EN - FR - Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3

Foreign Aid and Africa’s Development 247fight against the working classes and other exploited classes whether at homeor abroad. The World Council of Churches (WCC) was to emerge in 1925, asway to promote further activities of charitable voluntary work and expansionof missionary posts abroad.It was on this model that what were to be termed volunteer agencies wereto emerge during the inter war period. It is reported that there were 344 volunteeragencies in the West at the time of WWI. Further expansion of theseorganizations was to be experienced after WW II with the reorganization ofimperialism and the eventual domination of Pax-Americana in the form ofneo-colonialism. Besides the rapid expansion of foreign missions, other organizationswere emerging to do the same work as that of the church, such as theBritish Moral Re-Armament or the Oxford Group Movement. Others weresuch as the Rockefeller Foundation as a philanthropic organization, a childbrain of John Rockefeller of Standard Oil, which was one of the biggest oilmagnets and monopolies. Following the example of Rockefeller, AndrewCarnegie, the owner of the monopoly United Steel Corporation, establishedthe Carnegie Foundation. It was this Foundation that was to create theAmerican Association for Economic Development in Latin America. The FordFoundation was set up in 1936 with a tax-exempt slice of the Ford Empire’sprofits in Michigan, where it mainly operated locally up to the end of the1940s. In 1950, as the US government focussed its attention on battling the‘Communist threat’; the Foundation was converted into a national and internationalfoundation.Many other secular organizations were to emerge in the US and Europe,funded by monopolies and home governments after WW II as an answer to theevolving opposition of the peoples of the colonies against colonialism andimperialism. As ‘philanthropic’ organizations, they were involved in providingrelief and rehabilitation; basically pandering on the human predicamentcreated by colonialism in the form of poverty and disease. Their work wasindispensable for the imperial states. Thus, two types of voluntary organizationswere to be found in all the colonies, namely the religious and the secularones. They could be hardly distinguished from each other in so far as their traditionswere concerned and they both depended on the state and privatesources, such as individuals, monopolies and corporations for funding. Theenlarged role of these organizations coincided with the period when directinvestments in the colonies by multinational and transnational capital wereincreasingly becoming the dominant feature of imperialism, creating the conditionsfor neo-colonialism. It was such conditions that also necessitated theemergence of supra-national monetary, developmental and trading organiza-