EN - FR - YÃ¼kselen Afrika ve TÃ¼rkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3

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248 Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and Turkeytions—the WB and the IMF through the Bretton Woods Agreement underAmerican supervision in 1944, and the General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade (GATT) in 1947.Overseas aid as a process within the context of international politicalpower struggles (including the Cold War and the division of the world intothree worlds) became the major economic instrument over the third worldcountries to the contending ideological sides in the post World War II period.It became an instrument of foreign policy as an extension of the internal politicsof the donor countries. It was first introduced as a programme to facilitateshort-term war recovery (rehabilitation of economies temporarily damaged bythe War) of both Western and Eastern Europe. This was the spirit of the 1948-1952 Marshall Plan. This Marshall Plan was subsequently extended to a secondphase in the early 1950s. The international aid regime began to focus ontechnical, military and economic packages, which this time included poorregions such as Greece, Turkey and later Korea in a bid to counter communismand improve the economic standards of these countries. The latter was supposedto demonstrate the superiority of the virtues of non-communist, democraticmarket economies.This need to transfer money in the form of aid for economic gains inWestern countries became more pronounced after the Second World War, andmore so with the gaining of independence of many colonies in the 1960s. Thedemise of the colonial empires in Africa and Asia was to mark the third phaseof the aid regime. Fundamentally, it was an extension of the same motives aspreviously. Here efforts were geared towards establishment of militaryalliances and diplomatic alignments with former colonial masters and hence,the development of bilateral aid programmes. This was at a time when independentAfrican states where groping for ways to unite the continent as theonly way to enable development to take place. Within this context, overseasaid was being viewed as an obstacle to the unification and transformation ofthe continent. Progressive leaders such as Nyerere, Nkrumah, Sekou Toure,Senghor, and others regarded aid, even though needed, as part of neo-colonialmachination.Nyerere, for example, was to point out in 1960 that the West was for thefurther balkanization of Africa rather than its unity, since it was easier tomanipulate a divided Africa: “They will flatter and bribe us and produce evengreater arguments for the perpetuation of the balkanization of East Africa andexploit our need for technical assistance to keep us divided.” Furthermore,“The flattery and corruption of African leaders in order to keep them separat-
Foreign Aid and Africa’s Development 249ed has already started. As I said earlier it will be intensified a million timeswhen each of our capitals has the embassies of those countries in the worldwhich find their power and prestige in the weakness and disunity of others….”(Nyerere 1969: 92) 1Although the Organization of African Unity came into existence in 1963,African countries failed to unite, partly due to the competition among them forfavors from the West and also direct intervention from the same in someinstances, as it was the case with Congo, with the Congo-Ghana union or theGuinea-Mali-Ghana union. Thus, alongside multilateral and bilateral aid to thenewly independent countries was further expansion of the activities the philanthropicand voluntary organizations (nowadays termed Non GovernmentalOrganizations—NGOs). With the dominant Keynesian welfare prescriptions,thousands of these philanthropic and voluntary organizations were in operationin Africa and the third world countries by 1960s, spending millions of dollarsin the name of aid and ‘development’ and ‘welfare’ projects.These organizations had more or less been co-opted into the ‘official’ aidprogrammes of many of the European and American governments. In this way,bodies such as the International Cooperation Administration which was laterto become the United States Agency for International Development (USAID),came into being, cooperating and working with bodies that had internationalconnections such as the Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE)as it was known then, Church World Services, World Vision, and many others.Many of these within the US had been brought together under the umbrellaorganization called Private Agencies Collaborating Together (PACT), whose25 percent of the funds were from USAID. It was Lyndon Johnson andRichard Nixon who expanded and diversified further the work of voluntaryagencies. Johnson created the Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) aspart of his anti-poverty programme based on the Economic Opportunity Act of1964. Nixon facilitated the establishment of the National Centre for VoluntaryAction in 1970, and created the umbrella agency ACTION in 1971 to coordinatethe work of all agencies like the Peace Corps and VISTA as part of thegovernment arm. Besides government funding, in 1979 for example, the voluntaryagencies were collected USD 43.31 billion from private individuals andbusinessmen.Cooperating with the US voluntary organizations were the Canadian onesby 1960s and 1970s. The Canadian government’s spending on voluntaryorganizations whose operations were already global, ranked third by 1960samong the western countries. It had counterpart US agencies such as Oxfam
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2. Oturum21. Yüzy›lda AfrikaOtur
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Afrika’ya Genel Bir Bak›flH›f
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Afrika’ya Genel Bir Bak›fl 113
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11 Eylül, Dünya Siyaseti ve Afrik
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Afrika Birli¤i ve Libya’n›n Af
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Yeni Türk-Afrika Ekonomik ‹liflk
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The New Turkish - African Economic
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The New Turkish-African Economic Re
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Afrika’n›n Kalk›nmas›nda D
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Page 89 and 90: Afrika’n›n Kalk›nmas›nda D
Page 97 and 98: The Role and Effeciency of Foreign
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Page 163 and 164: Afrika’daki Güvenlik Sorunlar›
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EN - FR - YÃ¼kselen Afrika ve TÃ¼rkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3

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