ARDIENTE
Group Work - See inside
Group Work - See inside
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ARDIENTE
STUDENT GROUP
Qiao Cendon - 4854950
Tolga Özdemir - 4843959
Javier Montemayor - 4781988
Seyedeh Kiana Mousavi - 4878736
Nikoleta Sidiropoulou- 4822552
MSc Architecture, Urbanism & Building Sciences
Building Technology
Bucky Lad Design (AR1B015 2018/19)
RESPONSIBLE INSTRUCTOR
Dr.-Ing. Marcel Bilow
Ir. Sietze Kalkwijk
DATE | 28-01-2019
CONTENT
00 | INTRODUCTION
ASSIGNMENT
ELEVATOR PITCHES
ROUND-UP
01 | DESIGN
WHY?
PRINCIPLES
DESIGN PROCESS
APPLICATION
MATERIALISATION
VISUALISATION
02 | PRODUCTION
WHAT TO BUILD ?
PREPARATION
BUILDING
MOCK-UP
03 | STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
DESCRIPTION
APPROXIMATIONS
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
04 |CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
REFLECTION
REFERENCES
05 |APPENDIX
MOCK-UP DRAWINGS
INTRODUCTION
4
The Academic Medical Center (AMC) is located in
Amsterdam, in the most south-eastern part of the city,
in the Bijlmer neighbourhood.
It is an institution that combines academic formation
with medical services just in a single complex. AMC
is an extensive campus, being one of the largest and
leading hospitals of The Netherlands, having officially
more than 1000 beds and 25,000 admitted patients
per year.
Given the complexity of the program, the necessities of
the AMC are also broad, such as lecture rooms, offices,
laboratories, bedrooms, cantines or shops.
The building was founded in 1983, but is currently
facing major problems regarding energy consumption
and thermal comfort. Most of the energy consumption
is taken over the thermal control, ventilation, and
energy used to light the interior spaces. Therefore AMC
asked TU Delft to find for future solutions that could be
developed in order to improve its demands in a broader
way.
Solutions are needed to achieve a better performing
building that relies less in the active system and
INTRODUCTION
ASSIGNMENT
expensive methods of energy production, as well as
using innovative processes for a successful operation.
The task of this course is focused on a design
“product” that can be applied to any facade of the
AMC. Therefore the new design can contribute to
the better performance of the building, regarding to
lighting, ventilation, heating or cooling. The final idea
should be a simple and innovative design that can help
the institution to achieve their functions but in a more
sustainable way.
Based on these criteria, Ardiente is an innovative
concept based on natural ventilation and solar energy
that can be easily attached to every type of buildings
and modified according its different requirements. In
the end, this concept will be able to improve the cooling
system of the building, decreasing its energy demand
and therefore, saving costs.
This report describes the entire design development
process of Ardiente, since the original drawings until
its technical details, structural calculations and
construction prototype.
FIGURE 1: THE AMC, ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER - AMSTERDAM
1
INTRODUCTION
ELEVATOR PITCHES
FIGURE 2: AIR TUBE BY NIKOLETA
Air Tube: This is a natural ventilation system that
supports the existing ventilation. The main structure
is a vertical tube attached to the facade. The tube
consists of 3 glass surfaces that increase the imported
solar energy and redirect the sunlight in a high thermal
mass material, which heats up. Cold air is getting inside
the tube from the bottom, it warms up from the sun
and the thermal mass material and because of a lower
density it raises to the top and leave the tube. As result
of the vertical air flow pressure difference is developed
between the inside air of the building and the air of the
tube. This difference causes the extraction of the “used”
air of the building with a passive way. Furthermore, the
use of the high thermal mass material speeds up the
air’s warm up and extends the functional duration in
the obscure hours. This system takes up a small space
on the facade of the buildings, so functions without
reducing much window surface.
2
INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 3: THE DEMOUNTABLE SOLAR CHIMNEY BY KIANA
The Demountable Solar Chimney: One of the major
problems in the AMC building is the excessive amount
of heat which is produced by the equipment and
can get worse in the near future due to the issues of
climate change. The demountable solar chimney is a
combination of a solar chimney and a wind catcher.
It is designed to minimize the energy demand for
ventilation. The principle flow in the solar chimney
is from bottom to top while in the wind catcher, it is
the opposite. This contradicting air flows require two
separate shafts. However, in this product, the openings
are set in a way that only shaft is needed, therefore
less material is used and less space is needed. It has
openings on two opposite sides. The windward side
has openings which provide fresh air to the rooms. On
the leeward side, there are valves at the top of each
solar chimney. When the fresh air enters the room, it
accelerates the flow of the exhaust air into the shaft
which will then be directed upwards and exit the shaft.
3
INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 4: THE GAP BY JAVIER
The Gap: Because of the necessities exposed by the
AMC, thermal comfort had to be the issue to tackle.
However, as a designer, a major intervention is known
to be little feasible, especially when an operating
hospital is involved. Lightest intervention is the main
intention, through a second skin façade that would act
as thermal buffer for the patient room towers of the
AMC. Simply, two basic components form the design:
the second skin façade made of a light textile and an
air gap in between the new additional façade and the
existing building, connected through an aluminum
frame. This would allow the building to have more time
to cool down in summer and to stay warm in winter.
Having tackled the thermal problem, light and vision
might seem to be affected. However, the new exterior
layer is divided in two types: a translucent one to let
the light in, and a transparent one that would allow
patients have the much-needed views to the exterior.
Being modular and adjustable, the façade, while being
airtight, still contemplates air outlets to ventilate the
gap when necessary using different configurations
based on the season. The new envelope would not just
give the AMC a new look, but a more efficient way to
continue its operation.
4
INTRODUCTION
Qiao Cendón
4854950
Elevator Pitch. 10/10/18
1- PROBLEM: Cooling system
2- PURPOSES:
• Radiation surface:
• Air flow ( heat ):
3- CONCEPT:
• Pores
Insulation
Noise:
• Optional PV:
BREATHING LAYER
Ext & int exchange
4- CHARACTERISTICS:
• Prefabricated / flexibility:
• Winter & summer:
• Porosity material
clay, ceramic…
5- FURTHER DEVELOPMENT:
. + = . =
FIGURE 5: BREATHING LAYER BY QIAO
Breathing Layer: The problem addressed in this concept
is the thermal comfort, mainly the cooling in summer.
The design is based on the principle of second skin,
exchanging the heat from the inside to the outside and
vice versa, due to the exterior holes on both sides of
the piece. It consists on small pieces made of porous
material with vertical channels inside, allowing reducing
the noise and improving the insulation. The conic shape
of the vertical channels speed the air flow up, sweeping
the heat and reducing it. The radiation surface is
reduced to half and optional PV can be installed on top,
hiding its wires behind due to the horizontal holes. The
product can be easily assembled in different shapes
due to its flexibility and prefabrication, and it works for
summer and winter climate. It is possible to adjust
this heat exchange design according to every building
needs, changing the direction of the conic vertical
channels or the location of the exterior openings.
5
INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 6: SOLAR FACADEY BY TOLGA
Solar Façadey: The major in the AMC building is
excessive summer temperatures and the lack of natural
illumination. The building in continuous use and any
refurbishment would create a temporary disturbance.
So, the construction must be done as fast as possible.
In this concept, the unitised facade elements not only
offering larger windows with better properties, but also
a solar chimney to cope with high indoor temperatures
in summer. In winter, the hot air is captured in the
facade and redirected to the rooms driven by a solar
powered fan, through a PCM thermal mass for the
facade to continue functioning at night.
6
INTRODUCTION
ROUND-UP
Evaluating in detail the concepts of the five projects,
the thermal comfort principle of The Gap project
was discarded, as the cooling system and natural
ventilation were discussed to be more important in the
AMC building. However, the lightness and the feasibility
concept of this project were taken into account.
The rest of the projects were based on natural
ventilation concept and solar chimney principle, except
the Breathing Layer project, which was based only on
the first one. This project had the advantage of the
smaller size of the modules and the possibility of PV
cells installation, which was considered for the final
idea.
The common point of most of the projects was the
necessity of reducing the disturbance while renovation
the facade, so the concept of a second layer skin
was settled. Moreover, the possibility to be adaptable
either for winter or summer climate was established
in most of the projects, except the Demountable Solar
Chimney. The problem of this project was the wind
catcher, which only worked for summer climate and
also the one-floor module for the solar chimney, which
seemed not to be efficient enough. With regards to the
Air tube project, the downside was the size of the solar
chimney, which needed to be reduced for adaptable,
feasible and visual reasons.
Qiao Cendón
4854950
Elevator Pitch. 10/10/18
BREATHING LAYER
Ext & int exchange
1- PROBLEM: Cooling system
2- PURPOSES:
• Radiation surface:
• Air flow
3- CONCEPT:
• Pores
• Optional PV:
( heat ):
4- CHARACTERISTICS:
Insulation
Noise:
• Prefabricated / flexibility:
• Winter & summer:
• Porosity material
clay, ceramic…
5- FURTHER DEVELOPMENT:
. + = . =
The Solar-Facadey seemed to be complex but also
interesting, as it was based on the interconnection of
different interior rooms to the solar chimney, either
in vertical or horizontal levels. The negative aspects
were the partial demolition of the facade for the new
innovative windows and the PCM insulation, which
increased even more the difficulties of this complex
concept. However, it was carefully selected for a further
development in the following steps of the Design
course, due to its dynamic interaction and passive
cooling system.
FIGURE 7: ELEVATOR PITCHES
In the end, although the Solar-Façadey was selected,
there were still a lot of adjustments to be modified,
discarded and combined from the rest of the projects.
In the following weeks, finding the right combination
of the positive aspects of the other projects and
negative ones of the Solar-Façadey, where crucial and
a challenge task for the final design product.
7
DESIGN
DESIGN
8
DESIGN
WHY?
Solar chimneys are mostly used for individual dwellings
or as a centralized system for larger buildings. In
our concept, the solar chimney principle is used as
a decentralized system improving interior thermal
comfort.
Solar chimneys rely on the pressure difference inside
the room and inside the chimney. For adequate
pressure difference which extracts the air from the
room, solar chimneys are built higher than the space
they serve. Our facade chimneys are thus designed
two storeys high and placed in a vertically shifted order
between two rooms for maximum efficiency.
Two storey high chimneys are divided into two units
for easier handling. The bottom unit is equipped with
PV cells for optimum electrical-thermal gain balance.
Operable lids control the solar chimney behaviour for
different weather conditions.
Heat exchangers, placed on top, maximizes the
thermal gains in winter. As the top lid is closed, the
trapped air inside the module heats up rapidly and
used inside, reducing the heating load.
The fans continue to cool the room down in warm
summer nights. They run on the stored electricity
generated by the PV cells.
9
DESIGN
PRINCIPLES
As the AMC building is a hospital, there are many
machines, devices and equipment used in the building.
These equipment produce a significant amount of heat
which has a direct impact on the ventilation demand of
the building.
Due to the existing excessive amount of heat from the
devices and also the climate change that will get worse
in the near future, one of the main issues that need to be
tackled in the AMC building is the ventilation. Ardiente
is designed as a solution for this problem and not only
can be used in the AMC but also can be attached to
other existing buildings to improve their performance
or can be integrated into the design process from the
beginning for the future constructions.
This product is a unitized demountable solar chimney.
Each unit has the same height as two rooms and it
comprises two parts which will be connected to two
rooms on top of each other. Each room is attached to
two different units. In this way, a room drives its exhaust
air into one module and receives warm water from the
heat exchanger from the adjacent module. The lower
part of the module has inlets to allow the outside air
in, accelerating the airflow and preventing the solar
chimney from overheating. It is connected to the bottom
room with a pipe at the level of around 2.50m which
collects the exhaust air from the room. The upper part
has outlets to drive the exhaust air to the out and it is
connected to the upper room with a heat exchanger.
The heat exchanger is linked to the radiator of the room
below the window. (maybe explain the cycle of the heat
exchanger to the room?). The heat exchanger helps to
warm up the air inside the solar chimney and it speeds
up the air flow. Each unit is a closed module as the top
and bottom of the unit are covered by lids. The units
can be put on top of each other based on the height
of the building. For the ease of setting up and also
to prevent the rooms from overheating, the units are
placed with a distance from the main façade and are
attached to C channels.
The module is made out of Aluminum sheets with a
thickness of 4mm. Aluminium is the best material for
this design as it has a high thermal conductivity while
having a lightweight and low price. PV cells are attached
to the front face. An insulation layer is considered
next to the backplate so that condensation does not
happen inside the module. There are also ribs used in
this design to enhance the structural performance of
the product and reduce the thickness of the Aluminum
sheets.
FIGURE 8: AMC - ENERGY CONSUMPTION
10
Simplification
The selected concept Solar-Façade was criticised and
the problematic parts were tried to be fixed in the first
place. The concept was a whole façade design, requiring
a lot of advanced engineering, so it was decided to be
reduced to a lighter additional product to be mounted
on the existing façade. Another topic discussed was
whether the shifted order was necessary or not, to turn
the concept into a more generic plug-and-play product.
The initial idea was to have two interdependent
modules serving four rooms at two storeys, one above
another. It was proposed to reduce the whole solar
chimney concept to one storey solution. The advantage
of having a high solar chimney is the ability to use the
solar chimney to extract air from a room in summer
and to use the trapped hot air in the room above. The
additional height would also ensure the adequacy of
pressure difference for the mechanism to function. So
it was decided to go on with the two-storey alternative.
DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS
Ventilation
There are opposite views on either natural or
mechanical ventilation is to be preferred in hospital
buildings. Natural ventilation needs lower capital,
operational and maintenance costs. It can achieve a
high ventilation rate and has a large range of control
of the environment by occupants. As a downside,
it is more difficult to predict and design. Mechanical
ventilation is usually preferred due to its suitability
for all climates and weather with air-conditioning
for a more controlled and comfortable environment.
Yet inadequate ventilation may lead to a widely seen
phenomenon called sick building syndrome. Taking all
these criteria into account, hybrid ventilation, which
relies on natural driving forces to provide the desired
flow rate, using mechanical ventilation when the
natural ventilation flow rate is too low, maybe a proper
solution. However, many hospitals have regulations that
ban natural ventilation, so trapped heat was decided to
be used in an indirect way in the rooms, restricting the
airflow to be only from the room. This was where heat
exchangers were introduced to extract the heat from
the air in the chimneys. The hot air would heat the water
running through them and the hot water would either
be used in the wall type radiators that are behind them
immediately or collected first in a centralised system
and distributed therefrom. These two were decided to
be kept as options.
FIGURE 9: BUILDING APPLICATION
Size
Solar chimneys rely on the pressure difference inside
the room and inside the chimney. For adequate
pressure difference which extracts the air from the
room, solar chimneys are built higher than the space
they serve. In this case, chimneys are thus designed
two storeys high and placed in a vertically shifted order
between two rooms for maximum efficiency.
11
DESIGN
Thermal Energy
To further develop the basic solar chimney principle,
a solution was sought to be able to extract the hot air
from even when there is no sun to heat the chimney up.
The energy was somehow to be stored in the daytime
and used when there is no sun. Two options were
discussed. First one was to store the thermal energy
of the sun with a phase change material (PCM). The
heated PCM would give its heat to the inside of the
module when it is cooler and keep the mechanism
functioning. This idea was inspired by the Double Face
2.0 project run by the lead researchers Dr. ir. Martin
Tenpierik and Dr. Michela Turrin of TU Delft. Double
Face 2.0 is a contemporary Trombe wall incorporating
an insulator and PCM heat storage on either side of a
rotatable element. In winter it captures and re-radiates
heat from the sun. In summer it captures and disposes
of internal heat. However, PCM is a relatively new
approach and is not mature enough to be used in such
a concept.
FIGURE 10: FACADE APPLICATION
Energy production
The other one was to place photovoltaic (PV) cells on
the outer surface of the module, harvesting energy
and storing it in batteries to be used at night to extract
the air from the room. As in the hot water collection,
different options were decided to be offered in electricity
production and storage. As PV cells generate direct
current (DC) and most of the appliances in the hospital
run on alternating current (AC), some conversion steps
are of necessity. The first option would be converting
the DC to AC in a central system and connect it to the
grid. The second one would be the usage of a central
battery as preparation of transition to DC smart grid.
The third option would be placing individual batteries
in the façade modules and running the fans over them.
Shape
The initial idea of the solar chimney integrated into the
facade unit incorporated chimneys with a rectangular
section. When they were taken out, they had to
withstand the wind loads on their own with less support.
Thus, a more streamlined section was needed. In this
case, either a curved semi-circular or a polygonal
section was needed. In addition, the outer surface/s
would have to host PV cells. There are different types
of PV cells, both flexible, as Amorphous silicon, Copper
Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), or organic PV and
rigid, as Monocrystalline silicon, Polycrystalline silicon
and Cadmium Telluride (CdTe). The design was desired
FIGURE 11: 2-PART MODULE
12
DESIGN
to be as flexible as possible, so a polygonal section was
adopted, a semi-octagon, which offers flat surfaces for
a wider range of PV type selection.
FIGURE 12: ENERGY MANAGEMENT
heat exchanger
exhaust air
Openings
After the selection of the shape of the module, the
size, shape and location of the external air inlets and
outlets were discussed. Usually, solar chimneys only
have an air outlet, since the air feed is from the room.
However, it was decided to put an inlet to the bottom of
the bottom module to act as an emergency valve. Since
the outlet of the top module would be so close to the
inlet of the module above, inlets and outlets were put
on different faces. These openings could either be cut
out or perforated. Cut out openings were preferred over
perforation due to aesthetic reasons. Large cutouts
can create a problem that the birds can build their nest
in or other small animals can climb in, so the cutouts
are arranged of thin incisions to form grilles.
Bulding attachment
Last topic discussed was the connection of the
modules to the facade. From the beginning, a flexible
and reversible design was a priority. So, the panels are
not directly mounted to the facade with permanent
connections, but with detachable anchors to the
U-profiles that fixed to the slabs of the building.
FIGURE 13: OPENINGS
FIGURE 14: FINAL DESIGN
13
1. LOCATION
DESIGN
APPLICATION
3. CONNECTIONS
CREADO CON CON UNA UNA VERSI
EADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK
One of the advantages of the project is that can The product can be easily attached to the existing
be adjustable and located in almost every type of building due to the connexion elements previously
building. Its dimensions can vary according to its assembled in the factory, therefore achieving a
different morphology and requirements, but always demountable concept. These connection elements
with a minimum dimension box of 1.30x6.6 m. Due to are based on 2 metals C-channels (with the respective
its width dimension, it allows being located either in resistant screws) located along the height of the
facades with or without windows, as well as regards product and at both lateral sides. The dimensions that
its CREADO length, which CON can UNA be VERSIÓN adjustable CREADO PARA according CON ESTUDIANTES to UNA the VERSIÓN were DE AUTODESK
PARA analyzed ESTUDIANTES are around 7.5x15x7 DE AUTODESK mm. However,
building height (see Figure XX).
The system consists of:
• 2 modules with dimensions of 1.3x0.5x3.3 m
• 2 interior rooms)
• 2 heat exchangers
• 2 exhaust-air fans
CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK
CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK
It can be mentioned that the number of rooms that are
connected to the facade product can be either for 1 or
2 rooms, therefore the number of heat exchangers and
fans can change accordingly.
2. GEOMETRY
The shape can be modified into different combinations
according to the wind force or sun radiation. More
division faces in the box will bring not only more stability
against wind forces coming from different angles, but
also more optimum surfaces to be heated. The shape
that is chosen to be developed is in the middle of the
options, with a relation between functional-stabilityaesthetical
purposes.
CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK
FIGURE 16: BUILDINGS APPLICATION
14
these connexion elements can easily vary, from U, C,
I profiles, as long as it allows a minimum accessibility
from one of the sides.
FIGURE 15: SHAPE OPTIONS
CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODES
DIANTES DE AUTODESK
CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN CREADO PARA CON ESTUDIANTES UNA VERSIÓN DE AUTODESK
PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK
CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK
DESIGN
4. INSTALLATIONS
PV-cells
PV cells are optional in the project, so they can either
be totally released or covered with them. In the first
case, neater visibility of the product will be achieved, as
well as increasing the heat transfer surface into inside
the solar chimney. In the second case, with a surface
covered of maximum 75%, more electrical energy is
achieved in order to supply the heat exchanger or fans.
Several dispositions of PV can be displayed in order
to focus on different purposes, such as the examples
described in Figure XX. However, a 50% covered facade
was chosen in order to achieve an optimum heat
capacity-electricity production relationship.
or inside the solar chimney product. The position of
the fan inside the room may cause some undesired
noises in the hospital, whereas in the interior of the
solar chimney may cause noises reverberation into the
module. The final selected location in the project was
inside the module, in order to decrease annoying noises
and construction interventions inside the building.
Insulation
Although the insulation in the module is not really
needed due to the building insulation, it can be placed
inside the module at the back plate in order to ensure
that there is not heat transfer from the chimney to the
building, especially in summer climate.
Fans
The exhaust fumes from the lower interior rooms can
be extracted by a fan, carefully placed inside the room
CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK
FIGURE 17: PV-CELLS OPTIONS
15
CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK
DESIGN
MATERIALISATION
In the real product, the suitable material for the
solar chimney box needed to absorb efficiently the
heat gain from the sun as a priority. Thus, glass was
expected at the beginning to achieve that requirement.
However, CES program allowed finding the correct
material for that purpose and additionally, to add
more restrictions according to other real factors. For
example, it needed to be stiff enough in order to avoid
undesired deformations, resistant to weather climate,
light as possible, low thermal expansion, high thermal
conductivity, a high melting point in order to stand hot
temperatures, non-flammable and if possible, recycle
and downs cycle property. In the end, an aluminium
sheet was found to be the best material for those
requirements, as well as finding the way it could be
joined and shaped.
As regards with the insulation, foams, composites
and fibres materials were expected at first to fulfil
the thermal absorption properties. Therefore, the
restrictions that were applied were mainly about
low density, low thermal conductivity and thermal
expansion coefficient, enough melting point in order
to stand hot temperatures, low flammability and if
possible recyclable. The optimum material that was
achieved by the program according to the thorough
analysis and common sense was Phenolic foam.
The connexions placed between the box and the facade
were expected to be made by metal C-Channels. They
had to comply with the requirements of stiffness, lighter
if possible, resistant to shear and bending forces, low
tensile strength, the low thermal conductivity in order
VEL 1
A
room
B
room
ON PLAN
0.50 0.16 0.40
7.80
2
A106
7.80
2
FACADE APPLICA
1 : 100
FIGURE 18: FACADE APPLICATION - PLAN
16
to avoid heat transmission to the facade, low thermal
LEVEL 1
A
expansion coefficient, resistant to weather conditions,
non-flammable, and recyclable if possible. The
material selected was stainless steel, but most of the
C-channels that are in the market are made of carbon
steel, which is not in the database of CES. This result
was something that needed to be discussed, so at the
end, carbon steel was considered to be cheaper and in
addition, it was already universally used.
0.50 0.16 0.40
DESIGN
Similar restrictions as the C-channels were applied for
the bolts inside
B
them, ending with a coated stainless
steel.
Although it was not mentioned, the price was one of
the main factors to be considered while choosing the
suitable material. In general, the CES program not
only allowed selecting the appropriate material for the
specific requirements, but only the shaping process,
and joining method of the different components.
1 LOCATION PLAN FACADE APPLICATION
2
1 : 50
1 : 100
7.80
7.80
2
A106
FIGURE 19: FACADE APPLICATION - PLAN & VIEW
17
DESIGN
AIR OUTLET
HEAT
EXCHANGER
1.B
ALUMINIUM
CHIMNEY
UNION OF
MODULES
EXHAUST FAN
1.A
PV PANELS
AIR INLET
FIGURE 20: KIANA’S CONCEPT
1 SINGLE MODULE
18
A101 SINGLE MODULE
Team: Ardiente
DESIGN
Q
ANCHOR SYSTEM
BACK PLATE
INSULATION
RIBS
EQUIPMENT
HEAT EXCHANGER
CHIMNEY
PV PANELS
1.B
EXISTING BUILDING
1.A
EXHAUST FANS
1
AXONOMETRIC EXPLOTED
FIGURE 21: EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC
19
DESIGN
3
A107
2
A107
1
A107
0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
3.30 3.30
6.60
MODULE 1.1 MODULE 1.2
Copper pipes 2 CM Diameter
Cold water input
Warm water output
Tube & Shell heat exchanger
39 x 57 CM box
Cooper pipes
Aluminum sheet 0.4 CM thick
Black paint finish & coating
Insulation 5 CM thick
Phenolic foam
Fan for air exhaust
Diameter 20 CM
Aluminum ribs (7.0 x 0.6 CM)
At every 1.65 M of module
PV Panels
0.3 MM thick
0.40 0.16 0.50
1
00_SECTION TRANSVERSAL
1 : 25
FIGURE 22: SECTION TRANSVERSAL
20
DESIGN
Copper pipes 2 CM Diameter
Cold water input
Warm water output
1.65
Tube & Shell heat exchanger
39 x 57 CM box
Cooper pipes
1.65
6.60
1.65
1.65
3.30
MODULE 1.2
Aluminum sheet 0.4 CM thick
Black paint finish & coating
Insulation 5 CM thick
Phenolic foam
C-Channel (5x5 cm)
For holding insulation
3.30
MODULE 1.1
Fan for air exhaust
Diameter 20 CM
Aluminum ribs (7.0 x 0.6 CM)
At every 1.65 M of module
1.30
1
01_SECTION LONG
1 : 25
FIGURE 23: SECTION LOG
21
DESIGN
0.16
0.16
PVC Pipes
16 CM Diameter
1
0.24 0.41 0.40 0.56
0.24 0.26 0.16
0.40
0.40
Detail 1- Bottom
1 : 10
0.16 0.30 0.30 0.16
0.09 0.11 0.16 0.59 0.16 0.11 0.09
0.05
0.07
0.07 1.15 0.07
0.45
0.07 0.35
1.01
0.14
0.42 0.46 0.42
1.30
Existing concrete column
50 X 50 CM
Existing facade
Concrete core, insulation &
finishing
U-Profile
UPA 150X75X6
Insulation 5 CM thick
Phenolic foam
Fan for air exhaust
Diameter 20 CM
Aluminum ribs (7.0 x 0.6 CM)
At every 1.65 M of module
Aluminum sheet 0.4 CM thick
Black paint finish & coating
PV Panels
0.3 CM thick
Existing concrete column
50 X 50 CM
0.02 0.51 0.51
0.02
Copper pipes 2 CM Diameter
Cold water input
Warm water output
0.40
0.16
0.50
0.24 0.26 0.16
0.40
0.14 1.02 0.14
0.09 1.13 0.09
0.07
0.45
0.07
0.07
0.35
0.15
1.15
0.41
0.07
Existing facade
Concrete core, insulation &
finishing
U-Profile
UPA 150X75X6
Insulation 5 CM thick
Phenolic foam
Tube & Shell heat exchanger
39 x 57 CM box
Cooper pipes
Aluminum ribs (7.0 x 0.6 CM)
At every 1.65 M of module
2
Detail 2- Top
1 : 10
0.42 0.46 0.42
1.30
Aluminum sheet 0.4 CM thick
Black paint finish & coating
FIGURE 24: DETAIL - BOTTOM & TOP
22
DESIGN
0.06
Aluminum tab for coupling
of upper module
Sealant/adhesive
Silicone GE Rubber
Air outlet for warm air
0.47
0.57
0.004
0.05 0.16 0.27
Aluminum sheet 0.4 CM thick
Black paint finish & coating
Tube & Shell heat exchanger
39 x 57 CM box
Cooper pipes
3
12_DETAIL TOP
1 : 10
0.20
0.40 0.16 0.26 0.24
0.40 0.16 0.50
Insulation 5 CM thick
Phenolic foam
U-Profile
UPA 150X75X6
0.004
0.01
0.01
0.05 1.65
1.65
Aluminum sheet 0.4 CM thick
Black paint finish & coating
Aluminum ribs (7.0 x 0.6 CM)
At every 1.65 M of module
Sealant/adhesive
Silicone GE Rubber
Aluminum tab for coupling
of upper module
Insulation 5 CM thick
Phenolic foam
PV Panels
0.3 CM thick
2
11_DETAIL MIDDLE
1 : 10
0.40 0.16 0.26 0.25
U-Profile
UPA 150X75X6
0.40 0.16 0.51
PV Panels
0.3 MM thick
0.004 0.05
Aluminum sheet 0.4 CM thick
Black paint finish & coating
0.06 0.54 0.20
0.26 0.16 0.12
0.25 0.30
0.14
0.21 0.25
Anchor to slab
3/8''- 8NC (9.5 MM)
Insulation 5 CM thick
Phenolic foam
Fan for air exhaust
Diameter 20 CM
PVC Pipes
16 CM Diameter
Aluminum ribs (7.0 x 0.6 CM)
At every 1.65 M of module
0.16 0.40 0.40 0.16
0.26 0.25
0.56 0.40 0.16 0.51
U-Profile
UPA 150X75X6
1
10_DETAIL BOTTOM
1 : 10
FIGURE 25: DETAIL - HEAT EXCHANGER & CONNECTION
23
DESIGN
VISUALISATION
FIGURE 26: ANIMATION - AMC FACADE
24
DESIGN
FIGURE 27: FACADE OF THE AMC, ARDIENTE APPLIED IN SOUTH FACADE
FIGURE 28: CLOSE-UP OF ARDIENTE - PV PANELS AND ALUMINUM
25
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
26
Ardiente has a narrow shape with a total length of
6,60m. Its function is based on natural ventilation
and passive heating through a combination of simple
components. The two functions comprised of exhaust
air extraction and heat supply through heat exchangers
allow having a range of design possibilities.
PRODUCTION
WHAT TO BUILD ?
0.50 m
1.30 m
So the questions were focused on: “What and how was
going to be built?”
Furthermore, from the one hand, the construction of
a prototype in 1:1 scale was not possible due to its
big dimensions. From the other hand, a scale down
in a 1:10 scale was also not efficient, since only the
basic shape could be constructed, leaving out the
demonstration of its functionality.
In the end, the idea that was finally developed was to
create an “educational” prototype in 1:5 scale. Due
to these new dimensions, the different components
of the project could be easily and simply represented,
allowing describing the air and the heat flows by other
means.
The construction of the total length of the project was
not something interesting to be represented since it
is a simple hollow tube where the air flows along its
length.
6.60 m
Further reduction of the height was needed in order
to construct a feasible prototype of at least under 80
cm long. Therefore, several sections along the height
were done, including the most representative parts of
the working concept, such as the ceilings, fans, heat
exchanger, etc.
0.50 m
1.30 m
0.05 m
1.30 m
0.66 m
1.30 m
FIGURE 29: MOCK-UP SCALE DOWN
27
PRODUCTION
1
1
Room 1
Radiator
Heat exchanger
Room 2
Room 2
2
2
Fan
Room 3
3
3
Room 3
FIGURE 30: SELECTION OF SECTION REPRESENTATION
The concept is first demonstrated by the sun rays,
represented by a circuit of LEDs in white colour. After
that, the air goes inside the module through the inlet
opening at the bottom part and it flows along two
modules until the top part, going again to the exterior
through two openings.
On the other hand, the smoking machine that is hidden
at the bottom of the prototype allows representing the
air flow extracted from the interior rooms due to the
fans and hotter air coming from the solar chimney. The
circuit of LEDs inside the solar chimney represents
the air temperature change, which is transforming its
colour as the temperature of the air is being increased
(from cold to hot>from blue to red)
At the upper rooms, there are heat exchangers in order
to save heat and transfer it to the interior rooms. They
are smoking
described as radiators, represented as well as a
circuit of LEDs and with the same colour code. However,
machine
they differ in time from the previous LEDs, as the heat
takes more time to be transferred into the room. All the
cables and electrical connexions for the LEDs and fans
are hidden and controlled in the lower part, due to an
Arduino circuit and an exterior button.
Finally, a fan and a recipient of oil are hidden inside the
upper box in order to extract all the air from the airtight
model.
circu
contro
28
PRODUCTION
opening
air oulet
WATER
smoke-oil remove
Fan
smoke extraction
LEDs
heat transfer
LEDs air temperature and flow
LEDs sunlight
smoke
machine
circuit
controller
opening
air inlet
FIGURE 31: SHAPE OF HEAT TRANSFER AND AIR FLOWS
29
1. MATERIALS
IIn order to materialize properly the prototype,
considering its function and properties of the materials
itself, several pieces of research were performed. The
principal component to be analysed was the solar
chimney module. In the beginning, it was going to be
made of glass in real life due to its great properties
to absorb the heat from the sun. Therefore, a sheet
of transparent styrene was considered to be the
best material to represent this idea. Different ways
to bend this material were performed, from changing
the thickness sheet until bending it through heat
application.
PRODUCTION
PREPARATION
possibilities were proposed but the most realistic one
was performed by the smoke machine. The smoke
machine provided from the University did not work,
so alternatives of producing smoke were discussed,
such as small smoke machine, flour powder, etc.
Frankincense was concluded to be the cheapest and
cleanest one, but with no sufficient smoke strength.
Due to this important function in the project, an airtight
box made of cardboard was constructed, simulating
the air coming from the room through a pipe. Fans were
placed at specific locations in order to facilitate the air
movement through different rooms and spaces.
All the cables from the circuit of LEDs and fans, as well
as the smoke machine, were discussed to be hidden
at the lower part of the model. Moreover, extra space
at the upper part was required in order to place an oil
container, in charge of removing the air to the outside.
FIGURE 32: BENDING STYRENE
However, after testing and trying to form the module
shape, it proved to be not the suitable material for this
case (see Figure 32). Further research was performed
and the glass was replaced by an aluminium sheet in
the real-life product. For this reason, non-transparent
styrene was selected, but in this case, by cutting and
pasting the different parts individually. However, it
proved to be difficult to work with this complicated
material. The solution was grey cardboard with 2 mm
thickness, despite losing the glossiness effect and thin
sheet of the metal sheet in real life.
After searching for different possibilities of representing
the increase of the air temperature (powder colour,
coloured arrows, etc), a circuit of LEDs finally came
out. A better and dynamic representation of the air
temperature flow was able to be performed with them.
LEDs were used for representing the sun, the air flow
inside the solar chimney and the heat exchangers
(white colour for the sun, blue for the cold temperature
and red for the hot temperature air).
A representation of the air flow was challenging due
to its lightness and specific properties. Different
In order to show and demonstrate all the functions
of the project, a transparent property material was
selected for the lateral sides of the model. Plexiglas
is an expensive material and due to the limited
sheets from the University supply, a reduction of the
transparent surface was required, therefore ending in
an increase of the wooden part.
A demountable concept of the chimney box was
desirable, as well as the connexion to the facade
through some anchors. In the end, a solution based
on C-channels along the height on the module allowed
reducing the undesirable heat transfer to the facade, as
well as increasing the possibilities of demount-ability.
In order to represent the insulation, a 10 cm-foam of
polystyrene was discussed. However, a thinner sheet
was chosen later due to the unnecessary thermal
insulation, as the chimney box was finally separated
from the facade.
2. CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS
AIn the beginning, the Autocad program was used to do
the constructions plans. However, any small modification
of the prototype ended in a time consuming changing
process within the program. So, once a 3D model was
done in Rhinoceros, the rest of 2D plans were able to
be easily and faster performed. The program was set
30
PRODUCTION
Material List
Mock-up material Real-life material Thickness/Size Color Quantity Supply
Multiplex
Existing wall/slab
Frame*
d: 6, 9, 18 mm Natural s. plans University
Plexiglas Frame* 70x70mm Transparent 2 University
Rubber sealant Sealant plexiglass* L: 5.2 m Black 1 Group
Styrene
Metal box
Sunlight*
Radiator
Heat exchanger
d: 1.0 mm 2
Transparent 3x sheets Group
d: 0.5 mm 2 Transparent 1x sheet Group
Styrodur Insulation d: 0.1 m Grey/white 1x (1x0.5m) Group
PVC pipes (flexible)"
Ventilation of room
r: 10 mm
Black 1 Group
Smoke extraction* r: 50mm - 1 Group
Silicon pipe Smoke channel* r: 20 mm - 1 Group
PV Cell / Printing PV panels Printed 45 Group
Fan Export of the smoke* 60x60x25 mm - 1 Group
Fan grill Export of the smoke* 60x60 mm Black 1 Group
Micro Fan
Exhaust air ventilation
system
25x25x10mm - 2 Group
LED
strip
Power supply
regulator
cables single core
PVC U-Profiles
Brushes or roller
& paint
Daylight* 1m White 2 University
Heat transfer
Air temperature
1 m RGB 6 University
Circuit* 5-12 V - 1 University
Circuit*
Support of heat
exchanger & radiator
For finishing of the
wood*
d: 2mm
L: 25m
40x40mm
L:200
Black, white,
yellow
3 University
White 8 University
25m 2 Grey, Black 1 Group
* These materials do not any real-life material, they are used for the structure for the mock-up
TABLE 1: MATERIAL LIST
31
PRODUCTION
up in a way that any change in the 3D model would be
automatically transfered in the final drawings.
The drawings for the construction weeks were organized
in A4 layout sheets (see Appendix) for practical reasons.
Moreover, an specific naming system has been used in
order to recognize easily the different pieces so that
avoiding any type of confusions (see Figure 35).
Material thickness
Material
W: wood
C: carboard
I: insulation
P: plexiglas
ST: styrene
Scale of print
Titel: W6 H06
Scale: 1:2
x 4
FIGURE 35: DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTION PLANS
Unique Code
Number of pieces
3. ARDUINO
Top
An arduino circuit was developed to connect and
program then electronic components for the
representation of heat transfer and air flow.
Botton
Titel: W9 H05
Scale: 1:2
Firstly one by one each component were checked and
then programmed separately. Finally their function
was combined in one script.
Section | 1:2
Titel: W 18 H02
Titel: W6 H06
Scale: 1:5 Scale: 1:2 x 4
FIGURE 33: SAMPLE OF CONSTRUCTION PLANS
Everything was taking into consideration, such as
extra openings and space for the installation of the fan
cables and LEDs, air flow, thickness of each material,
etc.
Before the final drawings and constructed prototype,
several physical models were made during all the
design process. In the previous period, before the
building weeks, a 1:15 physical model was constructed
to ensure that all the points of the mock-up were
precisely sold.
LEDs with integrated chip were used to simplify the
circuit. The sunlight LEDs were programmed to open
and close by a button. The air temperature LEDs were
getting from blue to red steady once the sunlight was
on. The heat transfer LEDs were moving red LEDs the
gets lighter the more red the air temperature LEDs are.
After a few tries it was find out that heat capacitors are
needed to stabilize the current supply. Also the current
supply was not enough to supply all the LEDs, and a
voltage-up converter is needed to power the extraction
fan.
The cables were planned to run along the construction
to connect all the components to an Arduinomicro-controler
through a board. Thus, holes in the
construction elements were foreseen.
㈀ 砀 㘀 䰀 䔀 䐀 猀 ㈀ 砀 㘀 䰀 䔀 䐀 猀 ㈀ 砀 㘀 䰀 䔀 䐀 猀
匀 甀 渀 䠀 攀 愀 琀 䔀 砀 挀 栀 ⸀ 䄀 椀 爀 吀 攀 洀 瀀 攀 爀 ⸀
倀 漀 眀 攀 爀
䔀 氀 ⸀ 䌀 愀 瀀 愀 挀 椀 琀 漀 爀
㔀 嘀 ⼀ 䄀
㐀 砀 甀 䘀
㔀 嘀
瘀 漀 氀 琀 愀 最 攀 甀 瀀
挀 漀 渀 瘀 攀 爀 琀 攀 爀
㈀ 嘀
㔀 嘀
䘀 愀 渀
FIGURE 35: MODEL 1:15
䄀 刀 䈀 㔀 ⴀ 䐀 ㈀ 䈀 甀 挀 欀 礀 䰀 愀 戀 䐀 攀 猀 椀 最 渀 ⴀ 䌀 䄀 䐀 簀 䨀 愀 瘀 椀 攀 爀 䴀 漀 渀 琀 攀 洀 愀 礀 漀 爀 ⴀ 㐀 㜀 㠀 㤀 㠀 㠀 簀 儀 椀 愀 漀 䌀 攀 渀 搀 漀 渀 ⴀ 㐀 㠀 㔀 㐀 㤀 㔀 簀 吀 漀 氀 最 愀 혀 稀 搀 攀 洀 椀 爀 ⴀ 㐀 㠀 㐀 アパート 㤀 㔀 㤀 簀 匀 攀 礀 攀 搀 攀 栀 䬀 椀 愀 渀 愀 䴀 漀 甀 猀 愀 瘀 椀 ⴀ 㐀 㠀 㜀 㠀 㜀 アパート 㘀 簀 一 椀 欀 漀 氀 攀 琀 愀 匀 椀 搀 椀 爀 漀 瀀 漀 甀 氀 漀 甀 ⴀ 㐀 㠀 ㈀㈀ 㔀 㔀 ㈀
FIGURE 36: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
32
After weeks of testing new materials and searching for
different optimization shapes, the practical part of the
course was finally about to start in Rotterdam.
Day 1
An introduction to the building, different machines, tool
instructions, safeness and rules were given in the first
session, in order to get familiar with this working site.
Day 2
All the wood and Plexiglas were supplied that day.
Looking in detail at the rigidity of the Plexiglas and
the heaviness of the 18 mm wood, a change of the
thickness of the wood into 9 mm was a lighter and more
efficient solution. So, pieces that were not affected by
this new thickness dimension were cut.
The 2 mm cardboard of the module that was previously
selected did not work, as it was not stable enough
according to the required height. Therefore, a final
sheet of 4 mm wooden plate was used.
The Arduino programming started since the first day, as
it was going to take a lot of time, checking at first the
LEDs function.
Day 3
New construction drawing plans were made according
to the change of thickness of wood in the previous day.
The rest of the wood pieces were cut.
The micro-fans were removed according to the basic
smoke test, which proved that they were not needed.
With regards to the Arduino circuits, a set up of the
program was done.
Day 4
The cutting pieces and Arduino set up was still in process.
Meanwhile, it was decided to split the construction into
several parts, allowing to be individually assembled.
The order that was discussed to be joined was first the
main building structure, then, the smaller individual
parts, and lastly, the electronic circuits and smoke
installations. Unfortunately, the first part was already
assembled, making more difficult the installation of
the electronic circuits. However, it was finally solved by
putting strings and tape in the interior of the box.
PRODUCTION
BUILDING
FIGURE 37: BUILDING PROCESS
33
Day 5
The smaller individual parts were assembled together
and they were ready to be painted with the first layer
of grey primer colour. Other pieces related to the solar
chimney box were cut and sanded. As regards with
Arduino, this was the last day of setting up the program.
Day 6
Once the colour got dry and realized the good colour
surface quality of the pieces, another second layer of
this grey primer was decided. Pieces of styrene were
cut in order to start to make the interior components,
such as heat exchangers and radiators, and then they
were carefully sanded.
Installing the circuit components inside the assembled
parts was a difficult task, due to the height of the box
and narrows holes to put the cables through it.
Day 7
Styrene pieces for the interior components were still
being made. The square holes that were previously
decided to be made, changed into circular shape due
to it was faster and easier with the machines provided
in the work site. Therefore, the supports for holding
these interior components changed from square boxes
of styrene into simple plastic tubes.
Once the components of Arduino were installed, the
colours of the LEDs circuit were still not correct as
they were programmed. One of the reasons that were
predicted was about the intensity of the current, which
needed to be arranged by an alternating current power
supply.
As the cut wooden pieces had some inaccuracies,
several arrangements needed to be done, such as
sanding them or filling the gap with other thin pieces of
cardboard. Most of the model was painted by the end
of that day and also rubber sealant was placed in the
slabs.
PRODUCTION
Day 8
The pieces of the solar chimney were painted in a
darker grey that was carefully created, thus simulating
the metal sheet in real life. Using a paper template,
PV cells were painted on top of them even in a darker
colour. More pieces of styrene were cut to hold the
insulation at the back plate. Final pieces were cut and
assembled in order to finish the final details, such as
the exterior button, the bottom supports of the model,
etc. Electronic circuits were still in the installation
process. The limited sheets of plexiglass for all teams
were provided and unfortunately, there was a big gap
between the cut sheets and the wood.
FIGURE 38: BUILDING PROCESS
34
PRODUCTION
wood
cardboard
styrene
plexiglas
styredur
PVC
sealant
FIGURE 39: DIVISION OF CONSTRUCTION IN SMALLER PARTS
35
PRODUCTION
Day 9
Several units of Frankincense were tested at the bottom
part of the model in order to check possible leaks. Like
there were, a painted L was made by wood to reduce
exhaust fumes to the outside. Moreover, the quantity
and quality of smoke were not productive enough in
order to achieve the desired visual effect of airflow.
Therefore, a small smoke machine was decided to be
bought in the following weeks. The electronic circuits
worked perfectly and all the cables were carefully fixed,
tight and hidden in the interior of the prototype. The
problem of the Plexiglas was solved by reducing its size
in order to achieve parallel and accurate perpendicular
sides. Moreover, it was decided to be drilled to reduce
the undesired smoke leak. Therefore with this solution,
a more airtight but also stable Plexiglas sheet was
achieved. The rest of the components were forced to
be assembled and in the end, everything was joined.
Day 10
This day was only for cleaning and transferring the
models, along with other machines, back to the
university in Delft.
After the building weeks
Last refinements were made, like the section lines
in the plexiglass. The new small smoke machine is
supplied and another smoking test took place. The test
shows that the smoke was flowing from the room to the
interior of Ardiente mostly stayed there. The installed
fan for air extraction was not enough so that the smoke
flow out from the top opening of Ardiente. Finally, it
was decided 1:20 model was made, to represent the
project at its full shape.
FIGURE 40: BUILDING PROCESS
FIGURE 41: BUILDING PROCESS
36
PRODUCTION
MOCK-UP
FIGURE 42: MOCK-UP & 1:20 MODEL
37
PRODUCTION
FIGURE 43: MOCK-UP & 1:20 MODEL
38
PRODUCTION
FIGURE 44: TEAM
39
MECHANICS
MECHANICS
40
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
1° MODULE 2° MODULE
MECHANICS
DESCRIPTION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
0.24
0.26
AIR OUTLET
HEAT EXCHANGER
HALLOW TUBE
C-PROFILE
FAN/EXHAUST
HALLOW TUBE
C-PROFILE
AIR INLET
D'
A
FIGURE 45: AXONOMETRIC
0.42
G
D
0.46
B
0.12 1.06
1.30
E
0.42
F
FIGURE 46: DRAWING-MEASURES
0.49
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
0.12
Measures (mm)
Length : 1300 AD’, E’C : 260
Width : 500 DE : 460
Hight : 3300 DD’,EE’ : 490
FC, AG : 120 AC : 1300
E'
C
In order to start a proper structural analysis, it is first
necessary to bring a simple definition to the design
proposed for the AMC facade.
Ardiente is an attachable metallic hollow box that acts
as a solar chimney, serving two lower and upper rooms
with natural ventilation and passive heating. The system
consists of two long prismatic modules, comprised of
a black plate which is facing the existing building and
an adjustable front plate. The shape of Ardiente can
be modified according to every building type, but in
the case of AMS, it has five faces due to the wind load
forces and the increased of solar gain for the PV cells.
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
Regarding connections, the modules are attached
to the building through two U-profiles, placed along
the vertical direction of the back plate of the project.
Anchors are needed to connect first of all the module
to the U-profile, and after that, to connect the U-profile
to the slabs of the existing building. Specifications of
these anchors and U-profiles are also included at the
end of this report.
The connection between both hollow modules is
through a bending process, ensuring that no warm air is
transferred and leaked. As this detail is not structurally
interesting, is not going to be further analysed in this
report.
The whole system is comprised of two-storey height, and
each of these two modules is one storey high, 3.3 m.
Regarding the structural behaviour, the whole system is
considered as one, but for analytical calculations, one
module will be taken into account.
Apart from the principal function of the metallic box,
achieving high temperatures and pressure differences
due to air openings, other interior components have
also a major role for its operation. The fresh air coming
from the exterior is first introduced to the interior,
then is heated up, and finally is extracted again to the
exterior. In order to help with the extraction of the air
from each room, two fans are placed inside the bottom
part of the module. Moreover, two heat exchangers
are placed at the top part in order to transfer the heat
into the interior through radiators, which produce heat
water for the building use.
TABLE 2: MEASURES
41
MECHANICS
APROXIMATIONS
For the structural analysis, the following assumptions The two wind load case studies are analysed according
are taken into consideration:
to a structural perspective, from the top and lateral
• Every single hollow module is made of metal flat application, important to investigate the following
sheets that are well connected and fixed with each points:
other.
• The necessary thickness (h) of the metallic flat
• The sheet of the backplate is strongly fixed to the sheets (front and backplate sheets)
U-Channels.
• The necessity of placing ribs inside the module in
• The self-weight of the whole box is small, so is not the horizontal direction.
considered in the hand calculations.
• In case of necessary ribs, their required dimensions
• Due to the thin nature of the sheets that comprise and distances between them.
the box, wind loads are the most critical to be
considered in the analytical calculation. PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK A simplified STUDENT 3D version VERSION of the unit was modeled in the
• Arch formulas are taken from the website www.
structx.com (Fixed parabolic arches and Tied
parabolic arch - Two Hinge)
Diana software. The hand calculation results were
compared later with the finite element analysis (FEA)
results, under an assumption of a wind load of 1kN/m 2 .
1° MODULE 2° MODULE
HOLLOW TUBE
WIND LOADS
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
CONNECTION
BETWEEN MODULES
WEAK POINT
CONNECTION
TO EXISTING
BUILDING
FIGURE 47: POINTS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Material Properties (AL 6070 T6)
Young’s modulus 69000 MPa
Yield strength
310 Mpa
Possion’s Ration 0.33
Density 2,7x10 3 kg/m 3
Safety factor 1.65
W
TABLE 3: MATERIAL PROPERTIES
W
FIGURE 48: PLAN - TOP WIND LOAD
FIGURE 49: PLAN - SIDE WIND LOAD
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
42
MECHANICS
In order to calculate the necessary geometry of the module,
it was important to convert the 3D structure box into a
schematic 2D structure of its cross section.
Moreover, a further simplification of the shape is applied
when is needed, considering a half circumference or
a rectangle geometry, so in this way, it was possible to
compare and verify the hand calculations with the
Diana results.
The following analytical studies are focused first on
the module without and with the backplate (open
and closed frame), then dimensions and distances of
possible ribs, and finally, other connections.
1
OPEN FRAME
3
RIBS CASE
DISTANCE OF THE RIBS
A. FRONT FRAME
h=?
?
B. BACKPLATE
h=?
2
CLOSED FRAME
A. FLAT SHEET
h=?
B. RIBS
FIGURE 50: CASES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
b rib
=?
h rib
=?
43
MECHANICS
1. OPEN FRAME
The first approach is to divide the cross section into
two different parts, the front frame and the backplate,
in order to calculate them separately as beams. The
dimensions and factors considered are: b=1000mm,
h=2mm and W= 1kN/m
1.A Front frame
For the hand calculations, the polygon shape of the
project is simplified to an arch in order to analyse
the forces, moments and maximum stress. However,
for calculating the deflections, an approximation of a
rectangular frame is needed to be simplified.
W
B
A
C
R A
R C
FIGURE 52: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR STRESSES CALCULATION
Having done the calculations for top wind load case
and considering a sheet made of 2 mm, it can be seen
in the results that the arched approximation shows a
little and no relation to the actual values given by FEA.
This result is due to basic simplifications and it means
that another way of approaching the problem might be
needed. In any case, both calculations were conclusive
in which the sheet would not be able to withstand the
wind load applied from the top side.
A
B
FIGURE 53: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
C
D
B
E
D’
W
E’
D’
E’
δ max
A
C
A
C
FIGURE 51: BEAM SIMPLIFICATIONS
FIGURE 54: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR DEFLECTION CALCULATION
Top Wind Load
Results H. Calculations Diana Required
R A
0.65 kN 0.71 kN
R c
0.65 kN 0.71 kN
M A,
M C
0 kNm 0 kNm
M E’,
M D’
0.03 kNm 0.03 kNm
M E,
M D
0.015 kNm 0.012 kNm
M B
0 kNm* 0.04 kNm
σ max
51.05 N/mm 2 70.80 N/mm 2 in B <310 N/m 2
δ max
455 mm 105.77 mm in B <2 mm
TABLE 4: CASE 1A - RESULTS OF TOP WIND LOAD - B=2MM
44
MECHANICS
Even though the maximum stress obtained is
acceptable, considering a moment in between points
A-B and B-C, the deflection is very high (455 mm by
hand, 105 mm in FEA). Given such unacceptable
deflection, it means that the module would have noise
problems that could represent discomfort for the users
in the rooms.
However, if an improvement was to be made, for
example by increasing the sheet thickness to 8 mm,
the final deflection could be reduced to a minimum of
1.65 mm according to FEA. Unfortunately, this solution
cannot be accepted as it would increase considerably
the weight of the project and decrease the efficiency of
the heat gain.
FIGURE 55: DIANA STRESSES TOP WIND LOAD
FIGURE 56: DIANA DEFLECTIONS TOP WIND LOAD
Top Wind Load
Results Improved DIANA Required
σ max 8.73 N/mm 2 <310 N/m 2
δ max 1.65 mm <2 mm
FIGURE 57: DIANA DEFLECTIONS IMPROVED
TABLE 5: CASE 1A - RESULTS OF IMPROVED TOP WIND LOAD - B=8MM
45
MECHANICS
Considering the same case, for a frame without a
backplate, a further analysis was made by applying the
wind load from one side. The previous case of top load
gave already conclusive results about the necessity
of an extra structure to support the metallic box.
However, the side load seems to be more critical for
the stabilisation of the box, which makes more sense
in this project.
W
A
B
R A
H A
H C
R C
C
Starting to discuss the conclusions from the table
below, the hand calculations are still far from the
results given by Diana. The reactions and moments give
an estimated idea of the behaviour of the structure,
with a maximum moment reached on the left portion
of the figure, exactly where the wind hits directly the
box. It can be seen that the rest of the module deforms
accordingly to this force. It is evident that the moments
in the supports given by Diana are almost zero, which
is different from the given formulas for the hand
calculation process. This can confirm the difference in
approximations and the necessity of another approach
for the solution of the problem.
FIGURE 58: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR STRESSES CALCULATION
B
A
C
FIGURE 59: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
δ max
From the rest of the results, the most relevant points
are stresses and deflections. The maximum stress
reached by both procedures is similar (138.6 N/mm 2 by
hand and 109.15 N/mm 2 by FEA) and is not considered
critical as it is under the allowable permitted stress.
W
FIGURE 60: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR DEFLECTION CALCULATION
Side Wind Load
Results H. Calculations Diana Required
R A
0.048 kN 0.17 kN
R c
0.048 kN -0.17 kN
H A
0.39 kN -0.50 kN
H c
0.10 kN 0.29 kN
M A
0.045 kNm 5.05 x 10 -18 kNm
M B
0.0054 kNm 0.13 kNm
M c
0.017 kNm 3.82 x 10 -16 kNm
M D
0.049 kNm 0.075 kNm
M D’
0.056 kNm 0.054 kNm
M E
0.039 kNm 0.057 kNm
M E’
0.049 kNm 0.054 kNm
σ max 138 .6 N/mm 2 109.15 N/mm 2 in D’ <310 N/m 2
δ max 21.22 mm 223.70 mm in E <2 mm
TABLE 6: CASE 1A - RESULTS WIND LOAD SIDE - B=2MM
46
MECHANICS
Regarding deflections, the results differ a lot, having
a difference in more than 200 mm. If the results from
the software need to be considered, this would mean
that the 2 mm metallic box would deflect more than is
allowed.
Therefore, a new improvement was tested in the
software, increasing this time the thickness of the
sheet to 10 mm. This helped to reduce the deflection
to a value of 1.73 mm, which is less than maximum
permitted deflection of 2 mm.
However, as happened in the previous case, the
thickness of more than 3 mm sheet is not desirable in
order to keep the thermal properties of the box, as is
the basic concept of every solar chimney.
FIGURE 61: DIANA STRESSES SIDE WIND LOAD
FIGURE 62: DIANA DEFLECTIONS SIDE WIND LOAD
Side Wind Load
Results Improved DIANA Required
σ max 5.82 N/mm 2 <310 N/m 2
δ max 1.7 mm <2 mm
FIGURE 63: DIANA DEFLECTIONS IMPROVED TABLE 7: CASE 1A - RESULTS SIDE WIND LOAD IMPROVED - B=8
47
MECHANICS
1.B Back plate
For the backplate analysis to explore the possibility of
its thickness, the reactions from the previous case were
considered, as the front sheet affects the structural
behaviour of this backplate is important.
According to the former calculations, when the wind
load is applied to the top edges, the backplate gets the
maximum vertical forces and when is applied from the
lateral side, it gets the maximum bending moments.
Therefore, both cases are further analysed in order to
define the required thickness of the backplate.
The dimensions taken into account are b=1000 mm,
h=2 mm and L AC
=1.3 m. The wind forces are already
inside the calculations of the front plate, thus are not
considered.
After the calculations were done, it could be seen that
by a top wind load condition, the maximum bending
moment and deflection appears in the middle of the
backplate. Nevertheless, by considering side wind
load, the maximum bending moments, stresses and
deflections are focused in the left side of the backplate
(point A), exactly where the wind force is applied.
In contrast with the previous case, the maximum
deflection achieved is when the load is applied from
the top side, with an unacceptable value of deflection
A
G
A G
A
C
C
M 1
M 2
F R 2
R 1
G
F
FIGURE 67: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR STRESSES CALCULATION SIDE LOAD
F C
F C
M
A G
FIGURE 68: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM SIDE LOAD
δ max
R 1
R 2
FIGURE 64: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR STRESSES CALCULATION TOP LOAD
FIGURE 65: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM TOP LOAD
δ max
A
G
F
C
A
G
F
C
FIGURE 66: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR DEFLECTION CALCULATION TOP LOAD
FIGURE 69: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR DEFLECTION CALCULATION SIDE LOAD
Top Wind Load
Results H. Calculations Diana Required
R G 0.65 kN 0.65 kN
R F 0.65 kN 0. 65 kN
M A 0 kNm 0 kNm
M C 0 kNm 0 kNm
M G 0.078 kNm 0.078 kNm
M F 0.078 kNm 0.078 kNm
σ max 117 N/m 2 117 N/m 2 <310 N/m 2
δ max 238 mm 238 mm in middle of GF <2 mm
TABLE 8: CASE 1B - RESULTS TOP WIND LOAD - B=2MM
48
MECHANICS
FIGURE 1: DIANA STRESSES TOP WIND LOAD
FIGURE 1: DIANA STRESSES SIDE WIND LOAD
FIGURE 1: DIANA DEFLECTIONS TOP WIND LOAD
FIGURE 1: DIANA DEFLECTIONS SIDE WIND LOAD
238 mm calculated in both approximations. This
direction of the wind seemed to be the most critical for
the stresses and deflection of the backplate, so further
analysis was required.
Regarding the values found for reactions forces and
moments, it can be seen that very similar results
were obtained by both methods. This means that the
hand calculations method was applied very accurate
and results were reliable. The reason for this accuracy
might be because the shape of the component was
really simple, so formulas were not as complex as the
other cases.
In order to comply with the requirements, an
improvement of the thickness of the backplate was
applied gradually. As mentioned, the top load was the
most critical situation, so a final thickness of 10 mm
was needed to stabilize the behaviour of this sheet.
Side Wind Load
Results H. Calculations Diana Required
R G 3.8 x 10 -4 kN 3.8 x 10 -4 kN
R F 3.8 x 10 -4 kN 3.8 x 10 -4 kN
M A 0.045 kNm 0.045 kNm
M C 0.017 kNm 0.017 kNm
M G 0.039 kNm 0.039 kNm
M F 0.011 kNm 0.011 kNm
σ max 67.5 N/m 2 67.50 N/m 2 in A <310 N/m 2
δ max 76 mm 46 mm in middle of GF <2 mm
TABLE 9: CASE 1B - RESULTS TOP WIND LOAD B=2MM
Top Wind Load
Results Improved DIANA Required
σ max 4.68 N/m 2 <310 N/m 2
δ max 1.9 mm <2 mm
FIGURE 70: DIANA DEFLECTIONS IMPROVED
TABLE 10: CASE 2B - RESULTS IMPROVED TOP WIND LOAD - B=10MM
49
MECHANICS
1.C EVALUATION FRONT & BACKPLATE
The improved solution of the previous cases was
ending with a thickness of 10 mm. This result was
totally far from what it was expected at the beginning
and additionally, it decreased a lot the efficiency of the
solar chimney concept.
One point that was considered is that the solar chimney
acted as a sum of the two pieces, allowing balancing
the internal forces and thus be able to stabilize the
structural behaviour.
Regarding the values found for reactions forces and
moments, it can be seen that very similar results
were obtained by both methods. This means that the
hand calculations method was applied very accurate
and results were reliable. The reason for this accuracy
might be because the shape of the component was
really simple, so formulas were not as complex as the
other cases.
and an acceptable deformation value. The final result
ended with a 6 mm thickness sheet and a deformation
value of 1.60mm<2 mm, which was better from the
previous improved values of 1.70 mm (front frame) and
1.90 mm (backplate).
This result was achievable due to the combination of
the structural behaviour of both components and the
addition of a cap at the bottom side, which increased
the stability, and therefore decreased by far the
deformations and stresses of the final box.
Side Wind Load
thickness (b) Results δ max
Required δ max
10 mm 0.37 mm
6 mm 1.60 mm
TABLE 11: CASE 1 - RESULTS DIANA
<2 mm
In order to comply with the requirements, an
improvement of the thickness of the backplate was
applied gradually. As mentioned, the top load was the
most critical situation, so a final thickness of 10 mm
was needed to stabilise the behaviour of this sheet.
For further improvement, a new 3D model in Diana was
performed but considering initial factors such as 10
mm thickness and a wind load from the lateral side. As
a result of FEA, a deflection of 0.37 mm was achieved,
which it complied by far the minimum requirement.
As this new deflection was noticeable smaller, the
thickness of the box was able to be reduced and
therefore improve the solar heat capacity of the solar
chimney. Therefore a new analysis from Diana was
done gradually until achieving an optimal thickness
FIGURE 71: CASE 1 - RESULTS DIANA - B=10MM
FIGURE 72: CASE 1 - RESULTS DIANA IMPROVED - B=6MM
50
MECHANICS
2. CLOSED FRAME
W
In this approach, loads of the cross section
are calculated according to two different beam
sections: a flat sheet (b>h) considered in case A
and a rib (h>b) in case B. Like before, in both cases,
the polygon shape needs to be simplified in order
to perform structural analysis. For the calculation
of forces, moments and maximum stress, it is
considered an arch with a tie, and for deflections,
it is considered a simple rectangle frame.
A
R A
B
C
R C
The wind load is still w=1kN/m, considering a force
applied to a wide of 1 m along the solar chimney
tube.
2.Unit as flat sheet
The dimensions that are considered for the
calculation of the beam are b=1000mm and
h=5mm.
D’
A
D
B
E
FIGURE 73: BEAM SIMPLIFICATIONS
b
FIGURE 74: CASE 2A - BEAM SECTION
h
E’
C
A
A
FIGURE 75: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR STRESSES CALCULATION
B
FIGURE 76: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
W
D’ E’
δ max
FIGURE 77: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR DEFLECTION CALCULATION
C
C
Top Wind Load
Results H. Calculations Diana Required
R A 0.65 kN 0.714 kN
R c 0.65 kN 0.714 kN
M A,
M C 0 kNm 0.015 kNm
M E’,
M D’
0.087 kNm
M E,
M D
0.017 kNm
M B 3.3 x 10 -6 kNm 0.044 kNm
σ max 0 N/m 2 20.89 N/m 2 in D’ <310 N/m 2
δ max - 56 mm 6.1 mm in middle of DE <2 mm
TABLE 12: CASE 2A RESULTS TOP WIND LOAD
51
MECHANICS
Firstly, the structural behaviour is analysed when
the wind load is applied from the top. From the
results of the table, it can be seen that with this
wind load direction, the simplification into an arch
and a rectangle is not totally effective, because
the values of bending moments, stresses and
deflection differ a lot from the real model. In this
case, the FEA seems to have more reasonable
results and therefore, be more reliable for real
situation behaviour.
The assumption of 5mm thickness from hand
calculations seems to be sufficient against breaking
load, but with big consequences in deflection.
Therefore, further FEA was needed, where the
thickness of the material was increased steadily.
In the end, a thickness of 7,5 mm was found to be
the most suitable, with a final deformation of 1,8
mm.
FIGURE 78: DIANA STRESSES TOP LOAD
FIGURE 79: DIANA DEFLECTIONS TOP LOAD
Top Wind Load
Results Improved DIANA Required
σ max 9x 10 -3 N/m 2 <310 N/m 2
δ max 1.8 mm <2 mm
FIGURE 80: CASE 2A - DIANA TOP LOAD IMPROVED
TABLE 13: CASE 2A RESULTS IMPROVED TOP WIND LOAD - B= 7.5MM
52
MECHANICS
Secondly, the structural behaviour is analysed
when the load is applied from the lateral side. From
the table, it can be concluded that with this wind
load direction, the simplification into an arch is not
effective either, due to the difference of values
of bending moments and stresses. However, the
values of deflections from hand calculations are
close enough to FEA results. The assumption
of 5 mm thickness, in this case, is also enough
for resisting to breaking loads, but big deflection
appears as a consequence. So, further analysis
in Diana was needed, in which the thickness of
the material was increased step by step. Finally, a
calculation of 7,5 mm thickness seems to be the
most suitable one, with deformation of 1,9 mm,
which is acceptable.
W
A
FIGURE 82: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR STRESSES CALCULATION
B
H A N H C
R A
C
R C
δ max
B
W
A
C
FIGURE 81: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR DEFLECTION CALCULATION
FIGURE 83: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
Side Wind Load
Results H. Calculations Diana Required
R A
-0.096 kN - 0.167 kN
R c
0.096 kN 0.167 kN
H A
0.5 kN 0 kN
H c
-0.5 kN 0 kN
N 0.143 kN 0 kN
M A
- 0.054 kNm - 0.051kNm
M B
- 0.009 kNm - 0.011 kNm
M c
0.071 kNm 0.043 kNm
M D
0.346 kNm (in L/3) 0.010 kNm
M D’
0.048 kNm
M E
- 0.262 (in L/3) - 0.033kNm
M E’
- 0.017kNm
σ max 83.03N/m 2 12.32 N/m 2 in A <310 N/m 2
δ max 5.8 mm 6.25 mm in middle of EE’ <2 mm
TABLE 14: CASE 2A RESULTS SIDE WIND LOAD
53
MECHANICS
FIGURE 83: DIANA STRESSES SIDE WIND LOAD
FIGURE 84: DIANA DEFLECTIONS SIDE WIND LOAD
Side Wind Load
Results Improved DIANA Required
σ max 9x 10 -3 N/m 2 <310 N/m 2
δ max 1.9 mm <2 mm
FIGURE 85: CASE 2A - DIANA SIDE LOAD IMPROVED
TABLE 15: CASE 2A RESULTS IMPROVED SIDE WIND LOAD
54
MECHANICS
2.B Unit with Ribs
For the calculation of the ribs, the same simplification
schemes explained in case 2.A (Fig. XX) is considered.
Moreover, only calculations of deflection are needed in
this approach, since the previous analysis proved that
thickness over 5 mm was resistant against braking
loads. Nevertheless, complete hand calculations were
developed in order to check the results and compare
them with Diana (see Appendix).
Firstly, the structural behaviour of a rib that supports
a 1m wide flat sheet is analysed. The self-weight of
the flat sheet is neglected, so the only force that is
considered is the wind load of 1 kN/m 2 applied from
the top side of the rib (Fig. 86). If we consider 1 m wide
of the flat sheet around the rib, it means that a wind
force of 1kN/m is applied to each rib.
Secondly, an analysis of the wind load from the top
and lateral side of the rib was evaluated in the hand
calculations for deformation. For the calculation of the
deformation, an average between simple supported
and fixed beam deformation was performed, in order to
consider the rest of the forces of the structure. In this
case, since the ribs will be main structural elements,
a deformation less than 1 mm is demanded. In the
end, it could be seen that the top wind load was more
critical for the structural behaviour of the rib, but with
a small difference.
The initially expected dimensions of the ribs in the hand
calculations were increasing gradually, achieving a final
dimension of b=6mm and h=70mm. Nevertheless, like
in the previous cases, the simplification shape leads to
non-reliable results, therefore Diana analysis needs to
be performed and checked.
Finally, an acceptable deflection of under 0.5 mm
was obtained in both cases of wind load. Therefore,
the next step is to calculate the distance between the
calculated ribs.
FIGURE 87: DEFLECTION TOP LOAD
1.0 m
b
h
without self
weight
FIGURE 86: CASE 2B - BEAM SECTION
FIGURE 88: DEFLECTION SIDE LOAD
Top Wind Load
Results H. Calculations Diana Required
δ max 1.85 mm - 0.39 mm in middle of DE <1 mm
TABLE 16: RESULTS TOP WIND LOAD
Side Wind Load
Results H. Calculations Diana Required
δ max 0.08 mm 0.38 mm in D <1 mm
TABLE 17: RESULTS SIDE WIND LOAD
55
MECHANICS
1.C EVALUATION SHEET VS RIBS
According to the previous analysis, a thickness of 5
mm is more than enough regarding the stresses that
are developed when both wind load directions are
applied. However, the calculated deflection exceeds
the maximum value required, which can lead to
undesirable buckling and noise production.
In order to verify the results and improve even more
these calculations, a new 3D analysis of the whole
module was conducted in Diana. The wind load
direction was set from the lateral side since this
direction has the biggest deflections. The FEA results
shows that the thickness of 7.5 mm, has a 0.64 mm
deflection. The deflection difference with the beam
calculations is logical because the module is a hollow
tube with one cap from one side, which contributes to
the stability of the structure. This model was improved
and analysed further, allowing reduction to 5.5 mm
thickness, obtaining a final and acceptable deflection
of 1.64 mm.
It is important to mention, that structure of 6 mm
thickness leads to an approximate weight of 180 kg for
each module, leading to heavy construction. Therefore,
it is concluded that a further structural analysis with
ribs is necessary to increase the structural stability and
allow at the same time to decreasing the thickness of
the box even more.
Side Wind Load
thickness (b) Results δ max
Required δ max
7.5 mm 0.64 mm
5.5 mm 1.64 mm
TABLE 18: CASE 2A - RESULTS DIANA
<2 mm
The improved result of case 2 concluded with the
possibility of reducing the thickness to 5.5 mm, which
compared to case 1, resulting in 0.5 mm less. So, the
between the two cases can lead to the conclusion that
the more inside the supports are placed, the more
deflection appears in the box.
FIGURE 89: CASE 2 - RESULTS DIANA - 7.5MM
FIGURE 90: CASE 2 - RESULTS DIANA - 5.5MM
56
MECHANICS
3. CASE RIBS DISTANCE OF THE RIBS
After it was seen that the presence of ribs was necessary,
further calculations were made in order to analyse
the deflections and the bending stresses occurring in
the module, with one auxiliary ending rib and with or
without different numbers of middle ribs, considering a
2 mm aluminium sheet. The 3.30 m height of the unit
was divided with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 middle ribs in order to
reach divisions of 1,65m, 1,10m, 0,825m, 0,66m and
0,55m, respectively. For these different cases, the most
critical values of deflections and bending stresses were
calculated. From the previous analysis, it is proved that
both load conditions had similar deflections. Therefore,
the wind top load orientation with a value of w=1kN/m²
is used for this analysis.
3.A Unit without middle ribs
The midpoint of the front plate is the most vulnerable
spot for deflection, so the middle parts of different
cases were taken as a criterion. Deflection was
calculated with two steps in this approach.
difference is caused because the shape of the beam
allows the wind load to be applied to a larger surface.
Secondly, the deflection of the middle front plate
around global-z-axis was calculated. Since the ratio
of the long side to the short side is large, the beam
formula was used, and the ends were considered to be
rigid. The deflection in the centre was found to be 2.53
mm. With this method, the sum of the deflection in the
midpoint was calculated as 2.90 mm. The value taken
from the software is 2.40 mm ((see Figure 94). This
difference is again most probably caused because of
the beam shape.
Stress was calculated at two edges of the middle front
plate and the beam formula fixed at edges was used.
The found value of 13.22 MPa is far different from the
software values, which resulted in 23.83 MPa.
3.B Unit with middle ribs
First, the three front plates were considered as a whole
beam section, since their total second moment of area
is much less than the sum of the rest. The formulas
for “fixed both ends beam” were used because the
connections of the front plates to the bottom cap
and the top rib is rigid. By applying the formulas, the
deflection along the global-z-axis, around the global-xaxis
is found to be 0.37 mm. When the results were
checked with the software, the deflection of the same
spot was seen to be 0.43mm (see Figure 93). This
FIGURE 93: CASE WITHOUT MIDDLE RIBS - DIANA STRESSES
FIGURE 91: SECTION
W
3.3 m
FIGURE 92: CASES - B/H>2
FIGURE 94: CASE WITHOUT MIDDLE RIBS - DIANA DEFLECTION
57
MECHANICS
With the introduction of the ribs, the deflection around
the global-x-axis, which was found to be 0.37 mm,
becomes negligible. According to Diana results, the
maximum value obtained with a middle rib is 0.05 mm.
Thus, the rest of the calculations were made only to
find the defections around global-z-axis. Stresses at the
longitudinal mid edges were also calculated.
Case 1 and 2 middle ribs:
With the longitudinal divisions of 1,65m and 1,10mm,
the ratio of the long side to the short side is still more
than 2, so the method is giving the same result of
2.53mm. Stress was calculated at two edges of the
middle front plate. Beam formula fixed at edges was
used, resulting in the same values as the unit without
middle ribs. Diana analysis shows that the maximum
deflection in the front plate of the unit with one middle
rib is not at the centre of the divided piece, but closer
to the ends of the unit.
K
L
M
M
K
L
K
W
FIGURE 95: CASE 1 & 2 MIDDLE RIBS - BEAM DIAGRAM FOR STRESSES
FIGURE 96: CASE 1 & 2 MIDDLE RIBS - BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
δ max
L
FIGURE 97: CASE 1 & 2 MIDDLE RIBS - DEFLECTION
FIGURE 98: CASE WITH 3 MIDDLE RIBS - DIANA STRESSES & DEFLECTIONS
FIGURE 99: CASE WITH 5 MIDDLE RIBS - DIANA STRESSES & DEFLECTIONS
58
MECHANICS
Case 3, 4 and 5 middle ribs :
In these cases, the ratio of
the long side to the short
side is between 1.5 and 2,
so plate formulas were used.
Comparing the values from
both calculations, it is seen that
maximum deformations and
maximum stresses of the units
with longer parts, calculated
with simple beam formulas, do
not result in a realistic value.
In addition, the first method
of calculating separately and
combining the deflection
around global-x and global-zaxis,
makes the result stray
from the Diana result. However,
hand calculation results for
which the plate formulas
were used, are quite similar
to the ones obtained with the
software. As a conclusion, with
the introduction of 5 middle
ribs inside the aluminium
sheet made of 2 mm, the final
deflection can be reduced to
1.61mm, still complying with
the maximum requirement of
2mm.
N
N
N
w
W 2
M
δ max
K
K
K
W 1
L
M
L
L
δ max
K
K
K
FIGURE 100: CASES MORE THAT 2 MIDDLE RIBS - BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM & DEFLECTION
Top Wind Load
Divisions Results H. Calculations Diana Required
δ max
2.9 mm 2.4 mm < 1 mm
3300 mm σ max
(longitudinal mid edge) 13.22 N/mm 2 23.83 N/mm 2
k x σ max
21,81 N/mm 2 39.32 N/mm 2 < 310 GPa
δ max
2.53 mm 2.08 mm < 1 mm
1110 mm σ max
(longitudinal mid edge) 13.22 N/mm 2 23.37 N/mm 2
k x σ max
21,81 N/mm 2 38.56 N/mm 2 < 310 GPa
δ max
1.61 mm 1.61 mm < 1 mm
550 mm σ max
(longitudinal mid edge) 21.80 N/mm 2 12.09 N/mm 2
k x σ max
35.97 N/mm 2 19.95 N/mm 2 < 310 GPa
TABLE 19: CASE 3 - RESULTS
59
MECHANICS
4. FINAL EVALUATION
A new refinement still needed to be performed in
order to achieve a reasonable thickness for achieving
the maximum thermal transfer of the metal sheet.
Therefore, further Diana analysis took place to
combine the calculations of the flat sheet and possible
reinforcement by interior ribs. According to Diana
student license the analysis of the whole 3D model
with ribs was not possible, therefore individual and
separated model parts were performed for the sheets
and the ribs.
The previous FEA results of the sheets (case 3) with
top windload showed that a further decrease of the
distance of the ribs is less productive than the thickness
increase of the sheets. So, in the case of rib distance
Top Wind Load
thickness (b) Results δ max
Required δ max
2 mm 1.61 mm
2.5 mm 0.83 mm
TABLE 20: CASE 3 - RESULTS DIANA - SHEET
<1 mm
of 0.55m the thickness was increases to 2.5 mm
having a deflection less than 1mm avoiding buckling
and undesired noises in the interior of the module.
Taking into consideration this case, the rib structural
behavior should be redefined and recalculated, since
its wind load has changed. For this analysis the side
wind load is applied, because it causes the most
deformation according to cases 1&2, with a value of
w=1kN/m 2 x 0.55= 0.55 kN/m. Also, the thickness
(b) of the rib is reduces to 2,5 mm the shame as the
sheet for simplification reasons. In the Diana analysis
the hight (h) was steadily decreased until having an
acceptable deflection below 1 mm. The FEA result
showed that a rib with a hight of 60mm meets the
requirements.
Side Wind Load
Rib (bxh) Results δ max
Required δ max
2.5 x 70 mm 0.53 mm
2.5 x 60 mm 0.83 mm
TABLE 21: CASE 2A - RESULTS DIANA - RIB
<1 mm
FIGURE 101: FINAL RESULTS SHEETS - DIANA DEFLECTION
FIGURE 103: FINAL RESULTS RIBS- DIANA DEFLECTION
FIGURE 102: FINAL RESULTS SHEETS - DIANA STRESSES
FIGURE 104: FINAL RESULTS SHEETS RIBS- DIANA STRESSES
60
MECHANICS
5. ANCHORING
The anchors were chosen from a catalogue, making
sure their capacity would be able to support the selfweight
and the applied loads in the module.
They are two types of anchors. The first, connecting the
existing building to the U profile which is connected
to the module, is 10 mm diameter and 150 mm long,
attaching itself to the existing structural column. The
second type connects the U profile to the back plate
of the module. It is also 10 mm diameter and 50 mm
long. Using a steel metal sheet, bolts on both ends fix
the elements together.
6. U-PROFILE
The dimensions of the U-profile running along the
back face of the back plate of the module, where
dimensioned according to the necessary properties
for the anchoring earlier discussed. In such case, the
U-profile consists of a UAP (UPA 150X75X6), leaving a
150 mm gap in between the modules and the existing
building. In order to verify the profile was appropriate
for the loading conditions, the stress was calculated
according to the sectional area of the profile, and then
compared to the allowable stress for steel.
FIGURE 105: SELECTED ANCHOR SYSTEM
61
MECHANICS
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The process that was conducted was done in a way that
the behaviour of the project could be easily improved
by small changes. In all approximations t a 2D analysis
was executed and then a 3D one to achieve more
accurate results.
In the first part the analysis was performed with
two separated components: the front frame and
the backplate. This result allowed having a first
approximation of the structural behaviour of Ardiente, at
the same time as obtaining a possible initial thickness
of 6 mm. However, this thickness differed by far from
the ideal 2 mm sheet that it was previously expected.
In the second part, an analysis with a closed frame was
preformed and supports on the edges. In comparison
to the first case the influence of the wind load in the
structural behavior is less, because of the position of
the supports, so a 5,5 mm thickness is needed. But
even in this case the thickness is much more than the
desired one. Thus the possibility of integrating ribs in
the construction was analyzed. This analysis resulted
to ribs of 6 x70 mm for a placement distance of 1m,
resulting in a much lighter construction.
Therefore the scenario of ribs is developed further.
In the third part the deformation of the sheets in
comparison to the distance of the ribs, resulting to a
distance of 0,55m.
Τhen, the previous analysis of the ribs and the sheet
was combined and furtherer developed in Diana to
achieve reasonable thickness for maximum thermal
transfer and minimum buckling of the metal sheet. In
the end, a possible thickness of 2.5 mm was achieved
due to the introduction of interior ribs, which resulted in
a final deflection of less than 1 mm. The distance of the
ribs, which ended with a value of 0,55 m. Regarding
the dimensions of the ribs, a final thickness of 2.5 x 60
mm was achieved.
It is important to mention that,i n all approximations,
deformation was the main factor affecting the results,
since the developed stresses were fulfilling the
requirements with difference.
In general, the structural analysis that was performed
resulted really clear and easy to follow. Small
modifications and continuous FEA analysis were
achieved, understanding the whole process since the
initial simplifications until the final result. The knowledge
obtained from the previous part of the Structural course
allowed understanding and developing efficiently this
structural report.
Simplifications of the module needed to be performed
in order to simulate the behaviour of the project. In
the beginning, results from hand calculations and the
software differed, but once further steps and more
accurate approximations to the reality were evaluate,
better and reliable results were obtained. Diana
software allowed no only obtaining structural data,
but also to understand the most important structural
behaviour of the project.
Final result
Component Dimensions Results δ max
Required δ max
Sheet Thickness: 2.5 mm 0.83 mm <1 mm
Rib Section: 2.5 x 60 mm 0.83 mm <1 mm
Distance ribs
0.55 m
TABLE X: FINAL RESULTS
62
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
63
CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY
This report describes the most important steps of the
designing process, since the first individual concepts
through technical details, and until the final result
product.
The modification of the first approaches to the final
design was a challenging task process, trying to find an
optimal height, interior heat efficiency, demountable
components, natural ventilation, material optimization
and correct extraction fumes, among others. There
were many problems that were desired to be tackled,
but simplifications were needed in order to proceed
with a feasible, clear and universal product concept. For
example, components such as PCM, solar collectors,
rotational lids for the openings and multiple fans were
discarded after several researches and discussions.
Other components such as PV cells, which were thought
to supply the energy for the heat exchangers and fans,
were no further developed due to priority of the main
solar chimney concept. However, as it is mentioned in
the architectural application chapter, this component
can be adjustable to every building need.
from the first approaches. Therefore it triggered into a
slower technical designing process and into undesired
modifications of several already plans.
Another issue was related to the smoke machine,
which was an essential aspect of the prototype
construction project. Many attempts were tested and
discussed during the previous weeks before and during
construction process, but all of them were not effective
enough for the desired visual air flow concept. In the
last days, a new machine needed to be bought to solve
this problem, as well as adjusting some components to
make it work.
Overall, the result achieved during this period fulfils
largely the expectations of every member of the group.
Bucky Lab was not only a basic design course, but also a
combination of different subjects that helped greatly to
develop efficiently Ardiente design concept. Moreover,
the opportunity to put in practice the knowledge and
construct the prototype in scale 1:5, was an enriching
and useful experience for the team.
The principles based on passive natural ventilation
through a solar chimney were combined with the idea
of a reduced module of two-floor height, capable to
extract the interior undesired air from lower rooms and
introduced the heat into the upper ones through heat
exchangers.
The main difficulties found in order to develop the solar
chimney box were about structural analysis. In order
to obtain the maximum thermal gain from the solar
radiation was by using a thin aluminium box, expected
to be around 2 mm thickness. However, after the first
rough calculations it ended up with a 5 mm thickness,
which was considered not to be efficient enough. The
final solution that was concluded from the structural
report was the necessity of adding internal ribs, so that
deformation could be minimised and thinner sheets
could be achieved. All this long process took longer
than was expected and in addition, the results differed
64
Qiao: Although I used to have this type of course in
my country, Bucky Lab has been unique, practical
and really useful for my personal development. The
way the different subjects were correlated with each
other allowed me to have a better comprehension
of the difficulties of realizing a project in real life.
Overall, they were interesting and well organized
but particularly, Material Science and Cad Design
were the most relevant courses because they largely
contributed to the understanding and development
of our design concept; for example searching for the
best materials or applying Arduino and Rhinoceros
programme knowledge. However, the downside I could
say to improve this course is that Structural Mechanics
consultancies could have been done earlier, because
having a structural concept is basic in order to further
develop the idea.
As regards with the Design course, it was challenging
but also enriching the way to solve a problem for a
specific client and building type. The individual design
part was very useful as I had to do research about new
topics and sustainable solutions, and the opportunity
to combine our own idea in the final group was very
convenient and efficient. However, this individual
design part took longer than I would have expected,
considering the workload of the group design in the
second part.
The production week has been one of the most
interesting and enjoyable experiences I have done
during this semester; having the opportunity to use
different machines, working closely together with
my classmates and learning more efficient ways to
manipulate materials. They were two weeks of fun
but also stress because of tolerance errors that were
only seen while constructing the prototype in scale
1:5. The small negative aspects I could mention were
the commute transport, its cost and the provision of
materials, which could have been solved if we have
decided earlier the required materials.
As in every group work, we had our own discussions
and different point of views, but undoubtedly, it was an
excellent experience to work with different perspectives
and ideas.
Finally, I can say that this course has not been only
interesting, but also very practical and enjoyable. It
has been an amazing experience and a really good
start of this master at this faculty. In particular, I am
very grateful with the behaviour and feedback of the
teachers of the Design course because they made me
CONCLUSIONS
REFLECTION
65
feel really comfortable and desired to improve and
learn from their knowledge.
Nikoleta: Buckylab was a course with combining many
different aspects. I got knowledge from many fields
that I could apply in my project. Many workshops for
programs were organized , but I am disappointed
that almost all of them are used only locally in the
Netherlands and no worldwide or in europe. Specially,
BAO which is a dutch program, when half of the
students don’t know dutch. The timeline was well
organized, except some points. In my opinion the 1st
design phase should be at list one week shorter and
the final report needs more time to organize it and put
everything in one document. Maybe a pre-submission
would help. The material science assignment deadline
for Buckylab project should be before Christmas, so
that the students are more sure about their material
choice that they analyze structurally and have one less
deadline in the semester end. Furthermore, I believe
that the size of my group was the main factor of lack
of communication, organization and taking decisions.
In my opinion groups of maximum 3 people would
work more productive. During the building weeks the
only negative point was the personal travel expenses
of over 100 euros. However, I enjoyed and learnt a lot
during these days and in the end was amazed about
the different tools and construction techniques that
were applied.Finally, the experience that I got from this
course met my expectations and I am general satisfied
from the workflow.
Kiana: Bucky Lab was undoubtedly the most interesting
and thorough design course I have had during my
bachelor and master studies. For me, it was the first
time that I had different courses parallel to each other
that would complete each other. In the past, I used to
have a vague image of the construction process and
its various problems as I was always involved in the
design area and didn’t have much time to explore the
building environment, but Bucky Lab definitely helped
me develop a wider perspective and familiarized me
with different topics that should be tackled in a project.
In my opinion, the topics of the other courses and their
combination were chosen perfectly as they matched
and their relevance to each other was tangible.
Among the parallel courses, I highly enjoyed the
Material Science as it was very practical and useful,
not only for the Bucky Lab project, but also for my
CONCLUSIONS
general knowledge. The software that we learnt how
to work with, CES, was a great tool and I’m happy that
the syllabus of the course was set in a way that we had
to practice the software. However, the Cad course was
not practical for me. The introduced software were all
interesting but it was just a glimpse. I understand that
it is the student’s duty to learn these by herself but
considering the hectic schedule that we had during
the first semester, it was very difficult to explore those
software properly. Compared to Material Science, in
Building Physics various software were introduced to
the students. However, for each one we only spent a
one-day practical which was not sufficient. Also, one of
the practicals was for a Dutch program that of course
would be only used in the Netherlands, while we could
have practiced another software in a language that is
spoken everywhere and by all the students. I would have
preferred to work with fewer software, but at a deeper
level. Besides the various software, the major problem
stated by a lot of students was that the syllabus of this
course was tightly related to another bachelor course
at the faculty, while half of the class were international
students and it was hard to follow the content of the
lectures without that background knowledge. For the
design part of Bucky Lab, I think the only issue was that
the group work demanded more time in comparison
with the individual part. Maybe putting less time on
the individual design could have been better. I have to
mention that I really enjoyed the way of communication
between the teachers and the students as they were
friendly and helped us with all of our questions.
The building weeks of Bucky Lab were definitely the
best part of the design course. We had the chance
to work in a real-life environment and experience the
atmosphere and face the obstacles that might occur in
a building process. The only downside of the building
weeks for me was the daily commute which was
extremely exhausting and its cost. I think considering
a work space in Delft with all the required facilities,
equipment and machines would be much more
convenient. During the building process, unfortunately
we lost a lot of our energy, focus and motivation due
to the inside conflicts which was clearly a result of
miscommunication and different characters. However,
we managed to finish our project on time. In general,
Bucky Lab was a memorable experience which taught
me a lot about different aspects of a project.
Tolga: Bucky Lab was one of the most comprehensive
courses that I have ever taken in my university life.
Starting with different ideas in a group, melting them
in the same pot and merging them into one concept,
developing the concept parallel to essential courses,
making a prototype out of it and making this complete
story of the whole process was a unique experience for
me. I learned a lot during every step.
Academisch Medisch Centrum (AMC) in Amsterdam
is a noticeable building in its environment due to
its size, scale and material, facing the challenge of
catching up with de rigueur energy neutral buildings.
Given the situation of the building, choosing which
problem to address was a freedom and a great
responsibility, walking hand in hand. Improving the
energy performance of the AMC was all our righteous
goal in this case.
It was great to find fellow students who were enthusiastic
about solar thermal energy and ventilation or even the
solar chimney principle as me. My concept was more
of a whole façade design rather than a product design
to be placed on an existing façade. However, the idea
of a universal design led us to work harder to make the
output as flexible as possible. Uniting with the ideas of
my group mates, we were able to design a product that
can be applied to many different buildings.
The development phase of the project was highly
intense. Disagreements happened countless times but
at the end, this work taught us that the most useful
asset in group work is the ability to state one’s own
opinion clearly and open enough to listen to what
others think. By doing so, different opinions do not rein
each other back but feed.
Construction weeks in Rotterdam was the most
physically challenging, yet fun part of the whole process.
It was fairly difficult to make 2-3 hours of a way in the
Netherlands, I had been used to that in Turkey, though.
The introduction on the first day was so helpful since
power tools are not easy and completely safe to work
with. We also had to be disciplined with timing to prevent
chaos in an environment with almost 70 people. The
time limit forced all of us to quit overthinking and get to
work immediately.
The reporting step after the prototype was complete also
very educative. I saw the importance of documenting
every small step and be well organised. This was a very
rapid and inclusive process, so it should be recorded
systematically.
All in all, Bucky Lab broadened my horizon, showing
me and making me experience a whole process from
the concept design to prototyping. Working with an
enthusiastic team for the energy improvement of an
existing building was also as exciting. The main purpose
of the course, getting our hands dirty, taught me a lot. It
was a great semester!
66
Javier: Bucky Lab by Marcel Bilow was a proper start
to the Building Technology Track. It gives you a good
insight to the discipline and gets you in the correct
mindset. I already knew this track was going to be more
technical-oriented and I wasn’t disappointed. Coming
from an architectural background focused only in
design, the studio was very challenging but extremely
gratifying: I learned things I had never even thought of.
Everyone, not just teachers, had something to share
and to learn from. As many of my peers had more
experience from the construction side of architecture, I
learned to listen and being able to take in as much as
I could. Research was also important to get the course
going, and the feedback given by the tutors was always
accurate and highly appreciated. With this, Bucky Lab
gave me a new perspective on design. It didn’t only
have to do with the smaller scale of the project, but
also with a new way of designing and considering other
factors, not only aesthetics. We were talking solar
chimneys, heat exchangers, phase changing materials,
and other interesting topics that were merged into our
daily conversations in class. The deeper we went into
the physics, material, and structural world, the most
I learned. Actually, the Building weeks were a perfect
way of merging our knowledge from the class and
putting it into a tangible object. This meant getting
familiarized with machines and tools that can come
very handy once confident to realize one’s projects.
Even though it was intimidating to work with some of
the equipment, help was always available, were it from
the teachers and staff or from another classmate. As
for the structure of the course, I think it was very wellorganized
considering the huge number of courses we
must take in the first semester. The first part of the
course, the individual one, was very much like a normal
studio; only this time, a technical focus was necessary
as already mentioned. Then, the second part consisting
in teams was even more complex, as it required all our
efforts to combine ideas and come up with a concept
that was simple yet useful. The workload was fine and
there were some clashing deadlines with other classes,
but that was something I was already expecting from
the beginning. So, no surprises there. Besides, the
different lectures from other subjects always enriched
our knowledge, adding up to the project and to the
final solution we came up with. I have to end up with
Marcel, our mentor, who was truly helpful and patient
even though we were at times stubborn and slow. I
hope I can still collaborate with him more, as he has
great knowledge and a passion for what he does that
it’s undeniably contagious. Congrats on the Bucky Lab.
CONCLUSIONS
67
CONCLUSIONS
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Amsterdam (University of Amsterdam)
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Undercut Concrete Anchor - ASTM A193 Grade B7]. Retrieved January 2019,
from http://www.williamsform.com/Concrete_Anchors/Undercut_Concrete_
Anchors/undercut_concrete_anchors.html
STRUCTURAL
• StructX.com. (2014). Parabolic formulas. Retrieved January 2019, from https://
structx.com/Arch_Formulas_020.html
• Heavy D. U-Chanel [Profile Rail, U-Chanel]. (2014, December). Retrieved January,
2019, from http://www.combined-bearing.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/
U-Channel.png
• Montanstahl AG. (2018). Stainless steel UPA channel. Retrieved January, 2019,
from https://www.montanstahl.com/products/stainless-steel-structurals-brightbars/stainless-steel-channels/miscellaneous-parallel-flange-channels-upa/
68
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
69
APPENDIX
MOCK-UP DRAWINGS
70
APPENDIX
MOCK UP FRONT VIEW RIGHT VIEW SECTION A-A TOP VIEW
SCALE: 1:5
71
SECTION B-B & C-C
5
APPENDIX
Top
Top
Titel: W18 P03
Scale: 1:5
Top
Top
x 12
Titel: C2 12
Scale: 1:1
62
Titel: C2 03b
Scale: 1:2
Titel: C2 03a
Scale: 1:2 x 3
Titel: C2 11
Scale: 1:1
x 12
x 12
Titel: C2 13
Scale: 1:1
Botton
Botton
363 301
Botton
Titel: W9 P02
Scale: 1:5
x 2
Titel: W9 V03
Scale: 1:5
Titel: W9 V04
Scale: 1:5
x 2
Titel: W9 V05
Scale: 1:5
Titel: W9 V07
Scale: 1:5
x 4
Titel: C2 06
Titel: C2 05
Titel: C2 14
Scale: 1:2 x 2 Scale: 1:2
Scale: 1:1 x 2
Botton
R-V | 1:2
Section | 1:2
Section | 1:2
Titel: W 18 H03
Scale: 1:5
Titel: W 18 H02
Scale: 1:5
Titel: W18 P01
Scale: 1:5 x 2
x 4
Titel: W18 P06
Scale: 1:5 & 1:1
Titel: W 18 H04
Scale: 1:5
Titel: W 18 H01
Scale: 1:5
Section | 1:2
Titel: ST10 02
Scale: 1:2
x 2
63
Titel: W6 V09
Scale: 1:2
x 2
Titel: W6 H07
Titel: W6 P07
Scale: 1:2 Scale: 1:2 x 2
Titel: W6 V08b
Scale: 1:2
611
Titel: P4 01
Scale: 1:5
x 2
Titel: ST5 04
Scale: 1:2
x4
(+4 white?)
Titel: ST5 05
Scale: 1:1
x 10
Titel: ST10 01, unrolled Srf
Scale: 1:5
Unroll
Titel: ST5 02
Scale: 1:1
x 2
Titel: W9 H05
Scale: 1:2
Titel: C2 09
Scale: 1:5
Titel: C2 08
Scale: 1:5
x 2
Titel: C2 07
Scale: 1:5
Titel: W6 P08
Scale: 1:2 x 2
Titel: W6 V08b
Scale: 1:2
Titel: I10 01
Scale: 1:5
Unroll
Titel: ST5 06
Scale: 1:5
x 2
Titel: W18 V01
Scale: 1:5
x 2
Titel: W18 P09
Scale: 1:2
Titel: C2 01
Scale: 1:2
x 8
Titel: I10 02
Scale: 1:5
Section
Titel: T15 02
Scale: 1:1
x 2
x 4
Top
Titel: W9 P04
Scale: 1:5
x 2
Titel: W6 H06
Scale: 1:2
x 4
Titel: C2 04
Scale: 1:2
x 2
Top
Titel: C2 02
Scale: 1:2
x 4
Titel: W6 P05
Scale: 1:2
x 2
Section
Titel: T15 01
Scale: 1:1
x 4
Top
Unroll
Titel: ST5 03
Scale: 1:1
x 2
Unroll
Titel: ST5 01
Scale: 1:1
x 2
72