EN - FR - Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3
EN - FR - Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3 EN - FR - Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3
240 Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and Turkeyde yard›m amac›yla ba¤›fllanm›fl eski giysileri da¤›tarak da tekstil endüstrisindeçal›flan iflçileri ifllerinden eden bir mekanizma içersinde yer al›yordu.Yoksulluk, aç›k farkla Afrika’n›n en büyük meselesidir. Temmuz 2005’teGleneagles’te al›nan G8 kararlar›yla, yard›m ajanslar›, kalk›nma ajanslar›, ba-¤›fl örgütleri ve STK’lar kendilerini yola ç›km›fl olan s›cak para f›rt›nas›na haz›rlamaktad›rlar.Bu kurulufllar›n, özünde yolsuzlu¤a ve kay›t d›fl›l›¤a yolaaçan devasa bürokrasileri yoksullukla mücadele, kalk›nd›rma, cinsiyet dengesi,ticaretin kolaylaflt›r›lmas›, giriflimcilik vb. konularda daha fazla konferansve atölye çal›flmas› düzenlemeye bafllayacakt›r. Yap›lan tahminlere göre sa¤lananyard›m miktar›n›n yüzde 70 gibi bir oran› STK’lar›n araba, maafl, ekipmanve bütün o önemli atölye çal›flmas› ve seminer masraflar›na gitmektedir. ActinAidyoksullu¤u ortadan kald›rmaya yönelik kullan›lmas› gereken herSTG1’in yüzde 60’›ndan dan›flmanlar ve bat›l› flirketlerin yararland›¤›na dikkatçekerek ‹ngiliz hükümetini k›zd›rm›flt›r. Dünya Bankas› yak›n zamandadan›flmanlar›n küresel yard›m bütçesinden 20 milyar dolar ald›¤›n› ve üstelikdaha da fazla miktarda paran›n yerel uzmanlar›n bulundu¤u yerlerde bile d›flar›dangelen uzmanlara verilen ifller yüzünden harcand›¤›n› kabul etmifltir.“Yard›m” Afrika’n›n kalk›nmas›na yard›m edemez. Afrika’n›n ihtiyac›olan fley kolektif özgüven projesinin yeniden canland›r›lmas› ve k›tan›n birleflmesiiçin daha çok çal›fl›lmas›d›r. Yard›m, her bir türüyle, ülkeler aras›ndakirekabet yard›m ve d›fl yat›r›mc›lar› kötüleme yönünde olsa da k›tan›n daha çokparçalanmas› yönünde çal›flmaktad›r. 1960’tan bu yana Sahraalt› Afrika yaklafl›k500 milyar dolarl›k yard›m alm›flt›r ancak geçmifl birkaç on y›lda k›ta dahada yoksullaflm›flt›r. Bugünün kuruyla dolar olarak, yard›m giriflimi 2. DünyaSavafl›’n› izleyen dört y›l içindeki 100 milyar dolara denk gelmektedir. Bunedenle Afrika halihaz›rda befl Marshall Plan› kadar yard›m alm›flt›r. Bu durumda,sanayileflme ve tar›mda devrim yerine Afrika’n›n emek, do¤al kaynaklarve hammaddelerini daha çok sömürmeye yönelik çal›flan flimdiki kokuflmufluluslararas› yard›m sistemi içinde borçlar›n silinmesi, daha fazla yard›mve yeni bir Marshall Plan› için ça¤r›da bulunmak yanl›fl olacakt›r.KaynakçaAnorld, Guy (1979): Aid in Africa, Kogan Page Ltd, London.Berg, E.L. (Co-ordinator) (1993) Rethinking Technical Co-operation: Reformsfor Capacity Building in Africa, United Nations Development Programme,New York.Bond, Patrick (ed) (2002): Fanon’s Warning: A Civil Society Reader onthe New Partnership for Africa’s Development, African World Press, Inc, Trento,New Jersey.
D›fl Yard›m ve Afrika’n›n Kalk›nmas› 241Chachage, C.S.L. (2000): Environment, Aid and Politics in Zanzibar, Dares Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam.Fanon, Frantz (2001): The Wretched of the Earth, Penguin Books, London.Finland, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1993): Finland’s Development Cooperationin the 1990s: Strategic Goals and Means, FINNIDA, Helsinki.Hancock, Graham (1989): Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, andCorruption of the International Aid Business, The Atlantic Monthly Press,New York.Hertz, Noreena (2001): The silent Takeover: Global Capitalism and theDeath of Democracy, Arrow Books, London.Kalyalya, D. et al (1988): Aid and Development in Southern Africa: Evaluatinga Participatory Learning Process, Africa World Press Inc, New Jersey.Klitgaard, Robert (1991): Tropical Gangsters, Tauris, London.Kristol, Irving (1975): “The ‘New Cold War’”, Wall Street Journal, July17, 1975.Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1993): Finland’s Development Co-operationin the 1990s: Strategic Goals and Means, FINNIDA, Helsinki.Mosley, P (1987): Overseas Aid: Its Defense and Reform, WheatsheafBooks Ltd, Sussex.Nyerere, J.K. (1969): Freedom and Unity/Uhuru na Umoja, Oxford UniversityPress, Dar es Salaam.Organization of African Unity (1980): Lagos Plan of Action, Addis Ababa.Pieterse, Jan Nederveen (1997): “Equity and Growth Revisited: ASupply-Side Approach to Deevelopment”, European Journal For DevelopmentResearch, No 4.Rugumamu, S.M. (1997): Lethal Aid: The Illusion of Socialism and SelfReliance in Tanzania, African World Press, Trenton.Spybey, Tony (1992): Social Change, Development and Dependency, PolitityPress, Worcester.Tomasevski, Katarina (1989): Development Aid and Human Rights, PinterPublishers, London.
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D›fl Yard›m <strong>ve</strong> <strong>Afrika</strong>’n›n Kalk›nmas› 241Chachage, C.S.L. (2000): Environment, Aid <strong>and</strong> Politics in Zanzibar, Dares Salaam Uni<strong>ve</strong>rsity Press, Dar es Salaam.Fanon, Frantz (2001): The Wretched of the Earth, Penguin Books, London.Finl<strong>and</strong>, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1993): Finl<strong>and</strong>’s De<strong>ve</strong>lopment Cooperationin the 1990s: Strategic Goals <strong>and</strong> Means, FINNIDA, Helsinki.Hancock, Graham (1989): Lords of Po<strong>ve</strong>rty: The Power, Prestige, <strong>and</strong>Corruption of the International Aid Business, The Atlantic Monthly Press,New York.Hertz, Noreena (2001): The silent Takeo<strong>ve</strong>r: Global Capitalism <strong>and</strong> theDeath of Democracy, Arrow Books, London.Kalyalya, D. et al (1988): Aid <strong>and</strong> De<strong>ve</strong>lopment in Southern <strong>Africa</strong>: Evaluatinga Participatory Learning Process, <strong>Africa</strong> World Press Inc, New Jersey.Klitgaard, Robert (1991): Tropical Gangsters, Tauris, London.Kristol, Irving (1975): “The ‘New Cold War’”, Wall Street Journal, July17, 1975.Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1993): Finl<strong>and</strong>’s De<strong>ve</strong>lopment Co-operationin the 1990s: Strategic Goals <strong>and</strong> Means, FINNIDA, Helsinki.Mosley, P (1987): O<strong>ve</strong>rseas Aid: Its Defense <strong>and</strong> Reform, WheatsheafBooks Ltd, Sussex.Nyerere, J.K. (1969): Freedom <strong>and</strong> Unity/Uhuru na Umoja, Oxford Uni<strong>ve</strong>rsityPress, Dar es Salaam.Organization of <strong>Africa</strong>n Unity (1980): Lagos Plan of Action, Addis Ababa.Pieterse, Jan Neder<strong>ve</strong>en (1997): “Equity <strong>and</strong> Growth Revisited: ASupply-Side Approach to Dee<strong>ve</strong>lopment”, European Journal For De<strong>ve</strong>lopmentResearch, No 4.Rugumamu, S.M. (1997): Lethal Aid: The Illusion of Socialism <strong>and</strong> SelfReliance in Tanzania, <strong>Africa</strong>n World Press, Trenton.Spybey, Tony (1992): Social Change, De<strong>ve</strong>lopment <strong>and</strong> Dependency, PolitityPress, Worcester.Tomasevski, Katarina (1989): De<strong>ve</strong>lopment Aid <strong>and</strong> Human Rights, PinterPublishers, London.
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