09.09.2013 Views

"Who are you to tell us our history?" Kultur och religion i ... - Anpere

"Who are you to tell us our history?" Kultur och religion i ... - Anpere

"Who are you to tell us our history?" Kultur och religion i ... - Anpere

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

Dorothy Barrére <strong>och</strong> Marshall Sahlins uppmärksammar Auna <strong>och</strong> ett flertal andra tahitier<br />

<strong>och</strong> deras betydelse för missionen i artikeln ”Tahitians in the early his<strong>to</strong>ry of Hawaiian<br />

Christianity: the j<strong>our</strong>nal of Toketa” från 1979. Barrère <strong>och</strong> Sahlins menar att de tahitiska<br />

lärarna hade minst lika s<strong>to</strong>r påverkan på hawaiianerna som missionärerna. Anledningen till<br />

detta var tahitiernas specifika kulturella värde för den hawaiianska högheten. De skriver:<br />

The privileged position of the Tahitians among the Hawaiian aris<strong>to</strong>cracy is only partly<br />

explained by the sponsorship and enc<strong>our</strong>agement given by the European missionaries.<br />

Partly also it was a Hawaiian appropriation of Christianity, consistent with political <strong>us</strong>es of<br />

<strong>religion</strong> that <strong>are</strong> entirely traditional, and with the legendary concept of Kahiki (“foreign<br />

lands”, “Tahiti”) as a main s<strong>our</strong>ce of religio<strong>us</strong> cult. The chief’s eagerness <strong>to</strong> attach Tahitian<br />

teachers <strong>to</strong> their person was, of c<strong>our</strong>se, reminiscent of their c<strong>us</strong><strong>to</strong>mary relations <strong>to</strong> religio<strong>us</strong><br />

figures. 265<br />

Den muntliga his<strong>to</strong>rien berättar om prästen Pā‘ao som kom från Kahiki till Hawai‘i på<br />

1200-talet. Han återvände till Kahiki för att återkomma till Hawaiiöarna i följe med<br />

hövdingar av hög rang, bl.a. Pilika‘aiea. Med Pā‘ao följde flertalet sociala, politiska <strong>och</strong><br />

religiösa förändringar. Några av dessa var introduktionen av människooffer, nya tempelkonstruktioner,<br />

dyrkandet av gudabilder samt upprättandet ett av ali‘i- <strong>och</strong> kapu-system<br />

baserat på rang <strong>och</strong> stat<strong>us</strong>. 266<br />

Som forsk<strong>are</strong>n Malcolm Chun poängterar är det omstritt huruvida Pā‘ao var en faktisk<br />

fysisk person eller en kollektiv metafor, men vilket än var fallet så representerar han en<br />

period på Hawaiiöarna med s<strong>to</strong>ra förändringar som var influerade av det tahitiska<br />

samhället. 267 Malo tar upp hawaiianernas förhållande till Kahiki (Tahiti); ”It is thought that<br />

this race of people had come from the island close <strong>to</strong> Kahiki and also from Kahiki,<br />

beca<strong>us</strong>e the people of old in the Hawaiian islands first remembered the name of Kahiki.<br />

Kahiki is recalled in the songs, prayers and the s<strong>to</strong>ries of the people of old of the Hawaiian<br />

Islands.” 268 Sahlins <strong>och</strong> Barrère menar att den politiska <strong>och</strong> religiösa situationen som rådde<br />

under tidigt 1820-tal innebar att tahitierna blev ännu mer värdefulla:<br />

In acting as those priests (kahuna) of old whose ceremonial functions and inspired counsels<br />

were indispensable <strong>to</strong> chiefly rule, the Tahitians would help fill the sacerdotal void created<br />

by the celebrated abolition of the tab<strong>us</strong> in 1819. The chiefs had thought <strong>to</strong> cast the<br />

American missionaries in the same role, including Hiram Bingham, whom they sometimes<br />

spoke as the kahuna nui (“high priest”). But the Tahitian preachers were not only more<br />

amenable culturally, they were more suitable mythologically [sic]. 269<br />

His<strong>to</strong>rien upprepade sig <strong>och</strong> hawaiianerna s<strong>to</strong>d inför s<strong>to</strong>ra förändringar. Hur skulle man<br />

bäst förhålla sig till dessa <strong>och</strong> hur skulle man bäst utnyttja situationen? Sahlins <strong>och</strong> Barrère<br />

fortsätter:<br />

As the religio<strong>us</strong> basis of foreign power, Christianity had <strong>to</strong> be encompassed and controlled.<br />

At the same time, it could serve as a new ground of legitimacy for the chiefs who had risen<br />

<strong>to</strong> authority as the economic and cultural brokers of this European power, but who could<br />

not claim the traditional sanctions of rule. Hence the Tahitian converts fit the his<strong>to</strong>ric<br />

situation like the idea whose time had come. In their capacity of Christians from Kahiki,<br />

265 Barrère & Sahlins 1979: 23.<br />

266 Se Malo 196: 143, Kamakau 1991a: 7–41 samt Beckwith 1976: 370–375.<br />

267 Chun 1990: 39f.<br />

268 Malo 1986: 143.<br />

269 Barrère & Sahlins 1979: 23.<br />

65

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!