EN - FR - YÃ¼kselen Afrika ve TÃ¼rkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3

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256 Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and Turkeying and development in general; privatization of public property; creation ofan enabling environment for investors; liberalization of both internal andexternal (goods and financial) markets; reduction of the state’s role in theeconomy and promotion of individual, private and ‘community’ roles; etc.‘Community’ roles were being promoted under the aegis of voluntary agencies,which were now relabeled NGOs/civil society. Thus, in Britain,Germany, Canada, USA and other developed countries, voluntary agenciesspecializing in development and research were being brought together undervarious liaison committees, such as the Centre for World DevelopmentEducation (CWDE in Britain), Federal Congress of Development Groups(BUKO in Germany), etc. The Canadian International Development Agency(CIDSE) established the Public Participation Programme (PPP), which coordinatedseveral religious development agencies from Europe and the USA.This was at time when increasingly, there were liaison committeesbetween official and voluntary sector. Thus there began the EEC/NGO LiaisonCommittee as an apex-mediating agency of Europe in the late 1970s. In reality,these various developments were an expression and a reinforcement of theWB and IMF sponsored SAPs. With the implementation of SAPs, NGOs andtheir participatory approaches became extremely important to disarm people.In fact, given this approach, they seemingly seemed to offer a critique to thestates, which were supposed to be inefficient, corrupt, bureaucratic and centralized.These NGOs were very central in the agitation of state withdrawalfrom social provisioning, welfare in general and planning for development, infavor of individualized and localized initiatives.By late 1970s and early 1980s, it had already been established by thesesponsoring agencies that voluntary agencies (NGOs) had a comparativeadvantage over the WB and IMF direct intervention in reaching the “targetgroups” as far as the evolution of the “new ethos” of development were concerned.With their objectives of meeting the “basic needs” through the processof “people’s participation”, and their notions of partnership in development,international NGOs, backed by financial support of their governments, privateindividuals, multinationals and International Financial Institutions (IFIs);together with specialized UN agencies such as UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO,FAO, etc, were now working with indigenous/local organizations. Where noneexisted, efforts were made to create them. Their operations were boosted in acontext of a perceived ‘failure’ of official aid agencies and governments.NGOs had become more desirable and efficient conduits for “developmentprogrammes” than official ones.
Foreign Aid and Africa’s Development 257NGOs/civil society acquired a new importance in global developmentalissues. They were increasingly developing an intimate relation with the statesand international organizations through their demand that they be involved inpolicy formulation and evaluation, their popularization and implementation.Western grant contributions to NGOs/civil societies increased tremendously inthe 1980s and 1990s, at a time when social services were facing funding cutsthroughout the world. The Christian Global Foreign Mission which hadreceived USD 3 billion in 1970, received USD 5 billion and USD 7.5 billionin 1980 and 1986 respectively. In 1981, USAID had provided USD 9 millionto 50 voluntary agencies to generate discussions and analyze the causes ofpoverty and hunger as a means to enhance public and private developmentassistance. By 1980s, a UN/NGO Liaison Service, as an apex internationalcoordinating and networking body of NGOs was established in Geneva. Sincethen, a number of NGOs/civil society organizations/voluntary agencies weregranted a consultative status. These included organizations such as ThirdWorld Network, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, WorldCouncil of Churches, International Youth and Student Movement, etc.NGOs/civil society organizations/volunteer organizations were also fullyintegrated in the official development programmes through WB policies.Private individuals, multinational companies, IFIs and imperial states, weremassively funding them. With the implementation of SAPs, the WB was toestablish a World Bank/Non-Governmental Committee (WB/NGOCommittee) by mid-1980s. A proposal was floated during the same time forthe possible creation of an International Foundation for Community Action(IFCA), as a joint venture between the World Bank and international NGOs. Itwas within this context that organizations such as Oxfam-UK, ActionAidInternational, and others began to significantly reorient their work. By 1980s,Oxfam America had committed itself to promotion of empowerment of people,social justice and peace in the world through engagement in “policy analysisand advocacy”. Other organizations such as CARE, Save the Children,Direct Relief International, etc. were also engaged in the same issues, puttinghigh priority on influencing public policy through “lobbying and advocacy”.Most of these agencies were preoccupied with poverty eradication programmesthrough “participatory development”, and many (around 40 organizations)were to be part of the International Forum for Action AgainstStructural Adjustment (IFAASA). IFAASA became instrumental in organizingparallel meetings to the annual Joint World Bank/IMF meetings, raising criticismsand alternatives.
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2. Oturum21. Yüzy›lda AfrikaOtur
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Afrika’ya Genel Bir Bak›flH›f
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Afrika’ya Genel Bir Bak›fl 113
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11 Eylül, Dünya Siyaseti ve Afrik
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Afrika Birli¤i ve Libya’n›n Af
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Yeni Türk-Afrika Ekonomik ‹liflk
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The New Turkish - African Economic
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The New Turkish-African Economic Re
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Afrika’n›n Kalk›nmas›nda D
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Page 97 and 98: The Role and Effeciency of Foreign
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EN - FR - YÃ¼kselen Afrika ve TÃ¼rkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3

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