kl/jf/ lgof]hg

cWofo (
slt j6f ;Gtfg hGdfpg] slxn] hGdfpg] eg]/ bDkltx¿n] ug] { of]hgfnfO{ kl/jf/ lgof]hg
elgG5 . olb aRrf hGdfpgsf nflu klv{g rfxg'x'G5 eg] tkfO{ uef{wfg /f]Sg] ljleGg pkfox¿dWo]
Pp6f pkfonfO{ 5gf]6 ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . oL pkfox¿nfO{ kl/jf/ lgof]hg, afn hGdfGt/ jf ue{lg/f]ws
elgG5 . ckfª\utf ePsf dlxnf / k'?if b'j}n] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg'k5{ .
hLjg arfpg' afx]s kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf c? kmfObfx¿
• hf]lvdk"0f{ uef{j:yf gx'g] ePsf]n] cfdf / lzz' b'j} :jf:y
/xG5g\ .
• yf]/} afnaRrf x' Fbf ;a}nfO{ kof{Kt ef]hg k'U5 .
• cln kv] {/ aRrf kfpFbf o'jfo'jtLx¿n] cfk\mgf] k9fO k"/f
ug] { / sfd ug] { ;do kfpF5g\ .
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg÷ljlwsf] 5gf]6
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg÷ljlw ckgfpg] lg0f{o u/]kl5
s'g ljlw÷;fwg k|of]u ug] { eg]/ 5gf]6 ug' {k5{ . cfk"mnfO{ pko'Qm
;fwg÷ljlw 5fGgsf nflu klxn] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ljleGg
;fwg÷ljlwx¿, o;sf kmfObf / a]kmfObfx¿ af/] hfGg'kb{5 .
136
kl/jf/ lgof]hg
yf]/} aRrf ePdf rflxg]
pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|/L
x'sf{pg ;lsG5 .

kl/jf/ lgof]hg
{
{
F
{
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ljlw d'Vo % k|sf/sf 5g\M
• cj/f]w ljlwx¿– o;n] jLo{nfO{ l8Da;Dd k'Ug /f]S5 / uef{wfg x'gaf6 arfpF5 .
• xdf] {go'Qm cf}iflwx¿– oL cf}iflwx¿n] dlxnfsf] l8Dafzodf l8DanfO{ aflx/ lg:sgaf6
/f]S5, of]gL;|fjnfO{ s8f agfP/ jLo{nfO{ l8Da;Dd cfOk'Ug sl7g agfpF5 / uef{zosf]
leqL txnfO{ 9fs]/ uef{wfg x'gaf6 /f]S5 .
• cfO=o"=8L=– o;n] k'?ifsf] jLo{nfO{ dlxnfsf] l8Da;Fu e]6\g glbP/ uef{wfg x'g /f]S5 .
• k|fs[lt ljlwx¿– dlxnfx¿n] s'g ;dodf ue{ /xg;S5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfP/ To; ;dodf
of}g ;Dks{ g/fv] ue{ /xg] ;+efjgf sd x'G5 . t/ o;sf] nflu dlxnfnfO{ cfk\mgf] z/L/sf]
af/]df /fd|f] 1fg x'g' h?/L 5 .
• :yfoL ljlw– of] ljlw ckgfpFbf zNolqmof ug' {kb{5 . of] ljlw ckgfPsf] ;os8f (( dlxnf
tyf k'?ifaf6 aRrf hGdg ;Sb}g .
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf oL ljlwx¿af/] kl5Nnf kfgfx¿df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . tkfO{x¿ tL
ljlwx¿ k9\bf x/]s k6s oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf s]xL k|Zgx¿df ljrf/ ug' {xf];\ .
• s;/L o;n] uef{wfgnfO{ /fd|/L /f]Sg ;S5 -
o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf_ <
• s;/L o;n] of}g/f]ux¿af6 arfpF5, arfpg
;Sg] eP jf geP s] ug] <
• of] :jf:Yosf nflu slt ;'/lIft 5 < olb o;
cWofodf pNn]v ul/Psf dWo] s'g} Pp6f dfq
:jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;d:of 5 eg] s'g} s'g} kl/jf/
lgof]hg ljlwx¿nfO{ TofUg} kg] {x'G5 .
• of] k|of]u ug{ sltsf] ;lhnf] 5 <
• s] >Ldfg\ jf >LdtL kl/jf/ lgof]hg ljlw
k|of]u ug{ OR5's 5g\ <
• of}g hf]8Lsf JolQmut cfjZostf / rf;f] s] s]
•
x'g\ < pbfx/0fsf] nflu rfx]hlt aRrfx¿ eO;s]sf]
5 jf aRrfn] :tgkfg ul//x]sf] 5 ls Û
of] ;fwg sltsf] vlr{nf] 5 <
s'g ;fwg k|of]u ug] eg]/
d :jf:YosdL{nfO{ ;f]Wg] 5' .
• s] of] ;]jf hxfF klg lng ;lsG5 < of] l;Sg lng :jf:Yo s]Gb| g} hfg'kg] x'G5 ls <
• s] o;sf ;xfos c;/x¿n] sl7gfO pAhfpF5 <
oL ljlwx¿sf af/]df kl9;s]kl5 atfOPsf ljlwx¿ dWo]af6 s'g} Pp6f ljlwsf] 5gf]6 ug{
d2t k'Ug ;Sg]5 . o;n] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgx¿dWo] s'g kmfK5 eGg] s'/f cfk} +mn] dfq lg0f{o
ug{ ;lsG5 .
137

kl/jf/ lgof]hg
s'g ljlw slt k|efjsf/L 5 <
oxfF ljleGg ljwx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf, of}g/f]u tyf uef{wfg x'gaf6 ;'/lIft /xg
ltgLx¿sf] pkof]lutf / :tgkfg u/fO/x]sf] a]nf o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ldN5÷ldNb}g cflbsf]
hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 .
;fwg÷ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] ! jif{leq ! ;ohgf of}g /f]ux¿af6
dlxnfx¿ dWo] ue{jtL x'g] ;Defjgf ;'/lIft
k'?ifsf] sG8d !@ ;'/lIft
ldl>t vfg] rSsL -h:t} u'nfkm_ # 5}g
k|f]h]l:6g dfqsf] rSsL -lgnf]sg_ % 5}g
g/KnfG6 ! eGbf sd 5}g
l8kf] ;'O{ ! eGbf sd 5}g
cfO=o"=8L= -sk/ 6L_ ! 5}g
:tgkfg -! b]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd_ ljlw @ 5}g
k|fs[lts kl/jf/ lgof]hg @) 5}g
aGWofs/0f ! eGbf sd 5}g
;fwg gckgfPdf *% 5}g
oL ;a} ;fwgx¿ dWo] w]/}h:tf] :tgkfg u/fO/x]sf a]nfdf klg ;'/lIft ¿kdf k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . t/ ldl>t rSsL / l8kf] ;'O{ k|of]u gug' {xf]nf .
xdf] {go'Qm ;fwgx¿sf v/fa c;/x¿x¿
xdf]{go'Qm ;fwgx¿ ue{jtL x'Fbf dlxnfsf] z/L/n] agfpg] u|GyL /; h:t} /;fogsf
ld>0fn] tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf/0f oL ;fwgn] ug]{ c;/ ue{jtL x'Fbf ;'?;'?df x'g]
nIf0fh:t} x'G5 M
v/fa c;/x¿ k|fozM @ jf # dlxgfkl5 cfkm} 7Ls eP/ hfG5g\ t/ Hofb} nfdf] ;do;Dd
oL c;/x¿ b]lvO/x]df :jf:Yo sfo{stf{;Fu ;Nnf lng'k5{ . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] dlxnfn] k|of]u
u/]sf] xdf] {gsf] dfqf jf ;fwg g} kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5g\ .
vfg] rSsL ;]jg ug{ s'g a]nf /f]Sg] <
tn n]lvPsf cj:yfx¿ ePdf rSsL
vfg aGb ug' {kb{5 / :jf:Yo sfo{stf{nfO{
e]6\g'kb{5M
•
•
rSsL vfg ;'? u/]kl5 6fpsf] c;fWo}
b'Vg / cfFvf lt/ld/fpg yfNof]
eg] .
xft, v'§fx¿ sdhf]/ ePsf] /
rSsL
tLg dlxg] ;'O{
g/KnfG6
138

kl/jf/ lgof]hg
nl7\7Psf] h:tf] nfu]df .
• 5ftL Hofb} b'v]df / :jfF:jfF a9\g yfn]df .
• v'§fdf Hofb} kL8f x'g yfn]df .
oLdWo] s'g} Pp6f dfq ;d:of ePdf jf ue{ /x]df Tof] vt/gfs x'g;S5 . o:tf] a]nfdf
t'?Gt} tflnd k|fKt :jf:Yo sfo{stf{nfO{ e]6\g'kb{5 . ge]6'Gh]n kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] csf] { ;fwg
h:tf] ls sG8d k|of]u ug' {kb{5 .
cfO{=o"=8L= -cfO{=o'=l;=8L=, sk/–6L, n'k_
cfO{=o"=8L= dlxnfsf] kf7]3/df /flvg] ;fwg xf] . o;nfO{ ljz]if tflnd k|fKt :jf:Yo
sfo{stf{ jf g;{n] kf7]3/leq /flvlbG5g\ . kf7]3/df /flvPsf] cfO{=o"=8L= n] k'?ifsf] z'qmsL6nfO{
dlxnfsf] l8Da;Fu e]6\gdf cj/f]w v8f ub{5 / uef{wfg /f]Sb5 . ;fdfGotof cfO=o"=8L= kf7]3/df
!@ jif{;Dd /xg ;S5 -of] s'/f cfO{=o"=8L= sf] k|sf/df e/ k5{_ . cfO{=o"=8L=nfO{ k'?ifn] yfxf
gkfpg] u/L k|of]u ul//xg ;lsG5 .
lgDg lnlvt cj:yfdf cfO{=o"=8L= k|of]u gug' {xf];\M
• ue{ /x]sf] jf zª\sf nfu]sf] eP .
• s'g} a]nf kf7]3/ jf gnLdf s'g} /f]u ;+qmd0f ePsf] lyof]
jf ;'Ts]/L ePkl5 ;+qmd0f jf ue{ktg kl5 ;+qmd0f
ePsf] lyof] eg] .
• s'g} a]nf l8DaaflxgL gnLd} ue{ /x]/ ;d:of k/]sf] eP .
• dlxgfjf/L x' Fbf w]/} /Qm;|fj jf kL8f x'g]n] .
• /QmcNktf ePsf] 5 eg] .
• slxNo} ue{jtL gePsf] eP .
g/KnfG6
g/KnfG6 ;nfO{sf] sfF6L hq} SofK;'ndf k|f]h]l:6g xdf] {g
/flvPsf] ;fwg xf] . o;sf ^ j6f SofK;'nnfO{ dlxnfsf] kfv'/fdf clnslt sf6]/ 5fnfd'lt tflnd
k|fKt 8fS6/ jf g;{åf/f /flvG5 . o;n] ;ft jif{;Dd ue{
/xgaf6 /f]Sb5 .
:yfoL aGWofs/0f
zNolqmofåf/f aGWofs/0f u/]kl5 dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{
aRrf hGdfpg ;Sb}gg\ . oBlk, aGWofs/0f :yfoL pkfo xf] .
o;sf/0f c? ;Gtfg grfxg] bDklQsf] nflu dfq of] ljlw
pkof]uL 5 . h'g;'s} zNolqmof ug] { lg0f{o lnP klg :jf:Yo
s]Gb| jf c:ktfn g} hfg'k5{ . xfd|f] b]zdf kl/jf/ lgof]hg
SofDkdf klg o:tf] ;'ljwf lbOG5 . zNolqmof l56f] / ;'/lIft
x'G5 / o;sf v/fa c;/x¿ klg 5}gg\ .
139

kl/jf/ lgof]hg
Eof;]S6f]dL
Eof;]S6f]dL eg]sf] k'?ifsf] c08sf]ifb]lv lnË;Ddsf] jLo{ aUg] gnL sfl6g] zNolqmof xf] . of]
zNolqmofdf k'?ifsf] c08sf]ifnfO{ sfl6b}g . of] zNolqmof kl/jf/ lgof]hg lSnlgs jf SofDkdf
ul/g] ul/G5 . of] zNolqmof ug{ yf]/} ;do dfq nfU5 .
ldlgNofk
ldlgNofk dlxnfn] km]l/ slxNo} klg ue{wf/0f ug{ g;s'g\
eg]/ ul/g] zNolqmof xf] . of] zNolqmof ug{ sl/j cfwf 306f
hlt nfU5 .
cfsl:ds rSsL
cfsl:ds rSsL eg]sf] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf nflu dlxnfn]
b}lgs / lgoldt k|of]u ug] { rSsL xf] t/ cfsl:ds cj:yfdf
vfFbf 5f]6f] ;dodf Ps} k6s w]/} rSsL vfg'k5{ . of] rSsL
c;'/lIft of}glqmof ePsf] # lbg -&@ 3G6f_ leq vfg}k5{ . of}g
;Dks{ u/]sf] # lbgkl5 oL rSsLx¿ k|of]u ul/of] eg] logn] sfd ub} {gg\ .
cfsl:ds rSsL s;/L vfg]M
cfsl:ds rSsL :jf:Yo sfo{stfx¿sf] ;Nnfx adf]lhd dfq k|of]u ug' {k5{ .
• Ps k'l/of lgnf]sg lsGg] jf :jf:Yo rf}sLdf uP/ dfUg] .
• Rf/ rSsL t'?Gt} vfg] .
• !@ 3G6fkl5 km]l/ csf] { $ rSsL vfg] .
• olb tLg xKtfdf dlxgfjf/L ePg eg] k'gM :jf:Yo s]Gb|df
;Dks{ ug] { .
cfsl:ds rSsLn] 6fpsf] b'vfpg] / jfsjfsL nfUg] x'g;S5 .
To:tf] cj:yfdf rSsL;Fu s]xL vfg]s'/f klg vfg] ug' {xf];\ jf
jfGtf /f]Sg] cf}iflw vfg'kb{5 . olb rSsL lnPsf] # 306fleqdf
jfGtf ePdf rSsLx¿ k'gM vfg'kb{5 .
ue{ktg
;'/lIft tl/sfn] ul/g] ue{kgaf6 x'g] vt/f ;fdfGo ¿kdf ;'Ts]/L x'g] a]nfsf] vt/f eGbf
klg sd x'G5 .
g]kfndf ue{ktgnfO{ sfg'gL
dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 / sltko
c:ktfnx¿df of] pknAw 5 .
140

lgDg lnlvt lsl;daf6 ul/Psf] ue{ktg ;'/lIft x'G5 M
• tflnd k|fKt tyf cg'ejL :jf:YosdL{af6 u/fOPsf] 5 eg],
• pko'Qm cf}hf/ ;fwgsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg],
• ;kmf;Fu ul/Psf] 5 eg], -h;n] ubf{ of]lg tyf kf7]3/df ;+qmd0f ug] { hLjf0f'sf] k|j]z x' Fb}g_,
• ue{ /x]sf] tLg dlxgfleq -!@ xKtf_ ue{ktg u/fOPsf] 5 eg] .
lgDglnlvt lsl;dn] ue{ktg u/fpg' c;'/lIft x'G5 M
• 1fg / ;Lk gePsf] JolQmaf6 u/fPdf,
• pko'Qm cf}iflw / cf}hf/sf] k|of]u gu/L c? g} unt j:t'sf] k|of]u u/]df,
• kmf]xf]/ 7fpFdf kmf]xf]/ tl/sfn] ue{ktg u/fPdf,
• ue{ktg ;'ljwfo'Qm c:ktfndf gu/fO{ cGoq eO{ ue{ktg u/fPdf .
c;'/lIft ue{ktgsf sf/0faf6 x'g] d[To'
;+;f/el/ Ps jif{df sl/j ;f9] kfFr s/f]8 ue{ktg u/fOg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . u}/sfg'gL
lsl;dn] ue{ktg u/fpFbf w]/} dlxnfx¿ dg{ ;S5g\ d[To' ePg eg] klg ;+qmd0f x'g], kL8f eO/xg]
tyf afFemf]kg x'g]h:tf ;d:of cfOnfUg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
clglR5t ¿kdf ue{ /xg uPdf h'g;'s} pkfo ckgfP/ eP klg ue{ktg u/fpg kfP
x'GYof] eGg] dlxnfnfO{ nfu]sf] x'G5 . h'g;'s} tl/sfn] eP klg ue{ ktg u/fpF5' elg tn lbPsf
tl/sf ckgfpg' x' Fb}g . oL Psbd} vt/fhgs x'G5g\ .
• s'g} klg lsl;dsf wfl/nf jf ltvf j:t', h:t}, n7\7L, tf/, Knfl:6s 6o'a cflb of]lg tyf
kf7]3/df k;fpg' x' Fb}g . k;fOof] eg] kf7]3/ 5]l8P/ cTolws /ut aUg], ;+qmd0f x'g]h:tf
;d:of cfOkg{ ;S5g\ .
• s'g} klg lsl;dsf] hl8a'l6 jf la?jf of]lg jf kf7]3/df k;fpg' x' Fb}g . o;f] ubf{ kf]Ng],
3fp x'g], ;+qmd0f x'g], /ut aUg] h:tf ;d:of cfpg ;S5g\ .
• s'g} klg lsl;dsf /Fufpg], ;kmf ug] { j:t' ;fa'g, v/fgL, d§Lt]nh:tf j:t' of]lg jf
kf7]3/df /fVg' jf vfg'x' Fb}g .
• k]6df cfk}mn] jf c?n] xfGg], cfkm} e¥ofªaf6 n8\g] h:tf sfo{ ug' { x' Fb}g . ul/of] eg] ue{ktg
x'g'sf] ;§f cfGtl/s rf]6 nfUg], /Qm;|fj x'g]h:tf g/fd|f kl/0ffd ef]Ug'kg] { x'g ;S5 .
;'/lIft ue{ktg
��
kl/jf/ lgof]hg
c;'/lIft ue{ktg
141