Practical_Antenna_Handbook_0071639586

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C h a p t e r 3 0 : G r o u n d i n g f o r S a f e t y a n d P e r f o r m a n c e 695 <strong>Antenna</strong> Radials Figure 30.5 Radial pattern beneath a grounded monopole (vertical). matching network you may be using at the base of the vertical. If your radials are going to be part of your lightning surge grounding, use mechanical compression or brazed joints, rather than solder, for the connections. Here’s a Top 10 list (plus one bonus item) of other quick hints about radials: • For verticals near a property line or a building, make the radials fit the circumstances; if they’re short on one side of the antenna and long on the other, no harm done.
696 P a r t V I I I : M e c h a n i c a l C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d I n s t a l l a t i o n T e c h n i q u e s • If you need to run a radial slightly “off course” for part of its run to get past a building or other obstruction, do it. • Don’t bother connecting radial tips with circumferential wires; all the return currents from the antenna’s fields are radial in orientation. Similarly, adding chicken wire mesh under the tower is problematic; in return for lots of added conductor that may or may not be augmenting your original radials, you could be plagued after a couple of winters by rectification from a zillion corroded junctions where the wires of the mesh cross each other. • Use just about any kind of copper wire you have on hand for your radials. Strip multiconductor cables into their individual wires, if you wish. The primary determinants of what wire to use are cost (if it’s free, use it!) and longevity on/ in the ground. • If you have to purchase any radial wire, get ordinary insulated THHN #14 house wire from a building supply store. The insulation will prolong the life of your radials. • Even at kilowatt power levels, wire gauge is not critical. The primary reason for specifying #14 wire is so that it will stand up to stresses on it, such as when it is buried or when someone or something trips over it. Many radial fields consist of #18 or finer wire. • Avoid stranded wire in outdoor applications. • Ideally, your radials should lie on top of the ground for maximum antenna efficiency, but you can bury them an inch or two below, if necessary, to keep people and animals from tripping on them. Many amateurs have reported that sod staples, available at home and garden supply stores, are excellent for holding radials down and out of the reach of lawn mower blades until they sink into the grass and become part of the thatch. • At least two suppliers of accessories to the amateur market (Array Solutions and DX Engineering) sell radial attachment plates intended to simplify the connection of large numbers of radials to the base of the antenna. Others, including the author, have formed a grounding ring from soft copper tubing purchased from the local hardware store and attached the radials to it with solder joints or noncorroding fasteners. • If you have multiple verticals (a four-Âsquare, for instance), do not connect the radials of one vertical to those of another. • Never directly connect copper to galvanized steel. Use a transition metal in between the two. Elevated Grounds Most users of VHF equipment are familiar with the ground-Âplane antenna—a vertical with either three or four radials, mounted atop a mast. The same technique can be used at MF and HF, but the mechanical challenges are not trivial. At VHF, the idea behind the ground-Âplane antenna is simple: a vertical monopole (whether l/4 or 5l/8 or any length in between) requires a return path for the “missing” half of the charged dipole structure that is necessary for electromagnetic radiation. Starting with a vertical dipole (Fig. 30.6), if we split the wire that is the lower half of the radiating element into four
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Practical Antenna Handbook
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Practical Antenna Handbook Joseph J
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
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C o n t e n t s vii 12 The Yagi-Uda
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C o n t e n t s ix Switched-Pattern
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Preface My paternal grandfather was
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P r e f a c e xiii this book repres
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Acknowledgments As with other field
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Background and History Part I Chapt
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radio Com
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C h a p t e r 1 : I n t r o d u c t
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Fundamentals Part II Chapter 2 Radi
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CHAPTER 2 Radio-Wave Propagation To
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C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o - W a v
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R N-1 C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o -
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Figure 2.29C Monthly averaged sunsp
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CHAPTER 3 Antenna Basics An antenna
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C h a p t e r 3 : A n t e n n a B a
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CHAPTER 4 Transmission Lines and Im
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C h a p t e r 4 : T r a n s m i s s
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Chapter 5 Antenna Arrays and Array
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C h a p t e r 5 : a n t e n n a A r
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A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Figure 5.9
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B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Figure 5.10 Gr
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High-Frequency Building-Block Anten
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CHAPTER 6 Dipoles and Doublets A co
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C h a p t e r 6 : D i p o l e s a n
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CHAPTER 7 Large Wire Loop Antennas
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C h a p t e r 7 : L a r g e W i r e
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CHAPTER 8 Multiband and Tunable Wir
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C h a p t e r 8 : M u l t i b a n d
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CHAPTER 9 Vertically Polarized Ante
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C h a p t e r 9 : V e r t i c a l l
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Quarter-wave vertical radiator Insu
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Directional High-Frequency Antenna
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CHAPTER 10 Wire Arrays When a singl
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C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e A r r a
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Wire 2 C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e
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CHAPTER 11 Vertical Arrays Despite
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C h a p t e r 1 1 : V e r t i c a l
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CHAPTER 12 The Yagi-Uda Beam Antenn
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C h a p t e r 1 2 : T h e Y a g i -
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CHAPTER 13 Cubical Quads and Delta
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C h a p t e r 1 3 : C u b i c a l Q
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Figure 13.5 Multiband quad “spide
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High-Frequency Antennas for Special
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CHAPTER 14 Receiving Antennas for H
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C h a p t e r 1 4 : r e c e i v i n
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351 Figure 14.12 Remote tuning sche
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CHAPTER 15 Hidden and Limited-Space
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C h a p t e r 1 5 : H i d d e n a n
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CHAPTER 16 Mobile and Marine Antenn
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C h a p t e r 1 6 : M o b i l e a n
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CHAPTER 17 Emergency and Portable A
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C h a p t e r 1 7 : E m e r g e n c
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Antennas for Other Frequencies Part
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CHAPTER 18 Antennas for 160 Meters
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C h a p t e r 1 8 : a n t e n n a s
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CHAPTER 19 VHF and UHF Antennas The
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C h a p t e r 1 9 : V H F a n d U H
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CHAPTER 20 Microwave Waveguides and
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C h a p t e r 2 0 : M i c r o w a v
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λ o = c / f 8 3× 10 m / s = 9 C h
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CHAPTER 21 Antenna Noise Temperatur
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C h a p t e r 2 1 : A n t e n n a N
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C h a p t e r 2 1 : A n t e n n a N
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CHAPTER 22 Radio Astronomy Antennas
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C h a p t e r 2 2 : R a d i o A s t
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Figure 22.9 Interferometer pattern.
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CHAPTER 23 Radio Direction-Finding
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C h a p t e r 2 3 : R a d i o D i r
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Figure 23.9 Adcock array RDF antenn
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Figure 23.11 Watson-Watt Adcock arr
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Tuning, Troubleshooting, and Design
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CHAPTER 24 Antenna Tuners (ATUs) Th
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C h a p t e r 2 4 : a n t e n n a T
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CHAPTER 25 Antenna Modeling Softwar
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C h a p t e r 2 5 : A n t e n n a M
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Figure 25.3B Bent dipole wire and s
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CHAPTER 26 The Smith Chart The math
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Figure 26.2 Normalized impedance li
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A Figure 26.3 Constant resistance c
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A Figure 26.4A Constant inductive r
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C h a p t e r 2 6 : T h e S m i t h
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D C B A Figure 26.5 Radially scaled
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0.165 Y ' 1.0 j1.1 G' 1.0 Y ' 0.2
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CHAPTER 27 Testing and Troubleshoot
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C h a p t e r 2 7 : T e s t i n g a
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Mechanical Construction and Install
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CHAPTER 28 Supports for Wires and V
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C h a p t e r 2 8 : S u p p o r t s
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Page 760 and 761: B.1.6 Rotators and Controllers Alfa
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Index Note: Boldface numbers denote
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I n d e x 747 Binns, Jack, first ma
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I n d e x 749 dipole (Cont.): slopi
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I n d e x 751 grounding and ground
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I n d e x 753 ionospheric propagati
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I n d e x 755 maximum effective len
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I n d e x 757 noise (Cont.): sky no
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I n d e x 765 vertically polarized
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I n d e x 767 Yagi antennas (Cont.)
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