Türk Demir Çelik Sanayii İçin Strateji Önerileri - Devlet Planlama ...

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ABSTRACT Thesis for Planning Expertise STRATEGY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TURKISH IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY: CONSOLIDATION AND JOINT INPUT SUPPLY Mehmet Akif KOCA World steel industry has been facing an enormous growth in steel demand in some developing countries, especially in China. As a result, steel output has been increasing largely in developing countries including China. Huge growth in the iron and steel industry also increased the demand for raw materials such as iron ore, coking coal and scrap and raised the prices of steel inputs considerably. Steel and raw material prices are cyclic in their nature and margins between steel prices and input prices in the international markets determine profitability of steel producers. In order to mitigate risks in product and raw material markets, even the leading steel companies became increasingly involved in mergers and acquisitions. Consolidation in the steel industry takes place not only between steel companies, but also as backward integration with raw material suppliers. Despite recent consolidation efforts, global steel industry remains relatively fragmented compared to raw materials suppliers and its main customers. Persistent overcapacity in a fragmented industry leads to intense price competition. In this environment, competitiveness of steel plants with capacities below minimum efficient scale and small-scale steel companies having low output levels has been deteriorating. Turkish steel industry has become the 11 th largest producer in the world and 3 rd largest producer in Europe as a result of the private sector lead investments after 1980s. However, this growth has created a fragmented industry structure in some product groups with many producers having relatively small capacities. Turkish steel companies compete with producers from other countries in export markets, as well as in the domestic market where imports from some countries come with no import taxes due to free trade agreements. In this market structure, consolidation trend in the world steel industry will necessarily affect Turkish steel companies in the long term. On the other hand, Turkish steel companies are highly dependent on imported raw materials, making them very vulnerable to developments in international raw material markets. Turkish steel producers face a risk of increased raw material prices -even input shortages- mainly in scrap market, due to increasing steel production capacities in the world and in some raw material exporting countries, such as Russia and Ukraine. In order to guarantee low cost input supply for Turkish steel companies, there is a need to develop joint procurement strategies for their raw material needs. Changing dynamics of the world steel industry require Turkish steel companies to develop long term strategies in order to adapt to the new competitive landscape. This thesis discusses developments in the Turkish iron and steel industry while considering global developments and conducts a competitive analysis based on Porter’s “Structural Analysis of Industries” framework to develop strategy recommendations for sustaining long-term competitiveness of the industry. This study employs literature search, statistical data gathering and data analysis methods. Key Words: Iron and Steel, Competitive Strategy, Consolidation, Supply Chain, Scrap iii
Koca Türk Demir Çelik Sanayii İçin Strateji Önerileri: Bütünleşme ve Ortak Girdi Temini İÇİNDEKİLER TEŞEKKÜR ................................................................................................................İ ÖZET.......................................................................................................................... İİ ABSTRACT............................................................................................................. İİİ İÇİNDEKİLER ........................................................................................................İV TABLOLAR .............................................................................................................Vİ ŞEKİLLER ............................................................................................................Vİİİ KISALTMALAR .....................................................................................................İX GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 1. DÜNYADA DEMİR ÇELİK SANAYİİNİN GELİŞİMİ ................................... 5 1.1. TÜKETİMDEKİ GELİŞMELER ................................................................................... 6 1.2. KAPASİTE VE ÜRETİMDEKİ GELİŞMELER................................................................ 8 1.3. DEMİR ÇELİK SEKTÖRÜNDE FİYAT DİNAMİKLERİ ................................................ 11 1.4. DIŞ TİCARETTEKİ GELİŞMELER ............................................................................ 15 1.5. BÜYÜYEN DEV: ÇİN ............................................................................................. 17 1.6. GİRDİ PİYASALARINDAKİ GELİŞMELER ................................................................ 20 1.6.1. Dünya Hurda Piyasası ............................................................................. 21 1.6.2. Dünya Demir Cevheri Piyasası................................................................ 27 1.6.3. Dünya Kok Kömürü ve Kok Piyasası....................................................... 34 1.6.4. Demir Çelik Girdilerinde İhracat Kısıtlamaları...................................... 38 1.7. ÜRETİM YÖNTEMİ VE TEKNOLOJİDEKİ GELİŞMELER............................................ 40 1.8. DEMİR ÇELİK SEKTÖRÜNÜN ÇEVREYE ETKİSİ VE ÇEVRE KONUSUNDAKİ POLİTİKALAR .............................................................................................................. 43 1.9. DEMİR ÇELİK SANAYİİNDE KORUMACI ÖNLEMLER VE DEVLET YARDIMLARI .... 47 1.9.1. ABD’nin Koruma Önlemleri .................................................................... 48 1.9.2. AB’nin Koruma Önlemleri ....................................................................... 49 1.9.3. Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’ndeki Gelişmeler ................................................. 49 1.9.4. OECD Çelik Toplantıları ......................................................................... 50 2. DÜNYA DEMİR ÇELİK SANAYİİNDE BÜTÜNLEŞME EĞİLİMLERİ ... 52 2.1. ÜLKELER DÜZEYİNDE BÜTÜNLEŞME FAALİYETLERİ............................................ 53 2.1.1. Avrupa Demir Çelik Sanayiinde Bütünleşmeler ...................................... 54 2.1.2. ABD Demir Çelik Sanayiinde Bütünleşmeler .......................................... 55 2.1.3. Japonya Demir Çelik Sanayiinde Görülen Bütünleşmeler ...................... 56 2.1.4. BRIC (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin) Ülkelerinde Görülen Bütünleşmeler..................................................................................................... 56 2.2. DEMİR ÇELİK SANAYİİNDE BÜTÜNLEŞME MODELLERİ ........................................ 60 2.2.1. Bölgesel Bütünleşme ................................................................................ 61 2.2.2. Küresel Bütünleşme.................................................................................. 62 2.2.3. Geriye Bütünleşme ................................................................................... 66 2.2.4. İleriye Bütünleşme.................................................................................... 68 2.3. YATAY BÜTÜNLEŞMENİN FAYDA VE SAKINCALARI ............................................. 68 2.3.1. Yatay Bütünleşmenin Faydaları............................................................... 68 iv
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Türk Demir Çelik Sanayii İçin Strateji Önerileri - Devlet Planlama ...

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