘ AvR
ch©šÍ †`‡ki msm` wKsev AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq D‡jøwLZ ms‡kvabx
ev¯Íevqb Kivi †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡iwb|
fiY‡cvlY ev †gvnivbvi `vwe`vi gymwjg bvix‡K cÖ_‡gB cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq †h wZwb weevwnZv|
wn› `y bvix‡`i ‡ejvq GwU GKwU cÖavb mgm¨v, †Kbbv wn› `y we‡q‡Z †iwRw÷ªi †Kvb PP©v †bB|
gymwjg bvix‡`i †ejvqI GB wbqgwU mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i, KviY kiv kwiqZ g‡Z weev‡n †Kvb
wjwLZ cÖgvY _v‡K bv| gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi we‡q‡Z †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi PP©vwU bvbv RwUjZvq AvµvšÍ
Ges wbe܇bi `wjjcÎ Kw¤úDUv‡i wKsev †K› `ªxqfv‡e msi‡Yi †Kvb e¨e¯’vI †bB| `vwjwjK
cÖgvYcÎ hw` bv _v‡K Zvn‡j wePvi‡Kiv †gŠwLK Z_¨cÖgvY we‡ePbvq wb‡Z cv‡ib, †mwU AvB‡bB
ejv Av‡Q| wKš‘ AvBbRxexiv Rvbvb †h GwU ZLbB m¤¢e nq hLb mswkøó bvixi †Kvb mšÍvb
_v‡K| AvBbwm×fv‡e we‡q n‡q‡Q Zv cÖgv‡Y e¨_© n‡j bvixiv †Kv‡bv wKQyB `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
11

†hme bvix g‡b K‡ib †h Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK m¤úK© AvBbwm× Ges †mB wek¦v‡m `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K©
Rwo‡q c‡ob, wKš‘ c‡i †`L‡Z cvb †h cwiw¯’wZ wfbœ; †mme bvixi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv AvBbx myivi
e¨e¯’v †bB|
ZvQvov †hme bvix fiY‡cvl‡Yi ev †gvnivbv cÖvwßi jovB‡q Rqhy³ nb, Zv‡`i jovB wKš‘ †kl nq
bv| ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ bvix‡K ivq Kvh©Ki Kivi Av‡`k ev¯Íevq‡bi Av‡e`b
Ki‡Z nq Ges ¯^vgxi m¤ú` I Av‡qi cÖgvYvw` `vwLj Ki‡Z nq| GB KvRwU AwaKvsk bvixB Ki‡Z
cv‡ib bv| ivq ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b `vwLj K‡i‡Qb Ggb bvix‡`i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP
K_v e‡j †R‡b‡Q †h eQ‡ii ci eQi AwZµvšÍ n‡jI Zviv Av`vj‡Zi ivq ev¯Íevq‡bi Av‡`k
cv‡”Qb bv| fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡`k Kvh©Ki n‡Z GK g‡°‡ji 18 eQi mgq †j‡MwQj e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb
GKRb AvBbRxex| Avevi GKRb wePviK Rvwb‡q‡Qb, †mB 1980 mv‡j `v‡qi Kiv gvgjv 2011
mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mI ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖwµqvaxb i‡q †M‡Q| ‡Kvb GK bvix g‡°‡ji K_v D‡jøL K‡i
GKRb AvBbRxex Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zvi †mB g‡°j Zv‡K GKevi wR‡Ám K‡iwQ‡jb, ÒAvwg wK AšÍZ
g‡i hvIqvi Av‡M Avgvi cvIbv cv‡ev ?Ó fiY‡cvl‡Yi ivq cÖ`vb msµvšÍ Kvh©µ‡g MwZkxjZv
Avb‡Z 2010 mv‡j evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgkb GKwU mycvwik †ck K‡i| †mwU n‡jv, cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq
fiY‡cvlY `vwei cvkvcvwk fiY‡cvl‡Yi ivq ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨I AvMvg Av‡e`b †ck Kiv hv‡e|
Z‡e miKvi GLbI G wel‡q †Kv‡bv ms‡kvabx MÖnY K‡iwb|
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z fiY‡cvlY wKsev †gvnivbvi `vwe`vi bvixi Avmj hy×Uv ïiæ nq ¯^vgxi
`v‡qi Kiv wg‡_¨ I nqivwbg~jK cvëv gvgjvi mgqUv‡Z| †dŠR`vix gvgjvI A‡bK‡K mvgjv‡Z
nq| ¯^vgxi `v‡qi Kiv Ô`v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cybiæ×v‡iiÕ Av‡e`b A‡bK mgq ¯¿xi Rb¨ GKwU ¸iæZi
mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv †`q| GB gvgjvq Av`vjZ ¯¿x‡K Zvi ¯^vgxi Kv‡Q wd‡i hvIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡Z
cv‡ib| evsjv‡`k mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wefvM wewfbœ mg‡q `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cybiæ×v‡ii A‡bK
gvgjv‡K AmvsweavwbK e‡j ivq w`‡jI ¯^vgx‡`i cÿ †_‡K G ai‡bi nqivwbg~jK cvëv gvgjv
`v‡q‡ii cÖPwjZ aviv GL‡bv Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| we‡klÁiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, ¯¿x hw` Ni Qvovi mgq
wb‡Ri e¨envh© †Kvb wRwbmcÎ m‡½ wb‡q hvq, Z‡e ¯^vgxiv Pywii gvgjv Vz‡K †`q| cÖvq †ÿ‡Î
¯^vgxiv Gme †dŠR`vwi Awf‡hvM cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡jI †ewkifvM mgq †`Lv hvq †mme Awf‡hv‡Mi
Kvi‡Y ¯¿x Ges Zvi cwiev‡ii †jvKRb bvbvfv‡e fqfxwZ I nqivwbi AvZ‡¼i g‡a¨ _v‡Kb|
mvgvwRK mnvqZv
fiY‡cvlY msµvšÍ wel‡q Av`vj‡Z Rqx n‡jI A‡bK bvixi Kv‡Q GB weRq GKwU ÔwbõjÕ
†`ŠuoSvc Qvov Avi wKQzB bq| KviY A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq Zv‡`i ¯^vgxiv LyeB `wi`ª| d‡j UvKv
†RvMv‡oi mvg_¨© A‡b‡KiB _v‡K bv| GB mg¯Í bvixi Rb¨ ivóªxq mn‡hvwMZv LyeB `iKvi|
we‡kl K‡i ZvjvKcÖvß ev Avjv`v _v‡Kb A_ev cvwievwiK mwnsmZv Gov‡Z Pvb Ggb bvix‡`i
12

Riæix wfwˇZ Avkªq `iKvi n‡q c‡o| mvgvwRK mvnv‡h¨i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv me‡P‡q †ewk Abyf~Z nq
¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K Avjv`v nevi ci †_‡K Avw_©Kfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x bv nIqv ch©šÍ AšÍe©Zx©Kvjxb
mgqUv‡Z|
mvgvwRK wbivcËv Rvj Kg©m~wP‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AR©b i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Gme cÖK‡íi
myweav MÖnY wKsev Gi †hvM¨ we‡ewPZ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î bvix‡`i‡K cÖPzi mgm¨vq co‡Z nq| mvgvwRK
mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi cÖZ¨vwkZ jÿ¨ c~i‡Y Gi cwiPvjbv e¨e¯’v‡K AviI ev¯Íem¤§Z I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx
Ki‡Z n‡e| GB cÖKí¸wj Amnvq bvix‡`i, we‡kl K‡i cÖwZewÜZv, eqm I `ye©j ¯^v‡¯’¨i Kvi‡Y
hv‡`i Rxeb AZ¨šÍ SuywKc~Y©, Zv‡`i mgm¨v I `yive¯’vi ch©vß mgvavb w`‡Z cvi‡Qbv| evsjv‡`k
cwiKíbv Kwgkb 2011 mv‡j we`¨gvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP¸wji mxgve×Zv KvwU‡q IVvi
j‡ÿ¨ mvgvwRK wbivcËv msµvšÍ GKwU mgwš^Z RvZxq †KŠkj cÖYq‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡iwQj|
†`‡k bvix‡`i Rb¨ mvZwU miKvwi Avkªq †K› `ª i‡q‡Q| Z‡e wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mv‡_
AvjvcKv‡j bvix I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Kg©KZ©viv ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h ev¯Í‡e Ggb Avkªq
†K› `ª AviI `iKvi| M„nnxb bvix Ges †hme bvix wfv K‡ib Zv‡`i‡K feNy‡i AvB‡bi AvIZvq
wfve„wË I iv¯Ívq evm Kivi Aciv‡a Avkªq‡K‡› `ª wb‡q hvIqv nq| evsjv‡`‡k G AvBbwU †ek
A¯úó Ges wfve„wË AvBbZ Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨| AvBbwUi ms‡kvab `iKvi, we‡kl K‡i GLv‡b
AvkªqnxbZvi Rb¨ `‡Ûi †h weavb i‡q‡Q †mwUi ms‡kvab `iKvi| M„nnxb bvix‡`i mvgwqK Avkªq
jv‡fi AwaKv‡ii welqwUI wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
evsjv‡`‡k `wi`ª gvby‡li Rb¨ ‡ek wKQy AvKl©Yxq mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q| †hgb weaev
ev ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ (¯^vgx-wew”Qbœ ev ZvjvKcÖvß) bvix‡`i Rb¨ bM` A_© mnvqZv Kg©m~wPwU G‡ÿ‡Î
GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY| Avw_©K cÖ‡qvRbxqZvq welqwU cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡j bvixiv G
Kg©m~wP‡Z cÖwZgv‡m 300 UvKv ‡c‡q _v‡Kb|
Z‡e wKQy wKQy wel‡qi Rb¨ GB Kg©m~wPwU evavMÖ¯Í nq| mvnvh¨ cvIqvi †hvM¨ A‡bK bvixB G
Kg©m~wP m¤ú©‡K Rv‡bb bv| A‡bK bvix g‡b K‡ib, Kg©m~wP‡Z eiv× mvnv‡h¨i cwigvY GZ Kg †h
†mwU Zv‡`i †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| A‡bK mgq UvKv †c‡ZI †ek mgq †j‡M
hvq| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Gme mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ hy³ bq| A_P Gme Av`vj‡Z
A‡bK bvixB Av‡mb hv‡`i mvnvh¨ `iKvi| wKš‘ GB Av`vjZ †_‡K Zviv mvgvwRK mnvqZv
Kg©m~wP msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cvb bv|
miKvwi Lvm Rwg f~wgnxb MÖvgxY gvbyl‡`i gv‡S weZi‡Yi GKwU bxwZI miKv‡ii i‡q‡Q hv †_‡K
bvix cÖavb cwievi¸wj DcKvi ‡c‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Gme welq wb‡q hviv KvR K‡ib Zviv wnDg¨vb
13

ivBUm IqvP‡K Rvbvb †h bvix-cÖavb †mB cwievi¸wjB GB bxwZgvjvi AvIZvq myweav †c‡Z cv‡i,
†h cwiev‡i GKRb ÔmÿgÕ †Q‡j mšÍvb i‡q‡Q| †hme cwiev‡i GKRb Kb¨v mšÍvb i‡q‡Q
A_ev ‡Kvb mšÍvb †bB A_ev †Q‡j _vK‡jI †m hw` cÖwZeÜx nq, Z‡e GB ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZi
Kvi‡Y bvix-cÖavb cwievi nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zviv Rwgi AwaKvi cv‡e bv|
bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ we‡jvc, bvMwiK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK
AwaKvi msµvšÍ †ek wKQy AvšÍ©RvwZK Pzw³‡Z mviKvix ivóª evsjv‡`k| Gme Pzw³ mvgvwRK
wbivcËvi AwaKvimn `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡b Ges Gi cwimgvw߇Z ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi Rb¨ mgvbvwaKv‡ii
wbðqZv †`q| RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ cÖwZôvb GB mg¯Í Pzw³i ev¯Íevqb ch©‡eY K‡i| GB
cÖwZôvb¸wj mvgvwRK ev agx©q ARynv‡Z ev ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿xi fiY‡cvl‡Yi `vwqZ¡ †bq GB hyw³‡Z
we‡qi ci bvix‡`i m¤úwˇZ mgvb AwaKvi bv †`evi hyw³wU‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Ges `v¤úZ¨
Rxe‡b ¯¿xi fib‡cvl‡Yi welqwU Av‡iv h_vh_fv‡e Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ AvBbx ms¯‹ v‡ii ZvwM`
‡`q| evsjv‡`k miKvi mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv Abyhvqx 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi
bvUKxqfv‡e Kwg‡q Avbvi GK cwiKíbv nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| jÿ¨gvÎv c~i‡Yi mgqmxgv AZ¨šÍ
KvQvKvwQ P‡j G‡jI ˆelg¨g~jK cvwievwiK AvB‡bi Øviv m„ó `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡bi D‡`¨vM GLbI
AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ|
evsjv‡`k miKvi Zvi AvšÍR©vwZK `vqe×Zvi ZvwM‡` wn› `y weev‡ni Hw”QK wbeÜb Pvjy Kivi
e¨vcv‡i GKwU wej Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q| †QvU GKwU c`‡c n‡jI GwU †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cvwievwiK
AvBb I bvbvwea cÖwµqvi ms¯‹ vi wb‡q AvBb Kwgk‡bi cixÿv-wbixvi e¨vcv‡i miKvi
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Q| bvix-cyiæ‡li mgZv cÖwZôv, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Ges evsjv‡`‡ki bvix‡`i `y`©kv
jvN‡ei †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZkÖæwZ ev¯Íevq‡b GB ms¯‹ vi¸wj‡K GwM‡q †bIqv AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
cwieZ©‡bi GB aviv †_‡K AviI myweav cvIqvi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ c`‡c¸‡jv evsjv‡`k ivóªxq
KZ…©c‡i MÖnY Kiv DwPZ|
14

K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mycvwik
we‡klÁ e¨w³ Ges mykxj mgv‡Ri msMVb I cÖwZwbwa hviv bvix AwaKvi I msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ`v‡qi
gvbyl‡`i wb‡q KvR K‡ib Zv‡`i mv‡_ civgk©µ‡g weevn, we‡”Q` (c„_K emevm), ZvjvK Ges G
msµvšÍ Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb AvB‡bi e¨vcK ms¯‹ v‡ii j‡¨ KvR Kiæb|
fz³‡fvMx mKj cÿ ev m¤úª`vq‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i ag© wKsev bvix-cyiæl †Kw› `ªK ˆel‡g¨i weavbgy³
wewfbœ ‡`Iqvwb AvBb cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU AskM«nYg~jK c«wµqv Pvjy Kiæb| AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb
mg‡qi Rb¨ cvwievwiK AvBb ms‡kva‡bi gva¨‡g Gi ‰elg¨g~jK w`K¸‡jv `~i Kiæb Ges AvBb
ev¯Íevq‡bi c«wµqv ‡Rvi`vi Kiæb|
GB j‡ÿ¨ KZ…©c wbgœewY©Z c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡eb:
fiY‡cvlY msµvšÍ AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi:
• fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePviK‡`i w`K wb‡`©kbv
‡`Iqvi Rb¨ mywb©w`ó gvb`Ð ‰Zix Kiæb| GB gvb`‡Ð we‡eP¨ welq n‡e: `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K©i
†gqv`; `¤úwZi wbf©ikxj c‡i (G †‡Î mvaviYZ ¯¿xi) wkvjvf Ges DcvR©b gZvi
Dci cwiev‡ii wkï cwiPh©v I mvsmvwiK `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i c«fve; ¯^vgx-¯¿x c«‡Z¨‡Ki eZ©gvb
I fwel¨Z m¤¢ve¨ Avq; wbf©ikxj c‡i (¯¿xi) wb‡R‡K wb‡R fiY‡cvl‡Yi mvg_©¨; ¯^vgx-
¯¿xi ¯^v¯’¨ Ges eqm; wbf©ikxj c‡i Pvwn`v/Afve Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb; Rxeb-RxweKvi
Ab¨vb¨ Dcvq; Ges Aci c‡ÿi ‡ckvMZ Dbœq‡b wbf©ikxj c‡ÿi Ae`vb|
• ¯¿xi fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ Zvi ÔAvbyMZ¨Õ, ÕmZxZ¡Õ, Õ‰eevwnK KZ©e¨Õ, A_ev
ÕPvwiwÎK mZZvÕ cÖf…wZ gvb`‡Ði m¤úK© wejyß Kiæb|
• cvwievwiK Av`vjZ I Avcxj msµvšÍ mKj cÖwµqv I Kvh©cÖYvjx ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb Ges
`xN©m~wÎZv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ †mme cÖwµqv‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kiæb| fiY‡cvl‡Yi gvgjvi
P~ovšÍ wb®úwË bv nIqv ch©šÍ wePviK‡`i AšÍ©eZ©xKvjxb Av‡`k c«`v‡bi ‡h gZv
i‡q‡Q †mwU‡K AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb fiY‡cvlY c«`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwievwiK
Av`vjZ¸wji cÖwZ Riæix wb‡`©kbv Rvix Kiæb| we‡”Q`, ZvjvK, fiY‡cvlY Ges
†gvnivbv msµvšÍ gvgjv¸wj hv‡Z cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e I ¯^”QZvi mv‡_
cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq †mRb¨ cvwievwiK Av`vjZ¸wji `Zv e„w× Kiæb| gvgjvRU Ges
gvgjvi `xN©m~wÎZv Kgv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v M«nY Kiæb| GRb¨ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z
15

AviI wePviK wb‡qv‡Mi A_ev wePviK‡`i Dci ‡_‡K Ab¨vb¨ ‡`Iqvwb gvgjvi fvi
Kgv‡bvi e¨e¯’v wbb| Gi cvkvcvwk mgb Rvix Ges Av`vj‡Zi ivq/wWwµ ev¯Íevqb
c×wZi ms¯‹ vi mvab Kiæb|
• ‰eevwnK m¤úwËi aviYvi c~Y© ¯^xK…wZ w`b Ges `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© Aemv‡bi mgq bvix‡`i
Avw_©K Ges A_©-ewnf©~Z Ae`vbmg~‡ni ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ ˆeevwnK m¤úwË mgvb
fv‡M e› Ub Kivi e¨e¯’v‡K Aby‡gv`b Kiæb| mKj ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ GB weavb
cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
• wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi weiæ‡× ‡`ke¨vcx m‡PZbZvg~jK c«Pvivwfhv‡bi
D‡`¨vM M«nY Kiæb Ges Zv †hb cÖwZeÜxevÜe nq †m welqwU wbwðZ Kiæb| GB
c«PviYvq ‰eevwnK evwo‡Z emev‡mi AwaKvi, A_©‰bwZK wZi wecix‡Z myiv, gvgjvi
wb®úwË bv nIqv ch©šÍ A¯’vqx fiY‡cvlY cvIqvi AwaKvi cÖf…wZ wel‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc Kiæb| cvwievwiK mwnsmZv we‡ivax AvB‡bi AvIZvq bvix‡`i c«wZKvi PvIqv‡K
DrmvwnZ Kiæb|
• me a‡g©i Abymvix‡`i Rb¨ weevn wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiæb| weev‡ni c«gvY wn‡m‡e mviv
†`‡ki gvby‡li Kv‡Q mnRjf¨ nq Ggbfv‡e weevn msµvšÍ hveZxq Z_¨ wWwRUvj
c×wZ‡Z msiÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v wbb|
• weevnwe‡”Q‡` cyiæl Ges bvixi mgvb AwaKvi I my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiæb|
• eûweev‡ni ‡bwZevPK djvdj Ges Zvi mv‡_ cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi m¤úK© wel‡q
‡`ke¨vcx m‡PZbZv m…wói c`‡ÿc wbb Ges GB e¨e¯’v Aemv‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kiæb| G
msµvšÍ hveZxq Z_¨ hv‡Z wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g cvIqv hvq Ges †mme Z_¨ cvIqvi e¨e¯’vwU
hv‡Z cÖwZeÜx evÜe nq Zv wbwðZ Kiæb|
• ev¯Í‡e eûweevn c«_vi c«Pjb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c `~ixf‚Z bv nIqv ch©šÍ GB cÖ_v evwZ‡j cÖYxZ
AvBb (hw` _v‡K) hv‡Z eûweev‡ni wkKvi ¯¿x Ges Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i m¤úwË, ‡gvni Ges
fiY‡cvlY cÖvwßmn hveZxq AwaKv‡ii myiÿv †`q, Zv wbwðZ Kiæb| eûweevn cÖ_v
evwZj K‡i †Kvb AvBb cÖYxZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ, cyiæ‡li GKvwaK we‡q Kivi mvg_©¨‡K
†iva Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb AvB‡bi K‡Vvi c«‡qvM wbwðZ Kiæb| GQvov ¯^vgxi Avw_©K mvg_©¨
ev Ae¯’vi my¯úó Z_¨cÖgvYmn Av‡Mi ¯¿xi KvQ †_‡K AbygwZ MÖn‡Yi kZ©vejx Ges
weev‡ni ‡bvwU‡ki mgqKvj cÖjw¤^Z Kivi e¨e¯’v wbb|
16

• we`¨gvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP, G‡Z myweav cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î ‡hvM¨Zvi gvcKvwV Ges
Av‡e`‡bi wbqg wel‡q bvix‡`i m‡PZbZv e…w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g GB m¤úwK©Z Z_¨
e¨vcKfv‡e c«Pv‡ii D‡`¨vM M«nY Kiæb Ges Z_¨cÖvwßi e¨e¯’v hv‡Z cÖwZeÜxevÜe nq Zv
wbwðZ Kiæb| we`¨gvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPmg~‡ni mv‡_ cvwievwiK Av`vjZ¸wji
GKUv †hvMm~Î ev m¤úK© cÖwZôv Kiæb|
c~Y©v½ mycvwikgvjvi Rb¨ mßg Aa¨vq †`Lyb|
17

M‡elYvq Abym„Z c×wZ
GB cÖwZ‡e`wU 2011 mv‡ji gvP© †_‡K A‡±vei ch©šÍ cwiPvwjZ gvV M‡elYvi wfwˇZ iwPZ
n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi Rb¨ M„nxZ mvÿvrKvi¸wj H eQ‡ii gvP© †_‡K Ry‡bi ga¨eZx© mg‡qi Ges
mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi e¨vwßKvj cÖvq Qq mßvn|
XvKv kni, gv`vixcyi, MvRxcyi I †bvqvLvwj †Rjvq Gme mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv nq| XvKv kn‡ii Ici
we‡kl †Rvi †`Iqvi KviY GLv‡b bvbv a‡g©i †jvK evm K‡ib Ges GK weivU msL¨K ¯^vgxwew”Qbœ Ges
ZvjvKcÖvß bvix cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z fiY‡cvlY Av`v‡qi gvgjv K‡i‡Qb| †Rjv¸‡jv †_‡K
mvÿvrKvi †bIqvi KviY †mLv‡bI bvbv ai‡bi Rb‡Mvôx Ges f‚wgnxbmn wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK †kªYxi
gvbyl evm K‡ib| G cuvPwU RvqMvq †bIqv mvÿvrKv‡i wKQz DËi`vZv ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv
(separation) I weevn we‡”Q‡`i (divorce) weeiY w`‡q‡Qb hv N‡U‡Q †`‡ki Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A‡j|
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-Gi GKRb M‡elK 255 R‡bi mvÿvrKvi wb‡q‡Qb| mvÿvrKvi
cÖ`vbKvix‡`i web¨vm wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv:
• 71 Rb gymjgvb, 45 Rb wn› `y Ges 4 Rb wLª÷vb bvixi e¨w³wfwËK ev †QvU `jwfwËK
mvÿvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b Zuviv we‡q, ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv Ges ZvjvK wel‡q
wb‡R‡`i AwfÁZvi weeiY w`‡q‡Qb|
• 96 Rb AvBbRxex, AwaKvi Kgx© I M‡el‡Ki e¨w³ I †QvU `j wfwËK mvÿvrKvi †bIqv
n‡q‡Q|
• 5 Rb cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi cÖv³b wePviK (huv‡`i mK‡j Av‡Mi `yÕeQ‡ii †Kv‡bv mg‡q
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePviK wQ‡jb Ges weevn, ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv I Zvjv‡Ki
gvgjvi wePvwiK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb), 5 Rb KvRx ev gymwjg weevn wbeÜbKvix, 5 Rb
BDwbqb cwil` m`m¨ Ges 9 Rb miKvix Kg©KZ©v|
e¨w³wfwËK mvÿvrKv‡ii Rb¨ bvix‡`i wPwýZ Ki‡Z ¯’vbxq †emiKvwi ms¯’vi mvnvh¨ †bIqv
n‡q‡Q Ges Gme mvÿvrKv‡ii AwaKvsk †bIqv n‡q‡Q GbwRI¸‡jvi Kvh©vj‡q| MÖv‡g wM‡q
mvÿrKvi MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î DËi`vZv bvixi evwo ev DVv‡b e‡m K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Gme †ÿ‡Î hZUv
m¤¢e GKv‡šÍ mvÿvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q| mvÿvrKv‡ii D‡Ïk¨, DËi`vZv bv PvB‡j †h mvÿvrKvi
†h †bIqv n‡e bv Ges Kxfv‡e Gme mvÿvrKvi e¨eüZ n‡e Zv me DËi`vZv‡K AewnZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨‡K mvÿvrKvi cÖ`v‡b †gŠwLK m¤§wZ w`‡q‡Qb| †hme bvix Zuv‡`i e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb we‡kl K‡i Zuv‡`i Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zuviv PvB‡j †h †Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi DËi bv-I w`‡Z
18

cv‡ib ev †h †Kv‡bv mgq PvB‡j mvÿvrKvi cÖ`vb †_‡K weiZ n‡Z cv‡ib| cÖwZwU mvÿvrKvi
Avav NÈv †_‡K wZb NÈv ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q Ges cÖ`vbKvixi B”Qv Abyhvqx evsjv ev
Bs‡iRx‡Z MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKRb Abyev`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ evsjvq mvÿvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
AwfÁZvi weeiY w`‡Z wM‡q DËi`vZv bvix hv‡Z Av‡iv †e`bvi wkKvi bv nb †mw`‡K jÿ ivLv
n‡q‡Q| wKQz bvix‡K ¯’vbxq AvBb mnvqZv cÖ`vbKvix ms¯’vi Kv‡Q †h‡Z civgk© †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
mvÿvrKvi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ KvD‡K m¤§vbx †`Iqv nqwb †Kej mvÿvrKvi cÖ`v‡bi RvqMvq
hvZvqv‡Zi LiP †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
G cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Rb¨ †hme weevwnZ, ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ I ZvjvKcÖvß bvix mvÿvrKvi w`‡q‡Qb
†MvcbxqZv iÿv I wbivcËvi ¯^v‡_© Zuv‡`i mKj‡K QÙbv‡g D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
†ÿ‡Î Ab¨vb¨ †hme Z_¨ Zuv‡`i wPwýZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e †m¸‡jvI Zuv‡`i Aby‡iv‡a Dn¨ ivLv
n‡q‡Q|
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP evsjv‡`k miKvi, RvwZm•N, GKv‡WwgK, GbwRI Ges Ab¨vb¨ Drm †_‡K
cÖvß cÖvmw½K AvBb, bxwZgvjv, Rwic I cÖwZ‡e`bI ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q|
G cÖwZ‡e`‡bi cwimi gymjgvb, wn› `y I wLª÷vb G wZb cÖavb a‡g©i ˆelg¨g~jK cvwievwiK
AvB‡bi Kvi‡Y ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î bvixi Ici †h cÖfve c‡o
Zvi we‡køl‡Yi g‡a¨ mxwgZ ivLv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k †eŠ×iv cvwievwiK AvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖPwjZ
wn› `y cvwievwiK AvB‡bi AvIZvq c‡ob| G cÖwZ‡e`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvB‡bi Ab¨vb¨
ˆelg¨g~jK ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvwPZ nqwb A_ev Gme AvB‡bi weeZ©‡bi BwZnvm ev Jcwb‡ewkK Avg‡j
Gme AvBb cÖYqb‡K wN‡i †h ivRbxwZ wQj ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nqwb| Gme wel‡q Ab¨Î A‡bK
Av‡jvPbv, ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨vw` i‡q‡Q|
G cÖwZ‡e`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôx¸‡jvi cÖ_vMZ AvBbI Av‡jvwPZ nqwb| G
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq †h cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Zv GLbI cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g
¯’vwcZ nqwb †hLv‡b 11wU Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôx evm K‡i|
†hme †ÿ‡Î bvixiv Zuv‡`i ¯^vgxM„n †_‡K D‡”Q` n‡q‡Qb Ges ¯^vgx †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q evm Ki‡Qb
†mme †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi n¯Í‡ÿc hw` bv-I _v‡K ZeyI wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP G‡K Ô¯^vgx †_‡K
wew”Qbœfv‡e emevmÕ (separation/separated) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Q| wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP
ÔcwiZ¨vMÕ ev ÔcwiZ¨³Õ (abandonement/abandoned) kã e¨envi K‡i‡Q †hme †ÿ‡Î ¯^vgx
†Kv_vq hv‡”Qb ev †Kv_vq Av‡Qb Zv bv Rvwb‡q ¯¿x‡K †d‡j P‡j †M‡Qb| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Ô¯^vgx
†_‡K wew”Qbœfv‡e emevmÕ Ges ÔcwiZ¨vMÕ Dfq †ÿ‡Î AvBb Abyhvqx weevn ZLbI we`¨gvb|
19

1. bvixi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vb Ges we‡qi djvdj
wZwb Avgv‡K ej‡jb, ÒAvgvi ¯^vgx Avgvi gv_vi Ici Qv` w`‡q‡Q
Avi wZb‡ejv Avgvi Lvevi †hvMv‡”Q| hw` Avwg Zv‡K †Q‡o hvB
Avcwb Avgv‡K Zv w`‡Z cvi‡eb?Ó
Ñ ewki Avj-†nv‡mb, AvBb mwPe, RvZxq Z…Yg~j cÖwZeÜx ms¯’v (National
Grassroots Disability Organization), XvKv, gvP© 30, 2011, cvwievwiK wbh©vZ‡bi
wkKvi GK bvix Zuv‡K G cÖkœ K‡iwQ‡jb|
‡cÖÿvcU
Kg©ms¯’vb I m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i `vwi‡`ª¨i wb‡®úlY, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi A‡bK
m~P‡Ki wbwi‡L evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv cyiæl‡`i †P‡q A‡bK wcwQ‡q| GLv‡b weevn bvixi A_©‰bwZK
wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi GKwU Drm, wKš‘ Ab¨w`‡K Zv Avevi Kg©ms¯’vb I Avw_©K m¤ú‡`i Ici
bvixi wbqš¿‡Yi c‡_ evav n‡q `uvov‡Z cv‡i| G Aa¨v‡q bvixi mvaviY A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ Ges
weevn bvixi Rb¨ †h A_©‰bwZK e¨Äbv enb K‡i Zvi †cÖÿvcU Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| cieZx©
Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z weevnwe‡”Q` Ges ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv bvix ˆelg¨c~Y© cvwievwiK AvB‡bi Kvi‡Y
†hme ÿwZi m¤§yLxb nq Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
bvixi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cUf‚wg
evsjv‡`‡ki kªgkw³‡Z cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq bvixi AskMÖnY A‡bK Kg| 2009 mv‡ji me©‡kl GKwU
miKvwi Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq 15 eQi I Gi D‡aŸ© cyiæl‡`i 87 kZvsk Avqg~jK Kv‡R RwoZ, Gi
wecix‡Z 15 eQi I Gi D‡aŸ© bvix‡`i gvÎ 30 kZvsk Avqg~jK KvR Ki‡Q 1 Ges ÒgRywiwenxb
cvwievwiK kª‡g bvixi AskMÖnY cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk|Ó 2
GgbwK †g‡qiv hLb Avqg~jK KvR Ki‡Z hvb ZLbI Zuviv gRywi-ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi nb Ges
bvix I cyiæ‡li Av‡qi g‡a¨ weivU dvivK i‡q‡Q| 3 AvšÍR©vwZK kªg ms¯’v 2008 mv‡j gRywi
1
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv, Òwi‡cvU© Ae gwbUwis Ae Ggcøq‡g› U mv‡f© 2009,Ò ZvwiLwenxb,
http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/Latest%20Statistics%20Release/employsurvey_09.pdf
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 19 Rvbyqvwi 2011), c„. 2-3| cÖwZ‡e`bwU‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Òbvixi mwµqZv Kg nIqvi Ab¨Zg KviY evwoi mvsmvwiK KvRB bvixi
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http://www.plancomm.gov.bd/SFYP-PDF-Final%2029-08-2011/SFYP-Final-%20Part-1-17-08-11[1].pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q
18B wW‡m¤^i 2011), c„. 153, (ejv n‡q‡Q bvixcÖavb cwievi¸‡jv mvaviYZ Kg Avq K‡i †h‡nZz bvixi DcvR©‡bi mvg_©¨ cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq Kg Ges gRywiI Zuviv
cyiæ‡li †P‡q Kg cvb|
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ˆelg¨ msµvšÍ Rwi‡c †`‡L‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv cyiæ‡li †P‡q NÈvq 21 kZvsk Kg Avq
K‡ib| 4 Rwg Ges Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡`i IciI bvixi gvwjKvbv cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg| 2008
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ms¯’v `¨ B› Uvib¨vkbvj cÖcvwU© ivBUm Bb‡W· bvixi m¤ú‡`i Ici gvwjKvbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z
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cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq AÂj, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/documents/
publication/wcms_098063.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15B †deªæqvwi, 2011)|
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evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv, K…wl ïgvwi 2008, b‡f¤^i 2010,
†`Lyb: http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/CenAgri2008/DetailedTable.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv
n‡q‡Q 27 AvMó 2011), †Uwej - 1, c„ôv 51|
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http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTBANGLADESH/Resources/295657-1205740286726/genderReport.pdf
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 3 b‡f¤^i 2011), c„. 76, c¨viv 5.11| 2006 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ wek¦ e¨vsK ‡RÐvi g~j¨‡eva Rwic-G †`Lv †M‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k
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RvwZm•N Lv`¨ I K…wl ms¯’v, Ò`¨ †÷U Ad dzW GÛ GwMÖKvjPvi 2010-11Ó, 2011,
†`Lyb: http://www.nfpcsp.org/agridrupal/sites/default/files/StateofFood&Agriculture2011_0.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv
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wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ wRbvZ Aviv n‡Ki mvÿvrKvi| wRbvZ DB K¨vb A¨vjv‡qÝ Uz GÛ †Wv‡gmwUK fv‡qv‡jÝ-Gi RvZxq mgš^qK|
mvÿvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q XvKvq, 28†k gvP© 2011|
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D`vniY wnmv‡e †`Lyb: Uª¨vÝc¨v‡iwÝ B› Uvib¨vkbvj, ÒKivckb Bb `¨ mvwf©m †m±i: b¨vkbvj nvDR‡nvì mv‡f©, 2010,Ó wW‡m¤^i 2010,
http://bangladesh.org/research/Executive%20Summary_23122010%20FINAL.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 25†k †g 2012)| Lvbv
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cÖcvwU© ivBUm Gjv‡qÝ ÒB› Uvib¨vkbvj cÖcvwU© ivBUm Bb‡W·,Ó 2011,
http://www.internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/userfiles/file/ATR_2011%20INDEX_Web2.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 19†k
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21

Rwgi gvwjKvbvi †ÿ‡Î bvix †h wcwQ‡q Av‡Q Zvi Rb¨ AskZ `vqx ˆelg¨g~jK DËivwaKvi
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Z‡e ev¯Í‡e wLª÷vb bvixiv me mgq Zv‡`i cyiæl c‡ÿi mgvb m¤úwË cvq bv| 14
bvixi DËivwaKvi mxwgZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I †mB AwaKviI hv‡Z Zviv Z¨vM K‡i †mRb¨ Zv‡`i Ici
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Av‡Q A_ev ¯¿x Qvov †KD †bB| fvB‡evb wnmv‡e wLª÷vbiv m¤úwËi mgvb fvM cvb|
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18
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_09.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15B wW‡m¤^i 2011), c„. 2|
19
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PjvKvjxb 20-24 eQi eqmx bvix‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g mšÍvb avi‡Yi Mo eqm wQj 19|
23

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24 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K iwebv Avi. (QÙbvg) mvÿvrKvi hv MvRxcy‡i 4B Ryb 2011 Zvwi‡L †bIqv nq|
24

Zuviv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kv‡bv gRywi cvb bv Ges Ab¨ 4 kZvsk e‡j‡Qb Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q Zuviv UvKv cvb
bv, †Kej wRwbm cvb| 25
we‡qi d‡j †g‡q‡`i wb‡R‡`i Avq I m‡qi Ici wbqš¿Y K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i| 2007 mv‡j m¤úbœ
evsjv‡`k Rbweb¨vm I ¯^v¯’¨ Rwi‡ci AvIZvq DËi`vZv 12 kZvsk weevwnZ bvix Rvwb‡q‡Qb
Zuv‡`i ¯^vgxiv wVK K‡ib Kxfv‡e ¯¿x‡`i DcvR©b e¨q n‡e, 56 kZvsk ¯^vgxi m‡½ wg‡j G e¨vcv‡i
wm×všÍ †bb Ges 31 kZvsk wb‡RB wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib| 26 Z‡e 2006 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ GKwU
†emiKvwi Rwi‡c †`Lv †M‡Q DËi`vZv 78 kZvsk bvix Rvwb‡q‡Qb ¯^vgxi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv Qvov
wb‡R‡`i Avq †Kv_vq e¨envi n‡e Zv wVK Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| 27
bvixi wb‡Ri Av‡qi Ici Zvi wbqš¿Y †e‡o‡Q wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv Ges cvwievwiK m¤ú` evovi
m‡½| 2007 mv‡j m¤úbœ evsjv‡`k Rbweb¨vm I ¯^v¯’¨ Rwic Abyhvqx DËi`vZv 42 kZvsk bvix
huv‡`i gva¨wgK ev Zvi †ewk wkÿv i‡q‡Q Rvwb‡q‡Qb wbR¯^ Avq Kxfv‡e e¨envi n‡e †m wm×všÍ
Zuviv wb‡Riv †bb| Gi wecix‡Z cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿvnxb bvix DËi`vZv‡`i 26 kZvsk wb‡R‡`i
wm×všÍg‡Zv wbR¯^ Avq e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib GgbUv e‡j‡Qb| GKBfv‡e RbmsL¨v‡K Avw_©K
Ae¯’vi wePv‡i cuvP fv‡M fvM Ki‡j me‡P‡q m”Qj ev A_©kvjx As‡ki bvix‡`i wbR¯^ Avq
e¨env‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e wm×všÍ †bIqvi ÿgZv me‡P‡q wb‡P _vKv GK-cÂgvs‡k †h bvixiv i‡q‡Qb
Zuv‡`i †P‡q †ewk| 28
we‡qi d‡j wbR¯^ m‡qi IciI bvixi wbqš¿Y K‡g hvIqvi m¤¢vebv ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| 2006
mv‡j cwiPvwjZ GK Rwic †_‡K †`Lv hvq †hme bvix Zuv‡`i wbR¯^ mÂq i‡q‡Q e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb
Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ 90 kZvsk e‡j‡Qb ¯^vgxiv Zuv‡`i mÂq wel‡q AeMZ Ges 85 kZvsk e‡j‡Qb
wb‡R‡`i m‡qi Ici Zuv‡`i ¯^vaxb wbqš¿Y †bB| 29
25 wb‡cvU© I Ab¨vb¨, Òevsjv‡`k †W‡gvMÖvwdK GÛ †nj_ mv‡f©, 2007,Ó 2009,
http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR207/FR207[April-10-2009].pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15, 2011), c„. 181-2|
mv¤úªwZKKv‡j Av‡iv wWGBPGm Rwic n‡q‡Q Z‡e Zvi †Kej cÖv_wgK djvdj cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q 2011 mv‡j|
26 c~‡e©v³, c„.182|
27
wcU I Ab¨vb¨, ÒGgcvIqvwis DB‡gb,Ó c„. 797|
28
evsjv‡`k Rbweb¨vm I ¯^v¯’¨ Rwic, 2007, c„.186-7|
29
wcU I Ab¨vb¨, ÒGgcvIqvwis DB‡gb,Ó c„. 797|
25

‰eevwnK evwo‡Z (¯^vgxM„‡n) bvixi Ae`vb
wZwb ej‡Zb, ÒAvwg gv `~M©vi g‡Zv| Avgvi `kUv nvZ| Avwg evwo‡Z KZUv kÖg
†`B †KD Zvi g~j¨vqb K‡i bv| evmvi mK‡ji Rb¨ Avwg ivbœv Kwi wKš‘ wb‡R LvB
mevi †k‡l|Ó
Ñ gvKmy`v AvLZvi, AvBbRxex, evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil`, XvKv, 4 A‡±vei
2011| Zuvi GK g‡°j Zuv‡K G K_v e‡jwQ‡jb|
¯^vgxM„‡n hvIqvi ci bvix bvbvfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Z ïiæ K‡i| evwo, cvwievwiK e¨emv I Ab¨vb¨
m¤ú` e¨e¯’vcbv I evov‡bvi gva¨‡g cvwievwiK m¤ú` iÿv I e„wׇZ kªg †`b| weevwnZ cyiælI
ZvB K‡i wKš‘ AwR©Z †m m¤ú‡`i Ici cyiæ‡li †h wbqš¿Y _v‡K Zvi wKQzB cÖvq bvixi _v‡K bv|
†Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y we‡q we‡”Q` NU‡j bvix Zvi GZw`‡bi kª‡gi †Kv‡bv mydj †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
†Kbbv †m m¤ú‡`i cÖvq wKQzB Zvi Kv‡Q Av‡m bv|
A_©-ewnf‚©Z Ae`vb
evsjv‡`‡k weevwnZ bvix cvwievwiK m¤ú` iÿv I e„wׇZ A‡bK Ae`vb iv‡Lb hv H m¤ú‡`i
g~j¨ evovq| bvixi G kªg cwievi wUuwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K wKš‘ G Ae`vb Zviv Avw_©K ev
m¤ú‡`i AvKv‡i iv‡L bv| A_©‰bwZK weeiYx †`b huviv bvixi G kªg‡K ÒA-A_©‰bwZKÓ e‡j
AwfwnZ Kivi cÖeYZv Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq hw`I G Ae`v‡bi my¯úó A_©‰bwZK g~j¨ i‡q‡Q|
weevwnZ bvix weevwnZ cyiæ‡li †P‡q A‡bK †ewk mgq M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R e¨q K‡ib| G‡Z K‡i
Avqg~jK Kv‡R jvMvi mvg_©¨ Zuv‡`i K‡g hvq| 30
2007 mv‡ji GKwU Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq DËi`vZv cyiæl‡`i 57 kZvsk I bvix‡`i 55 kZvsk
e‡j‡Qb bvixiv mvsmvwiK Kv‡R 16-20 NÈv mgq e¨q K‡i| 31 DËi`vZv 40 kZvs‡kiI †ewk
bvix I cyiæl DfqB e‡j‡Qb evwo‡Z cyiæliv †Kv‡bv KvRB K‡i bv| 32
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †hme weevwnZ bvixi mvÿvrKvi wb‡q‡Q wb‡R‡`i M„n¯’vwj Kv‡Ri weeiY
w`‡q‡Qb hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ivbœv, evwo cwi®‹ vi, Kvco I evmb‡Kvmb †avqv, Miæ-QvMj Piv‡bv,
30 BDbvB‡UW †÷Um G‡RwÝ di B› Uvib¨vkbvj †W‡fjc‡g› U (BDGmGBW), ÒKvw› Uª weªd: evsjv‡`k,Ó 2008,
http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/pubs/usaid_booklet_bangladesh_508.pdf (†`Lv
n‡q‡Q 23†k Ryb 2011), c„.2|
31 †Weiv G‡d«vBgmb I Ab¨vb¨, Òevsjv‡`‡k gRywiwenxb kª‡gi gva¨‡g A_©bxwZ‡Z bvixi Ae`vb,Ó †m‡Þ¤^i 2007,
http://www.healthbridge.ca/economic%20contribution%20report.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 6B wW‡m¤^i 2011), c„. 13|
32 c~‡e©v³ 14|
26

cvwb Avbv Ges wkï, cÖexY I ¯^vgxi AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi †`Lfvj I cwiPh©v| Rqv Zvi ¯^vgx †_‡K
Avjv`v nIqvi Av‡M Zuvi ˆ`bw› `b Kv‡Ri weeiY w`‡q‡Qb:
†fvi mv‡o cuvPUvq Avgvi w`b ïiæ n‡Zv| Nyg †_‡K D‡V bv¯Ívi Rb¨ iæwU-fvwR
evbvZvg| mv‡o mvZUvi g‡a¨ bv¯Ív w`‡Z bv cvi‡j Avgvi kvïwo PxrKvi ïiæ
Ki‡Zb| gqjv Kvco wfRvZvg, mevB‡K bv¯Ív w`Zvg, Zvici Kvco ayZvg...
Zvici Avgvi †g‡q‡K Pvb Kwi‡q LvIqvZvg| Avgvi †g‡q PvBZ Avwg Zvi m‡½
†Lwj wKš‘ Iw`‡K Avgvi kvïwo PxrKvi Ki‡Zb, ÒKx n‡”QUv Kx? Avgvi Lvevi
ivbœv Ki‡e †K?Ó... Avgvi †fZiUv wQu‡o †hZ wKš‘ †g‡q‡K †Q‡o Avgv‡K ivbœv
Ki‡Z †h‡Z n‡Zv, Zvici wQj evmb gvRv| cÖvqB Avgvi Pvb Kivi mgqUvI n‡Zv
bv| †g‡q‡K LvIqv‡bvi ci Zv‡K Nyg cvovZvg| `ycy‡i LvIqvi ci hw` KLbI
wSgywb AvmZ kvïwo Avevi †i‡M DV‡Zb| KvR KLbI dzivZ bv| 33
eû bvix wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb Zuviv cvwievwiK K…wlRwg Ges e¨emv‡Z webv gRywii kªg
†`b| gwngv Gg. e‡j‡Qb wZwb ¯^vgxi †mjvB‡qi e¨emvq Kvc‡o dzj †Zv‡jb wKš‘ †Kv‡bv gRywi
cvb bv| 34 †kdvwj Gm. K…wlRwg‡Z KvR K‡i‡Qb Avevi msmv‡iI KvR K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb,
ÒAvwg avb, Mg I Av‡Li exR ey‡bwQ, dmj Zz‡jwQ Avevi Iw`‡K evwo‡ZI Kvco †avqv, ivbœvevov,
ev”Pv‡K Pvb Kiv‡bv, LvIqv‡bv meB Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|Ó 35
Avw_©K Ae`vb: mÂq, m¤úwË, †hŠZzK
eû bvix ¯^vgxM„‡n hvIqvi ci cvwievwiK m¤ú` evov‡bvi †ÿ‡Î A_©Kwo w`‡q _v‡K|
wKš‘ cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e †`Iqv G UvKv-cqmvI we‡q we‡”Q` NU‡j †diZ cvIqv cÖvq Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|
iwebv Avi.-Gi hLb we‡q nq ZLb Zuvi ¯^vgxi cwiev‡ii gvÎ GKUv Ni wQj| iwebv I Zuvi
AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb bZzb `¤úwZi RvqMvi Ici wU‡bi Ni †Zvjvi LiP †`b| G‡Z Zuv‡`i LiP nq mv‡o
wZb jvL UvKv (4267 gvwK©b Wjvi)| ÒAvwg Avgvi mg¯Í mÂq w`‡qwQ| Avgvi †evb I PvPvI
(ev gvgv) UvKv w`‡q‡Qb| meB w`‡q‡Qb Zuviv Ñ Kv‡bi `yj, Pzwo, AvswU, Avmeve, †kv‡Km, w÷‡ji
Avjgvwi, d¨vb, †mvdv mewKQz †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|Ó 36
33
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv wLª÷vb ag©vej¤^x Rqv †R. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| XvKv, 29†k †m‡Þ¤^i 2011|
34
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv gwngv Gg. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| gwngv gymjgvb| XvKv, 19†k †g 2011|
35
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv †kdvwj Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| †kdvwj gymjgvb| XvKv, 19†k †g 2011| AwaKvi Kgx© Ges Ab¨vb¨
bvixI gwnjv‡`i ¯^vgxi cvwievwiK K…wlRwg‡Z I ÿz`ª e¨emvq webv gRywii kªg †`Iqvi A‡bK NUbv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| D`vniY wnmv‡e †`Lyb wnDg¨vb
ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ iægvbv Avi. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi, gymjgvb, MvRxcyi, 4B Ryb 2011; GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ‡`i AwaKvi Av`v‡q mwµq
GKRb e¨w³i (Bwb cwiPqwenxb _vK‡Z †P‡q‡Qb) mvÿvrKvi, XvKv, 18B †g 2011|
36
wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi m‡½ iwebv Avi. (QÙbvg) mvÿvrKvi, 4B Ryb 2011| Av‡iv †`Lyb wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi †bIqv gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi wbw¤§
Gb. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi, MvRxcyi †Rjv, 4B Ryb 2011|
27

GKBfv‡e iæKmv`v Avi.-Gi evev Zuv‡K wKQz UvKv w`‡qwQ‡jb hv wZwb ¯^vgx‡K †`b Zuv‡`i `yÕR‡bi
bv‡g Rwg †Kbvi Rb¨| wKš‘ ¯^vgx †mB UvKv w`‡q iæKmv`v‡K ev` w`‡q wb‡Ri bv‡g Rwg †K‡bb| 37
wKQz bvix Avevi e‡j‡Qb Zuviv ¯^vgxi †ckvMZ DbœwZ ev e¨emv AvMv‡bvi Rb¨ Zuv‡`i Av‡qi UvKv I
m¤úwË †hgb Mqbv ¯^vgxi nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡q‡Qb| nvwmbv GBP. I Zuvi gv ¯^vgx‡K BZvwj‡Z cvVv‡bvi
Rb¨ mv‡o wZb jvL UvKv LiP K‡i‡Qb| c‡i ¯^vgx nvwmbv‡K Z¨vM K‡ib| 38 AvBbRxex dvinvbv
Avd‡ivR wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi m‡½ GK mvÿvrKv‡i Rvwb‡q‡Qb Kxfv‡e Zuvi g‡°j jxjv Gj.
Zuvi evevi KvQ †_‡K cvIqv `yB jvL UvKv ¯^vgx‡K †`b e¨emvq wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨| ¯^vgx Zuv‡K gvi‡Z
ïiæ K‡ib hv‡Z jxjv e¨emv‡q †Kv‡bv Askx`vwiZ¡ `vwe bv K‡i Zuv‡K †Q‡o P‡j hvb| 39 cvwievwiK
Av`vj‡Zi cÖv³b GK wePviK eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Av‡iKwU NUbv †hLv‡b †g‡qwU I Zuvi evev Zuv‡`i
mg¯Í mÂq LiP K‡i †g‡qwUi ¯^vgx‡K †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri wkÿv †kl Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib †h ¯^vgx
c‡i †g‡qwU‡K ZvjvK †`b| †g‡qwU I Zuvi evevi †Kv‡bv mÂqB Avi Aewkó wQj bv| 40
†hŠZz‡Ki gva¨‡g ¯^vgxi cvwievwiK m¤ú` e„w× †g‡qwUi w`K †_‡K Av‡iKwU cÖZ¨ÿ A_©‰bwZK
Ae`vb| evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î K‡b ev Zvi cwievi ¯^vgx ev Zvi cwievi‡K
we‡qi mgq ev KLbI Zvi c‡i †hŠZzK wnmv‡e A_© ev Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú` w`‡q _v‡K|
1980 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k †hŠZzK MÖnY‡K `Ðbxq Aciva wnmv‡e wPwýZ K‡i AvBb cvk Kiv
n‡q‡Q| 41 Zv m‡Ë¡I cwÐZ Ges bvix AwaKvi Kgx©‡`i mK‡jB e‡j‡Qb †hŠZzK cÖ_v evsjv‡`‡k
AZ¨šÍ e¨vß| 42 AšÍZ GKwU M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki mgv‡R †hŠZzK cÖ_vi we¯Ívi
NU‡Q| 43
37
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv iæKmv`v (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| iæKmv`v gymjgvb| XvKv, 27†k †g 2011|
38
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv nvwmbv (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| nvwmbv gymjgvb| XvKv, 28†k †g 2011|
39
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ AvBb I mvwjk †K› `ª cÖwZôv‡bi gvgjv wefv‡Mi DaŸ©Zb AvBb Kg©KZ©v dvinvbv Avd‡iv‡Ri mvÿvrKvi, XvKv,
31†k †g 2011|
40
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb cÖv³b wePvi‡Ki mvÿvrKvi| Bwb †`‡ki 10wU †Rjvq GK nvRvi gvgjvi wePvwiK
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb (bvg I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ Zuvi Aby‡iv‡a Dn¨ ivLv n‡jv|)
41
†hŠZzK wb‡iva AvBb 1980, G AvB‡bi 3 I 4 Aby‡”Q`| Aby‡”Q` 3 Abyhvqx †hŠZzK MÖnY ev †hŠZzK MÖn‡Y mnvqZvi Rb¨ me©wbgœ GK eQi †_‡K cuvP
eQi ch©šÍ Kviv`Ð n‡Z cv‡i ev Rwigvbv n‡Z cv‡i A_ev †Rj-Rwigvbv `yB-B n‡Z cv‡i| Aby‡”Q` 4 †hŠZzK `vwe‡K `ЇhvM¨ Aciva wnmv‡e wPwýZ
K‡i GKB kvw¯Íi weavb w`‡q‡Q|
42
†hŠZzK MÖnY `Ðbxq Aciva wnmv‡e wPwýZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I †Kb we¯Í…Z n‡”Q †m m¤ú‡K© cwÐZ I bvix AwaKvi Kgx©iv wewfbœ ZË¡ w`‡q _v‡Kb|
cÖ_gZ, K‡bi cwievi ZvjvKv ev ¯^vgx †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqvi weiæ‡× GK ai‡bi iÿvKeP wnmv‡e †hŠZzK‡K †`‡L _v‡K| wØZxqZ, K‡bi
cwiev‡ii cÿ †_‡K †hŠZzK‡K evev-gvi g„Zz¨-c~e© DËivwaKvi wnmv‡e †`Lv nq| A_ev cwievi cwiKíbv mvgMÖx e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y bvixi
mšÍvbaviY ÿgZv K‡g hvIqvi †ÿ‡Î GK ai‡bi ÿwZc~iY wnmv‡e †`Lv nq G‡K| wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvBb
wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK kvnbvR û`vi mvÿvrKvi, 30†k gvP© 2011; wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i mfvcwZ Av‡qkv Lvbg I
AvBb wefv‡Mi cÖavb gvKmy`v AvLZv‡ii mvÿvrKvi, 29†k gvP© 2011| Av‡iv †`Lyb eviZv G‡¯Í †fvjvU©, ÒWvDwi Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k:
cvwU©wm‡ckb GR BbwmI‡iÝ G‡Mb÷ wW‡fvm©,Ó GwcÖj 2004,
http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/3/3520/papers/esteve_volart.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 3iv b‡f¤^i 2011); jywmqvbv myivb
I Ab¨vb¨, ÒWvR WvDwi BgcÖæf jvBd di eªvBWm? Av †U÷ Ad `¨ we‡Kv‡q÷ w_‡qvwi Ad WvDwi Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k,Ó ccy‡jkb KvDwÝj
IqvwK©s †ccvi b¤^i 194, 2004, http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/195.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15B b‡f¤^i 2011); GwiKv I
28

cÖvq me weevwnZ bvix huviv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K mvÿvrKvi w`‡q‡Qb Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zuviv we‡q‡Z
†hŠZzK w`‡q‡Qb| 44 Gu‡`i g‡a¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Kv‡Q ¯^vgx ev Zuvi cwievi evi evi †hŠZzK `vwe
K‡i‡Q Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zv mwnsm wbh©vZ‡bi iƒc wb‡q‡Q| D`vniY wnmv‡e Avmgv G.-Gi K_v
ejv hvq whwb ¯^vgxM„n †_‡K cvwj‡q G‡mwQ‡jb hLb Av‡iv †hŠZz‡Ki `vwe c~iY Ki‡Z bv cvivq
¯^vgx Zuv‡K cywo‡q gvivi ûgwK w`‡qwQ‡jb| Avmgvi K_vq,
†m [Avmgvi ¯^vgx] Zvi e¨emvq DbœwZ Ki‡Z Pvw”Qj... [Zvi] †Kv‡bv
†UªW jvB‡mÝ wQj bv †hUv Kivi Rb¨ Zviv UvKvi `iKvi n‡qwQj|
†m Av‡MB Avgvi me †mvbvi Mqbv wb‡q wewµ K‡i w`‡qwQj|
Avwg hLb UvKv w`‡Z cvwi bv ZLb †m `iRv eÜ K‡i Avgv‡K
jvwÌ gv‡i, Mjv wU‡c a‡i Avi gvi‡Z _v‡K hZÿY bv Avgvi nvZ
RLg nq| GLb †m Avgv‡K ûgwK †`q †h Avgv‡K cywo‡q gvi‡e
hw`I Avwg GLb Mf©eZx| †m e‡j Avgvi evev-gv hw` Zv‡K
UvKv bv †`q Zvn‡j Avgv‡K †ek¨ve„wË K‡i Zv‡K UvKv G‡b
w`‡Z n‡e| bqZ [†m] Avgv‡K †Q‡o †`‡e e‡j ûgwK †`q| †m e‡j
†m GLb mn‡RB Av‡iKUv we‡q K‡i `yB jvL UvKv †hŠZzK Avb‡Z cv‡i| 45
kvnbvR Gm.-Gi ¯^vgxI Zuv‡K †hŠZz‡Ki Rb¨ wbh©vZb K‡iwQ‡jb| Òwe‡qi mgq Avwg I Avgvi gv
wg‡j 40 nvRvi UvKv w`‡qwQjvg| wZb gvm ci †m Av‡iv 35 nvRvi UvKv `vwe K‡i| Avgvi gv
Zvi †mvbvi Mqbv eÜK †i‡L I avi K‡i †mB UvKv Avgvi ¯^vgx‡K †`b| †m GB UvKv `vwe
K‡iwQj Zvi gyw` †`vKv‡bi Av‡iv DbœwZ Kivi Rb¨| 46
Ab¨vb¨, Ògymwjg d¨vwgwj j, wcÖbycwUqvj GwMÖ‡g› Um GÛ `¨ Bgv‡R©Ý Ad WvDwi Bb evsjv‡`k,Ó 2008,
http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/FieldAmbrusTorero_February08_(2).pdf
(†`Lv n‡q‡Q 15B b‡f¤^i 2011); Ges ivR AiæYvPjg I my‡ik bvBWz, Ò`¨ cÖvBm Ad dvwU©wjwU: g¨v‡iR gv‡K©Um GÛ `¨ cÖvBm Ad
dvwU©wjwU Bb evsjv‡`k,Ó 2008, http://www-personal.umich.edu/~arunacha/AN_dowryfertility.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q
15B b‡f¤^i 2011)|
43
eviZv G‡¯Í †fvjvU©, ÒWvDwi Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k,Ó c„. 19 (ejv n‡q‡Q gymjgvb mgv‡R †hŠZz‡Ki we¯Ívi NU‡Q)|
44
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ weevwnZ bvix I AvBbRxex‡`i mvÿvrKvi| Gme mvÿvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q XvKv kni, †bvqvLvwj, MvRxcyi I
gv`vwicyi †Rjvq, †g, Ryb, †m‡Þ¤^i I A‡±vei 2011| ¸wUK‡qK weevwnZ bvix Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zuviv †hŠZzK †`bwb| evwK me gwnjv e‡j‡Qb Zuv‡`i †hŠZzK
w`‡Z n‡qwQj| D`vniY wnmv‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi m‡½ mviv Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKv‡ii K_v| gymjgvb GB bvixi mvÿvrKvi
†bIqv n‡qwQj †bvqvLvwj‡Z, 20†k †g 2011|
45
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †_‡K †bIqv Avmgv G. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| Avmgv gymjgvb| XvKv, 24†k †g 2011|
46
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ Bmjvg ag©vej¤^x kvnbvR Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| XvKv, 2iv Ryb 2011|
29

‰eevwnK m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Y
¯^vgxM„‡ni m¤ú` e¨e¯’v I Zvi kÖxe„w×i †ÿ‡Î ¯¿xi Ae`vb _vKv m‡Ë¡I †mme m¤ú`, ¯’vei-
A¯’vei me ai‡bi m¤úwËi gvwjK I wbqš¿‡Yi KZ©v †Kej ¯^vgx| 2006 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k wek¦
e¨vsK KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ wj½ g~j¨‡eva Rwic Abyhvqx Rwi‡ci AvIZvaxb 10 kZvs‡kiI Kg ÿ‡Î
¯^vgxM„‡ni m¤ú‡` ¯¿x‡`i bvg wQj| Avevi Kg eqmx‡`i (15 †_‡K 25 eQi eqmx) †ÿ‡Î wZb
kZvs‡kiI Kg ¯¿x‡`i bvg ¯^vgxM„‡ni m¤ú‡`i g‡a¨ wQj| G‡ÿ‡Î fvov Kiv I gvwjKvbv Dfq
cÖKvi m¤ú`B MY¨ n‡q‡Q| 47 G‡ÿ‡Î AvšÍR©vwZK Lv`¨ bxwZ M‡elYv BÝwUwUDU KZ…©K 2000
mv‡j cwiPvwjZ GKwU M‡elYvi djvdjI D‡jøL‡hvM¨| evsjv‡`‡ki wZb †Rjvq 47wU MÖv‡g
cwiPvwjZ G Lvbv Rwic Abyhvqx Ò eZ©gv‡b Ges we‡qKvjxb Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB ¯^vgxiv cÖvq ixwZgvwdK
¯¿x‡`i †P‡q †ewk m¤ú‡`i gvwjK|Ó 48 Ges Ò¯¿xi eZ©gvb m¤ú‡`i Mo g~j¨ cwiev‡ii †gvU
m¤ú‡`i GKUv AwZ ÿz`ª Ask|Ó 49 ¯¿x‡`i g‡a¨ 70 kZvsk Mqbvi gvwjK Ges gvÎ 15 kZvsk
cvwievwiK ¯’vei m¤ú‡`i gvwjK| 50
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †hme bvixi mvÿvrKvi wb‡q‡Q †mLv‡b ¯^vgxM„‡ni m¤ú‡`i Ici ¯¿x‡`i
gvwjKvbvi Abycw¯’wZ I wbqš¿‡Yi Afv‡ei welqwU evievi wd‡i G‡m‡Q| D`vniY wnmv‡e mv‡jvwb
Gm.-Gi K_v ejv hvq| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvgiv evwo ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖPzi cwikªg K‡iwQ| Avgvi
Kv‡bi `yj wewµ K‡iwQ, evB‡i KvR K‡i Avq K‡iwQ, gv‡V Pvl K‡iwQ, Miæ Pwi‡qwQ| cqmv hv
†c‡qwQ me ¯^vgxi nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡qwQ| wKš‘ mewKQzi c‡i evwo Avgvi ¯^vgxi bv‡g|Ó 51
bxiv GKUv gyiwMi dv‡g© KvR K‡i hv †c‡Zb me ¯^vgx‡K w`‡Zb| ¯^vgx Rwg †K‡bb Z‡e †mUv ïay
wb‡Ri bv‡g| ÒUvKv Rgv‡bvi Rb¨ gy‡L i³ Zz‡j w`‡bi ci w`b †L‡UwQ| wKš‘ †mB m‡qi GLb
Kx Av‡Q Avgvi Kv‡Q? wK”Qz bv,Ó bxiv e‡jwQ‡jb| 52
47
wek¦ e¨vsK, ÒûBmcvi Uz f‡q‡mm: †RÛvi GÛ †mvk¨vj Uª¨vÝdi‡gkb Bb evsjv‡`k,Ó evsjv‡`k †W‡fjvc‡g› U wmwiR, †ccvi bs 22, 2008,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTBANGLADESH/Resources/295657-205740286726/genderReport.pdf
(†`Lv n‡q‡Q 3iv b‡f¤^i 2011), c„. 76, c¨viv 5.11|
48
GM‡bm KzBmvgwes Ges †e‡bwW‡± wW jv weª‡qi, ÒDB‡gbm A¨v‡mUm GÛ B› UªvnvDR A¨v‡jv‡Kkb Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k: †Uw÷s †gRvim Ad ev‡M©wbs
cvIqvi,Ó wWmKvkb †ccvi b¤^i 86, B› Uvib¨vkbvj dzW cwjwm wimvP© BÝwUwUDU, 2000,
http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/fcnbr86.pdf (†`Lv n‡q‡Q 3iv b‡f¤^i 2011), c„ôvb¤^iwenxb|
49
B› Uvib¨vkbvj dzW cwjwm wimvP© BÝwUwUDU, Ògv`vi-dv`vi wi‡mv‡m©m GÛ Mvj©-eq †nj_ Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k,Ó GwcÖj 2000, cwjwm weªd b¤^i 3,
†RÛvi GÛ nvDR‡nvì A¨vm‡c±m Ad dzW cwjwm, http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/mp17_brief03.pdf
(†`Lv n‡q‡Q 3iv b‡f¤^i 2011), c„ôvb¤^iwenxb|
50
GM‡bm KzBmvgwes Ges †e‡bwW‡± wW jv weª‡qi, ÒDB‡gbm A¨v‡mUm GÛ B› UªvnvDR A¨v‡jv‡Kkb Bb iæivj evsjv‡`k,Ó c„ôvb¤^iwenxb|
51
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ mv‡jvwb Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| mv‡jvwb wn› `y ag©vej¤^x| mvÿvrKvi †bIqv nq †bvqvLvwj‡Z, 22†k †g
2011|
52
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP KZ…©K M„nxZ bxiv Gb. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrKvi| bxiv wn› `y m¤úª`v‡qi| mvÿvrKvi †bIqv nq †bvqvLvwj‡Z, 22†k †g 2011|
30

2. weevn, ZvjvK I we‡”Q` msµvšÍ AvBb
evsjv‡`k bvix AwaKv‡ii wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î (†hgb cvwievwiK wbh©vZb) A‡bK k³ AvBb K‡i‡Q|
wKš‘ cvwievwiK welq †hgb weevn ZvjvK I we‡”Q` AvBb¸wj cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K cÖPwjZ Ges
ˆelg¨g~jK| weevn ev weevn wb®úwË msµvšÍ cÖvq mKj wel‡qB evsjv‡`‡k wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ
e¨w³MZ agx©q AvBb¸wji Dc‡i wbf©i Kiv nq| G e¨w³MZ agx©q AvBb¸wj bvix‡`i cÖwZ
AZ¨šÍ ‰elg¨g~jK| msweav‡b ejv n‡q‡Q Òivóª wj½‡f‡` ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y †Kvb cÖKvi ˆelg¨
cÖ`©kb Ki‡e bv Ges ivóª I MYRxe‡bi me©¯Í‡i bvix cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi jvf Ki‡eÓ| 53
wKš‘ msweav‡b e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Rxe‡b mgAwaKv‡ii welqwU mivmwi D‡jøL Kiv nqwb|
cvwievwiK I e¨w³MZ chv©‡q bvix I wK‡kvix‡`i AwaKvi iÿvq evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK AvBb cÖYqb
Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G¸wj mKj agx©q m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ GKBfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| Gi g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj 2010 mv‡ji cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiÿv) AvBb, eû eQi a‡i
we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q evj¨ weevn cÖwZ‡iva AvBb, ‡hŠZzK wb‡iva AvBb, bvix I wkï wbh©vZb `gb AvBb
Ges GwmW Aciva `gb AvBb| 54 evsjv‡`‡k GLb †h AvBbUv AZ¨šÍ Riæixfv‡e cÖYqb Kiv
`iKvi †mUv nj weevn I we‡”Q` msµvšÍ wel‡q bvix cyiæ‡li mgAwaKvi wbwðZKiY AvBb|
GB Aa¨v‡q evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb cvwievwiK AvBbmg~n Ges †m¸wj wKfv‡e weevn, ZvjvK, we‡”Q`
Ges fiY‡cvl‡Yi (hw` _v‡K) welq¸wj cwiPvjbv K‡i Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q weevn we‡”Q` cieZx© mg‡q weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwË e› U‡bi AvBb Gi Abycw¯’wZi K_v|
me‡k‡l ‡h welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †mwU n‡jv GKwU Awfbœ cvwievwiK AvBb hv mKj
agx©q Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e Ges we`¨gvb cvwievwiK AvB‡bi chv©qµwgK ms¯‹ vi Ki‡e|
GB AvBbwU cÖYq‡bi AZxZ I eZ©gvb cÖ‡Póv Ges cÖ¯Ívebvmg~nI Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q GB Aa¨v‡q|
cvwievwiK AvBb
evsjv‡`‡k weevn, ZvjvK, c„_Kevm Ges we‡”Q` cieZx© A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi mewKQzB cÖvq
m¤ú~b©fv‡e e¨w³MZ AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| 55 2001 mv‡ji cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki
msL¨vMwiô (89.7% Rb‡Mvôx gymwjg), wn› `y kZKiv 9.2 fvM, ‡eŠ× 0.7 fvM Ges Lªx÷vb 0.3
fvM| 56 Z‡e †h mKj RbMY wb‡R‡`i‡K †Kvb wbw`©ó a‡g©i Abymvix g‡b K‡ib bv Zv‡`i †Kvb
53
c~‡ev©³ Aby‡”Q` 28(1) Ó†Kej ag©, †Mvôx, eY©, bvix cyiæl ev mšÍv‡bi Kvi‡Y †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki cÖwZ ivóª ˆelg¨ cÖ`k©b Kwi‡eb bv, (2) ivóª I
MbRxe‡bi me©¯Í‡i bvix cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi jvf Kwi‡eb|”
54
cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiÿv) AvBb 2010, bvix I wkï wbhv©Zb `gb AvBb 2000 (ms‡kvwaZ 2003), †hŠZzK wb‡iva AvBb 1980 Ges
GwmW Aciva `gb AvBb 2002, evsjv‡`‡k Av‡iv i‡q‡Q weªwUk Avgj †_‡K P‡j Avmv evj¨weevn cÖwZ‡iva AvBb, 1929|
55
evsjv‡`‡k wn› `y cvwievwiK AvBb †eŠ× agv©ej¤^x‡`i †‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨|
56
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi Òevsjv‡`k Av`gïgvix 2001Ó 2004, we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information
and Statistics, “Bangladesh: Country Profile,” http://www.banbeis.gov.bd/bd_pro.htm (accessed November 22,
31

cwimsL¨vb bvB| evsj‡`‡k e¨w³MZ AvBb¸wj msKwjZ I AmsKwjZ AvB‡bi GKwU mswgkÖY|
msKjb¸wj †ewkifvMB Kiv n‡q‡Q e„wUk Avg‡j, wKQz wKQz 19 kZ‡Ki e¨w³MZ AvBbI Av‡Q| 57
1971 mv‡j GKwU ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg ivóª wnmv‡e cÖwZôv cvevi ci evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv c~e© mg‡qi
mKj AvBbB MÖnY K‡i‡Q| 58 GB msKwjZ I AmsKwjZ AvBbmgyn evsjv‡`k mycÖxg †KvU© Ges
mycÖxg‡Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi e¨vL¨vi Dci wbf©i K‡i Ges G ai‡bi AvBbx wm×všÍ¸wj GLb
AvB‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi cvkvcvwk wKQz †`Iqvbx AvBb i‡q‡Q hv weevn
ev we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î mK‡ji cÖwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| †hgb we‡kl weevn AvBb 1872, evj¨weevn wb‡iva
AvBb 1929, cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, AwffveK I cÖwZcvj¨ AvBb 1990| 59 we‡kl
weevn AvB‡bi f~wgKv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GwU Zv‡`i cÖwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e hviv †Kvb wbw`©ó ag© cvjb
K‡ib bv ev †mB ai‡bi agx©q †Mvôx hv‡`i weev‡ni AvBbMZ ˆeaZv wb‡q cÖkœ Av‡Q| 60 cvwievwiK
AvBb we‡klÁiv ej‡Qb, GB we‡kl weevn AvBbwU LyeB Kg e¨eüZ nq Ges ev¯Í‡e †hUv nq Zv
nj weev‡ni cvÎ-cvÎx‡` GB AvB‡bi Aax‡b we‡q Ki‡Z n‡j GKUv †NvlYvc‡Î mB Ki‡Z nq †h
Zviv †Kvb a‡g© wek¦vm K‡ib bv, hvi d‡j GUv e¨envi Kiv `ytmva¨ n‡q `uvovq| 61 weevn we‡”Q`
AvBb 1869 g~jZ: Kiv n‡qwQj Lªx÷vb‡`i Rb¨ hv cieZx©‡Z we‡kl weevn AvB‡bi Aax‡b m¤úbœ
weev‡ni †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| 62
2011). wn› `y m¤cÖ`vq GB MYbvi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb| Zviv e‡jb evsjv‡`‡k wn› `y Rb‡Mvôxi msL¨v Av‡iv A‡bK‡ekx| AvBbRxex I wn› `y m¤cÖ`v‡qi †bZv
myeªZ †PŠayixi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi , 3iv A‡±vei, 2011|
57 e„wUk Avg‡j e¨w³MZ AvBb msKj‡bi mg‡qi ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ Ges †mUv wKfv‡e bvix‡`i AwaKvi‡K wZMÖ¯’ K‡‡Q Zvi
we¯ÍvwiZ Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨my‡Î i‡q‡Q Ges GB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi AvIZv ewn©f~Z| †hgb D`vnib¯^i“c Janaki Nair, Women and Law in Colonial
India (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1996).
58 evsjv‡`k (we`¨gvb AvBb MÖnb) Av‡e`b, 1972|
59 cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985 wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ cieZx© ÒAvBbx cÖwZeÜKZvÓ Aa¨vqwU †`Lyb| 2010 mv‡j msm‡` cvwievwiK
mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiv) AvBb cvk n‡q‡Q| GB AvB‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ Òweevn‡Ëvi m¤úwË AvB‡bi AfveÓ Ges Òevsjv‡`‡ki weevwnZ,
ZvjvKcÖvß I c„_KevmiZ bvix‡`i Ici ˆelg¨g~jK e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi cÖfveÓ Aa¨vq `ywU †`Lyb| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k Kvh©Ki nevi c~‡e© mKj
a‡g©i bvixivB †dŠR`vix Kvh©wewa AvB‡bi 488 aviv Abyhvqx †dŠR`vix Av`vj‡Z fiY‡cvl‡Yi `vex wb‡q †h‡Zb| wKš‘ AvBbRxexiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm
IqvP‡K e‡jb, cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k Kvh©Ki nevi ci IB Av`vjZmg~‡ni GB gZv Avi ‡bB| mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i AvBbRxex Ges evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj
GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mi Uªv‡óªi civg©kK W. Rvwn`yj Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi B‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM, Ryb 6, 2012; Zahidul Islam,
Strengthening Family Courts: An Analysis of the Confusions and Uncertainties Thwarting the Family Courts in
Bangladesh (Dhaka, BLAST: 2006), http://www.blast.org.bd/content/publications/family_courts.pdf, pp. 16-
17 (accessed June 6, 2012)|
60 we‡kl weevn AvB‡bi 1872 Ges f~wgKv Ò‡h mKj e¨w³ wLª÷vb, Bû`x, wn› `y, gymwjg, cvwm©, †eŠ×, wkL ev ˆRb †Kvb a‡g©i Abymvix bq Ges †h
mKj e¨w³ wn› `y, †eŠ×, wkL ev ˆRb a‡g©i Abymvix Ges hv‡`i weev‡ni ˆeaZv wb‡q m‡› `n i‡q hvq †mBmKj †‡Î weev‡ni ˆeaZv †`IqvÕ
61 wb‡gœv³ e¨w³e‡M©i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi- mviv †nv‡mb, AvBbRxex Ges Abvivix cwiPvjK evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm
Uªv÷ (eøv÷), XvKv, gvP© 26, 2011; W. dw÷bv †c‡iiv, cwiPvjK, eª¨vK wnDg¨vb ivBUm GÛ wjM¨vj GBW mvwf©‡mm, XvKv 31 †g 2011; myjZvbv
Kvgvj, wbe©vnx cwiPvjK, AvBm I mvwjk †K› `ª, XvKv , 16 †g 2011|
62 we‡kl weevn AvBb 1872, aviv 17|
32

ZvwjKv : weevn I we‡”Q` msµvšÍ gymwjg, wn› `y I Lªxóvb AvBb¸wji g~j Dcv`bmg~n
weevn I
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wbeÜxKiY
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1939 mv‡ji gymwjg weevn we‡”Q` AvBb,
gymwjg weevn I we‡”Q` (wbeÜxKiY) AvBb
1974
33
weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi
c„_Kevm I fiY‡cvlb
AvBb 1946
weev‡ni Pzw³ I wbeÜxKiY Avek¨K weevn †iwR‡óªk‡bi †Kvb
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34
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63
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64
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65
gymwjg weevn I ZvjvK (wbeÜxKib) AvBb 1974, wewa-9|

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GKwU Av`k© Kvwebbvgv‡Z weev‡ni Dfqc‡ÿi Rb¨ Ôwe‡kl kZ©Õ †hgb, ZvjvK ev we‡”Q`
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e‡j‡Qb A‡bK bvixB Am‡PZbZv I `vwi`ªZvi Kvi‡Y weevn wbe܇b e¨_© nb| 69 D`vniY¯^iæc
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c‡i weevn wbeÜb K‡ibwb| 70 AvBbRxex I gvbevwaKvi Kgx©iv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb,
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Gi gva¨‡g †bvUvixi Kv‡Q weevn K‡ib †hUvi †Kvb AvBbx ˆeaZv bvB| 72
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gymwjg weevn Pzw³‡Z ¯úó K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ¯^vgx‡K Zvi ¯¿x‡K Aek¨B GKUv wbw`©ó cwigvY
UvKv ev m¤úwË †gvni wn‡m‡e w`‡Z n‡e| 73 Gi GKUv Ask we‡qi mgq evKxUv cieZx© mgq
cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e| ZË¡MZfv‡e †`L‡j †`b‡gvn‡ii AwaKviUv bvix‡`i m¤úwËi AwaKvi
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wb‡q‡Qb Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq †h †gvnivbv wbav©i‡Y bvix‡`i LyeB Kg ev †Kvb f~wgKvB bvB Ges
66
c~‡ev©³, AwZwi³ Z‡_¨i Rb¨Ò‡gvniÒ Ges ÒfiY‡cvlYÓ wk‡ivbv‡gi Aa¨vq¸wj †`Lyb|
67
gymwjg weevn Ges ZvjvK (wbeÜbxKiY) wewa 1975, wewa 9, Kvwebvgvi 17, 19 Ges 20 Kjvg|
68
‡g-Ryb 2011 mv‡j XvKv, †bvqvLvjx, gv`vixcyi, Ges MvRxcyi †Rjvq gymwjg bvix‡`i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi †ekxifvM bvixivB
Rvb‡Zb †h Zviv we‡qi †gvni wbw`©ó Kivi †‡Î f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡Zv wKš‘ Zviv Kvwebvgv‡Z Ab¨‡Kvb kZ© †hvM K‡i mg‡SvZvi K_v Rvb‡Zb bv| wKQz
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69
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70
20 †g 2011 mv‡j †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi gymwjg bvix †RvevB`vi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
71
25 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk‡K‡› `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, †gwW†qkb I i¨vwcW †imcÝ BDwbU, bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm
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72
c~‡ev©³| 19 †g, 2011 AvBb I mvwjk‡K‡› `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, †gwW†qkb I i¨vwcW †imcÝ BDwbU, bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm
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2011 mv‡i XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix gywbivi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|.
73
gymwjg weevn I ZvjvK (wbeÜxKib) wewagvjv 1975 wewa 9, wbKvnbvgv| ‡gvni †hŠZzK †_‡K wfbœ, †hŠZzK Mfxifv‡e we¯Í…Z GKwU mvgvwRK cÖ_v
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35

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nq †mLv‡b mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| gy`ªvùxwZ I RxebhvÎvgv‡bi e„w× cvIqvi Rb¨ `xN©w`‡bi weevwnZ
Rxeb †k‡l GK mg‡q GB †gvn‡ii cwigvY LyeB bMY¨ n‡q `uvovq| wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP
bvix‡`i Ges cÖv³b cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePviK‡`i ‡gvnivbvi wel‡q mvÿvrKvi wb‡q †`‡L‡Q
†h A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv †`evi †ÿ‡Î GB ‡gvnivbvi cwigvY LyeB Kg| `yBwU gvgjvq †`Lv †M‡Q,
`yRb bvix we‡qi GKhyM c‡i ‡gvnivbv `vex K‡i‡Q- GK gvgjvq ‡gvn‡ii cwigvY 101 UvKv 75
Ges Ab¨ gvgjvq 2.5 UvKv| 76 wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi msiÿ‡Y Ab¨vb¨ †h gvgjv¸wj i‡q‡Q
†mLv‡b †gvnivbv 51 nvRvi cvPukZ UvKv Ges 600 UvKv gvÎ| 77 Ab¨ RvqMvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h,
¯^vgx GZ †ekx †gvnivbv avh© K‡i‡Q †h †m †h cieZx©‡Z H ‡gvnivbv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi
†Kvb wbðqZv bvB Ges hLb weevn we‡”Q` nq ZLb †gvnivbvi wKQzB cwi‡kva K‡i bvB, A_‰bwZK
wbðqZvi bv‡g †gvnivbv kyayB KvM‡R Kj‡g| 78 ¯¿x weevn we‡”Q` cieZx©‰Z †h †Kvb e‡Kqv
†`b‡gvni cvevi AwaKvix wKš‘ bvix‡`i c‡ÿ GB AwaKv‡ii AvBbUv ev¯Íevqb Kiv `y:mva¨| 79
eûweevn
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ÒwK‡mi AbygwZ? ¯^vgx wØZxq we‡q Kivi Av‡M GKUv K_vI e‡jwb| Zviv hLb
Pvq ZLbB we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡iÓ|
AvQgv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 20 †g, 2011|
evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ GjvKvq eû weev‡ni cÖPjb Anin, hw`I wKQz wKQz m~Î ej‡Q GUvi cwigvY
n«vm cv‡”Q| 80 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ 40 Rb bvix eû weev‡ni g‡a¨
i‡q‡Qb Ges me¸wj NUbv‡ZB †`Lv hvq, GmKj bvixi AwaKv‡ii Ici eû weev‡ni AZ¨šÍ
74
‡g I Ryb 2011 mv‡j XvKv , MvRxcyi gv`vixcyi I †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi Kgc‡ 50 Rb gymwjg bvixi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP Av‡iv A‡bK bvix‡`i mv‡_ K_v e‡j‡Qb hviv Rvb‡Zbv Zv‡`i ‡gvni KZ wQj&| Zviv A‡b‡KB wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb †h
Zviv GKwU mv`v KvM‡R Av½y‡ji Qvc w`‡q‡Qb Ges c‡i ï‡b‡Qb IUvB Kvweb bvgv| wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi- kvnbvR (QÙbvg) gymwjg,
†bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 20 †g 2011, Av‡bvqviv (QÙbvg) gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 21 †g, 2011 dwi`v (QÙbvg) gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 22 †g, 2011|
75
GKRb cÖv³b wePvi‡Ki m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv bv)|
76
20 †g, 2011 Zvwi‡L †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi gymwjg bvix AvLZvivi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
77
20 I 21 †g, 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi Avwgiv (QÙbvg) Ges †RvevB`vi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
78
wnDg¨vb ivBm Iqv‡Pi wewfbœ cwigv‡bi †gvn‡ii Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i‡Q| A‡bK‡‡ÎB †gvn‡ii cwigvb 50,000 UvKv Kg Ges wnDg¨vb ivBm Iqv‡Pi
msMÖnxZ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ m‡ev©”P †gvni 1 j 50 nvRvi UvKv|
79
cieZx© ÒAvBbx cÖwZeÜKZvÓ Aa¨vqwU‡Z †`Lyb|
80
D`vniY¯^iƒc †`Lyb; OECD, “Social Institutions and Gender Index,” http://genderindex.org/country/bangladesh
(accessed April 3, 2011)|
36

weiæc cÖwZwµqv i‡q‡Q| †ewki fvM bvixivB e‡j‡Qb ¯^vgx Av‡iKUv we‡q Kivi m‡½ m‡½
Zv‡`i‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Q| hvi Kvi‡Y Zviv evmM„n Ges A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvMwZvi AwaKvi
nviv‡”Qb|81 †KD †KD Avevi e‡j‡Qb eû weevn Ges cvwievwiK wbh©vZ‡bi g‡a¨ GKUv †hvMm~Î
i‡q‡Q| hLbB ¯¿xiv ¯^vgxi wØZxq we‡q wb‡q cÖkœ K‡i ZLbB ¯^vgxiv gviai ïiæ K‡i|82 GKRb
AwaKvi Kgx© GKUv NUbvi K_v e‡j‡Qb- †hLv‡b ¯¿x Zvi ¯^vgx‡K wØZxq we‡q wb‡q cÖkœ Kivq ¯^vgx
Zv‡K GwmW wb‡ÿc K‡i‡Q| 83 kixqv AvBb Abyhvqx GKRb cyyiæl PviUv ch©šÍ we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡i
wKš‘ gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k GB †ÿ‡Î wKQz c×wZMZ iÿvKe‡Ri weavb K‡i‡Q| 84
GKRb cyiæl wØZxq we‡q Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii †Pqvig¨v‡bi eivei Av‡e`b Ki‡Z
n‡e GB g‡g© ‡h, Zvi eZ©gvb ¯¿x wØZxq weev‡ni AbygwZ w`‡q‡Qb| 85 Gici †Pqvig¨vb mvwjkx
cwil` WvK‡eb, †hLv‡b wZwb wb‡R _vK‡eb Ges ¯^vgx I ¯¿xi Dfq cÿ †_‡K wbhy³ Kiv
cÖwZwbwaiv _vK‡eb| GB cwil` ïaygvÎ ZLbB AbygwZ †`‡e hLb Zviv mš‘ó n‡eb †h weev‡ni
cÖ¯Íve ÒcÖ‡qvRbxq I b¨vq m½ZÓ 86 Ges weev‡n kZ© hy³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| 87 cÖ‡qvRbxq I
b¨vqm½Z ej‡Z wK ‡evSvq Zv AvB‡b e¨vL¨v Kiv nqwb| Z‡e gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡bi wewa‡Z
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nj- eZ©gvb ¯¿xi mšÍvb avi‡Yi AÿgZv, kvwiixK cÖwZeÜKZv, `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cvj‡b kvixwiK
AÿgZv, `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybi“×v‡i Av`vj‡Zi wWwµ bv gvbv| 88 ZË¡MZfv‡e GB mvwjkx cwil`
¯^vgx‡`i wØZxq weev‡ni AbygwZ †`evi mgq eZ©©gvb ¯¿xi A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wKQz
AwZwi³ kZ© Ry‡o w`‡Z cv‡ib| 89 †h mKj cyiæl GB c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z e¨_© Zviv eZ©gvb ¯¿x
ev ¯¿xM‡Yi †gvnivbv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ 90 Ges ¯¿x ¯^vgxi weiæ‡× ‡dŠR`vix gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡Z
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we‡”Q‡`i Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 91 weevn Pzw³‡Z ei-K‡b Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK Ae¯’vi K_v
D‡jøL Ki‡Z eva¨ Ges g¨v‡iR †iwRóªvi †mUv hvPvB K‡i †`L‡eb| Av`k© Kvwebbvgv Pzw³‡Z
mywbw`©ófv‡e Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq †h, cv‡Îi †Kvb eZ©gvb ¯¿x i‡q‡Q wKbv, hw` _v‡K Zvn‡j †m wØZxq
we‡qi Rb¨ mvwjkx cwil` †_‡K h_vh_ AbygwZ wb‡q‡Q wKbv| 92 Kvwebbvgv bvix‡`i†K AwZwi³
81
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82
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MvRxcyi †Rjvi gymwjg bvix wbw¤§ (QÙbvg), 19 †g, 2011 ZvwiL XvKv †Rjvi gymwjg bvix †kdvjx (QÏbvg) 22 †g,2011 †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi dwi`v,
gnwmbv Ges mvB`vi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
83
31 †g 2011 ZvwiK XvKv †Rjvi gymwjg bvix gv‡jKv (QÙbvg) Zvi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
84
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85
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89
gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k 1961 aviv (6), gymwjg weevn we‡”Q` AvBb, 1939, aviv 29(iia)|
90
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91
c~‡ev©³|
92
wbKvnbvgv, evsjv‡`k gymwjg weevn I ZvjvK (wbeÜxKiY) wewagvjv 1975, wewa 9, Kjvg 21|
37

myiÿvi Rb¨ mg‡SvZv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i, †hUv AvBbRxexiv g‡b K‡ib eû weevn ‡iv‡ai †ÿ‡Î eo
ai‡bi myiÿvi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|93 †hgb gqgbwms‡ni GKRb AvBbRxex wnDg¨vb ivBUm
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GB wel‡q wm×všÍ¸wj h_vh_fv‡e msiÿY Kiv|Ó 96 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †h 40 Rb gymwjg
bvix hviv eûweev‡ni g‡a¨ Av‡Qb Zv‡`i mvÿvrKi wb‡q‡Qb Zviv mK‡jB e‡j‡Qb Zviv ¯^vgx‡`i
Av‡iKUv weev‡ni K_v NUbv NUvi A‡bK c‡i ¯^vgx, k¦ïievoxi †jvKRb A_ev cwiev‡ii Ab¨
m`m¨ ev eÜzi Kv‡Q ï‡b‡Qb| ZvB hw`Iev wZwb Gi weiæ‡× wKš‘ GUvi cÖwZev` ev cÖwZ‡iva
Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM wQjbv| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †KD mvwjkx cwil‡` cÖwZwbwa wb‡qvM K‡ib bvB hw`I
AvBb GUv ej‡Q| †hgb mvqivi ¯^vgx Zvi AbygwZ bv wb‡q eûevi we‡q K‡i‡Qb| mvqiv e‡j‡Q-
ÒhLb Avgvi †Q‡ji eqm GK eQi ZLb Avgvi ¯^vgx wØZxq we‡q K‡i, Avwg GUv RvbZvg bv|
wKš‘ GKw`b †m wØZxq ¯¿x‡K evwo‡Z wb‡q Gj| wØZxq ¯¿xI RvbZ bv †h Zvi Av‡Mi †eŠ Av‡Q| †m
Avgv‡`i mv‡_ wZb eQi wQj, Zvici P‡j hvq| Zvici Avevi Avgvi ¯^vgx P‡j hvq Ges Av‡iKwU
‡eŠ wb‡q Av‡m| hLb †m PZz_© we‡qi Rb¨ hvq ZLb Avwg eyS‡Z cvwi, KviY †g‡q cÿ we‡qi
Av‡qvRb KiwQj Ges GUv GKB GjvKvi g‡a¨|Ó 97 wibviI †Kvb my‡hvM wQj bv Zvi ¯^vgxi
wØZxq we‡q cÖwZ‡iva Kivi, hLb †m k¦ïievoxi GKUv †dv‡b Rvb‡Z cvij †h k¦ïievoxi †jv‡Kiv
GB we‡qi Av‡qvRb K‡i‡Q| Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K e‡jwQj †m Zvi gv‡qi Pv‡c c‡o we‡q Ki‡Z eva¨
n‡q‡Q| Zv bv n‡j Zvi gv AvZ¥nZ¨v Ki‡Zv| wibv e‡j‡Q ÒAvi Avwg hw` AvZ¥nZ¨v Kwi †mUv
wVK nZ?Ó 98 bvix‡`i Rb¨ mvwjkx cwil‡` †h‡q Zv‡`i ¯^vgx‡`i eûweev‡ni `iÿv¯Í cÖwZ‡iva
93
1jv GwcÖj 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡ói †Rjv chv©‡hi AvBbRxex‡`i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi Av‡jvPbv
mfv |
94
c~‡e©v³|
95
‡Rmwgb myjZvbv ebvg †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm (1997) 17 BLD 4|
96
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj GBW G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi Kgx© bwgZv ivbx `‡Ëi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
97
20 †g 2011 †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi gymwjg bvix mvqivi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
98
24 †g, 2011, XvKv †Rjvi gymwjg bvjx ixbvi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
38

Kiv LyeB `y:mva¨| wKQz Kg©KZv©, we‡klÁiv e‡j‡Qb mvwjkx cwil‡` LyeB Kg bvix‡`i‡K
mvwjk`vi wn‡m‡e wbhy³ Kiv nq| †hUv bvix‡`i Rb¨ Av‡iv A¯^w¯ÍKi| 99 GKRb BDwbqb
cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb e‡j‡Qb mvwjkx cwil‡`i m`m¨ wn‡m‡e bvix‡`i wbhy³ Kiv LyeB
¸iæZ¡cyY©| G‡Z K‡i bvixiv wbtms‡Kv‡P I gy³ g‡b Zv‡`i mgm¨vi K_v ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
m`m¨ivI Zv‡`i mgm¨v¸wj eyS‡eb| wKQz ‡ÿ‡Î bvixiv hLb mvwjkx cwil‡` Av‡mb ZLb Zviv
cyiæl m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ K_vB e‡jb bv| 100 ¯’vbxq Kg©KZv© hviv mvwjkx cwil` Kvh©Ki ivLvi
`vwq‡Z¡ Av‡Qb Zviv miKvi †_‡K LyeB ¯^í cÖwkÿY I mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q _v‡Kb| 101 ZvQvov
mvwjkx cwil`¸wji mvwe©K A‡bK `ye©jZv i‡q‡Q †hUv †`Lvi `vwqZ¡ ¯’vbxq miKvi gš¿Yvj‡qi|
eûweevn msµvšÍ wel‡q ¯’vbxq Kg©KZv©‡`i Kvh©ejx I cÖwZ‡e`b msMÖ‡ni GKwU cÖwµqv GB
gš¿Yvj‡qi i‡q‡Q| 102 eûweev‡ni †ÿ‡Î `~e©j weevn wbeÜb c×wZ cÖwZeÜKZv wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k ïaygvÎ gymwjg‡`i Rb¨ weevn wbe܇bi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GUv _vKvi ciI
ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, GwU eûweevn cÖwZ‡iv‡a †Zgb †Kvb KvR Ki‡Q bv| A-wbeÜxKiY
weevn‡K A‰ea K‡ibv| wbeÜxKiY c×wZ Kw¤úDUvivBRW bq, †Rjv¸‡jvi g‡a¨I †Kvb mgš^q
†bB| ZvB cyiæl B‡PQ Ki‡j wfbœ wfbœ †Rjvq wM‡q A‡bK¸wj weevn wbeÜb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 103
wKQzw`b Av‡MI GKRb cyiæl GKB †Rjvq cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g wfbœ bvg ‡`wL‡q GKvwaK we‡q
wbeÜb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv, wKš‘ 2011 mv‡j bZzb wbqg Abyhvqx weev‡ni cÿMY‡K weev‡ni mgq
†fvUvi AvBwW KvW© †`Lv‡Z n‡e| 104
ZvjvK
evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Av`vjZ e¨e¯’vi evB‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi ZvjvK Aby‡gv`b K‡i|
me‡P‡q †ekx †`Lv hvq webv Kvi‡Y GKZidv ZvjvK| cyiæ‡li m¤ú~Y© ÿgZv i‡q‡Q Zvjv‡Ki
gva¨‡g weevn we‡”Q` NUv‡bv| Ab¨w`‡K bvix‡`iI webv Kvi‡Y ZvjvK †`evi ÿgZv i‡q‡Q
†mLv‡b †hLv‡b ¯^vgx Kvwebbvgv‡Z ¯¿x‡K ‡mB ÿgZv w`‡q‡Qb| 105
webv Kvi‡Y Zvjv‡Ki GB ÿgZvi cvkvcvwk ¯^vgx I ¯¿xi †hŠ_ m¤§wËi gva¨‡g ZvjvK n‡Z cv‡i
(gyeviZ)| Lyjv Zvjv‡Ki cÖPjb Kg, GB Zvjv‡Ki gva¨‡g ¯¿x ZvjvK `vwe K‡i Ges ‡mLv‡b ¯^vgxi
99
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj GBW G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi Kgx© bwgZv ivbx `Ë Ges BD‡iKv Av³v‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
100
28 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi †Rjvi BDwbqb cwil` mfvcwZ KvRx Aveyj evkv‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| Av‡iv †`Lyb;
AvjgMxi †gvnv¤§` wmivR Dwχbi, Shari’a law and society: Tradition and Change in the Indian Subcontinent (Dhaka:
Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1991), ‡hLv‡b 1991 mv‡ji GKUv M‡elYv D‡jL K‡i ejv nq cyi“l cÖavb mvwjwk cwil` LyeB Kg †‡Î
cyi“l‡`i cybivq weev‡ni Av‡e`b bv‡KvP K‡i|
101
19 †g 2011 Zvwi‡L evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwZi wgZvjx Rvnvb (Kg©m~Px Kg©KZv); 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vix cyi wjM¨vj GBW G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi
bwgZv ivbx `Ë Ges BD‡iKv Av³vi ; gv`vixcyi I †bvqvLvjx †Rivi BDwbqb cwil‡`i m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
102
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj GBW G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi Kgx© bwgZv ivbx `Ë I BD‡iKv Av³v‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
103
†g 2011 †Z †bvqvLvjx I gv`vixcyi †Rjvi g¨v‡iR †iwRóvi‡`i (Aby‡iv‡a bvg AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
104 c~‡ev©³|
105 c~‡ev©³|
39

m¤§wZ Avek¨K| AwaKvi Kgx©, AvBbRxex Ges KvRxiv e‡j‡Qb (†hUv weZwK©Z) GB ai‡bi
Zvjv‡Ki †ÿ‡Î ¯¿x‡K GKUv g~j¨ w`‡Z nq - mvaviYZ ‡mwU UvKvi wewbg‡q ev †gvn‡ii `vex †Q‡o
†`qvi gva¨‡g nq| 106 1939 mv‡j gymwjg weevn we‡PQ` AvB‡bi Aax‡b Av‡iK ai‡bi Zvjv‡Ki
cÖPjb i‡q‡Q †hUv n‡jv bvixiv Av`vj‡Zi Kv‡Q Zvjv‡Ki Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB AvB‡b bvixiv
†Kvb& †Kvb& †ÿ‡Î ZvjvK PvB‡Z cv‡ib Zv mywb©w`ó Kiv Av‡Q| 107 we‡klÁiv e‡j‡Qb- GUv e„nr
cwim‡i e¨envi Kiv nqbv, KviY Av`vj‡Z c×wZMZ RwUjZv I `xN©m~wÎZv i‡q‡Q| ¯^vgxi
GKZidv webv Kvi‡Y ZvjvK †`evi ÿgZv‡K wKQzUv msiÿY Kivi Rb¨ gymwjg cvwievwiK
Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`‡k wKQz c×wZMZ e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q ZvjvK Kvh©Ki Kiv Rb¨| GB AvBb
Abyhvqx cÿMY ZvjvK w`‡Z PvB‡j (mvaviYZ ¯^vgx, Z‡e Kvwebbvgvq ÿgZv †`Iqv _vK‡j ¯¿xI)
†h cÿ ZvjvK PvB‡e Zv‡K Ab¨ cÿ‡K Ges ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii †Pqvig¨vb‡K †bvwUk w`‡Z n‡e|
†bvwUk cvevi 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ †Pqvig¨vb mg‡SvZv Kivi Rb¨ mvwjkx cwil` MVb Ki‡eb| hw`
cÿØq mg‡SvZv bv K‡i Z‡e †Pqvig¨vb †bvwUk cvIqv †_‡K 90 w`‡bi ci ZvjvK Kvh©Ki n‡e,
Avi hw` ¯¿x Mf©eZx© nb Zvn‡j mšÍvb R‡b¥i ci| 108 bvix, AvBbRxex I AwaKvi Kgx©iv wnDg¨vb
ivBUm IqvP†K e‡j‡Qb cyiæliv ZvjvK †`evi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZi cvËvB †`q bv ev h‡_”Q e¨envi
K‡i| †hgb †bvwU‡k c~‡e©i ZvwiL †`Lvq hv‡Z K‡i GB 90 w`‡bi fiY‡cvlY bv w`‡Z nq| 109
fiY‡cvlY
A-msKwjZ gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Abyhvqx ¯^vgx ‰eevwnK Ae¯’vq Zvi ¯¿x ev ¯¿xM‡Yi fiY †cvlY
Ki‡Z eva¨| Gi g‡a¨ Lv`¨, e¯¿, I wbivcËv AšÍ©fz³| ¯¿x GB fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvi ZLbB
cv‡e hLb †m fvj Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix Ges ¯^vgxi cÖwZ eva¨ _vK‡e| 110 ¯¿x weev‡ni Pzw³‡Z GB
fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY I kZ© mywbw`©ó K‡i D‡jøL K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| 111 wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi
106 ‡gwW‡qkb GÐ i¨vwcW †imcÝ BDwb‡Ui wmwbqi †WcywU wW‡i±i bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi, XvKv, 19 †g 2011; `k
eQ‡iiI AwaK mgq a‡i jvB‡mÝavix GKRb KvRxi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi (Aby‡iv‡ai †cÖwÿ‡Z bvg Ges we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ),
‡g 2011; †WBjx ÷vi cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ iscyi cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi Gwm÷¨v› U RR& †gvnv¤§` Avãyi ingv‡bi †jLv “Khula Talaq and
essence of service of notice,” Law and Our Rights, 27 †g 2006, †`Lyb:
http://www.thedailystar.net/law/2006/05/04/advocacy.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 23 Ryb 2012)|
107 ‡Î¸wj n‡jv: ¯^vgx 4 eQi a‡i wb‡LvuR, †m `yB eQi a‡i fiY‡cvlY w`‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q ev Ae‡njv K‡i‡Q| †m AvBbMZ cÖwµqv Abymib bv K‡i
Av‡iKwU ¯¿x MÖnY K‡i‡Q| †m 7 eQi ev AwaK mg‡qi Rb¨ Kviv`‡Û `wÛZ n‡q‡Q| †m †Kvb hyw³msMZ KviY e¨ZxZ 3 eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i `v¤ú˨
`vwqZ¡ cvj‡b e¨_© n‡q‡Q| cyiælZ¡nxbZv, `yB eQi a‡i gvbwmK fvimvg¨nxb ev Kzô ev gvivZ¡K †hŠb e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ| ¯¿xi 16 eQi eq‡mi c~‡e© weevn
n‡q‡Q Ges 18 eQi c~Y© nevi ci ¯¿x weevn Am¦xKvi K‡i| Z‡e weevwnZ _vKv Ae¯’vq mnevm nqwb| ¯^vgx Zvi cÖwZ wbózi AvPib K‡i (AvB‡b wbóziZvi
aib ejv n‡q‡Q) Ges gymwjg AvB‡b ¯^xK…Z Ab¨vb¨ KviY| gymwjg weevn we‡”Q` AvBb 1939, aviv 2|
108 gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k 1961, aviv 7|
109 16 †g 2011 Zvwi‡L AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxex mvjgv †Rexb, 1jv Ryb 2011 Zvwi‡L evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i AvBbRxex gvKmy`v Ges
Ab¨vb¨iv 28 †g 2011 ZvwiL evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡ói AvBbRxex dwi`v Bqvmwgb I Ab¨vb¨‡`i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi
mvvrKvi|
110 ‡`Lyb, †c‡iiv, The Fractured Scales, c„-30; W. Zvmwjgv gbmyi, Gender Equity and Economic Empowerment: Family Law and
Women in Bangladesh (Dhaka: British Council, 2008), c„-66. cÖ‡dmi gbmyi e‡j‡Qb Òeva¨ ¯¿xi k‡Z©i GKgvÎ e¨wZµg n‡jv hLb ¯^vgx
†gvn‡ii GKUv Ask ¯¿x‡K cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nq (PvwnevgvÎ cÖ`v‡b eva¨ ‡`b‡gvni)|
111 gymwjg weevn Ges we‡”Q` (wbeÜxKiY) wewagvjv 1975, wewa 9, Kjvg 20|
40

mv‡_ †h bvixiv K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv‡`i Kv‡iviB GB m¤¢ebvi wel‡q ‡Kvb aviYv wQj bv| 112
Av`vj‡Zi wm×všÍ Abyhvqx GKRb ¯^vgx hw` ˆeevwnK Rxe‡b ¯¿xi fiY‡cvlY w`‡Z e¨_© nb Z‡e
¯¿x Av`vj‡Zi wbKU 6 eQi ch©šÍ AZxZ fiY‡cvlY `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 113 GKRb gymwjg bvix
ZvjvK cieZx©‡Z Zvjv‡Ki †bvwUk cvevi 90 w`b ch©šÍ ev hw` mšÍvbm¤¢ev nb Zvn‡j mšÍvb
Rb¥ bv nIqv ch©šÍ fiY‡cvlY cvevi AwaKvix| 114 evsjv‡`k mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i Avcxj wefvM
nvB†KvU© wefv‡Mi GKwU ivq cwieZ©b K‡i GKwU weZwK©Z iv‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, BmjvwgK AvB‡bi
nvbvdx gZev` gymwjg bvix‡`i ZvjvK cieZx© fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvi †`q bv| 115 A‡bK bvix
AwaKvi Kgx© Ges AvBbRxexiv GB iv‡qi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i GB
e¨vL¨vwU LyeB †UKwbK¨vj Ges µzwUcyY©| 116
wn› `y cvwievwiK AvBb
wn› `y weevn I we‡”Q` wn› `y AvB‡bi `vqfvMv gZev` Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| ïaygvÎ wn› `y weevwnZ
bvixi c„_K evmM„n I fiY‡cvl‡Yi AvBb- 1946 e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj AvBbB A-msKwjZ|
weevn Ges eû weevn
wn› `y weevn agx©q AvPvi Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq, †Kvb weevn Pzw³ ev wbeÜbKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb
nq bv| 117 AvBbRxexiv e‡j‡Qb †h, A‡bK wn› `y bvix Rv‡bb bv AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z GKUv ˆea agx©q
weevn Abyôvb ej‡Z wK eySvq| 118 wKQz wKQz wn› `y `¤úwZ †Kvb agx©q AvPv‡ii g‡a¨ bv wM‡q
ïaygvÎ fMeZ MxZvi Dci nvZ †i‡L weevn m¤úbœ K‡ib| 119 AvBbRxexiv Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb wKQz wKQz
†ÿ‡Î weev‡ni cÿMY †bvUvixi Kv‡Q hvb Ges GKUv mvaviY Gwd‡WwdU ˆZix K‡i †NvlYv †`b
Zviv ¯^vgx ¯¿x, Zviv †Kvb agx©q AvbyôvwbKZvi wfZi hvb bv| 120 weev‡ni wbeÜb bv _vKvq †h
mKj bvix Zv‡`i ¯^vgx †_‡K c„_K n‡q fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡e`b K‡ib Zv‡`i Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z weevn
cÖgvY Kiv KóKi| AvBbRxex Ges bvix AwaKvi Kgx©iv eû eQi a‡i wn› `y weevn wbeÜb
112
†g Ges Ryb 2011 Zvwi‡L XvKv, †bvqvLvjx gv`vixcyi Ges MvRxcyi †Rjvi gymwjg bvix‡`i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
113
Rvwgjv LvZzb ebvg †iv¯Íg Avjx, 16 BLD(Ad) (1996)61|
114
‡c‡iiv, The Fractured Scales, c„-29|
115
†gv: †ndRyi ingvb ebvg kvgmybœvnvi †eMg 15 BLD ( 1995) 34|
116
17 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z AvBbRxex †dŠwRqv Kwig Ges 30 gvP© 2011 ZvwiL eªvK Ges wnDg¨vb ivBUm I wjM¨vj GBW mvwf©‡mm Gi cwiPvjK
W. dwóbv †c‡iivi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
117
Ag~j¨P› `ª †gv`K ebvg ivóª 35, DLR, 160 (1983) Av‡iv †`Lyb W. kvnvbv û`v, “‘Double Trouble’: Hindu Women in
Bangladesh—A Comparative Study,” Dhaka University Studies, Part-F, vol. 9 issue 1,1998, c„-111|
118
Ag~j¨ P› `ª †gv`K ebvg ivóª, c~‡e©v³, gvgjvq Av`vjZ weZ©wK©Zfv‡e e‡j‡Qb †h, GKwU wn› `y ˆea weev‡ni Rb¨ `yBwU agx©q AvPvi m¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e|
GKwU n‡jv Av¸‡bi m¤§y‡L kc_ Ges Av‡iKwU mßc`x (mvZ cvK †Nviv) †g 25, 2011 ZvwiL evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡ói DcwiPvjK
(AvBb) dwi`v Bqvmwgb, 19 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi wmwbqi DccwiPvjK bxbv †Mv¯^vgx Ges 30 gvP© 2011 ZvwiL XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
AvBb wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK kvnvbvR û`vi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
119
cy‡ev©³|
120
†g 2011 mv‡j †bvqvLvjx I gv`vixcyi †Rjvi 5 Rb KvRxi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| (Aby‡iv‡ai †cÖwÿ‡Z bvg cÖKvk Kiv nqwb)|
41

eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi AvBb cv‡ki `vwe Rvwb‡q Avm‡Qb| wKš‘ wn› `y m¤úª`v‡qi k³ cÖwZev‡`i Rb¨
†mUv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| wn› `y †eŠ× I Lªx÷vb HK¨ cwil‡`i mfvcwZ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K
e‡j‡Qb, RbM‡Yi cÖej evav _vKv m‡Ë¡I A‡bK wn› `y †bZviv e¨w³MZfv‡e wbeÜb c×wZ Pvb|
wZwb e‡jb, Òwn› `y †bZviv weevn wbe܇bi wec‡ÿ wKš‘ hLb e¨w³MZ chv©‡q mgm¨vq c‡ob
†hgb cyÎ we‡`‡k hv‡e ZLb Zviv Xv‡Kk¦ix g› `x‡i Av‡m we‡qi mb` cÎ †bevi Rb¨| cÖwZ
mßv‡n Avgiv 4/5wU mb`cÎ cÖ`vb KiwQ GB g‡g© †h, GB gw› `‡i weevn m¤úbœ n‡qwQj|Ó 121
2012 mv‡ji †g gv‡m evsjv‡`k gš¿xcwil` wn› `y weev‡ni Hw”QK wbeÜbKiY AvB‡bi Aby‡gv`b
w`‡q‡Qb| 122 wn› `y AvBb cyiæl‡`i eûweevn Aby‡gv`b K‡i GKvwaK ¯¿x Mªn‡Yi †Kvb mxgv ev
c~e©kZ© QvovB | hw` ¯^vgx cybivq weevn K‡i Z‡e ¯¿x cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z c„_K evmM„n I
fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 123
c„_KxKiY I fiY‡cvlY
evsjv‡`‡k wn› `y cvwievwiK AvB‡b ZvjvK Aby‡gvw`Z bq| 1946 mv‡ji weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi
c„_K evm¯’vb I fiY‡cvlY AvBb Abyhvqx wn› `y bvixiv wKQz wKQz mxgve× †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi wbKU
c„_K evm¯’vb I fiY‡cvl‡Yi wWwµ PvB‡Z cv‡ib| †ÿθwj n‡”Q- ¯^vgx hw` Kz-‡iv‡M AvµvšÍ
nb †hUv ¯¿xi gva¨‡g msµwgZ nqwb, ¯¿x‡K AZ¨šÍ wbôzifv‡e †i‡L‡Q †hUv Zvi mv‡_ emev‡mi
Rb¨ wbivc` ev cÖZ¨vwkZ bq, ¯^vgx ¯¿x‡K bv e‡j Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Qb, cyb:weevn, Ab¨ a‡g©
agv©šÍwiZ n‡q‡Q, iwÿZv †i‡L‡Q ev Af¨vmMZ Kvi‡Y iwÿZvi mv‡_ emevm Ki‡Q Ges Ab¨vb¨
b¨vq msMZ KviY| 124 GKRb wn› `y bvix fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvi cv‡eb bv hw` †m AmZx ev Ab¨
a‡g© agv©šÍwiZ ev `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cyb:iæ×v‡i Av`vj‡Z wWwµ cvj‡b e¨_© nb| 125
121 3 A‡±vei 2011 mv‡j wn› `y, †eŠ×, I Lªxóvb HK¨ cwil‡`i mfvcwZ Ges m`m¨ KvRj †`ebv‡_i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
122 ÒXvKv di wn› `y g¨v‡iR jÓ, w` wn› `y, †g 22, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3443443.ece
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 22 †g 2012); “Registration Optional for Hindu Marriage,” 21 †g 2012;
http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=37859 (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 22 †g 2012)|
123 weevwnZ wn› `ybvixi c„_K evmM„n Ges fiY‡cvlY AvBb 1945 aviv 2|
124 cy‡ev©³|
125 weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi c„_KevmM„n Ges fiY‡cvlY AvBb 1946, aviv 2|
42

¤ªZvi NUbv 126
wn› `y e¨w³MZ AvB‡b ZvjvK Am¤¢e ZvB Ggb wK wbôziZg NUbvi †ÿ‡ÎI †hgbwU N‡U‡Q
b¤ªZvi †ÿ‡Î| b¤ªZv GKRb 20 eQ‡ii wn› `y bvix, we‡q K‡iwQj GKRb KvwiMi‡K †h wb‡R
GKwU e¨emv Lyj‡Z †P‡qwQj Ges †mRb¨ b¤ªZvi Kv‡Q UvKv †P‡qwQj| Pvi eQi nvmcvZv‡j
KvR K‡i b¤ªZv `yjÿ UvKv Rwg‡qwQj Ges Gi cy‡ivUvB †m ¯^vgxi nv‡Z Zz‡j †`q| †mB
UvKv wb‡q ¯^vgx e¨emv bv K‡i evev-gv‡K UvKvUv w`‡q ‡`q| Gici b¤ªZv †mB UvKv PvB‡Z
ïiæ K‡i Ges m¤ú‡K©I wZ³Zv ïiæ nq| b¤ªZvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K gviai ïiæ K‡i| 2009
mv‡ji GK iv‡Z b¤ªZv hLb Amy¯’ wQj Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K cvwb LvIqv‡bvi K_v e‡j GwmW
LvB‡q ‡`q| b¤ªZv e‡j Ò†m Avgv‡K e‡j Avwg †Zvgvi Rb¨ Lvevi cvwb G‡bwQ, Avwg wKQzUv
Lvevi ci g‡b nj Avgvi gyL Ges wfZiUv Av¸‡b cy‡o hv‡”Q|Ó b¤ªZvi ¯^vgx GB Avµg‡bi
ci cvwj‡q hvq Ges cÖwZwbqZ †MÖdZvi duvwK w`‡q Pj‡Q| AvR ch©šÍ b¤ªZv wKQz †L‡Z ev
cvb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv | GKwU e¨vM †_‡K GKwU wUD‡ei gva¨‡g Zvi cvK¯’wj‡Z Lvevi mieivn
Kiv nq| b¤ªZvi †Mvmj I ev_iæ‡g hvevi Rb¨ mve©ÿwYK mvnvh¨ `iKvi, ZvB Zvi weaev
gv‡K PvKix †Q‡o Zvi mv‡_ _vK‡Z n‡”Q|
b¤ªZv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP†K e‡j- Ò‡m ïay b¨vq wePviB Pvqbv, †m ZvjvK PvqÓ| Ò†m e‡j
Avwg Zv‡K †RjLvbv‡Z †`L‡Z PvB Ges Avwg hLb nvmcvZvj †_‡K Qvov cve ZLb Avwg Zv‡K
ZvjvK †`e| hw` Avwg Zv‡K we‡q Ki‡Z cvwi, Avwg ZvjvKI w`‡Z cvwi|Ó b¤ªZv Rv‡bbv †h,
Zvi GB AKíbxq wbôzi NUbvi ciI wn› `y e¨w³MZ AvBb Zv‡K Zvjv‡Ki AbygwZ †`‡e bv|
wLª÷vb cvwievwiK AvBb
Lªx÷vb we‡q I ZvjvK 19 kZ‡Ki †`Iqvbx AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ| Gi g‡a¨ gyL¨ AvBb nj-
Lªx÷vb weevn AvBb- 1872 Ges weevn we‡”Q` AvBb- 1869|
weevn
Lªxóvb weevn `yBRb ¯^vÿxi mvg‡b cv`ªx, mb`cÎavix agx©q gš¿x ev weevn wbeÜK Øviv m¤úvw`Z
nq| 127 weevn Aek¨B wbewÜZ n‡Z n‡e| 128 Lªx÷vb AvB‡b eûweev‡ni AbygwZ bvB| K¨v_wjK‡`i
Rb¨ Pv‡©P AbywôZ we‡q Lªx÷xq agxq© AvBb Ges †`Iqvbx AvBb `yBwU `& ¦vivB cwiPvwjZ nq|
126 31 †g 2011 ZvwiL bgªZvi mv‡_ XvKv‡Z wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| GwmW mvifvBfim dvD‡Ûk‡bi e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK gwbiv ingv‡bi
m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi 4Vv †m‡Þ¤^i 2011 ZvwiL B-‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM| GB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP bgªZvi wPwKrmv I kvixwiK
Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
127 wLª÷vb weevn AvBb 1872, aviv 5|
128 wLª÷vb weevn AvBb, 1872 aviv 27-37|
43

ZvjvK I fiY‡cvlY
Lªx÷vbiv 1869 mv‡j weevn we‡”Q` AvBb Abyhvqx ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡i| GB AvBb Abyhvqx ¯^vgx
Zvi ¯¿x‡K e¨wfPv‡ii Awf‡hv‡M ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡ib| 129 Ab¨w`‡K ¯¿x‡`i‡K Aek¨B e¨wfPv‡ii
cvkvcvwk Ab¨ GK ev GKvwaK Kv‡h©i cÖgvY w`‡Z n‡e hvi g‡a¨ AšÍ©f~³ nj- ¯^vgxi Ab¨ a‡g©
agv©šÍwiZ nIqv, mgKvgxZv, A-Aby‡gvw`Z ‡hŠb m¤úK©, al©Y, eûMvwgZv, cïi mv‡_ mnevm,
`yeQi a‡i ¯¿x‡K cwiZ¨vM, cvkweKZv I wbôziZv| 130 Lªx÷vb AvB‡bi Zvjv‡Ki †ÿθ‡jv GZB
msKx©Y †h cÖvqB ¯^vgx Ges ¯¿xiv Av`vjZ †_‡K ZvjvK cvevi Rb¨ e¨wfPv‡ii Awf‡hvM Av‡bb hv
A‡bK mgqB wg_¨v n‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`kx mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡U Av`vj‡Z bvix‡`i Rb¨ GUv LyeB
AegvbbvKi Ae¯’vi ˆZix K‡i| wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP G iKg bvix‡`i mv‡_ K_v e‡j‡Qb hv‡`i
¯^vgxiv Zv‡`i weiæ‡× e¨wfPv‡ii wg_¨v Awf‡hvM G‡b Av`vj‡Z Zvjv‡Ki Av‡e`b K‡i‡Q| wiZvi
¯^vgx Zv‡K GKhy‡Mi †ekx mgq a‡i cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Q Ges we‡`‡k P‡j wM‡qwQj Kv‡Ri Rb¨| †m
GLb evsjv‡`‡k wd‡i‡Q Ges e¨wfPv‡ii Awf‡hvM G‡b Zvjv‡Ki Av‡e`b K‡i‡Q| wiZv e‡j ÒAvwg
GZ weeªZ n‡qwQ †h, Avwg hv†`i‡K wPwbbv Zviv ch©šÍ G‡m Avgv‡K e‡j‡Q Avgvi ¯^vgx hv ej‡Q
Zv‡Z Zviv `ytwLZ| Avwg Lvivc Pwi‡Îi bB| Avgvi cÖwZ‡ekx, evev-gv ev GjvKvi gvbyl‡K cÖkœ
Kiæb| GgbwK Avgvi ¯^vgxi c‡ÿi AvBbRxex Avgvi Kv‡Q G‡m `ytL cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|Ó 131
2006 mv‡j evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgkb GB weevn we‡”Q` AvBbwU chv©‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges mycvwik
K‡i‡Qb †h, weevn we‡”Q‡`i gvgjvi †ÿ‡Î Zvjv‡Ki cwimi¸wj Av‡iv cÖk¯Í Kiv Ges G¸wj
¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi Rb¨ GKB ivLvi gva¨‡g GB AvB‡b bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ †h AmgZv I ˆelg¨
i‡q‡Q Zv `~i Kivi cÖ‡qvRb|Ó 132 Kwgkb Av‡iv e‡j‡Q ‡h Ò¯^vgx-¯¿xi †hŠ_ m¤§wZ‡Z ZvjvK
cÖ`v‡bi weavb‡K GKUv cwimi wn‡m‡e AšÍ©f~³ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv w`‡q‡QÓ Ges GB
weavb Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ Kwgkb mycvwikI K‡i‡Qb| 133 Z‡e evsjv‡`k miKvi GLbI ch©šÍ AvBb
Kwgk‡bi GB mycvwik Abyhvqx ZvjvK AvBbwU ms‡kvab K‡iwb| weevwnZ bvixi m¤úwË AwaKvi
AvBb-1874 weevwnZ Lªx÷vb bvix‡`i wbR¯^ gRyix ev Av‡qi Dci wbqš¿Y ivLvi Rb¨ hv
weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwË †_‡K Avjv`v| GKRb ZvjvKcÖvß ev we‡”Q‡` _vKv Lªx÷vb bvixi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ
AvBb fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvi w`‡q‡Q| Z‡e kZ© i‡q‡Q †h Zv‡K mZx n‡Z n‡e| 134 wLª÷vb bvixiv
129 ZvjvK AvBb 1859, aviv 10|
130 c~‡ev©³, ZvjvK AvB‡bi Aa¨vq 3(10) -‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q ÒGKRb ¯¿x †Rjv Av`vjZ ev D”P Av`vj‡Z Zvjv‡Ki Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb wb‡b¥v³
†ÿθwj‡Z; ¯^vgxi wLª÷vb ag© †Q‡o Ab¨ a‡g© agv©šÍwiZ nIqv Ges Aci †Kvb bvixi mv‡_ weevn e܇b Ave× n‡q‡Qb, Kv‡iv mv‡_ e¨vwfPv‡i wjß
n‡q‡Qb, eûMvwgZv Ges e¨vwfPvi K‡i‡Qb, Aci †Kvb bvixi mv‡_ we‡q Ges e¨vwfPvi, al©Y, mgKvgxZv I cvkweKZv, e¨wfPvi I b„ksmZv, A-
Aby‡gvw`Z ‡hŠb m¤úK©, al©Y, eûMvwgZv, cïi mv‡_ mnevm, `yeQ‡ii †ekx mgq a‡i ¯¿xi †LuvRLei bv †bIqv|Ò
131 27 ‡m‡Þ¤^vi 2011 Zvwi‡L XvKvq ixZv (QÙbvg) I A‡±vei 2011 Zvwi‡L mvivnÕi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
132 evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi, “A Final Report on the Proposed Amendment of the Divorce Act, 1989 (Act IV of 1869)
along with a draft of the Divorce Act, 1869 (Amendment) Bill, 200_,” 2006,
http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports/72.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 5 Ryb 2012), unpaginated|
133 c~‡e©v³|
134 W. dw÷bv †c‡iivi The Fractured Scales c„: 51|
44

Av`vj‡Zi wbKU ZvjvK cieZx© fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges hw` gvgjv Pjgvb _v‡K
Z‡e AšÍeZx©Kvjxb fiY‡cvlY PvB‡Z cv‡ib|
weev‡nvËi m¤úwË AvB‡bi Afve
msmv‡i I cwiev‡ii m¤úwˇZ bvixi A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb _vKvi c‡iI evsjv‡`‡k weevn‡Ëvi
m¤úwË cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †Kvb AvBb bvB| 2010 mv‡ji cvwievwiK wbhv©Zb cÖwZ‡iva AvBb GB
duvKUv wKQzUv c~iY K‡i‡Q| GUv cvwievwiK wbhv©Z‡bi wkKvi bvix‡`i Ò‡hŠ_ evmM„‡nÓ emev‡mi
AwaKvi †`q| 135 GB AvB‡b cvwievwiK wbhv©Zb wn‡m‡e ‡m mKj Kvh©‡K eySvq hv ÒA_©‰bwZK
wZi KviYÓ| G¸wji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †mB ai‡bi welq †hLv‡b ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿x‡K m¤úwË e¨envi I
cwiPvjbv n‡Z `~‡i iv‡L †h m¤úwËi AwaKvix ‡m cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡YB, Zvi ˆ`bw› `b
Pvwn`v‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i Ges we‡qi mgq Dcnvi wn‡m‡e hv ‡c‡q‡Q Zv e¨envi †_‡K ewÂZ
K‡i| 136 hvB ‡nvK, cvwievwiK wbhv©Zb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai GB AvBb Qvov †Kvb †`Iqvbx ev e¨w³MZ
AvBb weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwˇZ bvix‡`i AwaKvi ev ZvjvK cieZx‡Z Gi e› Ub wel‡q †Kvb ¯^xK…wZ,
msÁv ev wbqš¿‡Yi wel‡q †Kvb wewagvjv bvB| 137 Òweevn‡Ëvi m¤úwËÓ msµvšÍ †Kvb msKwjZ
AvBb bv _vKvq evsjv‡`‡k ÒwbR¯^ m¤úwËÓi GKUv welq `uvwo‡q †M‡Q| weevwnZ Rxe‡b ¯^vgx-¯¿x
wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i gZ K‡i m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GKR‡bi m¤úwˇZ
Av‡iKR‡bi f~wgKv ev msmv‡i Zvi f~wgKv ZvjvK cieZx© mg‡q IB m¤úwËi Ici †Kvb `vexi
†‡Î ¯^xK…Z bq| †hUv cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡ki †ekxi fvM m¤úwËi
AvbyôvwbK gvwjKvbv cyiæl‡`i, myZivs GB ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi wbR¯^ m¤úwËi welqwU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
bvix‡`i kvw¯Í †`q Ges msmv‡i Zv‡`i f~wgKv‡K cvk KvwU‡q hvq| GB AvBbx eÂbv evsjv‡`‡k
ZvjvKcÖvß I c„_K emevmiZ bxiv‡`i cyiæl‡`i Zzjbvq A‡bK †ekx A_©‰bwZK Kó I `vwi‡`ª¨i
SzuwKi g‡a¨ †d‡j| ˆeevwnK evmM„‡n ev ¯^vgxi PvKzix ev e¨emvq ¯¿x‡`i KZ eo Ae`vb i‡q‡Q
135 cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiv ) AvBb 2010 aviv 10 me-15 GB AvB‡bi †Kvb Awdwmqvj Bs‡iRx Abyev` bvB| evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW
mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡ói Bs‡iRx Abyev‡` ejv n‡q‡Q GB AvBb 10 avivq bvix‡`i †hŠ_ M„‡n evm Kivi AwaKvi †`q Ges 15 aviv Av`vjZ‡K GB AwaKvi
Kvh©K‡ii Rb¨ emev‡mi AwaKv‡ii Av‡`k †`evi gZv ‡`q|
136 c~‡ev©³, Z (N) avivq Avw_K© wZi msÁv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges 5wU †‡Îi eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b Avw_©K wZ m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q e‡j aiv n‡e|
evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i Abyev` Abyhvqx G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q: 3(N)-A: AvBb ev cÖ_v Abymv‡i ev †Kvb Av`vjZ ev Dchy³
KZ©„cÿ KZ©„K cÖ`Ë Av‡`k Abyhvqx msÿz× e¨w³ †h mKj Avw_©K myweav, m¤ú` ev m¤úwË jv‡fi AwaKvix Zv n‡Z Zv‡K ewÂZ Kiv ev Dnvi Dci Zvi
ˆea AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡M evav cÖ`vb; 3(N)-Av: msÿz× e¨w³‡K wbZ©e¨envh© wRwbmcÎ cÖ`vb bv Kiv ; 3(N)-B Òweev‡ni mgq cÖvß Dcnvi ev ¯¿xi ev Ab¨
†Kvb `vb ev Dcnvi wnmv‡e cÖvß †Kvb m¤ú` n‡Z msÿz× e¨w³‡K ewÂZ Kiv ev Dnvi Dci Zvi ˆea AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡M evav cÖ`vb Z(L)C) Òmsÿz×
e¨w³i gvwjKvbvaxb †h †Kvb ¯’vei ev A¯’vei m¤úwË Zvi AbygwZ e¨ZxZ n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv ev Dnvi Dci Zvi ˆea AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡M evav cÖ`vb 3(L)-G)
ÒcvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡Y †h mKj m¤ú` ev my‡hvM myweavw`‡Z msÿz× e¨w³i e¨envi ev †fvM`L‡ji AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Zv n‡Z Zv‡K ewÂZ Kiv ev Zvi
Dci ˆea AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡M evav cÖ`vb|
137 weevn PjvKvjxb mg‡q `¤úwˇZ AwR©Z †hŠ_ m¤úwË ev Zv‡`i †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póvq AwR©Z e¨w³MZ m¤úwË wbY©q Ges wefvR‡b wewfbœ †`‡k wewfbœ AvBbx
cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq| †Kvb †Kvb †‡Î GUv‡K ÒmgwóMZ m¤úwË ejv nq| †hLv‡b a‡iB †bIqv nq †h, weevn PjvKvjxb mg‡q AwR©Z mKj
m¤úwˇZB ¯^vgx-¯¿xi †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv i‡q‡Q| ÒmgwóMZ m¤úwËi c×wZ‡Z mvaviYZ weevn c~‡e©i DËivwaKvi ev Dcnvim~‡Î †Kvb Dcv‡q AwR©Z
m¤úwˇK c„_©K e¨w³MZ m¤úwË aiv nq| wKQz wKQz †`‡k ÒmgwóMZ m¤úwË Ges Òc„_K m¤úwËÓ `yBUv c×wZB i‡q‡Q Ges GLv‡b `¤úwˇ`i‡K we‡qi
mgqB Zviv †Kvb c×wZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ n‡e †mUv wbav©iY Kivi AbygwZ †`q| wKQz wKQz †`‡k c„_K m¤úwË c×wZ Av‡Q wKš‘ Zvi †hŠ_ cÖqvm Ges †hŠ_
Askx`vix‡Z¡i gva¨‡g AwR©Z `v¤úZ¨ m¤úwËi ¯^xK…wZ †`q Ges †mB m¤úwËi wefvRb †‡Î Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki KZUzKz Ae`vb i‡q‡Q ‡mUv we‡ePbv K‡i
wKQz RvqMvq †hg wdwjdvBb Ges BwÛqvi †Mvqv ivR¨‡Z m¤ú~Y© mgwóMZ m¤úwËi c×wZ †hLv‡b mKj m¤úwËi †hŠ_ m¤úwË wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e Zv †m
we‡qi Av‡M ev weevn PjvKvjxb mgq, hLbB AwR©Z †nvK bv †Kb|
45

†mUv †Kvb welqB bq| †Kvb e¨vcviB bq Zviv KZUv mvsmvwiK I cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i †`Lv‡kvbv
Ki‡Qb| AvBb G¸wji †Kvb wKQzB we‡ePbv K‡ibv| A‡bK bvixB wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K
e‡j‡Qb, Zviv eQ‡ii ci eQi msmv‡i kªg †`evi ciI Zv‡`i‡K ˆeevwnK M„n Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨
Kiv n‡q‡Q| ïaygvÎ wKQz AjsKvi Avi †QvULv‡Uv wRwbRc‡Îi †ekx wKQz m‡½ wb‡Z cv‡ibwb| 138
Ab¨vb¨ †`k †hgb gvj‡qwkqv, wm½vcyi, B‡› `v‡bwkqv, wZDwbwmqv, gi‡°v Ges Zzi¯‹ Zv‡`i
AvBb ms¯‹ vi K‡i‡Q| 139 weevwnZ bvix‡`i ZvjvK cieZx©‡Z weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwËi Ask cÖ`v‡bi
gva¨‡g †h mKj †`‡k gymwjg, wn› `y I Lªx÷vb mKj m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb‡Mvôx i‡q‡Q Ges †m mKj
138
24 †g 2011 mv‡j gymwjg bvix Avmgvi (QÙbvg) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi K‡i| wKfv‡e
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ÒAvBbx nqivbx Aa¨vqwU †`Lyb|
139
gv‡jwkqv‡Z 1984 mv‡ji BmjvwgK cvwievwiK AvB‡bi (‡dWv‡ij †Uwi‡UvwiR) 54 aviv Zvjv‡Ki mgq gymwjg `¤úwZ‡`i m¤úwË e› U‡bi welqwU wbhš¿Y
K‡i| 58 aviv Av`vjZ‡K weevnKvjxb mg‡q AwR©Z m¤úwË ev weevnc~e© Ae¯’vq _vKv †Kvb c‡ÿi m¤úwË †hwUi g~j¨ cieZ©x‡Z Ab¨cÿ ev `yBc‡ÿi †hŠ_
cÖ‡Póvq Õ‡gvUvgywUfv‡e e„w×Õ †c‡q‡Q, †mmKj m¤úwË e› U‡bi ÿgZv †`q| GB m¤úwË e› U‡bi mgq Av`vjZ wewfbœ welq we‡ePbv Ki‡eb hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
ÓA_©, m¤úwË ev kÖ‡gi gva¨‡g †`Iqv cÖ‡Z¨K c‡ÿi Ae`v‡bi cwigvYÓ, Ges Gme welq we‡ePbvq wb‡qB ÓAv`vjZ cwiev‡ii m¤úwË ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨
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Rb¨ cÖ‡Rvh¨| †`Lyb:
http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%204/Act%20164.pdf#http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.4/Act164.pdf# (me©‡kl
†`Lv n‡q‡Q 29 †deªæhvix 2012)|
wm½vcy‡i gymjgvb `¤úwZ‡`i ˆeevwnK m¤úwË e› U‡bi welqwU 1966 mv‡ji GWwgwb‡÷ªkb Ae gymwjg jÕ G¨v± (2009 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i ms‡kvwaZ) Abyhvqx
cwiPvwjZ nq|
†`Lyb: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%223e90fc65-b364-
434b-b2dc-ced1d9608640%22%20Status%3Apublished%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 (me©‡kl †`Lv 5 Ryb 2012)|
wZDwbwkqv‡Z 1998 mv‡ji 98-91 bs AvBb ÕjR Ab w` wiwRg Ad KwgDwbwU Ad cÖcvwU© weUzBb ¯úvD‡RmÕ - Gi Aby‡”Q` 1 ¯^vgx-¯¿x†K weev‡ni mgq
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†`Lyb: http://www.jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/csp/biens1000.htm# (me©‡kl †`Lv 29 †deªæqvix 2012|
gi‡°v‡Z Õw` g‡iv°vb d¨vwgwj †KvW (‡gŠ`vIqvbv) 2004Õ -Gi 49 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ¯^vgx-¯¿x `yB cÿB c„_K c„_K m¤úwËi gvwjK, Z‡e
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wm×v‡šÍi †ÿ‡Î wb‡b¥v³ welq¸wj we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e - Ò¯^vgx-¯¿xi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki kÖg, cvwievwiK m¤úwËi Dbœq‡b Dfq c‡ÿi wb‡ew`Z Kg©cÖ‡Póv I
`vq-`vwqZ¡Ó BZ¨vw`, †`Lyb: http://www.hrea.org/moudawana.html#24 (me©‡kl †`Lv 29 †deªæqvix 2012)|
B‡› `v‡bwkqv‡Z 1974 mv‡ji weevn AvBb (1bs AvBb) Gi Aby‡”Q` 35 Abymv‡i ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi welqvw` cwiPvwjZ nq| 35 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q,
weev‡ni mgq AwR©Z m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi| Z‡e ¯^vgx ev ¯¿xi DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cvIqv m¤úwË wKsev Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †KD hw` Dcnvi wn‡m‡e
†Kvb m¤úwË †c‡q _v‡Kb †m¸wj mswkøó c‡ÿi e¨w³MZ m¤úwË wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e, hw` bv Zviv †mme m¤úwËi wel‡q Ab¨ †Kvb wm×všÍ †bb|
‡`Lyb: http://sdm.ugm.ac.id/main/sites/sdm.ugm.ac.id/arsip/peraturan/UU_1_1974.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 14
wW‡m¤^i 2011)|
Zzi‡¯‹ †`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa 2001 Gi Aby‡”Q` 186-237, c„ôv 173 (DB‡gb wjwfs AvÛvi gymwjg jR& cy¯Í‡K “Knowing Our Rights: Women,
family laws and customs in the Muslim World, 2006 wk‡ivbv‡g †hfv‡e D‡jøwLZ Av‡Q) Abyhvqx ˆeevwnK m¤úwË e› U‡bi welq¸wj
cwiPvwjZ nq|
‡`Lyb:http://www.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/files/import/english/pubs/pdf/knowing%20our%20rights/kor_2
006_en.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv 29 †deªæqvix 2012)|
wdwjcvB‡bi gymjgvb‡`i ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi welq msµvšÍ AvB‡bi Rb¨ †`Lyb - w` †KvW Ad gymwjg cvi‡mvbvj jÔR Ad w` wdwjwcÝ, †cÖwm‡WwÝqvj
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m¤úwË msµvšÍ m¤úK© †Kgb n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Aby‡”Q` 37 G ejv n‡q‡Q ‰eevwnK m¤úwË cÖ_gZ weev‡ni Pzw³ Øviv, Zvici AvB‡bi
weavb Abymv‡i Ges Zvic‡i cÖ_v Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡e| Aby‡”Q` 38 G ejv n‡q‡Q, weevn Pzw³i AeZ©gv‡b ¯^vgx-¯¿x wdwjcvB‡bi BmjvwgK AvBb I
†`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa AbymiY Kiv QvovI ˆeevwnK m¤úwˇK m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Avjv`v m¤úwË wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvi bxwZ †g‡b Pj‡eb| †`Lyb:
http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecreeno1083.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 5 Ryb 2012)| wdwjcvB‡bi A-gymwjgiv
1987 mv‡ji wdwjwcÝ cvwievwiK AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡eb,
†`Lyb: http://www.chanrobles.com/executiveorderno209.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv 22 †g 2012)| GKB mv‡_ †`Lyb wdwjwc‡Ýi
†`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa 1950, http://www.chanrobles.com/civilcodeofthephilippinesfulltext.html (me©‡kl †`Lv 5 Ryb 2012)|
46

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140
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142
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143
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47

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145
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147
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Christians,” ‡`Lyb: http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 26 Ryb 2012)|
149
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151
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152
gvP©, †g I Ryb 2011 mv‡j XvKv‡Z AwaKvi Kg©x I AvBbRxex‡`i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| D`vniY¯^iƒc, gvP© 2011 mv‡j
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153
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http://www.hrea.org/moudawana.html#24 (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 29 †deªæqvwi 2012)| wZDwbwkqvi cvwievwiK AvBb 1956 Gi
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‡`Lyb:http://www.e-justice.tn/fileadmin/fichiers_site_francais/codes_juridiques/Statut_personel_Fr.pdf (me©‡kl
†`Lv n‡q‡Q 5 Ryb 2012)| Women Living under Muslim Law, “Knowing Our Rights: Women, family laws and customs
in the Muslim World,” c„ôv 197| Zzi¯‹ I eûweevn wbwl× K‡i‡Q|
154
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155
1 Ryb 2011 mv‡j XvKv‡Z gvby‡li Rb¨ dvD‡Ûk‡bi cwiPvjK (AwaKvi) ixbv ivq Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|
156
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49

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wel‡q bZzb †Kvb AvBb n‡jB GKUv m‡› `‡ni ˆZix nq| 158 wKš‘ 2011 mv‡j miKvi Awc©Z
m¤úwË cÖZ¨eZ©‡bi GKwU AvBb K‡i‡Q, †hUv‡K wn› `y †bZviv mwVK c_ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Qb|
me‡k‡l †g 2012 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gš¿x cwil` A‡bK cÖwZev‡`i gy‡L wn› `y weevn we‡”Q` Hw”QK
wbeÜxKi‡Yi GKUv Lmov AvBb Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Qb| 159 hw`I miKv‡ii GB D‡`¨vMwU ¯^vMZ
Rvbvevi g‡Zv GUv A‡bK bvix Kgx©‡`i ms¯‹ v‡ii `vexi Zzjbvq LyeB mxwgZ| Lªx÷vb mv¤cÖ`v‡qi
GKUv AskI e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi ms¯‹ v‡ii welq wb‡q weZ©K Ki‡Q| 2002 mv‡j RvZxq PvP© cwil`
K¨v_wjK wekc I Lªx÷vb agx©q †bZv‡`i wb‡q e¨w³MZ AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi D‡`¨vM
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D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi| 161
157 3 A‡±vei 2011 mv‡j XvKv‡Z wn› `y, †eŠ× I wLª÷vb HK¨ cwil‡`i mfvcwZ KvRj †`ebv‡_i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|
158 2001 mv‡ji AvBbwU GB mKj m¤úwË wdwi‡q †`evi Rb¨ GKUv cÖwµqvi K_v e‡jwQj wKš‘ †mUv ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| †`Lyb- Aveyj eiKvZ I
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wn› `y, †eŠ× I wLª÷vb HK¨ cwil‡`i mfvcwZ KvRj †`ebv‡_i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|1972 Awc©Z m¤úwË Aa¨v‡`k Ges 1976
mv‡ji XCIII Aa¨v‡`†k ejv n‡q‡Q msL¨vjNy wn› `y m¤cÖ`vq hviv 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq †`k †_‡K cvwj‡q‡Q miKvi Zv‡`i m¤úwË wb‡q
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159 ÒXvKv di wn› `y g¨v‡iR jÓ, w` wn› `y, †g 22, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3443443.ece
(me©‡kl †`Lv 22 †g 2012); “Registration Optional for Hindu Marriage,” May 21, 2012,
http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=37859 (me©‡kl †`Lv 22 †g 2012)|
160 dw÷bv †c‡iiv, Ò G cÖ‡cvRvj Uz widg© w` wmwfj jÕR cvi‡UBwbs Uz wLªwðqvbm Bb evsjv‡`k ,ÓRyb 2011|
161 c~‡e©v³|
50

3. weevwnZ, ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c„_K emevmKvix bvix‡`i Dci
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n‡q‡Q †h wKfv‡e e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi gva¨‡g bvixiv Ges Zv‡`i Ici wbf©ikxjiv wZMÖ¯Í
n‡”Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki we‡qi D”Pnvi m‡Z¡I 3,30,000 ZvjvKcÖvß bvix 162 Ges AmsL¨ c„_K
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162
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(XvKv: evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb e¨y‡iv 2010)c„-45|
163
19 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwZi †cÖvMÖvg g¨v‡bRvi (cvwievwiK wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva) wgZvjx Rvnvb; 19 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I
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mgš^qKvix, PvBì †cÖv‡UKkb GÛ Gw› U UªvwdwKs †cÖvMÖvg, gwkDi Avjg, mnKvix †cÖvMÖvg g¨v‡bRvi , GW‡fv‡Kmx GÛ wimvP© BDwbU Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb
ivBUm Iqv‡Pi `jxq Av‡jvPbv| Av‡iv †`Lyb, iv‡eqv f~Bqv, †RÛvi GÛ UªvwWkb Bb g¨v‡iR GÛ wW‡fvm© (XvKv: BD‡b‡¯‹ v, 2010) c„ 255|
51

†h m¤úwËi AwaKvix ‡m cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡bB, Zvi ˆ`bw› `b Pvwn`v‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i Ges
we‡qi mgq Dcnvi wn‡m‡e hv ‡c‡q‡Q Zv e¨envi †_‡K ewÂZ K‡i| 164
2007 mv‡ji †W‡gvMÖvwdK GÛ †nj_ mv‡f©‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, 53 kZvsk weevwnZ bvix Zv‡`i
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164
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165
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166
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167
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168
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wbh©vZ‡bi K_v eb©bv K‡i‡Qb| 18 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix Z…òv (QÙbvg), 19 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix kwg©jv (QÙbvg), 19
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169
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gvÎvwZwi³ e‡j‡Qb| 170 evsjv‡`‡k cwiKíbv Kwgkb ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q †h, Ôbvixiv hLb Zv‡`i
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wfbœ wfbœ Z_¨ i‡q‡Q| 2005 mv‡ji wg‡jwbqvg †Wfjc‡g› U †Mvj Gi cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †h,
evsjv‡`‡ki 49 kZvsk bvix cÖavb cwievi `wi`ª mxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vb Ki‡Qb, cyiæl cÖavb cwievi
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95 fvM bvix cÖavb cwievi `vwi`ª mxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vb Ki‡Qb| 174 2009 mv‡ji wg‡jwbqvg
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n‡q‡Q †h, 2000 mv‡j AbygvwbK 35. 1 kZvsk bvix cÖavb cwievi `vwi`ªmxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vb KiZ,
Zv cyiæ‡li †‡Î wQj 34.2 kZvsk| wKš‘ 2010 mv‡ji Rwi‡c †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, †hLv‡b 14.6
kZvsk bvix cÖavb cwievi `wi`ª †mLv‡b 17.9 kZvsk cyiæl cÖavb cwievi `wi`ª| we‡klÁiv GB
AbywgZ n«v‡mi e¨vcv‡i wfbœZv‡K e‡j‡Qb bvix cÖavb cwievi Avjv`v bv Ki‡Z cvivi mgm¨v, GB
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170
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http://www.undp.org/asia/country_programme/CCA/CCA-Bangladesh2005.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv 20 Ryb 2011)|
171
cwiKíbv Kwgkb, 6ô c evwl©Kx cwiKíbv, c„-153|
172
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cwieviB i‡q‡Q|
173
evsjv‡`k miKvi I BDGb Gi Kvw› Uª wUg, mn¯ªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎv: evsjv‡`k Dbœqb cÖwZ‡e`bÓ 2005
http://www.undp.org.bd/mdgs/Bangladesh%20MDGProgress%20Report%202005%20-%202.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv
18 RyjvB 2011), c„ 22| mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎvi Dbœqb cÖwZ‡e`b bvixcÖavb cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ `vwi`¨ wel‡q †Kvb avivevwnK Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡iwb|
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174
BDGb Gi evsjv‡`k Kvw› Uª Uxg, ÒBDbv‡UW †bkbk Kgb Kvw› Uª G‡mm‡g› UÓ c¨viv 2.1.4|
175
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176
2011 mv‡ji me©‡kl GgwWwR Dbœqb cÖwZ‡e`b cyiælcÖavb cwiev‡ii Zzjbvq bvixcÖavb cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ `vwi`ªZv wel‡q †Kvb wbw`©ó Z_¨ ms‡hvRb
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178
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179
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180
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Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| 22 †g 2011 ZvwiL †bvqvLvjx‡Z nvwg`vi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|
181
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54

eQ‡ii ci eQi cvwievwiK wbhv©Z‡bi Kvi‡Y ¯^vgx †_‡K we‡”Q‡` Av‡Qb| Zvi ¯^vgx ‰eevwnK
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55

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A‡bK †ekx Ges Gme cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ wKQz cwievi ZvjvK ev we‡”Q‡`i Kvi‡b bvix cÖavb| 2009
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192
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4. AvBbx cÖwZeÜKZv
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`xN©m~wÎZv I evavi m„wó K‡i| †hLv‡b weevn‡Ëvi m¤úwˇZ ‡Kvb AwaKvi ev `vexB bvB Ges
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AvBbx `vexi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Avkv Lye Kg| †h‡nZz G‡`‡k `wi`ªZvi nvi
Lye cÖKU we‡klZ bvix cÖavb cwiev‡i, †m‡‡Î mg‡SvZv ev Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK cÖwZKvi
AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i| `ytLRbKfv‡e we‡”Q` I Zvjv‡Ki ci AvBbx `vex Av`v‡qi cÖwµqv
bvbv mgm¨vq cwic~Y© hv GB Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| A‡bK bvixivB cÖ_g ch©v‡q mgv‡R
e‡qv‡R¨ô‡`i gva¨‡g AcÖvwZôvwbK mvwj‡ki gva¨‡g †gvni ev fiY‡cvlb Av`v‡qi †Póv K‡ib|
GB cÖwµqvi wKQy BwZevPK w`K i‡q‡Q, †hgb GwU AbvbyôvwbK, evoxi Kv‡Q Ges mgv‡R
MÖnY‡hvM¨| hw`I Gi wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †bwZevPK w`K i‡q‡Q| e‡qv‡R¨ôiv †Kvb mywbw`©ó c×wZ
†g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨ bb Ges AvBbx RvqMv¸‡jv‡ZI `~e©jZv i‡q‡Q| miKvi †_‡K †Kvb Z`viwK †bB
Ges e‡qv‡R¨ôiv (mvaviYZ cyiæl) cÖvqkB bvix‡`i GB cÖwµqvq c~Y© AskMÖnY †_‡K `~‡i iv‡Lb|
e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi welq¸wj mgvav‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k cvwievwiK Av`vjZ e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wKš‘ †gvni ev fiY‡cvl‡bi Rb¨ †h mKj bvixiv Av`vj‡Z hvb Zviv A‡bK ai‡bi evavi m¤§yLxb
nb| wKQy welq `ªæZ I Kvh©Ki c×wZ‡Z cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z gvgjv cwiPvjbv Kivi gZvi mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z| Ab¨ welq¸wj n‡jv A¯úó AvBb we‡klZ fib‡cvl‡bi Av‡`k †`evi †‡Î †h
†Î¸wj i‡q‡Q| A‡bK¸wj Av‡Q c×wZMZ †hgb Kvh©Ki mgb c×wZ, Z_¨ cÖgv‡Yi k³ Ges
Aev¯Íe eva¨evaKZv Ges Av`vj‡Zi ivq ev¯Íevq‡b ÎæwUc~Y© e¨e¯’v| †gvni I fiY‡cvlb
Av`v‡qi †‡Î cÖwµqvi Ace¨envi Ges mgq bó Kivi Rb¨ cyiæliv cÖvqB cvëv gvgjv †hgb
`v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×vi ev Pzwii Awf‡hv‡M †dŠR`vix gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i _v‡Kb| G¸wj
ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c„_K evm Kiv bvix‡`i b¨vq wePvi cvIqvi c‡_ Av‡iKwU eo evav| †`Iqvbx
Av`vjZ c×wZ ms¯‹ v‡ii gva¨‡g ‡gvni I fiY‡cvlb Av`v‡qi †‡Î GB cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kivi
wKQy m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡q 2011 mv‡j c×wZMZ ms¯‹ v‡ii
wel‡q Av‡jvPbv ïiæ K‡i‡Q †hUv GLbI Pjgvb| 195 wKš‘ DbœZ c×wZ Pvjy Ki‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki
bvixiv A_©‰bwZK cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z †h‡q A‡bK SzwKi m¤§yLxb n‡eb hZY bv ch©šÍ
†gŠwjK AvBb Ges b¨vq wePvi c×wZi Av‡iv ms¯‹ vi bv nq|
195 2 †deªæqvwi 2012 ZvwiL XvKv¯’ RvwZm•N Dbœqb Znwe‡ji †`v‡qj g~LvR©xi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi B-‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM|
58

AbvbyôvwbK mg‡SvZv ev mvwjk
A‡bK GjvKvq we‡klZ MÖvg GjvKvq bvixiv Zv‡`i †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡Yi `vex Av`v‡qi Rb¨ MÖvg ev
mgv‡Ri gyiæeŸx‡`i Kv‡Q AbvbyôvwbK mvwj‡ki Rb¨ hvq| AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e weev` wb®úwËi gva¨‡g
nqZ mgq Ges UvKv (hvZvqZ fvZv I †KvU© wd) evuPv‡bv m¤¢e| wKš‘ bvix‡`i Rb¨ e¨w³MZ AvB‡bi
`vex Av`v‡q GKwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ c×wZ †_‡K GUv GLbI A‡bK `~‡i| wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP GiKg
A‡bK bvixi mvvZKvi wb‡q‡Q hviv mgv‡Ri †bZv Ges AvBbRxex‡`i mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g
AbvbyôvwbK mvwjk c×wZ‡Z Zv‡`i ‡gvni I fiY‡cvlb Av`v‡qi c`‡c wb‡q‡Qb| 196
Zviv wfbœ wfbœ AwfÁZv ebY©v K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb Zviv Zv‡`i AwfÁZvq Lywk Ges
mvwjkKvixiv Zv‡`i †gvni I fiY‡cvlY Av`vq K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ A‡bK bvix Ges Kg©xiv
e‡j‡Qb †h e‡qv‡R¨ô cyiæliv mvwj‡k bvix‡`i K_v ej‡Z w`‡Z Pvb bv| Zviv Zv‡`i wm×všÍUv
Ach©vß Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ wb‡q _v‡Kb Ges †Kvb †Kvb ‡‡Î gvgjv/ mvwjk cwiPvjbv eve` cvIbv
UvKv †_‡K GKUv Ask †P‡q _v‡Kb| gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj GBW G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi GK Kg©x e‡j‡Qb
wZwb A‡bK bvix‡KB AbvbyôvwbK mvwj‡k mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb Ges †`‡L‡Qb †h me mvwjkB
mgv‡Ri cyiæl †bZv‡`i gva¨‡g Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wZwb GB mvwjkKviiv Lye KgB bvix‡`i
†Lvjvg‡b K_v ejvi my‡hvM †`b hvi d‡j Zviv AvswkK NUbvi Dci wbf©i K‡i wm×všÍ †bb|
ÒMÖv‡gi gyiæeŸxiv GgbwK fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wbav©iY K‡ib bvix‡`i mv‡_ K_v bv e‡j| Zviv
†Kvb c×wZ AbymiY K‡ib bv| MÖv‡gi gyiæeŸxiv bvixwU‡K e‡jb- Zzwg †fZ‡i hvI Ges em| hw`
BDwbqb cwil‡`i ‡Pqvig¨vbI Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb wZwb †Kvb n¯Í‡c K‡ib bv ev e‡jb bv †h
bvix‡`i GLv‡b Dcw¯’Z _vKv ev K_v ejv `iKvi|Ó 197 hw`I aiv nq †h AbvbyôvwbK mvwjk
Av`vj‡Zi Zzjbvq Kg e¨q mv‡c wKš‘ AvBbRxexiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb MÖvgxY
gyiæeŸxiv mvwj‡ki gva¨‡g †h UvKv D×vi K‡ib Zvi GKUv Ask mvwj‡ki Li‡Pi K_v e‡j
wb‡R‡`i c‡K‡U †i‡L †`b| 198 GKUv NUbvq MÖv‡gi gyiæeŸxiv †gvni I fiY‡cvlb eve` ¯¿x‡K
GKj wÎk nvRvi UvKv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vgx‡K wb‡`©k †`b| wKš‘ bvixwU †c‡q‡Q GKj `k
nvRvi UvKv evKx UvKvUv gyiæeŸxiv †i‡L †`b| 199 AvBbRxex I bvixiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K
196 wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP AcÖvwZôvwbK wePvi e¨e¯’v ev mvwjk wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ AbymÜvb K‡iwb KviY GB wel‡qi A‡bK we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ejx msiwZ
Av‡Q| †hgb †`Lyb-†`Lyb Kzgvi KzÛy, ÒAvÛvi÷¨vwÛs AjUvi‡bwUf wWmwcDU †iRy‡jkb di w` iæivj DBg¨vb Bb evsjv‡`k: mvg Bjv‡÷ªkb d«g eª¨vK
GBP Avi Gj Gm †cÖvMÖvgm, IqvwK©s †ccvi b¤^i 13, A‡±vei 2010,
http://www.bracresearch.org/workingpapers/red_wp13_new.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 22 †g 2011)|
197 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gv`vixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mwm‡qk‡bi Kg©x bwgZv ivbx `‡Ëi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| Ab¨vb¨
Kg©xivI GKB ai‡bi D‡Ø‡Mi K_v eb©bv K‡i‡Qb| 25 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk ‡K‡› `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, †gwW†qkb I i¨vwcW †imcÝ
BDwbU, bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mv‡_ mvvrKvi|
198 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gv`vixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mwm‡qk‡bi cÖKí mgš^qKvix ûgvqyb j¯‹ ‡ii mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|
Ab¨vb¨ Kg©xivI GKB ai‡bi D‡Ø‡Mi K_v eb©bv K‡i‡Qb| 25 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk‡K‡› `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, †gwW†qkb I i¨vwcW
†imcÝ BDwbU, bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBU Iqv‡Pi mv‡_ mvvrKvi|
199 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gv`vixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mwm‡qk‡bi Kg©x bwgZv ivbx `‡Ëi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| Ab¨vb¨ Kg©x
I bvixivI GKB ai‡bi AwfÁZvi K_v e‡i‡Qb| 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gv`vixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mwm‡qk‡bi cÖKí mgš^qKvix ûgvqyb
j¯‹ ‡ii mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi; 25 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk‡K‡› `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, †gwW†qkb I i¨vwcW †imcÝ
BDwbU, bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mv‡_ mvvrKvi; 25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjMvj GBW I mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i dwi`v Bqvmwgb,
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e‡j‡Qb miKv‡ii Z`viKxi Afve Ges mvwjk wbqš¿Ywewai Afve bvix‡`i‡K ïay wZB Ki‡Q bv
G¸wj AvBbm¤§ZI bq| †kdvjx e‡j‡Qb hLb Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K Mf©eZx Ae¯’vq gviai K‡i‡Q
ZLb MÖv‡gi gyiæeŸxiv Zvi evev‡K †hŠZz‡Ki evKx UvKvUv ¯^vgx‡K †`evi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q, hw`I
†hŠZzK †bqv †eAvBbx Kiv n‡q‡Q GK`k‡KiI †ewk mgq a‡i| 200 evsjv‡`‡ki AvB‡b GB
AbvbyôvwbK mvwj‡ki †Kvb ¯^xK…wZ bvB Ges Gai‡bi mvwj‡ki wm×všÍ¸wji †Kvb g~j¨vqb ev
Avcxj MÖnY Kiv nq bv| 201 kxl©¯’vbxq †emiKvix m&s¯’v¸wj †Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q hv‡Z GB
c×wZ¸wji Z`viwK I ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq| hv‡Z K‡i mvwjkx‡Z bvix‡`i AvBbx AwaKvi Abyhvqx
wm×všÍ †bqv nq| 202 ¯’vbxq ms¯’v¸wj wb‡RivI Zv‡`i AvBbRxex‡`i gva¨‡g GB ai‡bi
cvwievwiK we‡iva wb®úwËi Rb¨ mvwj‡ki gva¨‡g mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡i _v‡Kb hv‡Z K‡i
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Av`vj‡Z hZ jovB
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Avwg Av`vj‡Z hve ZLb †m e‡jwQj- Av`vj‡Z hvI Zzwg wKQyB cv‡e bv| KLb
Avwg Av`vjZ †_‡K wKQy cv‡ev?
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†Î| 204 1985 mv‡ji cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k Øviv cwiPvwjZ GB Av`vjZ¸wj 205 cÖwZwU
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201
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†Kvb wePvi ewnf©~Z kvw¯Í †`Iqv hv‡e bv| http://www.blast.org.bd/content/judgement/ejp-judgment-8July2010.pdf (me©‡kl
†`Lv n‡q‡Q 30 GwcÖj 2012)| GB gvgjv Ges mswkó wel‡q AwZwi³ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ †`Lyb wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi 7 RyjvB 2011 Zvwi‡Li †cÖm weÁwß,
Òevsjv‡`k: †cÖv‡U± DBg¨vb G‡MBbó d‡Zvqv fv‡qv‡jÝÓ http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/06/bangladesh-protect-womenagainst-fatwa-violence
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 30 GwcÖj 2012)|
202
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http://www.gadnetwork.org.uk/storage/29.%20Paving%20the%20Way%20to%20Justice.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv
30GwcÖj 2012)|
203
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Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
204
ZË¡MZfv‡e GKRb gymwjg bvix wZwb †h GjvKvq emevm K‡ib †mB GjvKvi ¯’vbxq cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨v‡bi wbKU Zvi fiY‡cvlb Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Av‡e`b
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ¯¿x Zvi GB fiY‡cvl‡bi AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨v‡bi wbKU Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib whwb welqUv †`Lvi Rb¨ mvwjwm
cwil` MVb Ki‡eb| GB mvwjwm cwil` ¯^vgx‡K fiY‡cvlb cÖ`v‡bi wb‡`©k w`‡q mvwU©wd‡KU †ei Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1961, aviv
9| hvB †nvK, wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †h mKj bvix‡`i mv‡_ K_v K‡i‡Q Zviv †KDB fiY‡cvlb Av`v‡qi Rb¨ mvwjwm cwil†` hvbwb, nq Zviv GB welqwU
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205
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60

welq¸wj wePvi K‡ib Ges †KD †KD †`Iqvbx welq¸wjI †`‡Lb| †gvni (gymwjg‡`i Rb¨) Ges
fiY‡cvlbmn AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ mKj agx©q m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jv‡KivB cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z
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cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k Ges †`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa Abyhvqx mK‡ji Rb¨ GKB cÖwµqv AbymiY
Kiv nq| 206 cvwievwiK Av`vjZ cÖwµqvq bvix‡`i †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡bi cÖK…Z mgvavb Kiv
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mv‡_ K_v e‡j‡Qb Zviv Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z wbqwgZfv‡e AmsL¨ gvgjvi RU
†j‡MB _v‡K| GKRb cÖv³b wePviK e‡j‡Qb, wZwb GKUv †Rjvq GKmv‡_ mvZkÕ cvwievwiK
gvgjv GKv cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb| 207 AvBbRxexiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, †hLv‡b
RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ †ewk †mLv‡b cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z gvgjv mvgjv‡Z wngwkg †L‡Z nq| 208 †hgb
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Av`vj‡Zi msL¨v gvÎ 3wU| 209 cvwievwiK Av`vjZ we‡klÁiv e‡j‡Qb, †h †Rjvq GKRb wePviK
cvwievwiK I †`Iqvbx gvgjv `y‡UvB cwiPvjbv K‡ib †mB †Rjvi Ae¯’v AviI †ewk Lvivc| 210
gvgjvi RU, c×wZMZ RwUjZv (hv bx‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q) ZvjvKcÖvß I we‡”Q` nIqv
bvix‡`i AvBbx cÖwZKvi cÖvw߇K AZ¨šÍ KóKi I axiMwZ m¤úbœ K‡i †d‡j| hw`I †ewki fvM
†‡Î ‡`b‡gvni ev fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY LyeB Kg, ZeyI A‡bK bvixi Rb¨ †mwU A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©,
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206
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mvvrKvi|
208
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ZvwiL XvKv‡Z evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i wjwU‡Mkb BDwb‡Ui cÖavb, AvBbRxex gvKmy`v Av³vi; 25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÐ mvwf©‡mm
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mvvrKvi|
209
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210
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211
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1985 wePvi-c~e© I wePvi cieZ©x mvwj‡mi gva¨‡g cØq‡K mg‡SvZvi †Póvi my‡hvM †`b| †hLv‡b Dfq c mg‡SvZvq †cŠQvq †mLv‡b Av`vjZ
mg‡SvZv wWwµ Rvwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
61

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fiY‡cvl‡Yi gvgjvi K_v e‡j‡Qb †hUvi ivq †`Iqv n‡qwQj 1980-i `k‡K, wKš‘ Ryb 2011
ch©šÍ H ivq ZLbI ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| wZwb e‡jb -
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wewfbœ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z fiY‡cvlY msµvšÍ Zv‡`i †hme gvgjv Sz‡j Av‡Q Zvi GKwU wnmve
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212
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gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwZi cwiPvjK (wjM¨vj GBW) †invbv myjZvbv; 16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxex mvjgv †Rexb; Ges
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213
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(AvBb) -Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi; 29 I 30 †g 2012 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW I mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i Bb‡fw÷‡Mkb I gwbUwis
†m‡ji mgš^qKvix Avãyj gv‡jK -Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi B-‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM| Rbve gv‡jK eøv‡÷i c¨v‡bj AvBbRxex‡`i Øviv †`‡ki wewfbœ
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Lyjbv †Rjvi 2wU Ges ivRkvnx †Rjvi `yÕwU gvgjv i‡q‡Q| GB gvgjv¸wj wWwµ ev¯Íevq‡bi ch©v‡q Sz‡j Av‡Q|
214
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215
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4, 5 Ges 29 RyjvB 2012, XvKv| gvgjv¸wj wePvi-c~e© Ae¯’vq Sz‡j wQj Óeª¨vK-GBPAviGjGm -Gi gvV ch©v‡qi AwfÁZv Abyhvqx, cÖ_gZ mgb
msµvšÍ RwUjZvi Kvi‡Y,Ó|
216
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Zvn‡j D³ Av`vjZ Ògvgjvi †Kvb c†K gvgjvi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ Kivi cÖ†Póv †_‡K weiZ ivLvi Rb¨ ZvrwbK e¨e¯’v wnmv‡e ‡hfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ †mfv‡e
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62

fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Yi A¯úó gvb`Ð
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Dci wbf©i K‡i gvwmK 800 UvKv †_‡KI Kg cwigvY fiY‡cvlb wba©viY K‡i‡Q| GKRb wePviK
e‡j‡Qb, Ò1980 `k‡Ki GK gvgjvi iv‡q wePviK AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ-gvwmK 2000 UvKv
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2011 mvj ch©šÍ †mB ivq ev¯Íevqb nqwb|Ó 217 cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k Ges e¨w³MZ
AvBb GB `yB RvqMv‡Z ¯úó K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q wePviKMY fiY‡cvl‡bi ivq w`‡Z cv‡ib wKš‘ Gi
AvIZv wbf©i K‡i ag©xq AvB‡bi Dci| wØZxq Aa¨v‡q †hUv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q, gymwjg‡`i Rb¨
e¨w³MZ AvBb fiY‡cvlb Aby‡gv`b K‡i weevwnZ mgqKvj Ges ZvjvK cieZ©x 90 w`b (A‡cvi
mgq) ev Mf©eZ©x n‡j mšÍvb Rb¥ bv nIqv ch©šÍ| wn› `y‡`i Rb¨ weevwnZ mgqKvj Ges c„_K
emevmKvjxb (†Kvb ZvjvK bvB) Ae¯’vq fiY‡cvl‡bi AwaKvix, Lªx÷vb bvixiv weevn PjvKvjxb ev
we‡”Q` Ae¯’vq ev Zvjv‡Ki ci Ges Av`vj‡Zi Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb mgq ch©šÍ fiY‡cvlb `vex
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hw`I AvB‡b GUv ¯úó †h, wePviKiv fiY‡cvl‡bi ivq w`‡Z cv‡ib, Z‡e
fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY I kZ©¸wj Kx n‡e †mUv wba©vi‡Y A¯úóZv i‡q‡Q| gymwjg e¨w³MZ AvB‡b
fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wbav©i‡Yi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó †Kvb wjwLZ †Î bvB, ïaygvÎ ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ¯^vgx
Zvi ¯¿x‡K Òch©vßÓ fiY‡cvlb w`‡Z eva¨| 218 wn› `y e¨w³MZ AvB‡b ejv n‡q‡Q Av`vj‡Z wba©vwiZ
fiY‡cvlb Òcmg~‡ni mvgvwRK gh©v`vi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© I ¯^vgxi gZvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z n‡eÓ| 219
Lªx÷vb I Ab¨vb¨iv hviv ag© cvjb K‡ib bv Ges we‡kl weevn AvB‡bi Aax‡b we‡q K‡i‡Qb, ZvjvK
AvB‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †h, wePviK ¯¿x fiY‡cvlb wba©vi‡bi mgq ¯^vgxi gZv, c؇qi AvPiY Ges
¯¿xi Òfwel¨ZÓ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 220 mKj ai‡bi bvix‡`i Rb¨B fiY‡cvlb wba©vi‡bi †‡Î
Av`vj‡Zi GB we‡ePbvi gZv I mywbw`©ó †Kvb bxwZgvjv bv _vKvi welqwU GKwU eo mgm¨v|
wKš‘ gymwjg bvix‡`i Ae¯’v me‡P‡q †kvPbxq| KviY Zviv ZvjvK cieZ©x fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvix bq
Ges hw` Zviv ˆeevwnK Rxe‡bi ev we‡”Q` cieZ©x fiY‡cvlY `vex K‡i Z‡e ¯^vgx Zv‡`i GKZidv
ZvjvK w`‡q Zv‡`i fiY‡cvl‡bi `vex eÜ Ki‡Z cv‡i| 221 Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki wePviK‡`i fiY‡cvlb
wbav©vi‡b mvnvh©¨ Kivi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó bxwZgvjv Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q †hUv Av‡e`bKvix‡`i GB wel‡q
Av‡`k w`‡q‡Qb| cieZ©x‡Z ¯^vgxi Avcx‡j IB AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb Av‡`k Zz‡j †bIqv nq| 2 Ryb 2011 cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb wePvi‡Ki (Aby‡iv‡a
bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi †Uwj‡dvb mvvrKvi|
217
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mvvrKvi| Av`vjZ KZ…©K ¯^vgxi fib‡cvlY cÖ`v‡bi gZvi we‡ePbv fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wba©vi‡Y A‡bK ZviZg¨ NwU‡q _v‡K|
218
gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k weevn PjvKvjxb mg‡q fiY‡cvl‡bi K_v e‡j †h mvwjwk cwil` fiY‡cvl‡bi wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡i,
wKš‘ fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvb wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb gvb`Ð wbwÏó K‡i †`qbv| hLb ¯^vgx KZ…©K ¯¿x‡`i fiY‡cvl‡bi welwU Av‡jvPbv nq ZLb AvBb Ôch©vßÕ
kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Q| gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k 1961, aviv 9(1)|
219
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220
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63

wKQyUv n‡jI aviYv †`q| 222 hw`I AvšÍR©vwZK I AvÂwjK Pzw³¸wj fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY
wbav©i‡bi wel‡q K_v e‡jbv, Z‡e GKwU AvÂwjK ms¯’v K¨vwiweqvb KwgDwbwU g‡Wj AvBb
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wba©vi‡b LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| 223 fiY‡cvl‡Yi GBme wel‡qi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q; wbf©ikxj c‡i Ab¨ c‡i
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡b Ae`vb, m¤ú‡K©i mgqKvj, wbf©ikxj c‡i DcvR©b gZvi Dci mvsmvwiK
Pv‡ci cÖfve, wbf©ikxj c‡i DcvR©b gZv Ges †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi gZvi Dci ev”Pv †`Lv‡kvi
`vwq†Z¡i cÖfve, wbf©ikxj c Ges Ab¨c‡i eZ©gvb I m¤¢ve¨ fwel¨Z Avq, wbf©ikxj c‡i
wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ wb‡R †bIqvi gZv, ¯^vgx-¯¿xi gvbwlK Ges kvwiwiK ¯^v¯’¨ I eqm, wbf©ikxj c‡i
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e‡j‡Qb- evsjv‡`‡k cvwievwiK Av`vjZ hLb fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY wba©vib K‡ib ZLb g~jZ:
we‡ePbv K‡ib ¯^vgxi gZv Ges ¯¿xi Pvwn`v, wKš‘ wKfv‡e Zviv G¸wji gvb`Ð wbY©q K‡ib †m
wel‡q LyeB Kg ¯úóZv i‡q‡Q| 225 cÖv³b wePviKiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, fiY‡cvlb
wba©vi‡bi mgq AvBb Zv‡`i‡K we‡qi Kvi‡b ¯¿xi wkv AR©‡b ev Kg©‡‡Î †h evuav, DcvR©‡bi
my‡hvM †_‡K ewÂZ nIqvq †h wZ, ev”Pv †`Lvïbv, msmv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ KvR ¯^vgxi e¨emv ev
†ckvMZ cÖwk‡Y Ae`vb ivLv Gme †Kvb wKQyB we‡ePbvi my‡hvM †`qbv| 226 GKwU gvgjvi wel‡q
Av‡jvPbvi mgq D‡V Av‡m †h, GKRb ¯¿x Ges Zvi cwievi ¯^vgxi Wv³vix covi Rb¨ Zv‡`i
222 5 Ryb 2012 Zvwi‡L wm½vcy‡ii AvBbRxwe nvwjRvn& †gvnv‡g` Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi| bvix mb` Abyhvqx gymwjg ¯¿xiv weevn
ejeZ Ae¯’vq †h‡Kvb mgq fiY‡cvl‡bi `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i| wm½vcy‡ii gymwjg AvBb cÖkvmb AvBb Abyhvqx ZvjvK cieZ©x‡Z ÔwZcyiYÕ ev gyZvn& Gi
AwaKvix| bvix mb` Abyhvqx Ab¨ bvixiv weevn ejeZ Ae¯’vq ev weevn cieZ©x †h‡Kvb mg‡q fiY‡cvlb `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i| wm½vcyi bvix mb` 1961
Gi aviv 69(4) I 114;
http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=CompId%3A61deee43-1e42-490f-a5ae-
33054850e926;rec=0;whole=yes#P1VIII-. (me©‡kl †`Lv 4 GwcÖj 2012 )| aviv 69(4) G ejv n‡q‡Q hLb Av`vjZ fiY‡cvl‡bi Av‡`k
w`‡eb ZLb my-wbwÏ©ó wKQy welq we‡ePbvq ivL‡eb hvi g‡a¨; ¯¿xi Avw_©K Pvwn`v, ¯¿xi DcvR©‡bi gZv(hw` _v‡K), kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜxZ¡, weev‡ni
eqm I mgqKvj, msmv‡ii Dbœq‡b weev‡ni cmg~‡ni Ae`vb hvi g‡a¨ evox I cwiev‡ii †`Lv‡kvbv AšÍfz©³| `wY Avwd«Kvi ZvjvK AvBb, 1979 Gi
aviv 7(2) http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1979-070.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 4 GwcÖj 2012 )|
A‡÷ªwjqvi cvwievwiK AvBb 1975 Gi aviv 75 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fla1975114/ (me©‡kl †`Lv
n‡q‡Q 4 GwcÖj 2012 )|
223 KvwiKg g‡Wj †jwRm‡jkb Ab †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ GÛ †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ AW©vim,
http://www.caricom.org/jsp/secretariat/legal_instruments/model_legislation_maintenance.jsp (me©‡kl †`Lv 15
b‡f¤^i 2011) |
224 c~‡e©v³, aviv 8(5) |
225 ‡g I Ryb 2011, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi AemicÖvß wePviK‡`i (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi
|16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rexb; 26 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil‡`i cwiPvjK(wjMvj GBW)
†invbv myjZvbv; Ges 1Ryb 2011 ZvwiL evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i wjwU‡Mkb BDwb‡Ui cÖavb gvKmy`v Av³v‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi
mvvrKvi|
226 cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi AemicÖvß wePviK‡`i (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
64

Rxe‡bi mg¯Í mÂq w`‡q †`q| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z wZwb hLb fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY wba©viY
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Ki‡eb| Z…Âv GBPAvBwf c‡RwUf GKRb bvix e‡j‡Qb ÒZvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K Mf©eZx Ae¯’vq
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n‡q‡Q Ges Zvi Av`vj‡Z hvIqvi gZv bvB| 228
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GKv _vwK|Ó †g‡neyev, gymwjg, XvKv, 24 †g 2011| †g‡neyevi NUbvwU‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, Zvi NUbvq
A‡bK¸wj cÖvmw½K welq wQj †hUv Av`vjZ fiY‡cvlb wba©vi‡bi mgq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb|
wKš‘ †g‡neyevi Kv‡Q †Kvb wbðqZv bvB †h, hLb Av`vjZ fiY‡cvl‡bi cwigvY PzovšÍ Ki‡eb
ZLb GB welqMywj we‡ePbv Ki‡eb| †g‡neyev, ‡h GLb cÂv‡lva© hLb Zvi evev Zv‡K I Zvi
cwievi †d‡j wØZxq we‡q K‡i ZLb †_‡KB †m Zvi wK‡kvix Rxe‡bi cy‡ivUvB M„nkªwgK wn‡m‡e KvR
227 c~‡e©v³|
228 18 †g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix Z…òvi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|
229 29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy‡i gymwjg bvix mvwgivi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|
65

K‡i‡Q| hLb †m mvevwjKv nq ZLb Zvi PvKzix`vZv Zvi we‡qi wVK K‡ib Ggb GK ‡jv‡Ki mv‡_
†h Zvi †P‡q eq‡m A‡bK eo| †g‡neyev RvbZ bv Zvi ¯^vgxi 20 eQi a‡i Av‡iKwU eD i‡q‡Q|
Zvi cÖ_g ¯¿xI GB we‡q m¤ú©‡K wKQyB RvbZ bv Ges Gi cÖwZ‡kva †bq †m †g‡neyevi Dci w`‡q|
ÒcÖ_g ¯¿x Avgv‡K fvj K‡i †L‡Z †`qwb| †m Avgv‡K gvi‡Zv, hw` Avwg Avgvi ¯^vgxi Kv‡Q bvwjk
KiZvg †mI Avgv‡K gvi‡Zv| GKw`b †m Avgv‡K wee¯¿ Ae¯’vq Uvb‡Z Uvb‡Z cyKz‡i wb‡q Av‡m Ges
cvwbi g‡a¨ Pzwe‡q †`q| GiciI Avwg Zv‡`i mv‡_ _vwK, Avgvi †Kv_vI hvevi RvqMv bvB| gvbyl
Avgv‡K ej‡jv hw` Avgvi ev”Pv nq Zvn‡j wVK n‡q hv‡e| GLb Avgvi 3 †Q‡j| GKw`b †m Avgv‡K
GZ †ewk gvij †h Avwg Avgvi †QvU †Q‡j †h ZLb ey‡Ki `ya Lvq Zv‡K wb‡q cvwj‡q Avwm Ges
¯^vgx‡K ZvjvK w`B| †g‡neyev †Q‡jmn XvKv‡Z P‡j Av‡m, Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K †gvnivbv, 90 w`‡bi
Li‡cvl ev mšÍv‡bi fiY‡cvlb wKQyB ‡`qwb| †m evox evox KvR Ki‡Zv Ges cieZ©x‡Z
Mv‡g‡› U©‡m KvR †bq| †m Ges Zvi †Q‡j XvKvq GK ew¯Í‡Z _v‡K| †m Zvi †Q‡j‡K gv`ªvmvq
cvwV‡q‡Q KviY †m ¯‹ z‡ji LiP †hvMv‡Z cv‡i bv| K‡qK eQi ci †g‡neyev H gv`ªvmvi GK †gvjv‡K
we‡q K‡i| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z †`‡L †h, ZviI Av‡iK eD Ges 4 mšÍvb i‡q‡Q h‡kvi †Rjvq| hLb
Zviv XvKv‡Z GKmv‡_ wQj †g‡neyev Ni fvov w`Z| Zvi ¯^vgx Zvi Kv‡Q UvKv PvB‡Zv Ges hw` †m bv
w`Z Zvn‡j Zv‡K gviai Ki‡Zv| †m Zvi mg¯Í mÂq 60 nvRvi UvKv wb‡q cvwj‡q hvq| hLb
wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP †g 2011 Zvwi‡L †g‡neyevi mv‡_ K_v e‡jwQj ZLb †m Zvi ¯^vgxi Lei Rv‡b
bv 4 eQi| 2009 mv‡ji GK `yN©Ubvq †g‡neyevi cv‡q mgm¨v nq Ges kixi †f‡½ c‡o| †m ZLb
Mv‡g©‡› U‡mi KvR Qvo‡Z eva¨ nq Ges evox‡Z KvR ïiæ K‡i †hLvb †_‡K gv‡m 2200 UvKv cvq|
†m wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j ÒAvwg Avgvi e„× eq‡m Pjvi Rb¨ A‡bK UvKv Rwg‡qwQjvg|
wKš‘ GLb Avgvi wKQyB bvB| Avwg Zvi KvQ †_‡K wKQyB cvqwb GgbwK GKwU jvj m~ZvI bv|
†Zvgiv wK Rv‡bv GLb Avwg w`‡b wK LvB? Avwg †h evmvq KvR Kwi †mB evmv †_‡K cvbZv fvZ
†P‡q Lvq|Ó 230 fwel¨‡Zi wPšÍv K‡i †g‡neyev 2009 mv‡j †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡bi GKUv gvgjv
K‡iwQj| Z‡e Zvi †Kvb aviYv bvB †h, Av`vjZ Zvi gvgjvi wel‡q Lye ZvovZvwo †Kvb wm×všÍ
†b‡e| †m miKvix mnvqZv Kvh©µg m¤ú©‡KI wKQyB Rv‡bbv †hUv Zv‡K mvnvh©¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m fq
cv‡”Q †h, Av`vjZ Zvi cy‡iv welq¸wj‡K we‡ePbvq bvI Avb‡Z cv‡i Ges †m nqZ †Kvb wKQy bv
†c‡q †_‡K hv‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki e¨w³MZ AvBb¸wji Av‡iKwU A¯úó welq n‡jv bvix‡`i ÔmZxÕ Ges Ôeva¨Õ n‡Z n‡e
fiY‡cvl‡bi AwaKvi †c‡Z n‡j| GKgvÎ wn› `y cvwievwiK AvB‡b mywbw`©ó K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h,
fiY‡cvlb I c„_K evmM„‡ni AwaKvix n‡e bv hw` ¯¿x ÔAmZxÕ nq| 231 hw`I msKwjZ gymwjg Ges
Lªx÷vb cvwievwiK AvBb mZxZ¡ ev eva¨ e¨envi m¤ú©‡K wKQyB e‡j bv| wKš‘ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi
AvBbRxex I we‡klÁiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb †h, AmsKwjZ cvwievwiK AvBb¸wj
230
24†g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z gymwjg bvix ‡gneyevi (QÙbvg) mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvZKvi|
231
weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi c„_KevmM„n Ges fiY‡cvlY AvBb 1946, aviv 2| GB aviv‡Z Av‡iv ejv n‡q‡Q hw` ¯¿x Zvi ag© cwieZ©b K‡i ev Av`vj‡Zi
`v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© c~biæ×v‡ii Av‡`k cvj‡b e¨_© nq Z‡e †m fiY‡cvl‡Yi AwaKvi nviv‡e|
66

GLbI ¯¿xi fiY‡cvl‡bi †‡Î mZxZ¡ Ges `v¤úZ¨ `vwqZ¡ cvjb‡K mZ¨ wn‡m‡e †`‡L Ges
Av`vj‡Zi Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ Db¥y³ iv‡L| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvBb wefv‡Mi GKRb Aa¨vcK GiKg
A‡bK gvgjvi Z_¨ msiY K‡i‡Qb †hLv‡b ¯¿x Ô`v¤úZ¨ `vwqZ¡Õ cvj‡b e¨_© nIqvi Awf‡hv‡M Zvi
fiY‡cvl‡bi `vex cÖZ¨vLvb Kiv n‡q‡Q| 232 A‡bK AvBbRxexivB e‡j‡Qb, †h mKj cyiæl
fiY‡cvlb w`‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i Zviv Awf‡hvM K‡ib †h, Zv‡`i ¯¿x Ni †Q‡o P‡j wM‡q‡Q Ges hvi
Kvi‡Y ¯^vgx mnev‡mi Rb¨ Kv‡Q cv‡”Qb bv| GmKj Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g ¯¿x Zvi `v¤úZ¨ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b
e¨_© n‡q‡Q| 233 Z‡e AvBbRxexiv AviI e‡j‡Qb mv¤cÖwZKv‡ji wKQy gvgjvq †hLv‡b bvixiv Zv‡`i
msmvi †_‡K †hŠZz‡Ki Kvi‡b nqivbx, cvwievwiK wbh©vZb, AbygwZ bv wb‡q wØZxq we‡q Kiv cÖf„wZ
Kvi‡b gv-evevi evox‡Z wM‡q emevm Ki‡Qb †mB †Î¸wj‡Z fiY‡cvl‡bi Av‡`k †`qv nq| 234
Aev¯Íe Ges †evSv¯^iƒc AvBbx cÖwµqv
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985 Ges †`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa 1908 GB `yBUv AvB‡bi Aax‡b
Av`vjZ bvix‡`i fiY‡cvl‡bi Av‡e`b¸wj cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Av`vjZ wKQy c×wZ
AbymiY Ki‡Z e¨_© nq Ges Ggb wKQy wewa i‡q‡Q †h¸wj Aev¯Íe Ges †evSv¯^iƒc| Avi GB
Kvi‡b b¨vh¨ fiY‡cvl‡bi `vexi gvgjvq bvix‡`i civRq nq| me‡P‡q †ewk mgm¨v i‡q‡Q mgb
I †bvwUk Rvixi cÖwµqvq, mv¨ Dc¯’vcb Ges wWµx Kvh©Kib cwµqvq|
mgb I †bvwUk c×wZ
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z GKwU gvgjv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡j mgb (weev`x‡K Av`vj‡Z nvwRi nevi wb‡`©k)
Ges gvgjvi †bvwUk cvVv‡Z n‡e cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k235 Ges †`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa AvBb236 Abyhvqx| `ytLRbKfv‡e wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP †hmKj AvBbRxex‡`i mvvrKvi wb‡q‡Q Zviv
mevB GKev‡K¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, mgb c×wZ bvbv mgm¨v I `xN©m~wÎZvi †eovRv‡j Ave×, hvi
Kvi‡Y GB c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z †M‡j gv‡mi ci gvm ev eQ‡ii ci eQi †j‡M hvq| mgm¨v¸wji
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mgb Rvixi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó mgqmxgv †eu‡a w`‡Z Av`vj‡Zi e¨_©Zv, mgbRvixKvix
Kg©Pvix‡`i Ny‡li Pvwn`v Ges wePviK‡`i Z`viwKi Afve| 237
232
W. Zvmwjgv gbmyi, †RÛvi BKzBwU GÛ B‡KvbwgK GgcvIqvi‡g› U: d¨vwgwj j GÛ DBg¨vb Bb evsjv‡`k (XvKv, e„wUk KvDwÝj,2008) c„-66|
233
16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rexb; 26 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxex cwil‡`i cwiPvjK (wjMvj
GBW) †invbv myjZvbv i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
234
†g, Ryb I †m‡Þ¤^i 2011 ZvwiL XvKv‡Z evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil`, evsjv‡`k wjMvj GBW I mvwf©‡mm Uªv÷ I AvBb I mvwjm †K†› `ªi
AvBbRxwe‡`i i m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
235
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 7|
236
‡`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa AvBb 1908, Av‡`k 5|
237
evsjv‡`‡k mgb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z ‡`Lyb-evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi Òwi‡cvU© Ab wiK‡g‡Ûkb di GK&ª‡cWvBwUs wmwfj
cÖwmwWsmÒ, wW‡m¤^i 2010, http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q 3 b‡f¤^i 2011)|
67

cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi Aa¨v‡`‡k ejv n‡q‡Q, Kv‡iv weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM `v‡qi Kiv n‡j Av`vjZ
Awfhy³ e¨w³‡K †Kv‡U© nvwRi nIqvi Rb¨ ÒmvaviYZ AbwaK 30 w`‡biÓ mgqmxgv †eu‡a †`‡eb
Ges †KvW Ae wmwfj cÖwmwWIi Abyhvqx mgb Rvix Ki‡eb| 238 mgbRvixKviK Kg©Pvixiv
evsjv‡`k †`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa Abyhvqx `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb| wZwb hw` h_vwewnZ I hyw³m½Z mKj
†Póv Kiv m‡Ë¡I weev`x‡K bv cvb ev weev`x mgb MÖnY bv K‡ib, Z‡e †h M„‡n weev`x mvaviYZ
emevm K‡i ev e¨emv cwiPvjbv K‡i †mB M„‡ni †Kvb cÖKvk¨ †Kvb RvqMvq mg‡bi GKwU Kwc
ÕjUKvBqvÕ w`‡eb| 239 A_ev Av`vjZ hw` hyw³m½Z Kvi‡Y wek¦vm K‡ib †h, weev`x mgb Govevi
Rb¨ jywK‡q Av‡Q ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y mvaviY Dcv‡q mgb Rvix Kiv hv‡”Q bv, †m‡‡Î Av`vjZ
mg‡bi GKUv bKj Av`vj‡Zi †Kvb cÖKvk¨ ¯’v‡b ev weev`x †h M„‡n me©‡kl emevm ev e¨emv
cwiPvjbv K‡iwQj †mB M„‡ni †Kvb cÖKvk¨ RvqMvq mg‡bi GKwU bKj ÕjUKvBqv RvixÕ Kivi
Av‡`k w`‡Z cv‡ib (GUv‡K jUKvBqv mgb Rvix e‡j)| 240
mg‡bi cvkvcvwk Av`vjZ Awf‡hv‡Mi GKUv bKjmn weev`x‡K gvgjvi wel‡q †bvwUk cvVv‡eb| hLb
Av`vjZ weev`xi c †_‡K ÔcÖvw߯^xKviÕ cv‡eb ZLb †bvwUk Rvix n‡q‡Q e‡j a‡i wb‡eb| cvwievwiK
Av`vj‡Zi Aa¨v‡`‡k ejv n‡q‡Q, hw` †bvwUk h_vh_ wbq‡g cvVv‡bv n‡q _v‡K Z‡e weev`x cÖvwß
¯^xKvi KiæK ev bv KiæK, aiv n‡e †bvwUk cvVv‡bvi 30 w`‡bi c‡i ‡mwU Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q| 241
hw` gvgjvi ïbvbxi w`‡b weev`x nvwRi bv nq Ges ev`x cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, †bvwUk ev mgb
h_vh_fv‡e Rvix Kiv n‡q‡Q Z‡e Av`vjZ GKZidv (GKc‡i e³e¨ ï‡b) gvgjv Pvjv‡Z
cv‡ib A_ev wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡ib †h, GKwU bZzb mgb I ‡bvwUk Rvix Kiv ‡nvK| hw` mgb Ges
†bvwUk Ach©vß mg‡qi g‡a¨ Rvix nq †h Kvi‡b weev`x Reve ‰Zix Ki‡Z cv‡iwb †m‡‡Î ïbvwb
21 w`‡bi Rb¨ ‡cQv‡bv hv‡e| 242
mgb I †bvwUk Rvixi GB `xN© cÖwµqv Ges weev`xi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z GKZidv Kvh©µg G¸wji evB‡iI
fiY‡cvlb I †gvnivbvi gvgjvi †‡Î GKZidv gvgjv ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ gvmvwaK ev eQivwaK mgq
A‡cv Ki‡Z nq †hUv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K AvBbRxex I cÖv³b wePviKiv e‡j‡Qb| 243
238
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 7|
239
evsjv‡`k ‡`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa AvBb 1908, Av‡`k 5 wewa 17|
240
evsjv‡`k ‡`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa AvBb 1908, Av‡`k 5 wewa 20|
241
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 9|
242
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 7, 8 I 9|
243
cy‡e©v³, Ryb 2011, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi AemicÖvß wePviK‡`i (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi
mvvrKvi | 16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rexb; 26 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil‡`i
cwiPvjK(wjMvj GBW) †invbv myjZvbv; Ges 21 †g 2011 AvBbRxwe Av b g Avãyj ingv‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
68

GKRb AvBbRxex e‡j‡Qb, GK g‡°‡ji mgb Rvix Kiv‡Z AvovB eQi mgq †j‡M‡Q Ges 2011
mvj ch©šÍ Zviv weev`x ¯^vgxi c †_‡K Reve `vwL‡ji A‡cvq i‡q‡Qb| Av`vj‡Zi gZv
i‡q‡Q AviI `ªæZ GKZidv c×wZ‡Z gvgjv Pvjv‡bvi| 244
AvBbRxex Ges wePvi‡Kiv AviI e‡j‡Qb †h, mgb I †bvwUk RvixKviK Kg©Pvix‡`i Nyl †bevi
cÖeYZv GB cÖwµqv‡K AviI evavMÖ¯Í K‡i| evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i GKRb AvBbRxex
e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒGKUv mgb Rvix Kiv‡Z Avgv‡`i 500 †_‡K 1000 UvKv Nyl jv‡MÓ| 245 Ab¨
GKRb AvBbRxex e‡jb, Ò¯^vgx‡`i Rb¨ mgb MÖnY bv Kivi LyeB mnR| Zvi cwievi RvixKviK
Kg©Pvix‡K wKQy UvKv w`‡q e‡j †h, †m †hb e‡j GB wVKvbvq †KD _v‡K bv|Ó 246
GKRb cÖv³b wePviK whwb cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z †bRviZ wefv‡Mi (†h wefvM mgb Rvix K‡i)
`vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb wZwb wnDg¨vb ivBUm& Iqv‡Pi Kv‡Q ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb GB wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ h‡_ó `ybx©wZ
i‡q‡Q| 247 Ab¨ GKRb wePviK Gi mv‡_ GKgZ n‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, GB wefv‡Mi Kg©Pvix Kg _vKv
Ges RvixKviK Kg©Pvixiv hvZvqZ eve` †h UvKv LiP K‡ib miKvi †_‡K Zv h_vmg‡q cwi‡kva
bv Kivi Kvi‡b `ybx©wZ AviI e„w× cv‡”Q| 248
mgb Ges †bvwUk Rvix cÖwµqvq wePviK‡`i ¯^í Z`viwKI †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡bi gvgjv¸wj
`xN©vwqZ Kivi Av‡iKUv KviY| ZvQvov wePviK‡`i Dci gvgjv †`Lvi e¨vcK `vwq‡Z¡i cvkvcvwk
GB wefv‡Mi Z`viwKi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq| GKRb cÖv³b wePviK e‡j‡Qb,ÒGKRb Kvh©iZ wePviK‡K
†bRviZ †`Lvi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq| Z_¨ wVKg‡Zv n‡”Q wKbv, mg‡bi †‡Î RU Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lv
Ges G¸wj Kiv bv n‡j Kg©Pvix‡`i `ybx©wZi weiæ‡× e¨e¯’v †bIqvi gZ mgq Zv‡`i nv‡Z bvB|Ó 249
A‡bK cÖv³b wePviK wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb †h,ÒwePviK‡`i memgq mgb I †bvwUk
cÖwµqvi wel‡q `Zv _v‡K bv Ges Gi Rb¨ wZwb AbwfÁZv I Ach©vß cÖwkY‡K `vqx K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb e‡jb, cvwievwiK Av`vjZ n‡jv bZzb wb‡qvMcÖvß wePviK‡`i cÖ_g Kg©‡Î, Zviv mvaviYZ
GK mßvn cÖwkY GB c‡` †hvM`v‡bi Av‡M| GKRb e‡jb, hLb Avcwb gvÎ GK mßv‡ni
244
16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rex‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
245
3 A‡±vei 2011 ZvwiL evsjv‡`k gwnjv mwgwZ wjwU‡Mkb BDwb‡Ui cÖavb gvKmy`v Av³v‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi |
246
26 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe mwgwZ AvBbRxwe †`evwkl `‡Ëi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
247
2 Ryb 2011, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wePvi‡Ki (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi
mvvrKvi |
248
28 †m‡Þ¤^i 2011, XvKv‡Z ‡Rjv Av`vj‡Zi wePviK I RvZxq AvBb mnvqZv ms¯’vi cwiPvjK ˆmq` Avwgbyj Bmjv‡gi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm
Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
249
2 Ryb 2011, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wePvi‡Ki (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi
mvvrKvi|
69

cÖwkYcÖvß ZLb Avcwb wb‡RB cÖwµqv wel‡q wbwðZ bb-myZivs Avcwb mg‡bi Rb¨ †ewk mgq
w`‡eb Ges GKZidv Kvh©µg kyiæ Ki‡ZI †ewk mgq w`‡eb|Ó 250
†`Iqvbx wePvie¨e¯’v Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi 2010 mv‡ji mycvwi‡k miKv‡ii
Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Kiv n‡q‡Q †h mgb Ges †bvwUk c×wZi ms¯‹ vi cÖ‡qvRb| Zviv mycvwik K‡i‡Qb †h,
mgb Rvixi †‡Î e¨w³MZ Kzwiqvi (miKvix WvK wefv‡Mi cwie‡Z©), d¨v· I B-†gBj e¨envi Kivi
gva¨‡g GB cÖwµqv `ªæZ Kivi AbygwZ †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb| 251 †`Iqvbx wePvie¨e¯’v ch©v‡jvPbvi Ask
wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k miKviI mgb I †bvwUk c×wZi ms¯‹ v‡ii welqwU we‡ePbv Ki‡Qb|
mv¨ cÖgv‡Yi mgm¨v
bvix‡`i Zv‡`i †gvni ev fiY‡cvl‡bi Av‡e`b mdjfv‡e `vwLj Kivi Rb¨ Aek¨B we‡qi cÖgvY
w`‡Z n‡e| 252 GKRb bvix hw` GB wek¦v‡m Kv‡ivi mv‡_ emevm K‡ib †h, Zviv weevwnZ
wKš‘ AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z †mUv weevn bq †m‡‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb H fiY‡cvl‡bi AwaKv‡ii
¯^xK…wZ †`q bv| 253 †hLv‡b m¤¢e bvix Zvi we‡qi `vwjwjK cÖgvY †hgb Kvwebbvgvi bKj mieivn
Ki‡eb| 254 †hLv‡b †Kvb `vwjwjK cÖgvY cvIqv hv‡”Q bv †mLv‡b Av`vjZ †gŠwLK mv¨ ev
Gwd‡WwdU BZ¨vw` nvwR‡ii AbygwZ †`q| Z‡e memgq GUv †`qv nq bv| 255
Ab¨w`‡K ¯¿x‡`i Rb¨ we‡qi `vwjwjK cÖgvY †hvMvo Kiv KwVb| wn› `y we‡qi AvbyôzvwbK wbeÜb nq
bv| ZvB Zv‡`i †Kvb we‡qi `wjj _v‡K bv| Zv‡`i‡K Aek¨B Ab¨vb¨ mv¨ †hgb, mvx‡`i
e³e¨ †h Zviv wn› `y a‡g©i weavb Abyhvqx we‡q K‡iwQj, gymwjg Ges Lªx÷vb‡`i weevn wbeÜb
eva¨Zvg~jK| Z‡e wKQy wKQy †‡Î gymwjg `¤úwZivI weevn wbeÜb K‡ib bv| 256
250
3 Ryb 2011, cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wePvi‡Ki (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi
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evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi Ò wi‡cvU© Ab wiK‡g‡Ûkb di GK&ªwc‡WwUs wmwfj cÖ‡mwWsmÒ, wW‡m¤^i 2010, c„2-3,
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1872 mv‡ji mv¨ AvB‡bi aviv 101: Òwhwb †Kvb wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ `vex †I Zvi Dci wbf©ikxj †Kvb AvBbx AwaKvi ev `vq m¤ú‡K© Av`vj‡Zi
ivq Kvgbv K‡ib, wZwb †mB wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ AekB cÖgvb Ki‡eb| †Kvb e¨w³ hLb †Kvb wel‡hi Aw¯ÍZ cÖgvb Ki‡Z ea¨ _v‡Kb, ZLb ejv nq †h,
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253
AwZwi³ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ Dc‡iv³ weevn Aa¨v‡qi Ò weevn, ZvjvK I we‡”Q` msµvšÍ AvBbÓ Aa¨vqwU †`Lyb|
254
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985 Gi aviv 20, 10,11 I 12| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985 Gi aviv 20 G ejv n‡q‡Q-10 I 11 aviv
mswkøó wel‡q †hUv wcÖ-Uªvqvj Ges K¨v‡giv Uªvqvj c×wZ msµvšÍ, †mB †ÿ‡Î 1872 mv‡ji mv¨ AvBb cÖ‡Rvh¨ n‡e| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k
1985 Gi 12 avivq mvÿx‡`i wKfv‡e †Riv Kiv n‡e, we‡kl K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h mvÿxiv Av`vj‡Z Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i fvl¨ ev Gwd‡WwfU Gi gva¨‡g
Zv‡`i e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|
1872 mv‡ji mv¨ AvBb Gi aviv 61, 62 I 64| aviv 61 †Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h †Kvb `wj‡ji welqe¯‘ cÖv_wgK ev gva¨wgK mv‡ÿ¨I Øviv cÖgvY Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| 62 avivq cÖv_wgK mv‡ÿ¨i msÁv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q †h ¬ mswkøó `wjjwUB Av`vj‡Z cwi`k©‡bi Rb¨ `vwLj Kiv| aviv 64 †Z ejv n‡q‡Q
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255
c~‡e©v³, aviv 63 I 65| aviv 63 †Z gva¨wgK mv‡ÿ¨i msÁv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q hvi g‡‡a¨ †h e¨w³ †Kvb `wjj †`‡K _vK‡j, Zvi †`Iqv IB `wj‡ji
welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© †gŠwLK weeiY I AšÍ©f’³| mv¨ AvBb Gi aviv 65 †Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †Kvb `wj‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡, Ae¯’v ev
welqe¯‘ cÖgv‡bi Rb¨ gva¨wgK mvÿ¨ †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
256
AwZwi³ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ Dc‡iv³ 2q Aa¨v‡q gymwjg Òweev‡ni Pzw³ I wbeÜxKiYÓ Aa¨vqwU †`Lyb|
70

GgbwK †hLv‡b we‡qi wbeÜb n‡q‡Q †mLv‡bI we‡klZ gymwjg bvix‡`i Rb¨ wbe܇bi `wjj
†hvMvo Kiv KwVb| wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP GKRb gymwjg bvixi mvvZKvi wb‡q‡Qb whwb e‡j‡Qb
†h, hLb Zvi we‡q nq KvRx Zv‡K we‡qi †Kvb KvMR †`bwb| cieZ©x‡Z †gvni ev fiY‡cvl‡bi
Rb¨ GB `wjj †ei Kiv KwVb| G‡`‡k Kw¤úDUv‡i we‡qi wbe܇bi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †Kvb e¨e¯’v bvB,
GwU bvix‡`i Av‡iv Sv‡gjvq †d‡j †`q we‡klZ; hviv we‡qi ci Ab¨ †Rjvq P‡j hvb| Av‡iKwU
welq nj LiP| ïaygvÎ bKj †Zvjvi LiP bq, wKQy wKQy KvRx A‡bK †ewk UvKv `vex K‡ib KvMR
†Zvjvi Rb¨| 257
dRjyj nK whwb evsjv‡`‡k wjM¨vj GB‡Wi cÖwZôvZv Ges eZ©gv‡b gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj GBW
G¨v‡mvwm‡qkb Gi cÖavb †hLv‡b AmsL¨ cvwievwiK gvgjv †`Lvïbv Kiv nq, e‡jb †h-wKQy KvRx
weevn †iwR÷ªvi RvwjqvwZ K‡ib hw` ¯^vgx †gvni I fiY‡cvlb bv †`evi Rb¨ KvRx‡K Nyl †`b|
ÒKvRx‡`i †Kbv hvq, Avwg wb‡R †`‡LwQ g¨v‡iR †iwRw÷ª eB‡qi A‡bK cvZv †Quov|Ó 258
GKRb KvRx wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP Gi Kv‡Q GB `~bx©wZi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| bvg bv cÖKvk
Kivi k‡Z© wZwb e‡jb,ÒAvgiv miKvi †_‡K †Kvb fvZv cvB bv| Avgiv weevn wbe܇bi wd †_‡K
GKUv Ask cvB Ges evKxUv P‡j hvq miKv‡ii Kv‡Q| Z`viwK cÖwµqvI `~bx©wZMÖ¯Í, Zviv
Avgv‡`i KvQ †_‡K UvKv Pvq| ZvB †hfv‡e †nvK Avgv‡`i‡K †ewk UvKv †ivRMvi Ki‡Z nq|
†mRb¨B Nyl †bqv nq|Ó 259
hw`I Av`vj‡Zi DwPZ weev‡ni cÖgvY wn‡m‡e †gŠwLK mv¨ MÖnY Kiv wKš‘ Zviv memgq GUv
K‡ib bv| 260 evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷ªi GKRb AvBbRxex Rvbvb, †h‡‡Î
mšÍvb _v‡K †m‡‡Î Av`vjZ †gŠwLK mv¨ MÖn‡Y BwZevPK _v‡Kb| 261 hw`Iev Av`vjZ we‡qi
cÖgvY wn‡m‡e †gŠwLK mv¨ MÖn‡Yi AbygwZ †`b ZeyI mvx‡`i WvKv Ges Zv‡`i hvZvqZ I
_vKv-LvIqv A‡bK e¨q mv‡c e¨vcvi| Av`vjZ ev wjM¨vj GBW dvÛ GB LiP enb K‡i bv|
A‡bK `wi`ª bvixB mvx‡`i‡K Av`vj‡Z wb‡q Avmvi LiP enb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| 262
257
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi †Rjvi gv`ixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mvwm‡qkb Gi †m‡µUvix dRjyj n‡Ki m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi: 4
Ryb 2011 ZvwiL MvRxcy‡i gymwjg bvix wbw¤§i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
258
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi †Rjvi gv`ixcyi wjMvj GBW G‡mvwm‡qkb Gi †m‡µUvix dRjyj n‡Ki m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
259
†g 2011 ZvwiL G 10 eQ‡ii †ekx mgq mb` i‡q‡Q Ggb KRb KvRxi ( Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm
Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
260
29 †g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi †Rjvi miKvix AvBbRxwe kvnvbv ˆkwji m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
261
25 †g 2011 ZvwiL eøv‡÷i dwi`v Bqvmwg‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
262
25 †g 2011 ZvwiL ‡invbv myjZvbvi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
71

Av`vj‡Zi wWwµ ev¯Íevqb
hw`I ev Av`vjZ †gvni ev fiY‡cvl‡bi wWµx †`b, bvix‡`i‡K †mB wWµx ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨
cybivq Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| 263 hw` ¯^vgx UvKv w`‡Z e¨_© nq Z‡e Av`vjZ Zv‡K Rwigvbv ev
wZbgvm ch©šÍ Kviv`Ð w`‡Z cv‡ib| 264 GB kvw¯Íi weavb _vKv m‡Ë¡I wWµx ev¯Íevq‡b `xN©
mgq jv‡M| GKRb AvBbRxex wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, Zvi GKRb g‡°j 2008 mv‡j
cvIqv wWµx ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ GZ `xN© mgq A‡cv Ki‡Qb †h, wZwb cÖkœ K‡ib ÒAvwg wK Avgvi
g„Zz¨i Av‡M cvIbvUv cv‡ev?Ó 265
hw`I cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi Aa¨v‡`‡k wbw`©ó K‡i wKQy ejv nqwb, ev¯Í‡e hLb †Kvb bvix wWµx
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡ib ZLb cÖvqB Av`vjZ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Zv‡`i ¯^vgxi m¤úwË ev †eZb ev
e¨vsK GKvD‡› Ui cÖgvY Pvb| GUv ejv A‡bK bvixi Rb¨ KóKi| 266 †ewkifvM bvixiB Gme Z‡_¨i
wel‡q †Kvb aviYv bvB we‡kl K‡i hLb we‡q †f‡O †M‡Q| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †‡Î †`Lv hvq †h,
m¤úwËi Dc‡i wbqš¿Y ¯^vgxi wKš‘ Zv‡`i bv‡g gvwjKvbv bvB| †KD †KD Avevi kª×v †`Lvevi Rb¨
Rwg I evox wK‡b Zv‡`i evev-gvÕi bv‡g iv‡L (wKQy‡‡Î Ki duvwK †`Iqvi Rb¨)| 267
†hŠ_ cwiev‡ii SzuwK AviI †ewk| A‡bK AvBbRxex e‡j‡Qb Zviv A‡bK gvgjv Ki‡Qb †hLv‡b
weevwnZ bvixiv ïay ¯^vgxi cwiev‡i bq, ¯^vgx I k¦ïievoxi †hŠ_ cwiev‡i A‡bK f~wgKv
†i‡L‡Qb| 268 A‡bK‡‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, ˆeevwnK evwoUv nqZ k¦ï‡ii bv‡g|
`vwi`ª¨I GKUv wekvj cÖwZeÜKZv wn‡m‡e nvwRi nq| A‡bK AvBbRxex e‡j‡Qb A‡bK mgq Zviv
Lye nZvk †eva K‡ib hLb †`‡Lb GKwU Amnvq `wi`ª bvixi †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡Yi wWµx
ev¯Íevqb Kiv hv‡”Q bv KviY ¯^vgxI A‡bK `wi`ª| 269
Zviv GKgZ n‡q‡Qb †h †hLv‡b ¯^vgxiv fiY‡cvlY cÖ`v‡b Amg_© †mLv‡b cvwievwiK Av`vjZ
e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ mvgvwRK wbivcËvi Kg©m~Pxi GKUv †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb Kiv `iKvi| †gvni I
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263
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 16 (3)|
264
cy‡e©v³, aviv 16|
265
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266
21 †g 2011 AvBbRxwe Av b g Avãyj ingvb Ges 16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rex‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm
Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
267
19 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBbRxwe ‡dŠwRqv Kwig;, 25 †g 2011 mv‡j AvBb I mvwjk ‡K‡› `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, †gwW†qkb I i¨vwcW †imcÝ
BDwbU, bxbv †Mv¯^vgx; 16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rex‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
268
24 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil‡`i cwiPvjK(wjMvj GBW) †invbv myjZvbv; 25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjMvj GBW I
mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i dwi`v Bqvmwgb, Dc-cwiPvjK (AvBb); 1 Ryb 2011 ZvwiL evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil‡`i wjwU‡Mkb BDwb‡Ui cÖavb gvKmy`v Av³vi ;
Ges 16 †g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm †K‡› `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv †Rex‡bi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
269
c~‡e©v³, 16 †g 2011 Zvwi‡L wb‡Riv Kwii mgš^qKvix Lykx Kwe‡ii m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
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Pig Avw_©K AbU‡bi gy‡L c‡ob| cvwievwiK Av`vjZ AšÍ©eZ©©xKvjxb A_©‰bwZK cÖwZKv‡ii
Av‡`k 270 w`‡Z cv‡ib wKš‘ we‡klÁiv e‡j‡Qb GUv LyeB weij| AvBbRxex I cÖv³b wePviKiv
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb, wWµx ev¯Íevq‡bi `xN©m~wÎZv GZ †ewk †h KvhKiY c×wZ
ms¯‹ vi ev Kvh©Kix ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqv Pvjy Kiv AZxe Riæwi| evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgkb 2010
mv‡ji †`Iqvbx wePvie¨e¯’v Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi mycvwi‡k e‡j‡Qb ÒwWµx ev¯Íevq‡bi Av‡e`‡bi wbqg
g~j gvgjvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kiv cÖ‡qRb|Ó 271
“AvBbMZ” nqivwb
‡h mKj ¯^vgxiv †gvni I fiY‡cvl‡bi gvgjvi weev`x Zviv cÖvqB ¯¿x‡`i wei“‡× cvëv gvgjv ev
†dŠR`vix Awf‡hvM `v‡qi K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡`i‡K nqivbx Kivi Rb¨; Gig‡a¨ `v¤úZ¨ cybi“×v‡ii
gvgjv Ges Pzwii Awf‡hvM AšÍf~©³|
`v¤úZ¨ AwaKvi cybiæ×vi
evsjv‡`‡k e¨w³MZ AvBb `v¤úZ¨ AwaKvi cybiæ×v‡ii gvgjvi Aby‡gv`b †`q| GB AvBbx
`vweUv mKj ai‡bi Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z ¯^xK…Z| Lªx÷vb‡`i wW‡fv©m AvB‡b ejv
n‡q‡Q †h, hLb GKc †Kvb †hŠw³K KviY QvovB Ab¨c‡i mgvR †_‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m ZLb
Ab¨c `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú©K cybiæ×v‡ii gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i| 272 weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi c„_K evmM„n
Ges fiY‡cvl‡bi AvB‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ¯¿xiv fiY‡cvlb ev c„_K evmM„‡ni AwaKvix n‡eb bv
hw` Zviv Av`vj‡Zi `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×v‡ii ivq bv gv‡bb| 273 gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡bi
wewa ¯^vgx‡K cybtweev‡ni AbygwZ †`q hw` cÖ_g ¯¿x Av`vj‡Zi `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×v‡ii wWµx
bv gv‡bb| cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×v‡ii gvgjv cwiPvjbvi gZv i‡q‡Q| 274
evsjv‡`k mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i nvU‡KvU© wefv‡Mi Gwel‡q GKwU weZwK©Z wm×všÍ i‡q‡Q| Kgc‡
wZbwU gvgjvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb Av`vjZB GKRb ¯^vgx ev ¯¿x‡K GKmv‡_ emev‡mi wb‡`©k
w`‡Z cv‡ib bv| KviY GwU Zv‡`i mvsweavwbK AwaKvi A_v©r AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgZv, ivóªxq I
MYRxe‡bi me©Î bvixi mgvb AwaKvi, Rxeb I e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi Yœ K‡i| 275
270
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k 1985, aviv 16 K|
271
evsjv‡`k AvBb Kwgk‡bi Ò wi‡cvU© Ab wiK‡g‡Ûkb di G·‡cWvBwUs wmwfj cÖwmwWsmÒ, c„-6-7|
272
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273
weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi c„_KevmM„n Ges fiY‡cvlY AvBb 1946, aviv 2|
274
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275
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BmgvBj 51 DLR 512 |
73

cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi AvBbRxex I cÖv³b AvBbRxexiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP‡K e‡j‡Qb mvaviYZ
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cybiæ×v‡ii gvgjv K‡i _v‡Kb| 276
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gvgjv K‡i _v‡Kb| †ewkifvM gvgjvB wWµx nIqv Aewa †cŠuQvq bv| mvaviYZ †ewkifvM †‡Î
ïbvwb c~e© Ae¯’v‡Z ¯^vgxiv gvgjv bv Pvjv‡bvi wel‡q GKgZ nb| GUv g~jZt bvix‡`i Dci
GKai‡bi gvbwmK wbh©vZb Kiv| ej‡Z cv‡ib GK ai‡bi nqivwbg~jK wPšÍv|Ó 277
`v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×v‡ii gvgjvi wWµx mKj a‡g©i bvix‡`iB AwaKvi f½ K‡i wKš‘ wn› `y
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cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wePvi‡Ki (Aby‡iv‡a bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi| Av‡iv †`Lyb- AvjgMxi
†gvnv¤§` wmivR Dwχbi, RywWwkqvj Gw±wfRg GÛ d¨vwgwj j Bb evsjv‡`k 2009, cÖ‡dmi gvndzRv Lvbg GÛ e¨vwi÷vi kwdK Avn‡g` Uªv÷ dvÛ †‡jKPvi,
evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU,
http://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journals/June_2010/contents/03_Alamgir%20Muhammad%20Serajuddin.htm#_
ftn1 (accessed January 15, 2011). AvBbRxweiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K e‡‡j‡Qb Lye Kg †ÿ‡ÎB hLb ¯^vgxiv fib‡cvlY I †gvn‡ii `vex‡Z mvov
†`qbv ZLb bvixiv `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb cybiæ×v‡ii cÖwZKvi wb‡Z eva¨ nq|
277 24 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil‡`i cwiPvjK(wjMvj GBW) †invbv myjZvbvi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
278 weevwnZ wn› `y bvixi c„_KevmM„n Ges fiY‡cvlY AvBb 1946, aviv 2|
279 25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjMvj GBW I mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i dwi`v Bqvmwg‡bi, Dc-cwiPvjK (AvBb) m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi mvvrKvi|
74

nvRvi bM` UvKv, Pvi j UvKvi ¯^Y©, Rwgi `wjj Ges Pwjk nvRvi UvKvi Kvco-†Pvco Pzwi K‡i
wb‡q P‡j G‡m‡Qb| 280 AvBbRxex hviv ¯¿x Ges Zv‡`i cwievi‡K Gai‡bi gvgjvq AvBbx mnvqZv
†`b Zviv e‡j‡Qb †h, †ewkifvM gvgjvq ¯^vgx †ewk`~i cwiPvjbv K‡ib bv| Av`vj‡Zi evB‡i Zviv
mgvavb K‡ib Ges cieZ©x‡Z Av`vjZ gvgjv LvwiR K‡i †`b| 281 wKQy wKQy gvgjvq bvix‡`i AvUK
Kiv nq †hLv‡b Zviv Rvwg‡b †ei n‡q Av‡mb ev cieZ©x‡Z Awf‡hvM Zz‡j †bIqv nq|
280
25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjMvj GBW I mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i mnKvix mgš^qKvix (mvwjk) Zvcmx iv‡eqvi m‡½ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi
mvvrKvi|
281
25 †g 2011 mv‡j evsjv‡`k wjMvj GBW I mvwf©‡mm Uªv‡÷i dwi`v Bqvmwgb, Dc-cwiPvjK(AvBb), Gg wW eiKZ Avjx, mnKvix-cwiPvjK
(AvBb) Ges Zvcmx iv‡eqv, mnKvix mgš^Kvix (mvwjk) Gi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi `jxq mvvZKvi; 2GwcÖj 2011 eøv‡÷i 20 Rb c¨v‡bj
AvBbRxexi mv‡_ `jxq Av‡jvPbv|
75

5. ZvjvKcÖvß, c„_K emevmKvix Ges cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi
wkKvi bvix‡`i Rb¨ ivóªxq mnvqZv
weevwnZ bvix‡`i fiY‡cvlY, †`b‡gvni, wKsev ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi Ask cÖvw߇Z mnvqZv `v‡bi
j‡ÿ¨ cvwievwiK AvBb Ges Av`vj‡Zi Kvh©cÖYvjx h_vh_fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j †mwU Zv‡`i
Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ mnvqK n‡e| Z‡e KviI KviI †ÿ‡Î GB cÖwµqv¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv ‡`Iqvi
Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| ‡hme cwiev‡i Lye Aí cwigvY m¤úwË Av‡Q wKsev hv‡`i ¯^vgxi Avq-DcvR©b
AZ¨šÍ Kg ev G‡Kev‡i †bB, ‡mme cwiev‡ii weevn wew”Qbœ, c„_K emevmiZ ev ¯^vgx
cwiZ¨³ bvix‡`i ivóxq mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP †_‡K mvnvh¨ MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| A‡b‡K
nq‡Zv PvKwi LyuR‡eb Ges Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii †`LfvjI Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ weevn m¤ú©K †f‡½
hvIqvi cieZx© msKUgq mgqUv‡Z Zv‡`i AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP †_‡K mvnvh¨
cvIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
GB Aa¨v‡q ZvjvK Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i weiƒc A_©‰bwZK AwfNvZ cÖkg‡b iv‡óªi ‡h f~wgKv Zv
ch©‡eÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Gi g‡a¨
Av‡Q bvix‡`i Rb¨ AvkÖq‡K› `ª cÖwZôv, bvix cÖavb cwievi¸‡jvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP
Pvjy Kiv Ges wKQz f~wg e› Ub Kg©m~wPi Øviv hv‡Z bvixiv DcK…Z nq Zv wbwðZ Kiv cÖf…wZ| Z‡e
GKB mv‡_ ‡h ev¯ÍeZv weivR Ki‡Q †mwU n‡jv, Gme Kg©m~wP ‡hme bvix‡`i cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡`i
A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q †m¸‡jv †cŠuQv‡”Q bv| ZvQvov mswkøó AvBb I Kg©m~wP¸‡jv (we‡kl K‡i
feNy‡i‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ AvBb †hLv‡b M„nnxbZv‡K Aciv‡ai aviYvi mv‡_ Rwo‡q †djv n‡q‡Q
Ges f~wg e› Ub Kg©m~wP hvi GKwUi kZ© n‡jv, f‚wg †c‡Z n‡j Av‡e`bKvix bvixi GKRb
ÒkvixwiKfv‡e mg_©Ó cyiæl _vK‡Z n‡e) Gme BwZevPK c`‡ÿ‡ci ¸iæZ¡‡K Kwg‡q w`‡”Q|
bvix‡`i Rb¨ miKvwi AvkÖq ‡K› `ª
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cwiZ¨³ nevi c‡i ‡hme bvix‡K Zv‡`i ‰eevwnK evox (Marital Homes) ‡_‡K †ei K‡i †`Iqv nq,
Zv‡`i Rb¨ A¯’vqx miKvwi AvkÖq †K› `ª e¨env‡ii my‡hvM cvIqvUv AZ¨šÍ Riæix| evsjv‡`k
miKvi bvix‡`i Rb¨ AvkÖq †K› `ª cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q| Z‡e mswkøó GW‡fv‡KU I Kg©KZ©viv g‡b
K‡ib, cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Gme AvkÖq †K› `ª h‡_ó bq| bvix I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi GKRb
282 AviI †`Lyb cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiÿv) AvBb, 2010, aviv 15| GB AvBbwU cvwievwiK mwnsmZvq ÿwZMÖ‡¯Íi Rb¨ AvkÖq †K› `ª
wbwðZ Ki‡Z AviI wKQz e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Q| GB AvBbe‡j Av`vjZ ÿwZMÖ¯Í e¨w³‡K ÒAskx`vix evmM„nÓ GK‡PwUqv ev AvswkKfv‡e e¨env‡ii
AbygwZ w`‡q Aciva msNUbKvixi cÖwZ Av‡`k Rvix Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Av`vj‡Zi wbKU hw` cÖZxqgvb nq †h, ÒAskx`vix evmM„nÓ ÿwZMÖ¯Í e¨w³i Rb¨
wbivc` bq, Zvn‡j Zvi Rb¨ weKí evm¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv wKsev Abyiƒc evm¯’v‡bi fvov cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨I Av`vjZ Aciva msNUbKvix‡K wb‡`©k cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AvBbwU G ai‡bi AvkÖq †K› `ª cÖwZôv Ki‡Z miKv‡ii Rb¨I eva¨evaKZv m„wó K‡i, ‡hLv‡b cvwievwiK mwnsmZvq ÿwZM͇֯`i‡K
A¯’vqx e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
76

Kg©KZ©v wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP&‡K e‡j‡Qb, gš¿Yvjq bvix I wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡M GKwU
K‡i †gvU mvZwU AvkÖq †K› `ª cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K AvkÖq †K› `ª Qq gvm mgq ch©šÍ 50
Rb bvix I 100 wkïi Rb¨ AvkÖ‡qi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU BwZevPK c`‡ÿc n‡jI †Rjv
ch©v‡q AviI AwaK AvkÖq †K› `ª cÖ‡qvRb e‡j H Kg©KZ©v g‡b K‡ib:
cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡M GKwU AvkÖq †K› `ª _vK‡j wK n‡e? AvkÖq ‡K› `ª LuyR‡jI GZ `xN©
c_ cvwo w`‡q bvixiv ‡Zv Avi wefvMxq m`‡i hv‡eb bv......| wec`MÖ¯Í bvix‡`i
mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjvq Kgc‡ÿ GKwU K‡i AvkÖq †K› `ª
cÖ‡qvRb| Avi Gme AvkÖq †K‡› `ª bvix‡`i Rb¨ Avqea©K wewfbœ Kg©m~wP nv‡Z
†bIqv DwPZ| 283
feNy‡i‡`i Rb¨ AvkÖq †K› `ª
mgMÖ evsjv‡`‡k miKvi QqwU ÒfeNy‡i AvkÖq †K› `ªÓ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| GB AvkÖq ‡K› `ª¸‡jv
†e½j †fM‡iwÝ G¨v±, 1931 Gi Aax‡b cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e D³ AvBbwUi ¯’‡j eZ©gv‡b
feNy‡i I wbivkÖq e¨w³ (cybe©vmb) AvBb, 2011 cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKw`‡K GB AvBbwU
Av`vjZ KZ„©K ÓfeNy‡iÓ wnmv‡e †NvwlZ e¨w³‡`i cybe©vm‡b mvnvh¨ Kiv, Zv‡`i‡K A¯’vqx AvkÖq
cÖ`vb Kiv Ges †hme Acivax Pµ `wi`ª‡`i‡K wfÿv e„wˇZ wb‡qvwRZ K‡i †mme Pµ‡K
wbqš¿Y Kivi K_v| 284 Ab¨w`‡K AvBbwU GZB A¯úó †h, h‡_”Qfv‡e †h †Kvb e¨w³‡K AvUK
Ges Zv‡`i Pjv‡divi ¯^vaxbZv wbqš¿Y wKsev Zv‡`i‡K Òcybe©vmbÓ ‡`qvi ARynv‡Z `vwi`ª¨ I
M„nnxbZvi kvw¯Í¯^iƒc GB AvBbwU e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e wewae× AvBb wn‡m‡e feNy‡i
AvBbwU e¨w³i Acivag~jK AvPiY ev Kg©Kv‡Ði †P‡q ‡hme e¨w³ `wi`ª I M„nnxb Zv‡`i‡KB
Acivax mve¨¯Í Ki‡Q| GB AvBb¸‡jv AvšÍ©RvwZK gvb`‡Û myiwÿZ b¨vh¨Zv I AvBbMZ
ˆeaZvi †gŠwjK bxwZ¸‡jv‡K j•Nb Ki‡Q| AvBbMZ wm×Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ‡dŠR`vix
AvBb‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq AwfcÖvqmn Awfhy‡³i mywbw`©ó AvPiY‡K jÿ¨e¯‘ Kiv DwPZ| gvbevwaKvi
gvb`‡Û I AvB‡bi kvm‡b hv cÖ‡qvRb †mwU n‡jv, AvBb n‡e AvMvg †evaMg¨ I c~e©vbygvb‡hvM¨
Ges †mLv‡b iv‡óªi Rb¨ Ggb eva¨evaKZv _vK‡e hv‡Z ivóª mKj ‡dŠR`vix Aciva¸‡jv‡K
my¯úófv‡e Ges ¯^”Q I AvMvg †evaMg¨ c×wZ‡Z e¨vLv Ki‡e| 285 D‡jøwLZ gvb`Û¸‡jv
feNy‡i AvB‡b cvIqv hvq bv|
283 wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& bvix I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi GKRb D”Pc`¯’ miKvix Kg©KZ©vi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY K‡i, whwb Õgvwë-†m‡±vivj †cÖvMÖvg Ab
fv‡qv‡jÝ G‡MBb÷ DB‡gbÕ Kg©m~wP ev¯ÍevqbKvix Ux‡gi GKRb m`m¨ (Aby‡iv‡a bvg AcÖKvwkZ), XvKv, 5 A‡±vei 2011|
284 †fM‡iwÝ G¨v±, 1943 Gi ¯’‡j 2011 mv‡ji AvBbwU cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
285 AvšÍ©RvwZK gvbevwaKvi AvB‡bi `yBwU †ÿ‡Î Õmywbw`©óZvÕ cÖgv‡Yi Avek¨KZv i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, GB mywbw`©óZv `Ûwewa‡Z Awfhy³ Acivaxi PwiÎ ev
AvPiY e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq (GwU GKwU gZev` hv‡K cÖvqkt AvBwmwmwcAvi-Gi 15 Aby‡”Q‡` ewY©Z ÒA¯úóZvi Rb¨ evwZjÓ bxwZ wnmv‡e MY¨
Kiv nq)| wØZxqZ, mywbw`©ó wKQz †gŠwjK AwaKvi †fv‡M mxgve×Zv Av‡iv‡ci †ÿ‡Î GwUi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Z‡e GB Av‡ivwcZ mxgve×Zv Aek¨B ÕAvBbÕ
Øviv wb‡`©wkZ, AvB‡bi Øviv cÖwZwôZ ev AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx Av‡ivwcZ n‡Z n‡e (†hfv‡e AvBwmwmwcAvi-Gi 17-22 Aby‡”Q‡` wjwce× Av‡Q)|
77

feNy‡i AvBbwU wfÿv e„wˇZ wb‡qvwRZ, wbivkÖq Ges iv‡Î gv_v †MuvRvi VvB †bB wKsev mywbw`©ó
‡Kvb KviY Qvov D‡Ïk¨nxbfv‡e GK ¯’vb †_‡K Av‡iK ¯’v‡b Ny‡i †ewo‡q Rbmvavi‡Yi weo¤^bvi
KviY n‡”Q Ggb me e¨w³‡K feNy‡i wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| 286 Z‡e `vZe¨ cÖwZôvb ev agx©q
Kvi‡Y hviv Lv`¨`ªe¨, Avw_©K mvnvh¨ wKsev †Kvb Dcnvi MÖnY K‡i Ges D‡jøwLZ D‡Ï‡k¨
†m¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K GB AvB‡bi AvIZv ewnf‚©Z ivLv n‡q‡Q| 287 feNy‡iwgi
kvw¯Í wn‡m‡e †Kvb Òcybe©vmb †K‡› `ªÓ `yB ermi ch©šÍ AvUK ivLv Ges Gme cybe©vmb †K‡› `ª
†_‡K cvwj‡q hvIqv e¨w³‡K wZb gvm ch©šÍ Kviv`Ð ‡`Iqvi weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q| 288
†hme bvix c„_K emevm ev Zvjv‡Ki Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK evox †Q‡o †h‡Z eva¨ nb Zviv cÖvqkt
AvZ¥xq¯^Rb ev eÜzev܇ei mv‡_ _vKvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib, Ges †klch©šÍ ¯^vaxbfv‡e emev‡mi Rb¨
†Kvb evm¯’vbI nq‡Zv Zviv †c‡q hvb| Avevi †KD †KD iv¯Ívq emevm I wfÿv K‡i| weevwnZ
Rxeb †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqvi ci iv¯Ívq Rxeb hvcb Kiv K‡qKRb bvixi mvÿvrKvi wnDg¨vb
ivBUm& IqvP& MÖnY K‡i‡Q| 289 Zv‡`i g‡Zv bvixivI mn‡R †dŠR`vix `‡Ûi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z cv‡i
Ges Zv‡`i‡K Òcyb©evmb †K‡› `ªÓ AvUKv‡`k †`Iqv n‡Z cv‡i|
miKv‡ii mgvR †mev wefvM feNy‡i AvkÖq †K› `ª¸‡jv †`Lvïbv K‡i| wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& GB
wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©v‡`i mv‡_ AvkÖq †K› `ª¸‡jv‡Z feNy‡i AvB‡bi AvIZvq bvix‡`i AvUK _vKvi
welqwU wb‡q K_v e‡j‡Q| bvix ÔfeNy‡iivÕ †h Gme AvkÖq †K‡› `ª Av‡Q Zv Zviv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb,
Z‡e Zv‡`i cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© †Kvb e¨vL¨v w`‡Z Zviv bvivR| Z‡e feNy‡i AvkÖq †K› `ª¸‡jv‡Z
ZvjvKcÖvß I c„_K emevmKvix bvix‡`i‡K AvkÖq †`Iqv nq wKbv mywbw`©ófv‡e Ggb cÖkœ Kiv n‡j
GKRb Kg©KZ©v e‡jb, Ò‡m ai‡bi NUbv `yj©f, Z‡e N‡U _v‡K| Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q G ai‡bi Pvi ev
cuvPwU NUbv _vK‡Z cv‡i|Ó 290
g¨vb‡d«W bIqvK, BDGb †Kv‡fb¨v› U Ab wmwfj GÛ cwjwUK¨vj ivBUm&: wmwmwcAvi K‡gw› Uª, ms‡kvwaZ wØZxq ms¯‹ iY| (†Kn&j Gg †iBb: G‡Äj,
2005), c„ôv - 361|
286
feNy‡i I wbivkÖq e¨w³ (cybe©vmb) AvBb, 2011, aviv 2 (14)| evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÛ mvwf©‡mm Uªv÷ Gi Abvivwi wW‡i±i GW‡fv‡KU I bvix
AwaKvi Kgx© mviv †nv‡m‡bi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& - Gi B‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM, XvKv, 7 A‡±vei 2011; AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi †gwW‡qkb GÛ
i¨vwcW †imcÝ BDwbU - Gi wmwbqi †WcywU wW‡i±i bxbv †Mv¯^vgxi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& - Gi B‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM, XvKv, 25 †g 2011|
287
c~‡e©v³|
288
feNy‡i I wbivkÖq e¨w³ (cybe©vmb) AvBb, 2011, aviv 10 (3)(L) Ges aviv 22(1)(L)|
289
wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& hv‡`i mvÿvrKvi MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zviv n‡jb - Amxgv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 20 †g 2011; RyevB`v (QÙbvg),
gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 20 †g 2011; dvwZgv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 20 †g 2011 Ges †kwib (QÙbvg), gymwjg, †bvqvLvjx †Rjv, 21
†g 2011|
290
feNy‡i AvkÖq †K› `ª bRi`vwi I cwiPvjbv Ux‡gi mv‡_ hy³ Av‡Qb mgvR †mev wefv‡Mi Ggb `yÕRb Kg©KZ©vi mvÿvrKvi wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& MÖnY
K‡i‡Q (Zuv‡`i Aby‡iv‡a bvg Ges we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY AcÖKvwkZ _vK‡jv)| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ZvwiL - 3 A‡±vei 2011, XvKv|
78

mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP
evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK mnvqZvi welq¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ch©vß †Kvb AvBb †bB, Z‡e mvgvwRK
mnvqZvg~jK †ek wKQz Kg©m~wP Av‡Q| 291 BDGbwWwci Z_¨g‡Z, ÓmvgvwRK wbivcËv Rv‡ji †h
†Kvb Kg©m~wP Øviv AwZ `wi`ª 23% cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ gvÎ `k kZvs‡ki Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡bv m¤¢e nq| 292
mvgvwRK ewn¯’tZvi mKj mgm¨v we`¨gvb _vKv m‡Z¡I D‡jøwLZ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi †Kvb
†KvbwU A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vq RR©woZ c„_K emevmKvix I ZvjvKcÖvß bvix‡`i DcKv‡i G‡m‡Q| 293 G
ai‡bi mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi GKwU n‡jv Òweaev, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ I `yt¯’ bvixÓ‡`i Rb¨ cÖwZ
gv‡m 300 UvKvi GKwU miKvwi Avw_©K fvZv Kg©m~wP| A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v m¤úwK©Z gvcKvwV¸‡jv c~iY
Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zviv GB Avw_©K fvZvwU †c‡q _v‡K| 294
c„_Kfv‡e emevmiZ I ZvjvKcÖvß bvixiv mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi myweav KZUzKz MÖnY Ki‡Q †m
wel‡q †Kvb miKvwi Z_¨ †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Z‡e Gme myweav MÖn‡Yi ‡ÿ‡Î ‡h bvbvwea cÖwZeÜKZv
i‡q †M‡Q, Zv wewfbœ †kÖYx †ckvi bvix Ges mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbvKvix ¯’vbxq
Kg©KZ©v‡`i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& -Gi mvÿvrKvi¸‡jv †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq| Gme cÖwZeÜKZvi
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q m‡PZbZvi Afve, Kg©GjvKv ev DcKvi‡fvMx wba©vi‡Y ˆelg¨ (Amg Kvfv‡iR) Ges
Znwe‡ji Ace¨envi cÖf…wZ| GQvov mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP¸‡jv kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv, ¯^vgx KZ…©K
cwiZ¨vM Ges fMœ¯^v‡¯’¨i g‡Zv ci®úi m¤úwK©Z bvRyK Ae¯’v¸‡jv‡K ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbvq †bqwb|
evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi ch©‡eÿY Abymv‡i ÓmvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖavb
291 Gme Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q eq¯‹ fvZv, weaev fvZv, cÖwZeÜx fvZv, gvZ…Z¡ Ges ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ bvix‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK myweav cÖf…wZ| Kg©ms¯’vb m„Rb
Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k Kg©ms¯’vb‡KI mvgvwRK wbivcËvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡i‡Q| †gvU 30wU wewfbœ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ 7wU Kg©m~wP `wi`ª
bvix‡`i mvnvh¨ mnvqZv †Kw› `ªK| Av‡iv Z‡_¨i Rb¨ †`Lyb- BDGbwWwc Ges cvIqvi GÛ cvwU©wm‡ckb wimvm© †m› Uvi (wcwcAviwm) - Gi Ò†mvk¨vj
†mdwU †bUm& Bb evsjv‡`k, fwjDg 1Ó, †diæqvix 2012,
http://www.undp.org.bd/info/pub/PPRC%20Social%20Safety%20Nets%20in%20Bangladesh.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv
n‡q‡Q - 22 ‡g 2012), c„ôv 38-42; mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k, Òeq¯‹ fvZvÓ,
http://www.dss.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59:old-ageallowences&catid=39:social-cash-transfer&Itemid=71
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 21 †deªæqvix 2012)|
292 evsjv‡`‡k BDGbwWwcÕi Kvw› Uª wW‡i±i w÷‡db wcÖmbv‡ii mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP-Gi B‡gBj †hvMv‡hvM, XvKv, 31 †g 2012|
293 evsjv‡`‡ki †mvk¨vj †mdwU †bU ¯‹ x‡gi Dci mv¤úªwZK Rwic ev M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b cvIqv hv‡”Q| Z‡e wewfbœ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi we¯ÍvwiZ
Av‡jvPbv ev we‡kølY GB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi AvIZv ewnf‚©Z| G wel‡q me©mv¤úªwZK M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Rb¨ †`Lyb BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcAviwmÕi Ò‡mvk¨vj
†mdwU †bUm Bb evsjv‡`k, fwjDg - 1 Ges 2Ó, †deªæqvix 2012,
http://www.undp.org.bd/info/pub/PPRC%Social%Safety%Nets%20in%20Bangladesh.pdf Ges
http://www.undp.org.bd/info/pub/PPRC%Social%Safety%Nets%20Volume-2%20qxd.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 22
†g 2012)|
294 mgvR ‡mev wefvM, mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k; Òweaev Ges ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ bvix‡`i Rb¨ fvZvÓ,
http://www.dss.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62:allowences-for-widow-andhusbands-deserted-destitute-women&catid=39:social-cash-transfer&Itemid=71
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 22 †deªæqvwi
2012)| †`Lyb BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcAviwmÕi Ò‡mvk¨vj wmwKIwiwU †bUm Bb evsjv‡`k, fwjDg - 2Ó, c„ôv - 62| cÖ‡Z¨K myweav‡fvMx cuvP eQi mg‡qi
Rb¨ mnvqZv wn‡m‡e 18,000 UvKv †c‡Z cv‡ib|
79

P¨v‡jĸ‡jv n‡”Q jÿ¨gvÎv wba©viY I c~iY msµvšÍ bvbv mgm¨v, DcKvi‡fvMx wba©vi‡Y RwUjZv,
bvbv wQ`ªc_ w`‡q A‡_©i AcPq, Ges AvÂwjK e› U‡bi †ÿ‡Î ˆelg¨|Ó 295
ÓcwiZ¨³Ó bvix‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ fvZv ‡c‡Z cvi‡Zb Ggb A‡bK bvix wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP&‡K
e‡j‡Qb, Zviv Kg©m~wPwUi wel‡q AeMZ bb| GB Kg©m~wP †_‡K Zviv †KDB miKv‡ii †Kvb
mnvqZv MÖnY K‡ib wb|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, mvwgiv e‡jwQ‡jb, GKwU kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvmn wkï Rb¥ †`Iqvi Aciv‡a Zvi
¯^vgx Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK evox †_‡K Zv‡K †ei K‡i †`b| cieZx©‡Z Zviv weevn we‡”Q` NUvb| mvwgiv
wKfv‡e, †Kv_vq KvR Luy‡R †c‡Z nq Zv Rv‡bb bv| Kv‡Ri my‡hvM †c‡j wZwb Zvi wkï‡K
fvjfv‡e †`Lfvj Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| Zvi ¯^vgx wkïwUi fiY‡cvl‡Yi ‡Kvb `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡iwb|
mvwgiv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-‡K e‡j‡Qb †h, wZwb †Kvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi wel‡q
Rvb‡Zb bv Ges G e¨vcv‡i Kvi Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡e ZvI Rvbv wQjbv| 296
bvix‡`i K‡qKRb e‡j‡Qb, Zviv wKQz miKvwi mnvqZv Kg©m~wP Av‡Q †mK_v Rvb‡Zb|
wKš‘ †mLv‡b mvnvh¨ PvB‡Z †M‡j K‡qKwU cÖkœwe× Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i‡K wdwi‡q †`Iqv nq|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ nIqvi ci Z…òv GLb Zvi wZb eQ‡ii Kb¨vmn weaev gv‡qi Dci
wbf©ikxj Rxebhvcb Ki‡Q| Zvi gv M„n¯’vjx KvR ‡_‡K AwZ mvgvb¨ †eZb Ges Aí wKQz e„×
fvZv cvb| Z…òvi GKwU AZ¨šÍ Kó`vqK kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv i‡q‡Q, d‡j wZwb †Kvb KvR
Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| GKmgq Z…òv Zv‡`i ¯’vbxq BDwbqb cwil` m`m¨‡`i Kv‡Q wM‡q mvgvwRK
mnvqZv Kg©m~wP †_‡K †Kvb mvnvh¨ cvIqv hvq wKbv ‡m †Póv Pvjvb| wKš‘ Zviv Z…òv‡K Rvbvb †h,
Zvi gv †h‡nZz e„×-fvZv cv‡”Qb †m‡nZz †Kvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP †_‡K mvnvh¨ cvIqvi
my‡hvM Zvi †bB| 297
¯úóZtB cvwievwiK Av`vjZ n‡jv †mB RvqMv †hLv‡b bvixiv mvgvwRK mnvqZvi cÖ‡qvR‡b aibv
w`‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ †hfv‡eB †nvK Gme cvwievwiK Av`vjZ‡K mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ hy³
Kivi Rb¨ wbqggvwdK †Kvb cÖ‡Póv GLbI `„k¨gvb bq| cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z GLbI gvgjv Awb®úbœ
Ae¯’vq Av‡Q fz³‡fvMx Ggb A‡bK bvixi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP K_v e‡j‡Q| G‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q,
Zv‡`i †KDB ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ bvix‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ fvZvi welqwU Rv‡bb bv| Av`vj‡Zi cÖkvmb
Gme Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ bvix‡`i †hvMv‡hvM NwU‡q †`Iqv wKsev Kg©m~wP m¤ú‡K© †gŠwjK wKQz Z_¨
cÖ`v‡bi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb KvRB K‡iwb| GB KvRwU †hgb Kiv DwPZ †Zgwb Gme cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ hv‡Z
295 c~‡e©v³|
296 gv`vwicyi †Rjvi mwgiv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, Zvi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& - Gi mvÿvrKvi; 29 †g 2011|
297 XvKv †Rjvi evwm› `v Z…Âv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, Zvi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& - Gi mvÿvrKvi; 18 †g 2011, XvKv|
80

mywbw`©ó wbqg †g‡b mswkøó mevi Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡bv hvq Zvi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ m¤¢ve¨ Dcvq¸‡jv‡KI
miKv‡ii wPwýZ Kiv DwPZ| wewfbœ ¯^v¯’¨ †K› `ª, ¯‹ zj, GbwRI Awdm Ges RvZxq AvBb †mev
KZ…©c‡ÿi Awd‡mi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨cÖevn wbwðZ Kivi GB KvRwU Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Z_¨cÖvwß m¤úwK©Z cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv QvovI AvgjvZvwš¿K A`ÿZv Ges Znwej Ace¨env‡ii
gva¨‡gI mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi my‡hvM jvf evavMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i| A_©-fvZv mnvqZv Kg©m~wPwU
BDwbqb cwil`mn ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| BDwbqb cwil` m`m¨‡`i A‡b‡K
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-‡K e‡j‡Qb, Zviv nq‡Zv †Kvb& †Kvb& weaev ev ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ bvix‡K fvZv
†`Iqv n‡e Zvi wm×všÍ wb‡jb, wKš‘ †`Lv †Mj H A_© Qv‡oi †ÿ‡Î gv‡S gv‡S gš¿Yvjq †ek
wej¤^ Ki‡Q| 2011 mv‡ji †g gv‡m hLb wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP -Gi mv‡_ Zv‡`i GB Av‡jvPbv
nw”Qj ZLbI 2011 A_© eQ‡ii fvZv weZiY Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| 298
Znwej Qv‡oi ci †m¸‡jv ¯’vbxq miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i gv‡S weZiY K‡i †`Iqv n‡jI Gme
Znwej Z…Yg~‡ji me‡P‡q AfveMÖ¯Í m`m¨‡`i Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡e wKbv Zvi †Kvb wbðqZv †bB|
ev¯Í‡e wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP wZb WR‡biI AwaK msL¨K bvixi mvÿvrKvi (GKKfv‡e I ‡QvU
`‡j wef³ K‡i) MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Gme bvixiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb, wb‡R‡`i mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ Zviv Ggb A‡bK
NUbv Rv‡bb †hLv‡b BDwbqb cwil‡`i m`m¨iv mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi myweav‡fvMx wn‡m‡e
wb‡R‡`i AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb I eÜy-evÜe‡`i †e‡Q †bb| `wi`ª myweav‡fvMx wKfv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡e
Zvi Rb¨ Kg©m~wP‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq gvcKvwV wba©vwiZ _vK‡jI memgq †m wbqg gvbv nqbv| 299
BDGbwWwci mnvqZvq evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi Dci cwiPvwjZ me©mv¤úªwZK GK
M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, Avw_©K fvZv Kg©m~wPi Rb¨ cwiKwíZ jÿ¨gvÎvi AvIZvq AR©b n‡jv
cÖvq 32 kZvsk| ZvQvov GB M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡b weaev, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ I `yt¯’ bvix‡`i Avw_©K
fvZv Kg©m~wP‡Z 21 kZvsk ÔAšÍf©zw³msµvšÍ fzjÕ wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q| 300 Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨Kvi
`ybx©wZi wKQz duvK-‡dvKiI cÖwZ‡e`‡b wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb, A‡bK bvix e‡j‡Qb Kg©m~wPi myweav
MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K GKwU wewa ewnf‚©Z I Ab¨vh¨ ÔcÖ‡ek wdÕ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| GB ÔcÖ‡ek
wdÕi †evSvwU `vwi`ª¨ KewjZ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i †ekx| Ómvnvh¨ fvZvi mxwgZ msL¨K
Kv‡W©i GKwU cvIqvi Rb¨ `wi`ª‡`i g‡a¨ ‡h wK Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZv KvR K‡i cÖ‡ek wd msµvšÍ
298
`yBRb cyiæl I `yBRb gwnjv BDwbqb cwil` m`‡m¨i mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& - Gi mvÿvrKvi (Zuv‡`i Aby‡iv‡a bvg Ges we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY
AcÖKvwkZ _vK‡jv), 23 †g 2011|
299
Avwgbv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, XvKv -Gi mv‡_ 18 †g 2011 Zvwi‡L Ges †nbv (QÙbvg), gymwjg -Gi mv‡_ 21 †g 2011 Zvwi‡L wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP -
Gi mvÿvrKvi| 18 Rb bvixi mv‡_ †QvU `‡j wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP -Gi MÖæc B› UviwfD (¯’vb cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv bv), 21 †g 2011; Avd‡ivRv (QÙbvg),
gymwjg -Gi mvÿvrKvi (¯’vb cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv bv), 22 †g 2011; 16 Rb wn› `y bvixi mv‡_ `jxq Av‡jvPbv ev mvÿvrKvi (¯’vb cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv bv),
22 †g 2011|
300
BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcAviwm, Ò‡mvk¨vj †mdwU †bUm& Bb evsjv‡`k, fwjDg 2Ó, †deªæqvix 2012,
http://www.undp.org.bd/info/pub/PPRC%Social%Safety%Nets%20Volume-2%20qxd.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 22
†g 2012), c„ôv - 43 Ges 56|
81

GB †jb‡`‡‡bi NUbv †_‡K Zv cÖZxqgvb nq| 301 Avi `vwi`ª¨ KewjZ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z A_© n¯ÍvšÍi
¯‹ x‡gi GB ÔcÖ‡ek wdÕi cwigvY wQj M‡o 2000 UvKv| A_P ¯^í `vwi`ª¨cÖeY †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z ÔcÖ‡ek
wdÕi GB cwigvY Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg, A_©vr 1500 UvKv| 302
mvgvwRK wbivcËvi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki M„nxZ f~wgKvi e¨_©Zv¸‡jv evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv KwgkbI
¯^xKvi K‡i| cwiKíbv Kwgkb ej‡Q, evsjv‡`k miKvi 2011 ‡_‡K 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU
ÒmvgÄm¨c~Y© I mgwš^Z RvZxq mvgvwRK myiÿv †KŠkjÓ cÖYqb Ki‡e| 303
f~wg e› Ub Kg©m~wP
Ab¨ Av‡iKwU ivóªxq Kg©m~wP A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv AR©‡b ZvjvKcÖvß I c„_K emevmKvix bvix‡`i‡K
mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mwU n‡jv Lvm Rwg (miKv‡ii gvwjKvbvaxb) e› Ub Kg©m~wP| f~wgnxb
RbM‡Yi Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ j¨vÛ widg© G¨vKkb ‡cÖvMÖvg 1987 -Gi AvIZvq GB Kg©m~wPwU Pvjy Kiv
nq| bvix cÖavb cwievi¸‡jvI GB Kg©m~wP‡Z AšÍf©y³ nIqvi †hvM¨| Z‡e AwaKvi Kg©xiv
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-‡K Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, miKv‡ii bxwZgvjv ‡hme bvix cÖavb cwiev‡i GKRb
mÿg cyiæl Av‡Q ïaygvÎ †mme cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ GB Lvm Rwg e› U‡bi my‡hvM mxwgZ K‡i
w`‡q‡Q| 304
bvix cÖavb cwievi¸‡jv‡Z Lvm Rwg e› U‡bi †ÿ‡Î weivRgvb H ˆelg¨wU `~i Kivi Rb¨ miKv‡ii
Kv‡Q evievi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡jI D³ f‚wg e› Ub bxwZ GLbI ms‡kva‡bi A‡cÿvq Av‡Q| 305
G‡mvwm‡qkb di j¨vÛ widg© GÛ †Wcjc‡g› U bvgK GbwRIÕi cwiPvjK wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-
‡K e‡j‡Qb, Òbvix cÖavb cwievi¸‡jv cyÎ mšÍvb Av‡Q k‡Z© Lvm Rwg cvIqvi AwaKvix n‡e|
Avgiv GB welqwU miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡iwQ| GwU †h GKwU ˆelg¨ Ges Zv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e ‡m
e¨vcv‡i miKvi bxwZMZfv‡e GKgZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Gi †Kvb ms‡kvab GLbI nqwb|Ó 306
301
BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcAviwm, Ò‡mvk¨vj †mdwU †bUm& Bb evsjv‡`k, fwjDg 2, c„ôv 59-60| `vwi`ª¨ cÖeY †Rjv¸‡jvi kZKiv 50-80 Rb bvix
ÓcÖ‡ek wdÓ cwi‡kva Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zvi Zzjbvq Kg `vwi`ª¨ cÖeY †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z cÖ‡ek wd cÖ`vbKvix GB bvix‡`i msL¨v kZKiv 7-20 Rb|
302
c~‡e©v³, c„ôv - 60|
303
cwiKíbv Kwgkb, 6ô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv, c„ôv - 168|
304
Lykx Kwei, mgš^qKvix, wb‡Riv Kwi, XvKv| Zuvi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm& IqvP& -Gi mvÿvrKvi, 16 †g 2011|
305
c~‡e©v³|
306
G‡mvwm‡qkb di j¨vÛ widg© GÛ †Wfjc‡g› U -Gi wbe©vnx cwiPvjK kvgmyj û`vi mv‡_ wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP -Gi mvÿvrKvi, 30 gvP© 2011|
82

6. AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki eva¨evaKZv
evsjv‡`k weevn I weevn-we‡”Q‡`i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z ‡ek KÕwU Aj•Nbxq AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi
Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿiKvix †`k| Gme Pzw³i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi ˆelg¨ we‡jvc Kb‡fbkb
(wmWI) 307 , wmWIÕi Ackbvj cÖ‡UvKj 308 , bvMwiK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³
(AvBwmwmwcAvi) 309 , A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³
(AvBwmBGmwmAvi) 310 , cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i AwaKvi welqK Pzw³ (wmAviwcwW) 311 , Ges weev‡n m¤§wZ,
weev‡ni b~¨bZg eqm I weevn wbeÜb msµvšÍ Pzw³| 312 †eBwRs cø¨vUdg© di G¨vKkb 313 , Ges
RvwZmsN mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎvmn †RÐvi mgZv weav‡b Ab¨ †hme AvšÍR©vwZK gvb`Ð I jÿ¨
i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨I evsjv‡`k miKvi A½xKvi e¨³ K‡i‡Q| 314
weevn Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i mgq cÖ‡hvR¨ mgvbvwaKvi
AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi AvBb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e weevn Ges weevn cieZ©x mg‡q mv‡g¨i wbðqZv †`q|
wmWIÕi 16 bs Aby‡”Q` iv‡óªi cÖwZ GB eva¨evaKZv ˆZwi K‡i‡Q †h, Òweevn Ges cvwievwiK
m¤ú‡K©i mKj †ÿ‡ÎÓ bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ we‡jv‡c ivóª h_vh_ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e| Óweevn m¤úK©
¯’vcb Ges Gi cwimgvwßi mg‡qI ivóª Abyiƒc mgvbvwaKvi I `vwq‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvMÓ wbwðZ Ki‡e| 315
wmWIÕi wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki AvcwËi Kvi‡Y †hme AwfNvZ `„k¨gvb n‡”Q †m¸‡jv bx‡P
we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
307
bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi ˆelg¨ we‡jvc Kb‡fbkb (wmWI), wW‡m¤^i 18, 1979 mv‡j M„nxZ, G.A. res. 34/180, 34 U.N. GAOR Supp.
(No. 46) at 193, U.N. Doc.A/34/46, 1981 mv‡ji 3 †m‡Þ¤^i ZvwiL †_‡K wmWI mb`wU Kvh©Ki nq| evsjv‡`k 1984 mv‡ji 6 b‡f¤^i
wmWI mb`wU MÖnY K‡i| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b wmWI mb‡`i Aby‡”Q` 2 Ges 16(1)(wm) -Gi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki AvcwË i‡q‡Q| ÓMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi
wb‡Ri †ÿ‡Î Aby‡”Q` 2, [...Ges ...] 16(1)(wm) †g‡b Pjvi eva¨evaKZv Av‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ibv, KviY Gme Aby‡”Q` cweÎ †Kvivb I mybœvn& wbf©i
kwiqvn& AvB‡bi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K|Ó
308
bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi ˆelg¨ we‡jvc Kb‡fbkb (wmWI)Õi Ackb¨vj ‡cÖv‡UvKj, 6 A‡±vei 1999 mv‡j M„nxZ, G.A. res. 54/4, annex, 54
U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 5, U.N. Doc.A/54/49 (Vol. I) (2000), Kvh©Ki nIqvi ZvwiL - 22 wW‡m¤^i 2000| evsjv‡`k 2000
mv‡ji 6 †m‡Þ¤^i wmWI Ackb¨vj ‡cÖv‡UvK‡j Abymg_©b †`q|
309
bvMwiK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ (AvBwmwmwcAvi), 16 wW‡m¤^i 1966 mv‡j M„nxZ, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N.
GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S.171, Kvh©Ki nIqvi ZvwiL - 23 gvP© 1976| evsjv‡`k 28
†m‡Þ¤^i 2000 mv‡j AvBwmwmwcAvi - Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
310
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ (AvBwmBGmwmAvi), wW‡m¤^i 16, 1966 mv‡j M„nxZ, G.A. Res. 2200A
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1976| evsjv‡`k 12 A‡±vei 1999 mv‡j AvBwmBGmwmAvi - Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
311
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312
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Doc.A/55/49 (2000)|
314
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Doc.A/55/49 (2000)|
315
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316
bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ we‡jvc msµvšÍ RvwZmsN KwgwU (wmWI KwgwU), mvaviY mycvwik bs 25, Temporary special measures (2004),
HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol.II), c„ôv - 365,
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/General%20recommendation%2025%20(English)
.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 27 AvM÷ 2011), Aby‡”Q` - 8|
317
c~‡e©v³|
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RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 18, Aby‡”Q` - 10|
319
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eva¨evaKZv (2010), CEDAW/C/2010/47/GC.2, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/CEDAW-C-
2010-47-GC2.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012), Aby‡”Q` - 5|
320
wmWI KwgwU, mvaviY mycvwik bs 21; weevn Ges cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i mgZv, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol.II), c„ôv - 337,
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm#recom21 (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 27 AvM÷
2011), Aby‡”Q` - 13|
84

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wmWI Kb‡fbk‡b evsjv‡`‡ki msiY
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evievi Aby‡iva Rvwb‡q G‡m‡Q| 322 evsjv‡`k miKvi 2010 mv‡j wmWI KwgwUi Kv‡Q †cÖwiZ
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321
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http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G11/417/30/PDF/G1141730.pdf?OpenElement (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q
- 5 wW‡m¤^i 2011), Aby‡”Q` 11; wmWI KwgwU, Óbvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ we‡jvc msµvšÍ KwgwU, evsjv‡`k -Gi mgvcbx ch©‡eÿYÓ, 31Zg Awa‡ekb, Ryb
2004, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/BangladeshCO31.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 5 wW‡m¤^i
2011), Aby‡”Q` 236|
323
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CEDAW/C/BGD/6-7, gvP© 2010, http://daccess-dds-
85

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cybtweevn K‡i ZLb weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ Zvi eZ©gvb ¯¿x ev ¯¿x‡`i m¤ú~Y© Ges ¯^vaxb gZ cÖKv‡ki
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324
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325
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326
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327
RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU, mvavib gšÍe¨ bs 28, Aby‡”Q` 24|
328
wmWI KwgwU, mvavib mycvwik bs 21, Aby‡”Q` 14|
329
wmWI, Aby‡”Q` 16(b); AvBwmwmwcAvi, Aby‡”Q` 23(3); AvBwmBGmwmAvi, Aby‡”Q` 10(1)|
86

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‡m m¤úwË ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi wKsev Zv‡`i †h †Kvb GKR‡bi gvwjKvbvaxb, †h ai‡biB †nvK bv
†Kb| G RvZxq m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv jvf Ges cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î weevwnZ bvix‡`i mgAwaKvi
wbwðZ Ki‡Z mswkøó AvBb¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU
ivóªmg~‡ni cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Q| 332
AvBwmBGmwmAvi -Gi ev¯Íevqb ch©‡eÿYKvix A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi
msµvšÍ KwgwU (wmBGmwmAvi)I AwfgZ w`‡q‡Q †h, ‰eevwnK m¤úwˇZ bvixi mgAwaKvi iv‡óªi
miKvi¸‡jv‡KB wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| 333
mvgvwRK Ges agx©q `„wófw½ Abyhvqx, ¯^vgxivB Zv‡`i ¯¿x†`i `vq`vwqZ¡ enb K‡i Ges ‡m Kvi‡Y
ˆeevwnK m¤úwˇZ bvix‡`i mgAwaKvi cÖ`vb AbywPZ, wmWI KwgwU GB aviYv‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb
K‡i‡Q| cyiæl Zvi cwiev‡ii bvix I mšÍvb‡`i ØvwqZ¡ enb K‡i GB hyw³‡Z ˆeevwnK m¤úwˇZ
bvixi mgAwaKvi wbwðZ bv Kiv ˆelg¨g~jK| 334 hw`I A‡bK †`k weevn we‡”Q‡`i mgq ˆeevwnK
m¤úwË `¤úwZ‡`i g‡a¨ e› Ub K‡i _v‡K ZviciI GB KwgwU D‡jøL Ki‡Z Pvq †h, H †`kmg~n
weevwnZ bvixi ïaygvÎ Avw_©K Ae`vb‡K we‡ePbvq iv‡L| d‡j Avw_©K bq Ggb Ae`vb¸‡jv
Zv‡`i we‡ePbv ‡_‡K ev` c‡o hvq| 335 iv‡óªi DwPZ bvixi Avw_©K Ges A_©-mswkøó bq (†hgb
wkï‡`i jvjb-cvjb, e‡qv‡R¨ô‡`i hZœ †bIqv, msmv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ ˆ`bw› `b Kvh© m¤úv`b) Ggb
me ai‡bi Ae`vb‡K mgvb ¸iZ¡ w`‡q weevn we‡”Q‡`i mgq ˆeevwnK m¤úwË e› Ub Kiv| 336
331
wmWI, Aby‡”Q` 16(1)(h)|
332
RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 28, Aby‡”Q` 25|
333
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z RvwZmsN KwgwU, mvaviY gš—e¨ bs 16, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î
bvix-cyiæ‡li mgAwaKvi, E/C.12/2005/4, 2005, http://daccess-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G05/435/39/PDF/G0543539.pdf?OpenElement
(me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 27 AvM÷ 2011),
Aby‡”Q` 27|
334
wmWI KwgwU, mvaviY mycvwik bs 21, Aby‡”Q` 28|
335
c~‡e©v³, Aby‡”Q` 30-33|
336
c~‡e©v³, Aby‡”Q` 32|
88

evsjv`‡ki AvBb bvixi Avjv`v K‡i m¤úwË cvIqvi AwaKvi wbwðZ bv K‡i eis ˆeevwnK evox
Ges ¯^vgxi m¤úwˇZ bvixi me ai‡bi Ae`vb‡K D‡cv K‡i _v‡K| 2010 mv‡ji cvwievwiK
wbhv©Zb cÖwZ‡iva AvB‡b ÔA_©‰bwZK wZÕi aviYv‡K Ges ˆeevwnK ev Askx`vix evox‡Z ¯¿xi
Ae`v‡bi mswÿß wKš‘ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Gi evB‡i Ab¨ †Kvb AvB‡b
`v¤úZ¨ Rxeb hvcbKv‡j ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi wbqš¿Y I e¨envi wKsev `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cwimgvwßi
mgq Gme m¤úwË e› U‡bi †ÿ‡Î bvixi mgAwaKv‡ii K_v mywbw`©ófv‡e ejv †bB| 337 Ô†gvniÕ
n‡”Q bvixi GKgvÎ ¯^xK…Z m¤úwËi AwaKvi hv evsjv‡`‡ki gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡b ewY©Z
Av‡Q| ‡gvn‡ii A_© GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZkÖæwZ hv weev‡ni Pzw³i mg‡q ¯^vgx KZ©„K cÖwZkÖæZ n‡q
_v‡K| ev¯Í‡e cyiæl cÖvq memgq ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K©i c‡i AwR©Z evox, f~wg Ges Ab¨vb¨
m¤úwËi gvwjK nq| hw`I H m¤úwË AR©‡b bvixi cÖPzi Ae`vb _v‡K Z_vwc weevn we‡”Q‡`i
mgq cyiælB mKj m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv jvf K‡i| ˆeevwnK m¤úwË wel‡q h_vh_ AvBb bv _vKvi
Kvi‡Y weevn Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î bvixi mgAwaKvi jw•NZ nq, hv bvixi gvbm¤§Z Rxeb
hvc‡bi AwaKvi‡KI e¨vnZ K‡i| 338 GB AvBbx Afve bvixi gvbm¤§Z evm¯’vb cÖvwßi
AwaKv‡ii DciI cÖfve †d‡j| KviY weevn we‡”Q‡`i c‡i bvix‡K Ni †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z nq|
d‡j †h ai‡bi Rxeb-hvÎvq Af¨¯Í wQ‡jb weevn we‡”Q‡`i ci Zvi †P‡q wbgœ-gv‡bi evm¯’v‡b
Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z wZwb eva¨ nb|
Pzw³i kZ© c~i‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’v m¤úwK©Z me©‡kl wiwfD -Gi mgq wmWI KwgwU weevn
we‡”Q`Kv‡j ˆeevwnK m¤úwËi e› Ub m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †P‡q‡Q| KwgwUi civgk© n‡jv -
evsjv‡`‡ki DwPZ n‡e ÒGme †ÿ‡Î Ges GgbwK cvwievwiK AvB‡bi KwVb Abykvm‡bi
cwiw¯’wZ‡ZI bvixi AwaKvi msiÿY I Dbœq‡b cÖMwZkxj AvBbx c`‡ÿc MÖnY KivÓ| GB
KwgwU AviI mycvwik K‡i‡Q †h, Óweevn m¤úwK©Z mKj A_©‰bwZK djvdj ev cwiYwZ¸‡jv‡K
‡`Iqvbx Pzw³i Aaxb¯’ welq wn‡m‡e cybivq msÁvwqZ Kiv `iKvi Ges ˆeevwnK m¤úwˇZ
Askx`vwi‡Z¡i aviYvwU‡KI Õc‡ivÿ Pzw³Õi ZË¡ †_‡K MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, hv‡Z mKj cÖKvi
weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î Zv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvqÓ| 339
337 cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (cÖwZ‡iva I myiÿv) AvBb 2010, aviv 10 Ges 15|
338 AvBwmBGmwmAvi, Aby‡”Q` 11, Gi mv‡_ co–b A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z RvwZmsN KwgwUi mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 16,
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î bvix-cyiæ‡li mgAwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` 3, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi welqK
AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³), 2005, E/C.12/2005/4, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G05/435/39/PDF/
G0543539.pdf?OpenElement (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012), Ges ‡`Lyb - mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 20, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK
AwaKv‡ii †ÿ‡Î ˆelg¨nxbZv (Aby‡”Q` 2, c¨viv 2, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³), 2009,
E/C.12/GC/20,http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/comments.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012)|
339 wmWI KwgwU, ÓPzw³i 18 bs Aby‡”Q‡`i AvIZvq m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni †ckK…Z cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Dci we‡ePbv, evsjv‡`‡ki mgwš^Z lô I mßg wcwiIwWK
cÖwZ‡e`bÓ, Aby‡”Q` - 51|
89

fiY‡cvlY Av`v‡qi †ÿ‡Î evavmg~n
gvbevwaKv‡ii AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³¸‡jv‡Z `¤úwZi fiY‡cvl‡Yi e¨vcv‡i mywbw`©ó e¨vL¨v we‡kølY
bv _vK‡jI GK_v Ab¯^xKvh© †h, weevn Ges Gi cwimgvw߇Z bvix hv‡Z ˆelg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi
wkKvi bv nq †m AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z Zvi fiY‡cvlY cÖvwßi welqwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
c„w_exi me †`‡k bvixi cÖwZ mgv‡Ri GK ai‡bi cÖZ¨vkv _v‡K †h, bvix Zvi K¨vwiqvi Ges
A_©‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc‡K cwievi Ges M„n¯’vjxi `vwq‡Z¡i bx‡P ¯’vb †`‡e| bvixi Avqg~jK KvR‡K
KLbI KLbI m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c eÜ Kiv bv †M‡jI weevn cÖvq mg‡qB Zvi Avq Ges K¨vwiqv‡ii
AMÖMwZ‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i| `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡bi cy‡ivUv mgq Ry‡o bvix memgq cyiæ‡li †P‡q †`o
†ekx M„n¯’vjxi KvR Ges cwiev‡ii †mevh‡Zœi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Zv‡`i G Ae`vb cÖvq
mgq ¯^vgxi K¨vwiqv‡ii AMÖMwZ, cvwievwiK e¨emvi DbœwZ Ges cwiev‡ii mvwe©K gvb Dbœq‡b
e¨vcK f‚wgKv iv‡L| weevn Ges weev‡ni cwimgvwßi mgq bvix I cyiæl hv‡Z mgAwaKvi †fvM
Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ wKQz ev¯Íe welq‡K mswkøó AvB‡b ¯^xKvi K‡i ‡bqv Riæwi| †m¸‡jv n‡jv,
weevn bvixi A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i, weev‡ni cwimgvw߇Z cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq A‡bK
Kg m¤úwË Ges A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM bvixi Rb¨ eiv× ivLv nq, BZ¨vw`| Gme ‡ÿ‡Î bvixi Rb¨
we‡kl AvBbx iÿvKeP _vK‡Z n‡e| `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡b cwicvwjZ wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ I f‚wgKv‡K
we‡ePbvq wb‡q weevn we‡”Q‡`i mgq ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi Rb¨ hv‡Z mgvb Avw_©K Ae¯’v wbwðZ Kiv
hvq, fiY‡cvlY msµvšÍ AvBbwU †miKB nIqv DwPZ|
AvšÍRv©wZK Pzw³mg~‡n fiY‡cvlY wel‡q ch©vß e¨vL¨vi Afve _vK‡jI mswkøó RvwZmsN KwgwU
G msµvšÍ AvB‡bi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ Zz‡j aivi cvkvcvwk Gme AvBb‡K AviI Kvh©Ki
Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBbx ms¯‹ vi‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| ˆelg¨nxbZv hv‡Z Gme AvB‡bi †mev
ev my‡hvM jv‡fi g~j wfwË nq, †m wel‡qI KwgwU Zvi e¨vL¨v Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi
KwgwUi AwfgZ n‡jv, AvBwmwmwcAvi Gi 23 bs Aby‡”Q‡`i gva¨‡g Ò¯¿x‡K fiY‡cvlY Ges
Av`vjZ KZ…©K wba©vwiZ †Lvi‡cvk cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î .... cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v I cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q
Abym„Z ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY‡KÓ wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| 340 wmWI KwgwUI ¯^vÿiKvix ivóªmg~n‡K
fiY‡cvlY AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii ZvwM` w`‡q‡Q, hv‡Z K‡i ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ weivRgvb †RÛvi mswkøó
A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ Ges A‰eZwbK Kv‡R bvixi e¨vcK mswkøóZvi g‡Zv welq¸‡jvi cÖwZdjb D³
AvBb¸‡jv‡Z cvIqv hvq| 341
340 RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 19, c¨viv - 9|
341 †`Lyb wmWI KwgwU, Rvgv©wbi Dci mgvcbx ch©‡eY, CEDAW/C/DEU/CO/6, 2009,
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/CEDAW-C-DEU-CO6.pdf (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012),
c¨viv - 55|
90

wmWI KwgwUi m`m¨iv GKwU gvgjvi ivq cÖ`v‡bi mgqI fiY‡cvl‡Yi welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
K‡i‡Qb| GKRb ZvjvKcÖvß bvix wmWI Ackbvj cÖ‡UvK‡ji Aax‡b D³ gvgjv `v‡qi K‡ib| 342
¯’vbxq AvB‡bi cÖwZKvig~jK e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© cy‡ivcywifv‡e AewnZ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y gvgjvwU evwZj
Kiv nq| Z‡e KwgwUi `yÕRb m`m¨ gvgjvi cwiYwZi e¨vcv‡i wØgZ †cvlY K‡i ¯’vbxq Av`vj‡Zi
we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ wQj Ggb wKQz welq ev wePvwiK gvb`Ð evZ‡j w`‡q‡Qb| Zv‡`i ch©‡eÿY wQj
GiKg : ¯’vbxq Av`vjZ GKwU Õh‡_vwPZÕ gvÎvi fiY‡cvlY wba©viY K‡i †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î e¨_©Zvi
cwiPq w`‡q‡Q, Av`vj‡Zi DwPZ wQj ¯^vgxi DcvR©b Ges K¨vwiqv‡ii DbœwZi mgq Zvi cwiev‡i
¯¿x †hfv‡e eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i A‰eZwbK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb †m¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbvq
†bqv| GQvov Zvi AwbwðZ A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v, evB‡i KvR Kivi e¨vcv‡i Zvi AbwfÁZv, eq‡mi
Kvi‡Y KvR Luy‡R cvIqvi m¤¢vebv wKsev wb‡Ri fiY‡cvl‡Yi fvi en‡bi mvg_©¨ Av‡Q wKbv BZ¨vw`
welqI ¯’vbxq Av`vj‡Zi we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ wQj e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡ib| GB mKj gvb`‡Ði mv‡_
fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Yi wel‡q K¨vwiweqvb KwgDwbwUi AviI we¯Í…Z cwim‡i ˆZwi ZvwjKvi h‡_ó
wgj i‡q‡Q (PZz_© Aa¨v‡q G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q)|
fiY‡cvl‡Yi wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki cvwievwiK AvB‡b hv ejv Av‡Q Zv LyeB A¯úó| mywbw`©ó gvb`Ð
bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ wKsev cÖ_vMZ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv fiY‡cvlY wba©vi‡Y gvbm¤§Z †Kvb wbqg ev
c×wZ †h AbymiY Ki‡e Zvi †Kvb wbðqZv ‡bB| djkÖæwZ‡Z †`Lv hvq, ¯¿x‡K †`Iqv
fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY cÖvq †ÿ‡Î AwZ mvgvb¨ n‡q _v‡K Ges weev‡ni cwimgvwßKv‡j bvixcyiæ‡li
†h Amg Avw_©K Ae¯’v Zv ms‡kvab Kiv Avi m¤¢e n‡q I‡Vbv|
AwaKš‘, evsjv‡`‡k ¯¿xi fiY‡cvl‡Yi e¨vcv‡i `v‡qiK…Z gvgjv¸‡jvi wb®úwË cÖwµqv h_vixwZ `xN©
I mgqmv‡c n‡q _v‡K| cÖvqkt †`Lv hvq Gme gvgjv hy‡Mi ci hyM a‡i Pj‡Q| d‡j `v¤úZ¨
Rxe‡bi cwimgvw߇Z A_©‰bwZK mnvqZv jv‡fi Rb¨ weevwnZ bvix‡`i `v‡qiK„Z gvgjv¸‡jv ev¯Í‡e
AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o| G ai‡bi gvgjv wb®úwˇZ cvwievwiK Av`vjZmg~n hv‡Z GKwU mywbw`©ó
mgqmxgv †g‡b P‡j Zv evsjv‡`k miKvi GLbI wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wKsev `v‡qiK…Z gvgjvi
me©‡kl ivq bv Avmv ch©šÍ AšÍZtc‡ÿ AšÍeZx©Kvjxb mg‡qi Rb¨ wbw`©ó cwigv‡Y ¯¿xi
fiY‡cvlY cvIqvi welqwUI wbwðZ Kiv hvqwb| Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k, †hgb cvwK¯Ív‡b, GB mgm¨vi
mgvavb B‡Zvg‡a¨ n‡q †M‡Q| gvgjv PjvKvjxb Ae¯’vq ¯¿x ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K fiY‡cvlY cv‡e - G
ai‡bi wbqg cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g cvwK¯Ív‡b GB welqwUi wb®úwË Kiv n‡q‡Q| 343
342
Ms. B-J v. Germany, Communication No.: 1/2003, bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨ we‡jvc msµvšÍ KwgwUi wm×všÍ, wmWI Ackbvj cÖ‡UvK‡ji
AvIZvq AvbxZ GKwU cÖ¯Íve/gvgjv‡K AMÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j †NvlYv, 2004 mv‡ji 14 RyjvB 31Zg Awa‡ek‡b GB wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq, cwiwkó `ªóe¨|
343
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvwievwiK Av`vjZ AvBb, 1964, aviv 17A; gvj‡qwkqvi gymwjg cvwievwiK (†dWv‡ij †Uwi‡UvwiR) AvBb, 1984, aviv 70; gi‡°v
Ges gvj‡qwkqvI AšÍe©Zx©Kvjxb fiY‡cvlY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
91

weevn wbeÜb
weev‡n m¤§wZ, weev‡ni b~¨bZg eqm Ges weevn wbeÜb msµvšÍ Pzw³ Òh‡_vchy³ KZ©„c‡i Øviv
GKwU wbw`©ó miKvwi †iwR÷v‡ii g‡a¨ mKj weev‡ni wbeÜb wbwðZ KiviÓ Rb¨ m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni
cÖwZ eva¨evaKZv Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| 344
Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î weevn wbeÜb GKwU RwUj cÖwµqv| mKj agx©q m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ GB weevn
wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jKI bq| wLªóvb Ges gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi gvbyl‡K weevn wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e wVKB,
wKš‘ ‡m‡‡Î AvaywbK Z_¨cÖhyw³ wbf©i †iKW© msiÿ‡Yi †Kvb e¨e¯’v †bB| weev‡ni bw_c‡Î
i`e`j, we‡klZ gymwjg‡`i †‡Î GKwU eo mgm¨v, hv miKvi GLb ch©šÍ wbqš¿‡Y e¨_©
n‡q‡Q| wn› `y Rb‡Mvôxi ‡ejvq weevn wbe܇bi Av‡`Š †Kvb e¨e¯’v †bB| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki
gwš¿mfv 2012 mv‡ji †g gv‡m wn› `y weev‡ni Hw”QK wbe܇bi GKwU wej Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q|
¯^xK…Z bq Ggb m¤ú‡K©i †‡Î bvixi wbivcËv weavb
Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ weeiY Abymv‡i, evsjv‡`‡k Ggb A‡bK NUbv Av‡Q †hLv‡b bvixiv cyiæ‡li mv‡_
`v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© eRvq iv‡L GB wek¦v‡m †h, Zviv weevwnZ| hLb cyiælwU m¤úK© fvO‡Z Pvq
GKgvÎ ZLbB bvixiv eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, AvBb Abyhvqx Zv‡`i weevn nqwb wKsev GB weev‡ni ˆeaZv
cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb AvBbMZ Z_¨ cÖgvYvw` Zv‡`i nv‡Z †bB|
gvbevwaKvi welqK AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb ÔcwieviÕ Gi aviYv‡K †ek bgbxq A‡_© MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
RvwZms‡Ni Pzw³ msµvšÍ KwgwU¸‡jv wewfbœ cvwievwiK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cwievi m¤úwK©Z me
AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqvi Rb¨ m`m¨ ivóªmg~n‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, AvBwmwmwcAvi
-Gi 23 bs Aby‡”Q‡`i (‡h Aby‡”Q` cwievi, weevn Ges `¤úwZi mgvbvwaKv‡ii wbðqZv †`q)
Dci †ckK…Z mvaviY gšÍ‡e¨ RvwZms‡Ni gvbevwaKvi KwgwU e‡j‡Q, GKK wcZv-gvZv Ges
Zv‡`i mšÍvbvw`mn wewfbœ ai‡bi cwievi‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqvi e¨vcv‡i ivóªmg~‡ni ˆbwZK `vq ev
eva¨evaKZv i‡q‡Q| Gme cwiw¯’wZ‡Z bvix‡`i Rb¨ mgAwaKvi I mgAvPiY wbwðZ KivI iv‡óªi
Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡| 345
evsjv‡`‡k ‡Kvb †Kvb agx©q †Mvôx‡Z GKwU ˆea weevn ej‡Z wK †evSvq ‡m m¤ú‡K© my®úó
gvb`‡Ði Afve i‡q‡Q| G wel‡q mwVK aviYvi Afve Ges weevn wbeÜb e¨e¯’vi `ye©j cÖ‡qv‡Mi
Kvi‡Y A‡bK `¤úwZ wb‡R‡`i‡K weevn e܇b Ave× e‡j g‡b K‡ib| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq,
344 weev‡n m¤§wZ, weev‡ni b~b¨Zg eqm Ges weevn wbeÜb msµvšÍ Pzw³, 7 b‡f¤^i 1962 mv‡j M„nxZ, G.A. res. 1763 (XVII), Kvh©Ki nIqvi
ZvwiL - 9 wW‡m¤^i 1964, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/convention.htm (me©‡kl †`Lv n‡q‡Q - 17 AvMó 2011), Aby‡”Q`
3| evsjv‡`k 5 A‡±vei 1998 mv‡j GB Kb‡fbkb MÖnY K‡i|
345 RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 19, c¨viv 2|
92

Zviv Avm‡j weev‡ni †Kvb AvBbMZ kZ©B c~iY K‡ibwb| ‡hme bvix G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZi wkKvi
nb Zviv cvwievwiK AvB‡bi AvIZvq fiY‡cvlY ev Ab¨ †Kvb ai‡bi wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKvix nb
bv, †m fiY‡cvlY ev wbivcËv hZ AwKwÂZKiB †nvK bv †Kb| evsjv‡`‡ki DwPZ weev‡ni AvBbx
kZ© c~i‡Y Aÿg nIqv m‡Ë¡I †Kvb e¨w³ wK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ˆeevwnK Ges cvwievwiK AwaKv‡ii `vex
DÌvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wba©vi‡Y wePviK‡`i Rb¨ ¯^”Q w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖYqb Kiv| AvšÍR©vwZK
AvB‡bi mv‡_ m½wZ weavb Kivi Rb¨B GB c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv Riæwi|
mvgvwRK wbivcËvi AwaKvi
mvgvwRK wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi j‡¨ evsjv‡`k eûwea gvbevwaKvi Pzw³ Aby‡gv`b
K‡i‡Q| AvBwmBGmwmAvi Gi 9 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ÔmvgvwRK exgvmn cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mvgvwRK wbivcËv
jv‡fi AwaKviÕ ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q| wmWI Kb‡fbk‡bi 11(B) bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q,
bvix‡`i Rb¨ Õwe‡kl K‡i hviv ‡eKvi, Amy¯’, Ag Ges eq¯‹ wKsev Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y hv‡`i
Kg©gZv nvwi‡q †M‡QÕ Zv‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v Kiv iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡| 346 Ab¨w`‡K
Aby‡”Q` 14(wm) ej‡Q, mvgvwRK wbicËv Kg©m~wP †_‡K MÖvgxY bvixiv mivmwi DcK…Z n‡eb -
GUvB cÖZ¨vwkZ| 347 wmAviwcwW Gi 28 bs Aby‡”Q` kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx, we‡klZ bvix Ges
wK‡kvix‡`i cÖwZ, mvgvwRK wbivcËv I `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Kg©m~wPi myweav wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ m`m¨
ivóªmg~‡ni Dci eva¨evaKZv Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i, cÖwZeÜx i‡q‡Q Ggb `wi`ª cwievi
cÖwZeÜx fvZv cÖ`vbKvix Kg©m~wPi myweav hv‡Z MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z GB Aby‡”Q‡`
ivóªmg~‡ni cÖwZ eva¨evaKZv Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| 348
wmBGmwmAvi Gi mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 19 G ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAch©vß cvwievwiK mn‡hvwMZvÕ †_‡K
wb‡R‡K iÿvi Rb¨ A_© wKsev Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú` jv‡fi gva¨‡g DcK…Z nIqvi AwaKvi mvgvwRK
wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKv‡ii AšÍf©y³| 349 GLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q ÔhyrmB Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z ev
Zv‡K a‡i ivL‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y †h AvqnxbZv ev ÿwZi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq, †mwU‡K cywl‡q
†`Iqvi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM ev DcvR©‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡Õ| 350 mvgvwRK wbivcËv
jv‡fi AwaKvi me bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jI cÖavbZ bvix, wkï, wbf©ikxj cÖvßeq¯‹ e¨w³,
cÖwZeÜx, Ges e‡qvte„×mn wbw`©ó †kªYxi gvby‡li cÖwZ Ôwe‡kl g‡bv‡hvMÕ †`Iqvi Rb¨
wmBGmwmAvi m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Q| 351 Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î bvbv
cÖwZeÜKZv Ges cvwievwiK `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y †h mKj bvix mgv‡R f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡ib bv,
346
wmWI, Aby‡”Q` - 11(e)|
347
c~‡e©v³, Aby‡”Q` - 14(c)|
348
wmwcAviwW, Aby‡”Q` - 28|
349
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z RvwZmsN KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 19, c¨viv - 2|
350
c~‡e©v³, c¨viv - 16|
351
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z RvwZmsN KwgwU, mvaviY gšÍe¨ bs 19, c¨viv - 31|
93

Zv‡`i‡K AskMÖnYg~jK mvgvwRK wbivcËv ¯‹ x‡gi gva¨‡g mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡, GB
g‡g© AwfgZ e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 352
evsjv‡`k miKvi Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi cvkvcvwk weaev Ges Ô¯^vgx cwiZ¨³vÕ
bvix‡`i‡K bM‡` z`ª A_© fvZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖksmbxq wKQz c`‡c MÖnY K‡i‡Q| mgm¨v n‡jv,
†ewkifvM bvixB Gme Kg©m~wPi e¨vcv‡i Iqv‡Kenvj bb| ZvQvov mswkøó KZ©„c‡i mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM K‡i Gme Kg©m~wPi Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv bvix‡`i c‡ÿ †ek KwVb KvR| cÖvq †ÿ‡Î †`Lv
hvq, †hme KZ…©c‡ÿi KvQ †_‡K Z_¨¸‡jv cvIqvi K_v, †hgb ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii wewfbœ Awdm
wKsev cvwievwiK Av`vjZmg~n, †mLvb †_‡K Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi Z_¨ mn‡R cvIqv hvqbv| Gme
Kg©m~wPi A_© fvZv weZi‡Y wej¤^ Ges Znwej Ace¨env‡ii welqwUI AZ¨šÍ cxov`vqK| f‚wg
e› Ub Kg©m~wPi g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi g‡a¨I i‡q †M‡Q ˆel‡g¨i bvbv
Dcv`vb| d‡j †mme Kg©m~wPI Kvw•LZ mydj e‡q Avb‡Z cvi‡Qbv| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq,
miKv‡ii Lvm Rwg weZiY Kg©m~wPwU ÕGKgvÎ †h mKj bvix-cÖavb cwiev‡i Õmg cyiælÕ i‡q‡Q
†mme cwiev‡ii g‡a¨BÕ Lvm Rwg cvIqvi †hvM¨Zv‡K mxgve× K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
352 c~‡e©v³, c¨viv - 32|
94

7. mycvwik
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii:
msm` m`m¨e…› `, gwš¿cwil` wefvM Ges AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖwZ;
• weevn, we‡”Q` (c„_K emevm), ZvjvK Ges GZ`m¤úwK©Z hveZxq wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki
AvB‡bi e¨vcK ms¯‹ v‡ii Rb¨ KvR Kiæb| G‡‡Î we‡klÁ e¨w³eM© Ges mykxj
mgv‡Ri ‡hme msMVb bvix AwaKvi I msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ`vq wb‡q KvR K‡ib Zv‡`i mv‡_
civgk© Kiæb| fz³‡fvMx mKj cÿ ev m¤úª`vq‡K mv‡_ wb‡q ag© wKsev bvix-cyiæl †f‡`
ˆelg¨ m„wó Ki‡ebv Ggb weavb m¤^wjZ ‡`Iqvwb AvBb cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU AskM«nYg~jK
c«wµqv Pvjy Kiæb| AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb c`‡c wn‡m‡e cvwievwiK AvBb ms‡kva†bi gva¨‡g
Gi ‰elg¨g~jK w`K¸‡jv `~i Kiæb Ges ‡mme AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi c«wµqv ‡Rvi`vi
Kiæb|
GB ‡c«w‡Z KZ©…cmg~‡ni KiYxq n‡jv -
• mKj ag©xq ‡Mvôxi m`m¨‡`i‡K Zv‡`i ag©xq mswkøóZv A¯^xKvi bv K‡i we‡kl weevn
AvB‡bi Aax‡b weev‡ni Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi e¨e¯’v wbb| evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb
Kwgk‡bi mycvwik Abyhvqx Ges bvix AwaKvi wel‡q mwµq msMVb¸‡jvi m‡½ civgk©µ‡g
weevnwe‡”Q` AvB‡bi Aax‡b weevnwe‡”Q‡`i ‡Î¸‡jv‡K c«mvwiZ Kiæb|
• me a‡g©i Abymvix‡`i Rb¨ weevn wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiæb| weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î wWwRUvj
c×wZi Z_¨ e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiæb Ges †mLv‡b weev‡ni hveZxq Z_¨ Ggbfv‡e msiÿ‡Yi
e¨e¯’v wbb, hv‡Z we‡qi c«gvY wn‡m‡e ‡mme Z_¨ mviv ‡`‡k mnRjf¨ nq|
• ‰eevwnK m¤úwËi aviYvi c~Y© ¯^xK…wZ w`b Ges `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K©i cwimgvwß Kv‡j bvix‡`i
Avw_©K Ges A_©-ewnf©~Z Ae`vbmg~‡ni ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ D³ m¤úwË mgvb
fv‡M fvM Kiv‡K Aby‡gv`b Kiæb| mKj ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ GB weavb cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
• fiY‡cvlY AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi Kiæb, GRb¨:
§� fiY‡cvl‡Yi cwigvY wbY©q Kivi mgq cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePviK‡`i w`K
wb‡`©kbv ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ mywb©w`ó gvb`Ð ‰Zix Kiæb| GB gvb`‡Ði AšÍf©y³ n‡e:
m¤ú‡K©i mgqKvj; `¤úwZi wbf©ikxj c‡i wkvjvf Ges DcvR©b gZvi Dci
95

cwiev‡ii wkï cwiPh©v I mvsmvwiK `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i c«fve; c«‡Z¨K c‡i eZ©gvb I
m¤¢ve¨ fwel¨Z Avq; wbf©ikxj c‡i (¯¿xi) wb‡R‡K wb‡R fiY‡cvl‡Yi mvg_©¨;
¯^vgx-¯¿xi ¯^v¯’¨ Ges eqm; wbf©ikxj c‡i Pvwn`v Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb; Rxeb-
RxweKvi Ab¨vb¨ Dcvq; Ges Aci c‡ÿi ‡ckvMZ Dbœq‡b wbf©ikxj c‡ÿi
Ae`vb|
§� ¯¿xi fiY‡cvl‡bi AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ Zvi "eva¨Zv," "mZxZ¡," "‰eevwnK KZ©e¨,"
A_ev "PvwiwÎK mZZv" cÖf…wZ gvb`‡Ði g‡a¨Kvi hveZxq m¤úK© wejyß Kiæb|
• evsjv‡`k myc«xg ‡Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wWwfk‡bi wm×v‡šÍ `v¤úZ¨ m¤úK© cybt¯’vc‡bi AvBbx
`vex‡K AmvsweavwbK AvL¨v †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| D³ wm×všÍ ‡gvZv‡eK mswkøó AvBbwU
wejyß Kiæb|
• eûweev‡ni ‡bwZevPK djvdj Ges Zvi mv‡_ cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi m¤úK© wel‡q
‡`ke¨vcx m‡PZbZv m…wói c`‡ÿc wbb Ges eûweev‡ni Aemv‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kiæb| GB
msµvšÍ Z_¨ hv‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi MYgva¨‡g cvIqv hvq Ges †mme Z_¨cÖvwßi e¨e¯’vwU
hv‡Z cÖwZeÜx evÜe nq Zv wbwðZ Kiæb|
• ev¯Í‡e eûweevn c«_vi c«Pjb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c `~ixf‚Z bv nIqv ch©šÍ GB cÖ_v evwZ‡j cÖYxZ
AvBb (hw` _v‡K) hv‡Z eûweev‡ni wkKvi ¯¿x Ges Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i m¤úwË, ‡gvni Ges
fiY‡cvlY cÖvwßmn hveZxq AwaKv‡ii myiÿv †`q, Zv wbwðZ Kiæb| eûweevn cÖ_v
evwZj K‡i †Kvb AvBb cÖYxZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ, cyiæ‡li GKvwaK we‡q Kivi mvg_©¨‡K
†iva Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb AvB‡bi K‡Vvi c«‡qvM wbwðZ Kiæb| GQvov ¯^vgxi Avw_©K mvg_©¨
ev Ae¯’vi my¯úó Z_¨cÖgvYmn Av‡Mi ¯¿xi KvQ †_‡K AbygwZ MÖn‡Yi kZ©vejx Ges
weev‡ni ‡bvwU‡ki mgqKvj evov‡bvi e¨e¯’v wbb|
• weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Î cyiæl Ges bvixi mgvb AwaKvi I my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiæb|
• ZvjvKcÖvß, weevn-wew”Qbœ (c„_K emevmKvix) Ges ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ bvix‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK
mnvqZv cÖvwßi mywb©w`ó gvb`Ðmn GKwU cwic~Y© mvgvwRK wbivcËv AvBb c«Yqb Kiæb|
• `v¤úZ¨ fv½‡bi wkKvi bvixmn `wi`« ev M…nnxb gvbyl‡K ‡hb wbwe©Pv‡i ‡M«dZvi I AvUK
Kiv bv nq ‡mRb¨ feNy‡i Ges M…nnxb e¨w³ (cybe©vmb) AvBb, 2011 evwZj ev ms‡kvab
96

Kiæb| hviv ‡Kvb Acivag~jK NUbvi mv‡_ RwoZ bq Zv‡`imn wbwe©Pv‡i AvUKK…Z‡`i
gyw³ ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ Awej‡¤^ we`¨gvb mKj gvgjv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|
mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖwZ;
• we`¨gvb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP, G‡Z myweav cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î ‡hvM¨Zvi gvcKvwV Ges
Av‡e`‡bi wbqg wel‡q bvix‡`i m‡PZbZv e…w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g GB m¤úwK©Z Z_¨
e¨vcKfv‡e c«Pv‡ii D‡`¨vM M«nY Kiæb Ges Z_¨cÖvwßi e¨e¯’v hv‡Z cÖwZeÜxevÜe nq Zv
wbwðZ Kiæb|
• mvgvwRK wbivcËv welqK AvBb ms¯‹ v‡ii Rb¨ gwš¿cwil` Ges cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi m‡½
civgk© Kiæb| Gi cvkvcvwk evm¯’vb, Lv`¨, Kg©ms¯’vb, Ges ¯^v¯’¨‡mev welqK mvgvwRK
mnvqZv Kg©m~wP¸‡jv‡Z c„_K-emevmiZ Ges ZvjvKc«vß bvix‡`i hv‡Z ch©vß cÖ‡ekvwaKvi
_v‡K Zv wbwðZ Kiæb|
• weZiYK…Z A_© jwÿZ myweav‡fvMx‡`i Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡bv wbwðZ Kiv Ges Znwe‡ji Ace¨envi
I `yb©xwZ wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡Mi mv‡_ civgk©µ‡g weaev Ges "cwiZ¨³"
bvix welqK Kg©m~wPmn bM` A_© fvZv Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi Dci bRi`vix e„w× Kiæb|
AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq Ges mywc«g ‡Kv‡U©i c«avb wePvicwZi c«wZ;
• ZvjvK, we‡”Q`, fiY‡cvlb Ges ‡gvnivbvi gvgjv¸wj ¯^vaxb I ¯^”Qfv‡e cwiPvjbvi ¯^v‡_©
cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi mgZv e…w× Kiæb| gvgjvRU Ges gvgjvi `xN©m~wÎZv Kgv‡Z
cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v M«nY Kiæb; Gi Rb¨ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z AviI wePviK wb‡qv‡Mi
A_ev wePviK‡`i Dci ‡_‡K Ab¨vb¨ ‡`Iqvwb gvgjvi fvi Kgv‡bvi e¨e¯’v wbb|
• fiY‡cvl‡Yi gvgjvi P~ovšÍ wb®úwË bv nIqv ch©šÍ cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`‡ki
Aax‡b wePviK‡`i AšÍ©eZ©xKvjxb Av‡`k c«`v‡bi ‡h gZv i‡q‡Q †mwU‡K AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb
fiY‡cvlY c«`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z Zv‡`i cÖwZ Riæix wb‡`©kbv Rvix Kiæb|
• gvgjvKvix Ges Av`vj‡Zi Kg©KZ©v‡`i Kv‡Q mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨
mieiv‡ni Rb¨ cÖwZwU cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z GKwU we‡kl ‡W¯‹ Pvjy Ges Zv‡Z ch©vß
msL¨K Kg©Pvix wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi mv‡_ GK‡hv‡M KvR Kiæb|
97

• cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Ges Avcxj wefv‡Mi mKj gvgjv wb®úwË cÖwµqv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb
Ges `xN©m~wÎZv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ †m¸‡jv‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kiæb| we‡kl K‡i, wbgœwjwLZ
c`‡c M«n‡Yi gva¨‡g cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi mgb Rvix c×wZ‡K DbœZ Kiæb :
§� ‡`Iqvwb AvBb c×wZ I cvwievwiK Av`vjZ Aa¨v‡`k ms¯‹ v‡ii D‡`¨vM wbb| Gme
c×wZi ms¯‹ vi Ggbfv‡e Kiæb hv‡Z (1) mgb Ges cvwievwiK Av`vjZ gvgjvi
‡bvwUk AviI Ab¨ Dcv‡q, ‡hgb e¨w³MZ Kywiqvi mvwf©m, d¨v· wKsev B-‡gB‡ji
gva¨‡g Rvix Kiv hvq, Ges (2) gvgjvi GKZidv Kvhµ©g ïiæ Kivi Av‡M mgb
Rvixi cÖwµqv, jUKvBqv mgbRvix Ges Gfv‡e mgb Rvixi Rb¨ ‡h cwigvY mgq e¨q
nq †mwU‡KI cy‡iv cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ h_vh_ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ mgwš^Z Kiv hvq|
§� ‡bRviZ wefvM Ges Zvi mgb Kvh©µg msµvšÍ †mevi Dci Z`viwK e„w× Kiæb|
‡bRviZ wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©v Kg©Pvix‡`i e¨vcv‡i DÌvwcZ `yb©xwZi Awf‡hvM Z`šÍ
Kiæb|
§� mgb Rvixi Kv‡R ‡bRviZ Kg©Pvix‡`i hvZvqvZ Li‡Pi ‡hvMvb †`Iqvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq Znwe‡ji e¨e¯’v Kiæb|
• cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi ivq/wWwµ h_vmg‡q ejer Kivi Rb¨ AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi GKwU
kw³kvjx c×wZ M‡o Zzjyb| fiY‡cvlY ev ‡gvnivbvi Rb¨ Av‡e`bKvix cmg~n‡K
GKBmv‡_ wWµx Rvix Ges Zv ejer Kivi Av‡e`b `vwL‡ji AbygwZ w`b|
• bvix AwaKvi, ‡`Iqvwb c×wZ, Ges c«gv‡Yi wbqg wel‡q cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi
wePvicwZ‡`i Rb¨ DbœZ c«wk‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiæb, hv‡Z Zviv h_vh_ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z jUKvBqv
mgbRvix Ges ‡gŠwLK mv‡¨i wfwˇZ Av`vj‡Z †Kvb weevn cÖgvY Kiv n‡j Zvi
Aby‡gv`b ‡`q|
• ¯’vbxq wjM¨vj GBW GbwRI-‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i `wi`ª Av‡e`bKvix‡`i Rb¨ GKwU
Znwej MVb Kiæb hv ‡_‡K ¯^vx‡`i nvwRiv eve` LiPmn cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z gvgjv
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wKQz AvBbx LiP ‡hvMv‡bv hvq|
• mKj AvBbx cÖwµqvq c×wZMZ mgš^q wbwðZ Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©m~wP cÖYqb Kiæb
hv‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv Hme cÖwµqvq cy‡ivcywifv‡e AskM«nY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
98

gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ;
• wewfbœ c«Kvi MYgva¨‡g cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi weiæ‡× ‡`ke¨vcx m‡PZbZvg~jK c«Pvi
Awfhv‡bi D‡`¨vM M«nY Kiæb Ges Zv †hb cÖwZeÜxevÜe nq †m welqwU wbwðZ Kiæb|
GB c«PviYvq Askx`vix evm¯’v‡bi AwaKvi, A_©‰bwZK wZi Rb¨ myiv, A¯’vqx
fiY‡cvlY Ges cvwievwiK mwnsmZv we‡ivax AvB‡bi Aax‡b bvix‡`i c«wZKvi PvIqv‡K
DrmvwnZ Kiv cÖf…wZ wel‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiæb|
• evj¨weevn c«wZ‡iv‡ai e¨e¯’v Ges evj¨ weevn c«wZ‡iva AvBb, 1929 -Gi ev¯Íevqb
‡Rvi`vi Ges m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiæb|
• c«wZ ‡Rjvq AšÍZ GKwU Avk«q‡K› `ª ¯’vc‡bi j‡¨ miKvix bvix Avk«q‡K‡› `ªi msL¨v
e…w× Kiæb| ZvjvK ev we‡”Q` cieZ©x mg‡q Avw_©K mgm¨vq RR©woZ bvix Ges
ZiæYxivmn cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi wkKvi bvixiv hv‡Z Gme Avk«q‡K‡› `ª A¯’vqx emev‡mi
Rb¨ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi cvq †m welqwU wbwðZ Kiæb|
• A¯’vqx Riæix Avk«q†K› `ª ‡_‡K DcvR©‡bi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© wbR¯^ evm¯’v‡b P‡j ‡h‡Z
bvix‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Avqg~jK Ges Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi mvnvh¨
MÖnY QvovI cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcvq †ei Ki‡Z Ab¨vb¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi m‡½ ‡hŠ_fv‡e KvR Kiæb|
• mgvR Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi mv‡_ ‡hvMv‡hvM K‡i feNy‡i Avk«q‡K› `«¸‡jv‡Z Avwk«Z bvix‡`i
mKj gvgjv/ NUbv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb Ges `v¤úZ¨ fv½‡bi Kvi‡Y M…nnxb nIqv bvix‡`i
gyw³ wbwðZ Kiæb|
f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ;
• LvmRwg e› Ub Kg©m~wPi ‡‡Î bvix c«avb cwiev‡i GKRb "mg" cyiæl _vK‡j ‡mB
cwievi‡K Lvm Rwg cvIqvi ‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ Kivi kZ© evwZj Kiæb|
• Ab¨vb¨ mswkøó gš¿Yvjqmg~‡ni m‡½ ‡hvMv‡hvM K‡i AbwZwej‡¤^ Awc©Z m¤úwË c«Z¨c©b
AvBb ev¯Íevqb Kiæb|
ag© welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi c«wZ;
• KvRx‡`i weiæ‡× DÌvwcZ bvbv `yb©xwZ, weev‡ni `wjj Rvj I weK…ZKiY msµvšÍ
Awf‡hvM M«nY I Z`‡šÍi Rb¨ GKwU cÖwµqv Pvjy Kiæb|
99

• wb‡R‡`i weevn Ges weevn cieZ©x AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© bvix‡`i g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv evov‡bvi Rb¨
wewfbœ c«Kvi MYgva¨‡g Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki e¨vcK D‡`¨vM M«nY Kiæb Ges ‡mme e¨e¯’v hv‡Z
cÖwZeÜxevÜe nq Zv wbwðZ Kiæb| Kvwebbvgv I Gi wewfbœ Aby‡”Q‡`i Zvrch© Ges
wKfv‡e bvixiv Zv‡`i we‡qi mgq ‡mwUi gva¨‡g mg‡SvZv Ki‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q gymwjg
bvix‡`i m‡PZbZv e…w×i Rb¨ we‡kl c`‡c M«nY wbwðZ Kiæb|
¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡Mi c«wZ;
• ¯’vbxq miKvi KZ©…c‡i `yb©xwZ Ges gZvi Ace¨env‡ii weiæ‡× DÌvwcZ Awf‡hvM
MÖn‡Yi GKwU cÖwµqv Pvjy Kivmn mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi ev¯Íevqb h_vh_fv‡e
gwbUi Kiæb|
• gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`‡ki AvIZvq mvwjm cwil‡`i m`m¨ wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i †hme
`vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q †m wel‡q ¯’vbxq miKvi KZ©…c‡i m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ c«wk‡Yi e¨e¯’v M«nY
Kiæb Ges D³ cwil`¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡`i Kvh©vejx h_vh_fv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ ch©vß Znwej
c«`vb Kiæb|
• mvwjwm cwil`¸‡jv‡Z ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii bvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i AskM«n‡Yi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ
Kiæb|
evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi c«wZ;
• bvix c«avb cwievi Ges `vwi`ª¨ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ avivevwnKfv‡e miKvwi cÖwZ‡e`b, we‡kl
K‡i mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎvi AM«MwZ c«wZ‡e`‡b AšÍf©y³ Kiæb|
• ZvjvKcÖvß, c„_K emevmKvix, Ges weaevmn bvix c«avb cwievi¸‡jvi Dci mvgvwRK
mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi Kvh©KvwiZv I c«fve wel‡q ch©vqµwgK we‡kølY Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|
AvšÍR©vwZK `vZv‡Mvôxi c«wZ;
• evsjv‡`‡ki AvB‡bi Aax‡b "A_©‰bwZK wZ" mvab cvwievwiK mwnsmZv wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z
cv‡i GB welqwUmn wb‡R‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ges AvBbMZ AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© bvix‡`i m‡PZbZv
e…w×i D‡`¨v‡M mg_©b e„w× Kiæb|
• cvwievwiK AvB‡bi ms¯‹ vi Ges cÖPwjZ AvBb I PP©vq bvixi c«wZ ˆelg¨ Aemv‡bi j‡ÿ¨
M„nxZ D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖwZ mn‡hvwMZv e„w× Kiæb| we‡kl K‡i, c„_K emevmKvix, cwiZ¨³,
100

Ges ZvjvKc«vß bvix A_ev cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi wkKvi weevwnZ bvix‡`i AvBbx mnvqZvi
Rb¨ mg_©b e…w× Kiæb|
• mvgvwRK mnvqZv jv‡f bvix‡`i my‡hv‡Mi AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q evsjv‡`‡k
mvgvwRK wbivcËvi AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z GKwU AvBb ‰Zwii cÖwµqvq mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb
Kiæb|
• evsjv‡`‡k `vZv‡`i mg_©b i‡q‡Q Ggb mvgvwRK mnvqZv Kg©m~wP¸‡jv‡Z †hb
c×wZMZfv‡e bvix c«avb cwievi¸‡jv‡K AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq Ges mvgvwRK mnvqZv
Kg©m~wPi Z_¨ I my‡hv‡Mi welqwUi mv‡_ cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi m¤ú„³Zv e„w×i Dci hv‡Z
†Rvi †`Iqv nq Zv wbwðZ Kiæb|
• mvgvwRK myiv mswkøó wel‡q M‡elYvi cwimi Ges Kg©m~wP e„w× Kiæb| ewa©Z cwim‡i
wkï cwiPh©vmn bvix‡`i M…n¯’vjx KvR‡K ¯^xK…wZ Ges cybe©› U‡bi gva¨‡g Avqea©K Kv‡R
bvix‡`i AwaK AskM«nY wbwðZ Kivi welq¸‡jv M‡elYvq Ges Kg©m~wP¸‡jv‡Z AšÍf©y³
Kiæb|
• bvix Ges Kb¨vwkï‡`i Rb¨, we‡klZ ZvjvKc«vß, c„_K emevmKvix, Ges cvwievwiK
mwnsmZv, evj¨weevn, ‡Rvic~e©K weevn wKsev ¯^vgxi eûweev‡ni Kvi‡Y cvwj‡q Avmv bvix‡`i
Rb¨ mviv evsjv‡`‡k Riæix A¯’vqx Avk«vq‡bi my‡hvM m¤cÖmvi‡Y mnvqZv c«`vb Kiæb|
• wePvi e¨e¯’v Lv‡Zi ms¯‹ v‡i `vZv‡`i mn‡hvwMZv cÖKí¸‡jv‡Z ‡hb cvwievwiK
AvB‡bi ‰elg¨ wel‡q M‡elYv Ges GW‡fv‡Kwm, mgb Rvix I wWµx ev¯Íevq‡bi c×wZ‡K
hy‡Mvc‡hvMxKiY, Ges AšÍ©eZ©xKvjxb fiY‡cvl‡Yi Aby‡gv`bmn cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi
wePvi c×wZ ms‡kva‡bi g‡Zv welq¸‡jv‡K we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ ‡`Iqv nq Zv wbwðZ Kiæb|
• gvgjvRU n«vm Ges cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePvicwZ‡`i c«wkYmn cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi
Dbœqb c«‡Póvi ‡‡Î mn‡hvwMZv c«`vb Kiæb|
• mnmªvã Dbœqb j¨gvÎvi AM«MwZ c«wZ‡e`‡b bvix c«avb cwiev‡ii Z_¨, we‡kl K‡i
Zv‡`i `vwi‡`ª¨i gvÎvi wel‡q Z_¨ AšÍf©yw³ wbwðZ Kiæb|
101

K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi
GB cÖwZ‡e`bwUi †jLK I M‡elK kÖxgwZ AiæYv Kvk¨vc| wZwb wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-Gi bvix
AwaKvi wefv‡Mi M‡elK (Researcher)| cÖwZ‡e`bwU m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb h_vµ‡g bvix AwaKvi
wefv‡Mi †WcywU wW‡i±i R¨v‡bU Iqvjm, cwiPvjK wjBm&j Mvb©‡_vëR, Ges wmwbqi GwWUi
W¨vwb‡qj n¨vk| wmwbqi wjM¨vj GWfvBRvi G¨vBmwjs †iBwW, Ges †WcywU †cÖvMÖvg wW‡i±i Ug
†cvwU©qvmI cÖwZ‡e`bwU ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| ¯^v¯’¨ I gvbevwaKvi wefv‡Mi cwiPvjK †Rv‡md
A¨vgb, cÖwZeÜx AwaKvi wel‡qi M‡elK I GW‡fv‡KU kvš’v ivD e¨vwiM¨v, wkï AwaKvi wefv‡Mi
Gwkqv M‡elK †e‡W †kdvW©, Ges Gwkqv wefv‡Mi `wÿY Gwkqv wel‡qi M‡elK †ZR _vcv GB
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wewfbœ As‡k Zv‡`i g~j¨evb gZvgZ Ges Z_¨-DcvË cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
cÖwZ‡e`bwUi cÖv_wgK GKwU Lmovi wewfbœ Aa¨v‡q evB‡ii †hme ch©v‡jvPbvKvix gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb
Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Avgiv we‡klfv‡e K…ZÁ| Zuviv n‡jb wb‡Riv KwiÕi mgš^qKvix Lykx Kwei, eª¨v‡Ki
wnDg¨vb ivBUm GÐ wjM¨vj GBW mvwf©‡mm-Gi cwiPvjK W. dw÷bv †c‡iiv, XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
AvBb Abyl‡`i wkÿK cÖ‡dmi kvn&bvR û`v, AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› `ªi ‡gwW‡qkb GÐ i¨vwcW
†imcÝ BDwb‡Ui wmwbqi †WcywU wW‡i±i bxbv †Mv¯^vgx, Ges evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj GBW GÐ mvwf©‡mm
Uªv÷-Gi Abvivwi wW‡i±i mviv †nv‡mb|
bvix AwaKvi wefv‡Mi B› Uvb© kÖxgwZ mswnZv G¨vgev÷ GB M‡elYv Kv‡R AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I
me©vZ¥K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| GB wefv‡Mi `yB G‡mvwm‡qUm g¨vw_D iv‡jøv Ges ivw¤^`‡RB
wm`ywi cÖwZ‡e`bwUi m¤úv`bv I web¨v‡mi (Production) ‡ÿ‡Î mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| cÖKvkbv
cwiPvjK †MÖm †PvB Ges †gBj g¨v‡bRvi wdUR&iq †ncwKÝ gy`ªY I cÖKvkbv mswkøó Kv‡R
mnvqZv w`‡q‡Qb|
Avgv‡`i M‡elYv Kv‡R mnvqZv `v‡bi Rb¨ Avgiv A‡bK cvwievwiK AvBb we‡klÁ, ¯’vbxq
GbwRI, AvBbRxex, Ges Ab¨ A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q K…ZÁ| we‡kl K‡i Avkvi Av‡jv, evsjv‡`k wjM¨vj
GBW GÐ mvwf©‡mm Uªv÷ (eøv÷), evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil`, evsjv‡`k b¨vkbvj DB‡gb jBqvm©
G‡mvwm‡qkb, eª¨vK wnDg¨vb ivBUm GÐ wjM¨vj GBW mvwf©‡mm, Kg©Rxex bvix, gv`vixcyi wjM¨vj
GBW G‡mvwm‡qkb, Ges wb‡Riv KwiÕi Kv‡Q Avgiv K…ZÁ|
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP‡K wb‡R‡`i WKz‡g‡› Ukb †m› Uvi I jvB‡eªix e¨env‡ii my‡hvM w`‡q
M‡elYvq mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv eøv÷‡K AvšÍwiK ab¨ev` RvbvB| eøv‡÷i ZrKvjxb
M‡elYv mnKgx© Ges †hvMv‡hvM I GW‡fv‡Kwm mgš^qKvix wkixb wjiv, gvBgybv Avn‡g` Ges
102

gvneyev Av³v‡ii Kv‡Q Avgiv we‡klfv‡e K…ZÁ| Zuviv gvV ch©v‡q M‡elYvi mgq mvwe©K mgb¦q
Ges Abyev` mnvqZv w`‡q‡Qb|
m‡e©vcwi †hme bvix Zuv‡`i we‡q, c„_K emevm Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i AwfÁZv¸‡jvi ¯§„wZPviY
K‡i Avgv‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i mevB‡K AvšÍwiK ab¨ev` RvbvB| ‡hme miKvwi
Kg©KZ©v, wePviK, KvRx Ges Z_¨`vZviv GB cÖwZ‡e`bwU ˆZwii Rb¨ Zv‡`i `xN© mvÿvrKvi w`‡Z
m¤§Z n‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i mnvqZv‡KI Avgiv K…ZÁZvi mv‡_ ¯^xKvi KiwQ|
wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-Gi gZvgZ I `„wófw½ GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Gi ‡h ‡Kvb fzj
åvwšÍ wKsev †Kvb wKQz ev` c‡o _vK‡j Zvi m¤ú~b© `vq wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP ¯^xKvi Ki‡Q|
GB cÖwZ‡e`bwU‡K Bs‡iRx †_‡K evsjvq fvlvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv ‡`Iqvi Rb¨
Avgiv Dbœqb civgk©K I M‡elK ¯^vMZg PvKgvi cÖwZ K…ZÁZv Rvbvw”Q|
A‡K©wWqv, †dvW© dvD‡Ûkb Ges Ab¨vb¨ `vZv ms¯’v hviv wnDg¨vb ivBUm IqvP-Gi bvix AwaKvi
wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©v‡K mnvqZv I mg_©b w`‡q‡Qb, Zv‡`i Avw_©K Aby`v‡bi K_vI Avgiv K…ZÁZvi
mv‡_ ¯§iY KiwQ|
103

cwiwkó - 1
weev‡ni Pzw³
104

105

cwiwkó - 2
bx‡Pi †Uwe‡j evs‡j‡`‡ki 61wU †Rjvq eª¨vK wnDg¨vb ivBUm GÐ wjM¨vj GBW mvwf©‡mm -Gi
ZË¡veav‡b cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Z wePvivaxb fiY‡cvlY msµvšÍ gvgjvi Z_¨ cwi‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q|
gvgjv¸wj wePvi-c~e©, wePvivaxb Ges ev¯Íevqbce© - GB wZb ¯Í‡i cÖwµqvaxb i‡q‡Q|
KZ eQi a‡i fiY‡cvlY
msµvšÍ gvgjv¸wj wePvivaxb
i‡q‡Q (1998 mvj †_‡K 31
†g 2012 ch©šÍ)
wePvi-c~e©
¯Í‡i Sz‡j
_vKv gvgjvi
msL¨v
wePvivaxb
gvgjvi
msL¨v
106
fiY‡cvl‡Yi Av‡`k
nIqvi ciI ev¯Íevqb
cÖwµqvaxb Av‡Q Ggb
gvgjvi msL¨v
Sz‡j _vKv
‡gvU
gvgjvi
msL¨v
2 erm‡ii bx‡P 3,031 1,109 1,657 5,797
2 ermi wKsev ZviI ‡ekx
wKš‘ 5 erm‡ii bx‡P
5 ermi wKsev ZviI †ekx
wKš‘ 10 erm‡ii bx‡P
10 ermi wKsev ZviI †ekx
897 648 1,264 2,809
176 113 296 585
3 1 10 14
‡gvU 4,107 1,871 3,227 9,205

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