EN - FR - YÃ¼kselen Afrika ve TÃ¼rkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3

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210 Yükselen Afrika ve Türkiye / Rising Africa and TurkeyAll these intentions and forward looking strategies that are not mutuallyexclusive are meant to outline parameters of how support to Africa could beused to deal with the challenges that the continent is facing. They clearlyrequire visionary leadership and commitment, at the national, sub-national andlocal levels. They provide the basis for social and economic transformation ofsocieties in the poor countries to bring about human dignity by increasing thelevel and quality of aid to Africa, support policies that focus on debt relief,humanitarian and emergency response as well maximize the impact of developmentassistance. While in some countries they catalyze and add value tonational policy frameworks, in others they serve as the engine of reducinghuman and income poverty, combat environmental degradation, supportefforts to deal with diseases and HIV/AIDS and assist institutions of governance.Policy implementation and monitoring of progress of these noble goalsand targets, remain as the most divisive and challenging factor in the whole ofthe development equation in Africa.The continent’s population of Sub-Saharan Africa, prior to the onset ofthe HIV/AIDS epidemic had shown positive trends of increasing lifeexpectancy to over 50 years in some of the countries. However, in the lastdecade following the wave of the epidemic, life expectancy has plummeted toan alarming level, reaching almost 39 years in some of the sub-Saharan countries.This demographic reality poses one of the most important challenges ofour time. The continent’s population is poorer than 25 years ago mainly due toAIDS, life expectancy and the rate of infant and maternal mortality is clearlyworsening. The macro-economic impact of the loss of human capital will seriouslyaffect economic development. (For countries such as Lesotho the 2002GDP was 714.4million USD and GNI per capita of US$550(World Bank,2005). In ten years the country’s GDP would be US$200 million lower than itwould have been without AIDS, and the country’s GNI per capita would be$94 lower.)As AIDS took hold in Zambia, the cost of human and institutional capacityhas also translated into shrinking economies and falling of GDP by morethan 20% from US$505 to US$370 between 1980 and 1999. However not allthis decrease can be directly attributed to AIDS. In Burkina Faso, for exampleUNDP estimates that the proportion of people living in poverty due toHIV/AIDS will increase from 45% to nearly 60% by 2010.Average incomes in Sub-Saharan Africa are lower today than in 1990.Recent years have witnessed signs of recovery in several countries, includingBurkina Faso, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mozambique and Tanzania. However, to putrecovery into context, it will take SSA until 2012 just to restore average
The Role and Effeciency of Foreign Aid in Africa’s Development 211incomes to their 1980 levels at the 1.2% per capita annual growth experiencedsince 2000. (p 34 2005 UNDP HDR).Foreign Aid in Africa’s DevelopmentThe issue of what needs to be done to enhance the impact of developmentassistance in Africa has been raised time and again. Basic parameters of whatand how much aid and development assistance could support reforms andchange living conditions of Africans, improve production, processing andmarketing and provide micro-macro linkages remain linked to public policyand national plans and programmes. Issues of aid effectiveness and efficiencyhave been linked to recipient country’s absorptive capacity, conditions forreforms and overall national macro-economic policies, public sector reformsand fiscal and monetary policies. On the other hand, donor funding and disbursementshave traditionally been linked to donor country’s policies that providebasic regulatory and management instructions and guidelines. These haveincluded preferences for specific sector interventions, geographical zone, areaor country and sometimes go further to outline where and in what programmesin certain countries the donor support should be targeted or directed at. As canbe expected bureaucratic necessities of both parties give rise to delays in disbursementstowards intended programmes. In some cases distortions havebeen caused by foreign exchange fluctuations at the time of disbursementswhich translated into budgetary management lapses/flaws. In determining theroles of both the donor countries and its partners in enhancing developmenteffectiveness, it is essential to reflect on the multi-dimensional nature of donorpolicies and practices on the one hand, and recipient country’s plans andapproaches on the other. In order to facilitate aid coordination and ensure timelyand efficient utilization of resources some measures to be taken wouldinclude creating appropriate mechanisms for promoting capacity to manageofficial development assistance (ODA) through intensive dialogue and jointappraisals.Aid Flows2005 marks 35 years since the international target of ODA of 0.7 percentof developed countries’ national income was first affirmed by UN memberstates in a 1970 General Assembly Resolution which states:“In recognition of the special importance of the role that can be fulfilledonly by official development assistance, a major part of financial resourcestransfers to the developing countries should be provided in the form of officialdevelopment assistance. Each economically advanced country will progressivelyincrease its development assistance to the developing countries and will
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2. Oturum21. Yüzy›lda AfrikaOtur
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Afrika’ya Genel Bir Bak›flH›f
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11 Eylül, Dünya Siyaseti ve Afrik
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EN - FR - YÃ¼kselen Afrika ve TÃ¼rkiye / Rising Africa and Turkey 3

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