tc süleyman demirel üniversitesi fen bilimleri enstitüsü menderes

iv
ABSTRACT
The Menderes Massif continental rift zones are divided into three parts as Büyük
Menderes, Küçük Menderes and Gediz continental rift zones. The aim of this study is
to determine the hydrogeological, hydrogeochemical and isotope geological features
and the origin of high boron contents in the geothermal waters in Menderes Massif
continental rift zones.
The water types in Büyük Menderes continental rift zone are generally Na + -HCO3 - -
SO4 2- /Na + -HCO3 2- and Na + -Cl - -HCO3 - whereas the geothermal waters in Gediz
continental rift zone are of Na + -HCO3 - /Na + -Ca 2+ -HCO3 - -SO4 - type and Na + -Ca 2+ -
HCO3 - -SO4 2- in Bayındır area of Küçük Menderes continental rift zone.
Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ cations and Cl - , HCO3 - , SO4 2- anions indicate that water-rock
interaction dominate in all geothermal waters in Menderes Massif. Plagioklas
weathering dominates in geothermal waters except Pamukkale geothermal area. The
most important hydrogeochemical process is interaction with different lithologie of
reservoir rocks and hot waters. According to Na + -K + -Mg 2+ diagram, the geothermal
waters in Gölemezli, Tekkehamam, Yenice and Pamukkale areas Büyük Menderes
continental rift zone display non-equilibrium waters whereas Kızıldere, Salavatlı,
Ilıcabaşı and Germencik areas indicate the partly equilibrium waters. The geothermal
waters in Gediz and Küçük Menderes continental rift zones are features of nonequilibrium
waters. Germencik area respect to Pamukkale and Gölemezli indicate the
deep-circulated waters. Pamukkale, Gölemezli and Yenice areas together with Gediz
continental rift zone and Küçük Menderes continental rift zone are made up of
shallow-circulated waters having low-temperature. The hydrogeochemical, isotopic
and geothermometer values in Germencik, Ilıcabaşı, Bozköy, Salavatlı areas indicate
the deep-circulated meteoric waters effect and water-rock interaction with
metamorphic rocks of Menderes Massif.
Tritium value is 3.3 (TU) in Pamukkale geothermal waters whereas Germencik
Geothermal waters have 0.7 (TU). It is related with mixing high portion of meteoric
waters into Pamukkale geothermal area. So, this area has low temperature and
shallow-circulated waters. Tritium values show that Salihli, Kurşunlu and Bayındır
geothermal area have mixing cold groundwater.
Salavatlı and Germencik geothermal waters Cl - and Na + ions values are quite high
and very close each other. In these areas, while Cl - values increasing tritium values
decreasing clearly. These evaluations and calculation of HCO3 - / Σanion values show
that mixing with brines in these geothermal waters.
The boron enrichment in the meteoric waters in Büyük Menderes continental rift
zone suggests that the water-rock interaction is an important process in the
geothermal systems. Bayındır area have very low boron value, display very low
water-rock interaction effects. Different lithologies of reservoir rocks and mixing
with cold groundwater result from different boron contents of geothermal waters.
Boron takes place in secondary minerals of Na and K-feldspars. Boron substitutes for
Si and Al in the tetrahedral crystal lattice (Christ ve Harder, 1969; Grew ve Anovitz