EN - FR - Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3
EN - FR - Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3 EN - FR - Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3
180 Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and TurkeyAccording to the data used in Sender (1999), in the early 1950s most Africancountries had fewer than 500 girls enrolled at the secondary schools. InMozambique there was one secondary school in 1930, in the capital city andthe records show that only 1 girl was enrolled. By 1950 the number has increasedto 321 girls and in the beginning of 1990s more than 66,000 girls were enrolled.Female enrollment rates remained low in the sub-Saharan Africa until1960s, varying between 0.1% - 4% but increased substantially in every country.In fact according to UNESCO figures the proportion of all secondarypupils who are female sub-Saharan Africa is now larger with a figure of 44%than South Asia or China, 37% and 43% respectively. The accelerated provisionof primary and secondary schooling after 1960s has been followed in theperiod since 1980 by a very rapid overall growth rates of female enrollment intertiary education. The female enrollment rates in sub-Saharan Africa is thefastest at 12.4% per annum than in any other region in the world.Africans have also benefited from improved physical infrastructure. It ispossible to trace these improvements from the comparative social data presentedin the Table 4 above that access to drinking water in rural areas has improved.Now more than half of African population have access to sanitation andclean water whereas in 1970 the proportion was below 10%. The length of pavedroads increased from 3.8 km per 1000 km 2 to 8.9 km per 1000 km 2 in1990. Electricity production increased by 56% between 1980 and 1994. Expansionin transport and power networks facilitated African’s access to otherimportant means of communications, cultural exchange, radios, television andmore recently internet. The daily circulation of the most important newspaperin Nigeria in 1914, Lagos Weekly Record had a total circulation of 700. In theearly 1990s total circulation of newspapers was close to 2 million.
The New Turkish-African Economic Relations 181Table 5: Comparative Growth and PopulationSource: World Development Indicators (2005)In sub-Saharan Africa one of the poorly measured components of theGDP is agriculture. Agriculture is very important in Africa and currently estimatedto account for 30% to 55 % of the GDP. Almost 70% Africans live onagriculture and more than 50% of employed are women. Agriculture is themost important source of foreign exchange earnings, contributing over 50%total exports in recent years in 20 SSA. Pessimistic ideas on the performanceof African agriculture exists and it does not generally receive good remarks.However, Sender (1999) criticize such evaluation on the basis of the weaknessesof available data and presents a less pessimistic analysis of the mostwidely used agricultural statistics. He shows that changes in agriculture is notinconsistent with other evidence of progress and examines existing evidencethrough a historical perspective.Despite the claims about ‘declining agricultural output’ African agriculturalgrowth has been as rapid as could reasonable be expected. According toSender (1999), the compound growth rate of agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa as a whole over the 31 year period between 1965 and 1995 was2.34%. In eight countries (containing almost half of the total population ofsub-Saharan Africa) compound growth rate over this period was even fasterabove 2.6% per annum. In Nigeria it was 3% per annum and in Cote D’Ivoire
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180 Yükselen <strong>Afrika</strong> <strong>ve</strong> Türkiye / <strong>Rising</strong> <strong>Africa</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Turkey</strong>According to the data used in Sender (1999), in the early 1950s most <strong>Africa</strong>ncountries had fewer than 500 girls enrolled at the secondary schools. InMozambique there was one secondary school in 1930, in the capital city <strong>and</strong>the records show that only 1 girl was enrolled. By 1950 the number has increasedto 321 girls <strong>and</strong> in the beginning of 1990s more than 66,000 girls were enrolled.Female enrollment rates remained low in the sub-Saharan <strong>Africa</strong> until1960s, varying between 0.1% - 4% but increased substantially in e<strong>ve</strong>ry country.In fact according to UNESCO figures the proportion of all secondarypupils who are female sub-Saharan <strong>Africa</strong> is now larger with a figure of 44%than South Asia or China, 37% <strong>and</strong> 43% respecti<strong>ve</strong>ly. The accelerated provisionof primary <strong>and</strong> secondary schooling after 1960s has been followed in theperiod since 1980 by a <strong>ve</strong>ry rapid o<strong>ve</strong>rall growth rates of female enrollment intertiary education. The female enrollment rates in sub-Saharan <strong>Africa</strong> is thefastest at 12.4% per annum than in any other region in the world.<strong>Africa</strong>ns ha<strong>ve</strong> also benefited from impro<strong>ve</strong>d physical infrastructure. It ispossible to trace these impro<strong>ve</strong>ments from the comparati<strong>ve</strong> social data presentedin the Table 4 abo<strong>ve</strong> that access to drinking water in rural areas has impro<strong>ve</strong>d.Now more than half of <strong>Africa</strong>n population ha<strong>ve</strong> access to sanitation <strong>and</strong>clean water whereas in 1970 the proportion was below 10%. The length of pa<strong>ve</strong>droads increased from 3.8 km per 1000 km 2 to 8.9 km per 1000 km 2 in1990. Electricity production increased by 56% between 1980 <strong>and</strong> 1994. Expansionin transport <strong>and</strong> power networks facilitated <strong>Africa</strong>n’s access to otherimportant means of communications, cultural exchange, radios, television <strong>and</strong>more recently internet. The daily circulation of the most important newspaperin Nigeria in 1914, Lagos Weekly Record had a total circulation of 700. In theearly 1990s total circulation of newspapers was close to 2 million.
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