Är trängselskatt ett hot mot detaljhandeln

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5 IS CONGESTION CHARGES A THREAT TO RETAILING IN STOCKHOLM CITY? The Stockholm trial with congestion charges was out in Stockholm from Jan. 1 st to Jul. 31 st 2006. The effect of the trial decreased the use of <strong>mot</strong>orized vehicles immediately and dramatically. Despite this fact, the use of public transports did not rise to expected levels. Several studies of the effects on the business sector were carried out during the Stockholm trial. The results of these studies showed: § The transport sector was positively affected shown by increased productivity and an improved working environment for professional drivers. § A cross sectional analysis of the business sector showed that companies had a more positive attitude towards the Stockholm trial during the programme than they had before the introduction of the programme. § The regional economic consequences were limited. The retail trade was a sector expected to respond very quickly to changes caused by changed travelling and consumer habits. Several parallel, but from each other independent analyses, pointed out that the effects were small and that other factors were of greater importance for the development of retail in Stockholm. This study is based on the same material which has been used earlier by the Swedish Retail Institute of trade (HUI) to analyse the Stockholm trial. The period under investigation has been increased to include a period of time after the Stockholm trial was concluded. HUI continued to collect turn over data and carry out consumer surveys during the autumn 2006. The aim was to determine whether turnover and consumer habits changed after the termination of the Stockholm trial. By having a material that shows the development before, during, and after the programme gives HUI the possibility to execute deeper analyses of the effects on the retail trade within the congestion charge zone. The Stockholm trial was presumed to have two effects on retail business. On the one hand were substitution effects, i.e. consumers changing time of purchase at the time of the introduction of the Stockholm trial, consumers changing their way of transport connected to 42
time of purchase and finally changing destination for purchase. On the other hand there were income effects, i.e. the level of consumption for services and goods decreasing for individuals or households that paid congestion charge. If substitution effects were significant it was presumed to show a clear change in turnover for retail trade within the congestion charge zone in comparison to retail trade outside the zone and average national figures at the time of the trial period. If income effects were significant it was presumed to be shown through a slower development of retail trade in the zone compared to a national average. The size of income effects and its effect on total disposable income and the turnover of retail in the Stockholm area were examined by calculating the size of the part of the congestion charge coming from households´ disposable income. The Stockholm trial generated SEK 230 million from households which corresponds to one per mille of the disposable income in the Stockholm area. The retail trade in the same area had an approximate SEK 60 billion turnover during the trial period. Households spend approximately 35 percent of disposable income on retail purchases. This means that approximately SEK 75 million of the households disposable income was spent on some kind of retail trade. The impact of income effect on retail trade is therefore estimated to 0,13 percent. In both cases the income effect appears to be of no importance for the development of retail trade in the Stockholm area. The study of development of retail turnover was executed both as a descriptive analysis and as an econometric analysis. The descriptive analysis showed that the retail trade in Stockholm experienced a lower development than national average in 2006. This mainly relates to a low development of the retail trade within the congestion charge zone. The low development of the grocery sector within the zone is due to its small scale and the fact that consumers use these for complementary purchases while the hypermarkets outside town are used for larger purchases. The weak development of durables in the central area of Stockholm was mainly a result of the change of structure that retail trade in the area is undergoing. This structure change means that department stores and shopping centres are the winners while small free- standing shops for a long period of time have been loosing market shares. The study neither examined the development of single department stores, shopping centres or small free- standing shops nor whether units located close to the congestion charge zone were more affected than units located more centrally. 43
Page 1 and 2: Är trängelskatt ett hot mot detal
Page 3 and 4: 1 INLEDNING Beslutet om att genomf
Page 5 and 6: omsättningsutvecklingen hos köpce
Page 7 and 8: 2003 hade den lokala konjunkturen i
Page 9 and 10: Stockholmsregionen. Genom att kompl
Page 11 and 12: Tabell 1.1. Sammanställning av kö
Page 13 and 14: innehöll 39 respektive 46 frågor.
Page 15 and 16: 2 DETALJHANDELNS UTVECKLING I STOCK
Page 17 and 18: Tabell 2.2. Detaljhandelns utveckli
Page 19 and 20: omfattning. Stockholmsförsöket ty
Page 21 and 22: samband med detaljhandelsinköp. Ko
Page 23 and 24: Skanstull och högst i Sickla köpk
Page 25 and 26: (ekv 2) ln_omsit = αi + αt + β1
Page 27 and 28: År 2004 gjorde 32 procent av respo
Page 29 and 30: Diagram 3.2 När gjorde du ditt sen
Page 31 and 32: En slutsats av ovanstående är så
Page 33 and 34: Diagram 3.5 Var gjorde du ditt sena
Page 35 and 36: för denna undersökning är därf
Page 37 and 38: 4 ÄR TRÄNGSELSKATT ETT HOT MOT DE
Page 39 and 40: enskilda varuhus, köpcentrum eller
Page 41: 4.1 AVSLUTANDE KOMMENTARER Hade und
Page 45 and 46: eginning and termination of the Sto
Page 47 and 48: 6 REFERENSER Bell M, M Quddus, J-D
Page 49 and 50: 7 BILAGOR Bilaga 1 Enkät (nov 2004
Page 51 and 52: 5) Vilket eller vilka transportmede
Page 53 and 54: 19 Baserat på de nu föreslagna tr
Page 55 and 56: 29. Hur ofta handlar du sport- elle
Page 57 and 58: 39. Notera kön. Man Kvinna Tack f
Page 59 and 60: 13) Hur ofta handlar du mat? LÄS U
Page 61 and 62: 22) På vilken veckodag handlade du
Page 63 and 64: 31) Vid vilken tidpunkt påbörjade
Page 65 and 66: 39) Vilket eller vilka transportmed
Page 67 and 68: 5 BILAGA 3 ENKÄT (NOV 2006): UNDER
Page 69 and 70: FRÅGA TILL IP SOM SVARAT ALTERNATI
Page 71 and 72: 20) Var gjorde du senast ditt inkö
Page 73 and 74: OM VET EJ PÅ FRÅGA 31, GÅ TILL F

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