noteworthy to mention that multilingualism leads to characteristics different frombilingualism at the individual, sociolinguistic, and educational levels (Cenoz & Gorter, 2005).1.3. Definition of Language Learning StrategiesMany variables as affective, social style or psychological characteristics can contributeto the success of a language learner, language learning strategies are different from them asthey are behaviors and thought processes used by a learner in the process of learning (Wenden& Rubin, 1987). Also called learning skills, learning-to-learn skill, thinking skill or problemskill,Oxford (1990) defined language learning strategies as “steps taken by students toenhance their own learning” (p. 1). Studies on these strategies initially worked on theidentification of the strategies good and successful language learners do to learn a language.These studies concluded that strategies have not only an impact on the proficiency and selfconfidencelevel but also on the effectiveness in using a second language based on thefrequency and types of strategies (Psaltou-Joycey & Kantaridou, 2009; Purdie & Oliver,1999). In a similar vein, Gardner and McIntyer (1993) suggest that several factors determinesecond language proficiency and that language learning strategies is one of them.Various classifications of language learning strategies have been purposed, but one ofthe most know classification has been done by Oxford (1990) dividing the strategies intodirect and indirect strategies. Direct strategies deal with the new language working with thelanguage itself; while indirect strategies are responsible for the general management oflearning. These categories are further divided into three subcategories each. The directstrategies include memory, cognitive and compensation strategies (see Figure 1 taken fromOxford, 1990, p.16). When examined individually, memory strategies are strategies used to“enable learners to store verbal material and then retrieve it when needed for communication”(Oxford, 1990, p.39); while cognitive strategies include various functions such as transferring,recombining and analyzing. The third set of strategies of the direct strategies is thecompensation strategies which aid language learners in using “the new language for eithercomprehension or production despite limitations in knowledge” (Oxford, 1990, p.47). As theyinclude guessing and overcoming limitations, they compensate for the insufficient grammarstructures and vocabulary items.On the other hand; the indirect strategies comprises of metacognitive, affective andsocial strategies. Metacognitive strategies are responsible for the coordination andorganization of the learning process which includes arranging and planning learning.60
Affective strategies are linked to emotions, beliefs and attitudes which can range from anxietyto excessive self-confidence and the social strategies focus on the effectiveness of languageuse in conversations with others.Figure 1. Diagram of the Strategy System: Overview_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________This perspective has been the tool of many researchers investigating strategy use ofmono- and bilinguals, few researchers have focused on multilinguals’ use of strategiescomparing o bilinguals. As mentioned before, one of the differences between bilingual andmultilingual learners is the amount in language learning experience and the experience ofmultilinguals consciously learning a language which prompted the idea that multilinguallearners make use of different language learning strategies. The prior experience is thought tocause a “catalytic or speed up effect” purposed by Herdina and Jessner (2002, p. 68) which isonly viable in a context with at least three languages.Kemp (2007) conducted a study on the use of grammar strategies of multilinguallearners and hypothesized that multilinguals’ “use of strategies may increase in number,frequency, complexity and appropriateness [...]” (p. 243). Her study included 114 participantswhose number of language acquisition range from two to twelve. She made use of a set of 40grammar strategies, which she based on the strategies recommended by textbooks or adaptedfrom Oxford’s Strategy Inventory for Language Learning, and questions on other strategiesused. The results showed that there is a positive correlation between the number of languagesknown and grammar strategies used. More specifically, she concluded that the number ofgrammar strategies increases as the number of languages increases.Psaltou-Joycey and Kantaridou (2009) obtained similar results in her study in which1555 undergraduates with different languages as their second and/or third language took part.61
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ISSN: 2146-7676UFUK ÜNİVERSİTES
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UFUK ÜNİVERSİTESİSOSYAL BİLİM
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SUNUŞDergimizin 2014 yılı ilk sa
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A NEED-BASED EVALUATIONOF A PREPARA
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- Page 18 and 19: REFERENCESAlagözlü, N. K. (1984).
- Page 20 and 21: APPENDIX A1 STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRE
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- Page 39 and 40: REFERENCESAddis, M. E., & Mahalik,
- Page 41 and 42: Koydemir-Özden, S. (2010). Self-as
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- Page 45 and 46: göre mesleki bakımdan daha önce
- Page 47 and 48: Araştırmanın amacıMesleki olgun
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- Page 51 and 52: Lise öğrencilerinin karar verme s
- Page 53 and 54: KAYNAKÇA Acıbozlar, Ö. (2006). Y
- Page 55: Oğuz, Ö. (2008). Lise öğrencile
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- Page 94 and 95: Genelgeçer tek bir bilimsel sürec
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110
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Hiçbir öğrenci bir diğeriyle ay
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İçerik sınıfta nelerin öğreti
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(MEB, 2006; Tomlinson, 2005). Ek ol
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- Öğrencilerden gereksinim duyduk
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desteklerine gereksinim duydukları
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KAYNAKÇAAlberto P. A, ve Troutman
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124
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1.GİRİŞBuradaki araştırma OECD
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öğretilenleri almışlar mı diye
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edileceğini araştırmaz, ancak bu
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yaşarlar: Çok fazla sayıda koşu
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• Birincil Stratejiler ve Destek
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ir dönemdir. Özellikle artan yaş
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2. Hipotez: Öğretmenlerin coğraf
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Tablo 7 Öğretmenlerin Coğrafi
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stratejileri”ne yönelik bilişse
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sonuçları χ 2 (12, N =407) = 13,
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sebebiyet verir. Bunun önemli bir
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KAYNAKÇAArtelt, C., Stanat, P., Sc
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Lieteratur. 10. Sonderheft: Lesesoz
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YAYIM ALANI, YAZIM KURALLARI ve YAZ
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• Birebir alımlar “…” İş