Practical_Antenna_Handbook_0071639586

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C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o - W a v e P r o p a g a t i o n 69 Antenna 1 /2 RCVR 1 AF 1 Antenna 2 /2 RCVR 2 AF 2 Composite audio output Antenna 3 RCVR 3 AF 3 Figure 2.37 Spatial diversity. Master local oscillator Horizontal antenna RCVR 1 H audio Composite audio output Vertical antenna RCVR 2 V audio Figure 2.38 Polarization diversity.
70 p a r t I I : F u n d a m e n t a l s with a fellow amateur or picking up a favorite shortwave broadcast station is not always easy. In this section we provide a handful of guidelines and “glittering generalities” intended to help readers more easily select a frequency or a time of day for best communications success. • Because the MUF responds to the total level of radiation impinging on the ionosphere, it “follows” the sun. The higher the desired operating frequency, the greater the solar radiation levels needed to support ionospheric propagation. As a result, the 6-m amateur band at 50 to 54 MHz only rarely opens for F-layer DX propagation during the course of an average sunspot cycle. Similarly, the 10- and 12-m amateur bands may lie dormant for a few years of each sunspot minimum and go through periods of spotty openings on either side of the maximum. The same will be true to a lesser degree with the 15- and 17-m bands. Hence, all these bands are considered to be daylight bands, even though signals arriving by other propagation modes are sometimes heard on them during darkness hours. Because the critical frequency, f C , is below many or all of these bands for much of a typical sunspot cycle, skip zones are almost always observed, although an outbreak of sporadic E propagation may occasionally make it appear that 20 m has no skip zone. • Over the same cycle of sunspot activity, 20 m will most likely swing between being open for just a few hours each midday near sunspot minimum and bustling with activity around the clock near the maximum. Part of the popularity enjoyed by the 20-m band is that it is seldom completely “dead”; signals are almost always evident on the band, regardless of when activity is randomly checked. • Frequencies below about 10 MHz are considered to be nighttime bands. High daytime absorption by the D layer is the primary reason they suffer a poor reputation when the sun is up, but this is largely a phenomenon of extended periods of extremely high sunspot counts such as was experienced in the 1957–61 time frame. Furthermore, moderate daytime absorption can be overcome or ameliorated by a combination of higher transmitter power and higher gain antennas at both ends of the circuit. Throughout most of an average sunspot cycle, both 80 and 160 m provide reasonable daytime propagation out to 1000 mi or so, and both expand their reach during the hours extending from shortly before sunset to shortly after sunrise to encompass worldwide DXing capability. During sunspot minima, f C often drops below 3.5 MHz during the evening hours, with 80 m becoming useless for short skip contacts. Although f C has been known to drop below 1.8 MHz and even into the AM broadcast band, that’s a fairly rare happenstance. • Forty meters is the great “transition” band. As such, it—more than any other band—exhibits multiple “personalities”. During periods of high sunspot activity, f C rises well above 7.5 MHz and the band serves as a great short- and medium-haul communications medium for much, if not all, of each 24-hour period. During these periods, there are apt to be many daylight hours each day when there will be no skip zone on 40. During sunspot minima, however, 40 is much more like 20 m—exhibiting a very pronounced skip zone (even at midday), providing surprising long-haul DX communications during daylight hours and shutting down completely at night as the MUF routinely drops below 7.0 MHz. These characteristics were especially evident during the 2008–09 minimum that signaled the end of solar cycle 23.
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Practical Antenna Handbook
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Practical Antenna Handbook Joseph J
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
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C o n t e n t s vii 12 The Yagi-Uda
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C o n t e n t s ix Switched-Pattern
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Preface My paternal grandfather was
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P r e f a c e xiii this book repres
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Acknowledgments As with other field
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Background and History Part I Chapt
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radio Com
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C h a p t e r 1 : I n t r o d u c t
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Fundamentals Part II Chapter 2 Radi
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CHAPTER 2 Radio-Wave Propagation To
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C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o - W a v
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C h a p t e r 4 : T r a n s m i s s
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Chapter 5 Antenna Arrays and Array
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C h a p t e r 5 : a n t e n n a A r
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A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Figure 5.9
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B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Figure 5.10 Gr
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High-Frequency Building-Block Anten
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CHAPTER 6 Dipoles and Doublets A co
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C h a p t e r 6 : D i p o l e s a n
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CHAPTER 7 Large Wire Loop Antennas
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C h a p t e r 7 : L a r g e W i r e
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CHAPTER 8 Multiband and Tunable Wir
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C h a p t e r 8 : M u l t i b a n d
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CHAPTER 9 Vertically Polarized Ante
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C h a p t e r 9 : V e r t i c a l l
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Quarter-wave vertical radiator Insu
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Directional High-Frequency Antenna
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CHAPTER 10 Wire Arrays When a singl
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C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e A r r a
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Wire 2 C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e
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CHAPTER 11 Vertical Arrays Despite
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C h a p t e r 1 1 : V e r t i c a l
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CHAPTER 12 The Yagi-Uda Beam Antenn
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C h a p t e r 1 2 : T h e Y a g i -
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CHAPTER 13 Cubical Quads and Delta
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C h a p t e r 1 3 : C u b i c a l Q
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Figure 13.5 Multiband quad “spide
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High-Frequency Antennas for Special
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CHAPTER 14 Receiving Antennas for H
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C h a p t e r 1 4 : r e c e i v i n
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351 Figure 14.12 Remote tuning sche
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CHAPTER 15 Hidden and Limited-Space
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C h a p t e r 1 5 : H i d d e n a n
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CHAPTER 16 Mobile and Marine Antenn
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C h a p t e r 1 6 : M o b i l e a n
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CHAPTER 17 Emergency and Portable A
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C h a p t e r 1 7 : E m e r g e n c
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Antennas for Other Frequencies Part
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CHAPTER 18 Antennas for 160 Meters
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C h a p t e r 1 8 : a n t e n n a s
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CHAPTER 19 VHF and UHF Antennas The
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C h a p t e r 1 9 : V H F a n d U H
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CHAPTER 20 Microwave Waveguides and
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C h a p t e r 2 0 : M i c r o w a v
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λ o = c / f 8 3× 10 m / s = 9 C h
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CHAPTER 21 Antenna Noise Temperatur
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C h a p t e r 2 1 : A n t e n n a N
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C h a p t e r 2 1 : A n t e n n a N
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CHAPTER 22 Radio Astronomy Antennas
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C h a p t e r 2 2 : R a d i o A s t
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Figure 22.9 Interferometer pattern.
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CHAPTER 23 Radio Direction-Finding
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C h a p t e r 2 3 : R a d i o D i r
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Figure 23.9 Adcock array RDF antenn
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Figure 23.11 Watson-Watt Adcock arr
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Tuning, Troubleshooting, and Design
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CHAPTER 24 Antenna Tuners (ATUs) Th
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C h a p t e r 2 4 : a n t e n n a T
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CHAPTER 25 Antenna Modeling Softwar
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C h a p t e r 2 5 : A n t e n n a M
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Figure 25.3B Bent dipole wire and s
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CHAPTER 26 The Smith Chart The math
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Figure 26.2 Normalized impedance li
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A Figure 26.3 Constant resistance c
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A Figure 26.4A Constant inductive r
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C h a p t e r 2 6 : T h e S m i t h
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D C B A Figure 26.5 Radially scaled
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0.165 Y ' 1.0 j1.1 G' 1.0 Y ' 0.2
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CHAPTER 27 Testing and Troubleshoot
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C h a p t e r 2 7 : T e s t i n g a
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Mechanical Construction and Install
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CHAPTER 28 Supports for Wires and V
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C h a p t e r 2 8 : S u p p o r t s
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CHAPTER 29 Towers At some point, th
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CHAPTER 30 Grounding for Safety and
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C h a p t e r 3 0 : G r o u n d i n
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CHAPTER 31 Zoning, Restrictive Cove
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C h a p t e r 3 1 : Z o n i n g , R
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C h a p t e r 3 1 : Z o n i n g , R
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Appendices
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APPENDIX A Useful Math The material
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A p p e n d i x A : U s e f u l M a
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Appendix B Suppliers and Other Reso
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A p p e n d i x B : S u p p l i e r
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B.1.6 Rotators and Controllers Alfa
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Index Note: Boldface numbers denote
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I n d e x 747 Binns, Jack, first ma
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I n d e x 749 dipole (Cont.): slopi
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I n d e x 751 grounding and ground
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I n d e x 757 noise (Cont.): sky no
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I n d e x 761 standing waves: on an
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I n d e x 763 transmission lines, 1
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I n d e x 765 vertically polarized
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I n d e x 767 Yagi antennas (Cont.)
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