Practical_Antenna_Handbook_0071639586

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C h a p t e r 2 9 : T o w e r s 655 • Height optimization (at HF in particular, “higher is not always better”) • Intended purpose (e.g., local community coverage for a small business) • Fear of heights • Feedline losses • Proximity to airports and heliports (i.e., FAA limitations) • Local zoning and building code restrictions The last two factors are discussed in more detail in Chap. 31, new in this edition. Types of Towers Several different forms of tower construction are used by amateurs and other services. By far the vast majority in the United States consist of lattice structures with a triangular cross section, although a few employing a square cross section (called windmill towers), such as the Vesto self-Âsupporting towers of the 1950s, are in use. A small but structurally impressive segment of the tower market consists of hollow tube, solid surface poles with square or circular cross section. At least one commercial model, Big Bertha—available in heights up to 142 ft—is a thick-Âwalled round pipe that is driven by an electric motor at the base. In this model, the entire tower (called a rotating pole) is turned via chain drive from the motor. Ignoring roof-Âmount tripods and house-Âbracketed towers, both of which are severely limited in maximum height, the following list of common tower types is arranged in order of increasing cost for towers in the 70-Â to 100-Âft range: • Guyed triangular lattice sections • Guyed triangular lattice section foldover • Triangular lattice section crank-Âup (some with tilt-Âover option) • Freestanding nonrotating pole (mall parking lot lamppost style) • Freestanding tapered triangular lattice sections • Guyed triangular lattice section rotating tower (or a hybrid) • Freestanding rotating pole Tower Fundamentals Before we look at the each type of tower in more detail, a brief review of tower fundamentals is in order. If the wind never blew here on earth, a tower’s role would be limited to supporting the deadweight of antenna(s), rotator, and mast at the desired height. But for most antenna and tower installations, deadweight is a secondary concern compared to the forces that result when strong winds act on the tower, antenna(s), rotator, mast, cables, and other accessories located above ground level. Consider the freestanding tower of Fig. 29.1. The purpose of this tower is to support and allow rotation of the Yagi beam at a desired height H in the presence of a wind. In
656 P a r t V I I I : M e c h a n i c a l C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d I n s t a l l a t i o n T e c h n i q u e s Wind Beam antenna Mast Rotator h Concrete pedestal Figure 29.1 <strong>Antenna</strong> atop freestanding tower. this highly oversimplified example, the wind is assumed to be applying a perfectly horizontal force to one side of the entire system. In response, the tower and antenna will move sideways, in the same direction as the wind, unless prevented from doing so. Clearly, the first requirement of a tower installation is a strong, solid base! With the base securely anchored, the tendency of the tower is to overturn. Here it is helpful to think of the tall, thin tower as a form of lever. To keep the math simple, for the moment assume the tower members are extremely thin so that the force of the wind on them is much, much smaller than the force on the antenna at the top and can be ignored. The force of the wind blowing on the antenna at the top of the tower creates a moment arm (M) or torque on the base of the tower with a magnitude equal to the height (H) of the tower multiplied by the horizontal force (F) of the wind pushing on the antenna: MANT = HANT × F (29.1) ANT
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Practical Antenna Handbook
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Practical Antenna Handbook Joseph J
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
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C o n t e n t s vii 12 The Yagi-Uda
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C o n t e n t s ix Switched-Pattern
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Preface My paternal grandfather was
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P r e f a c e xiii this book repres
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Acknowledgments As with other field
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Background and History Part I Chapt
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radio Com
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C h a p t e r 1 : I n t r o d u c t
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Fundamentals Part II Chapter 2 Radi
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CHAPTER 2 Radio-Wave Propagation To
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C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o - W a v
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R N-1 C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o -
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Figure 2.29C Monthly averaged sunsp
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CHAPTER 3 Antenna Basics An antenna
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C h a p t e r 3 : A n t e n n a B a
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CHAPTER 4 Transmission Lines and Im
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C h a p t e r 4 : T r a n s m i s s
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Chapter 5 Antenna Arrays and Array
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C h a p t e r 5 : a n t e n n a A r
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A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Figure 5.9
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B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Figure 5.10 Gr
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High-Frequency Building-Block Anten
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CHAPTER 6 Dipoles and Doublets A co
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C h a p t e r 6 : D i p o l e s a n
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CHAPTER 7 Large Wire Loop Antennas
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C h a p t e r 7 : L a r g e W i r e
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CHAPTER 8 Multiband and Tunable Wir
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C h a p t e r 8 : M u l t i b a n d
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CHAPTER 9 Vertically Polarized Ante
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C h a p t e r 9 : V e r t i c a l l
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Quarter-wave vertical radiator Insu
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Directional High-Frequency Antenna
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CHAPTER 10 Wire Arrays When a singl
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C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e A r r a
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Wire 2 C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e
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CHAPTER 11 Vertical Arrays Despite
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C h a p t e r 1 1 : V e r t i c a l
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CHAPTER 12 The Yagi-Uda Beam Antenn
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C h a p t e r 1 2 : T h e Y a g i -
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CHAPTER 13 Cubical Quads and Delta
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C h a p t e r 1 3 : C u b i c a l Q
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Figure 13.5 Multiband quad “spide
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High-Frequency Antennas for Special
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CHAPTER 14 Receiving Antennas for H
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C h a p t e r 1 4 : r e c e i v i n
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351 Figure 14.12 Remote tuning sche
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CHAPTER 15 Hidden and Limited-Space
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C h a p t e r 1 5 : H i d d e n a n
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CHAPTER 16 Mobile and Marine Antenn
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C h a p t e r 1 6 : M o b i l e a n
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CHAPTER 17 Emergency and Portable A
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C h a p t e r 1 7 : E m e r g e n c
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Antennas for Other Frequencies Part
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CHAPTER 18 Antennas for 160 Meters
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C h a p t e r 1 8 : a n t e n n a s
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CHAPTER 19 VHF and UHF Antennas The
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C h a p t e r 1 9 : V H F a n d U H
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CHAPTER 20 Microwave Waveguides and
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C h a p t e r 2 0 : M i c r o w a v
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λ o = c / f 8 3× 10 m / s = 9 C h
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CHAPTER 21 Antenna Noise Temperatur
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C h a p t e r 2 1 : A n t e n n a N
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C h a p t e r 2 1 : A n t e n n a N
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CHAPTER 22 Radio Astronomy Antennas
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C h a p t e r 2 2 : R a d i o A s t
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Figure 22.9 Interferometer pattern.
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CHAPTER 23 Radio Direction-Finding
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C h a p t e r 2 3 : R a d i o D i r
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Figure 23.9 Adcock array RDF antenn
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Figure 23.11 Watson-Watt Adcock arr
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Tuning, Troubleshooting, and Design
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CHAPTER 24 Antenna Tuners (ATUs) Th
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C h a p t e r 2 4 : a n t e n n a T
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CHAPTER 25 Antenna Modeling Softwar
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C h a p t e r 2 5 : A n t e n n a M
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Figure 25.3B Bent dipole wire and s
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CHAPTER 26 The Smith Chart The math
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Figure 26.2 Normalized impedance li
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A Figure 26.3 Constant resistance c
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A Figure 26.4A Constant inductive r
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C h a p t e r 2 6 : T h e S m i t h
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D C B A Figure 26.5 Radially scaled
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0.165 Y ' 1.0 j1.1 G' 1.0 Y ' 0.2
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CHAPTER 27 Testing and Troubleshoot
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C h a p t e r 2 7 : T e s t i n g a
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Page 720 and 721: CHAPTER 31 Zoning, Restrictive Cove
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Appendices
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APPENDIX A Useful Math The material
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A p p e n d i x A : U s e f u l M a
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Appendix B Suppliers and Other Reso
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A p p e n d i x B : S u p p l i e r
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B.1.6 Rotators and Controllers Alfa
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Index Note: Boldface numbers denote
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I n d e x 747 Binns, Jack, first ma
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I n d e x 749 dipole (Cont.): slopi
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I n d e x 751 grounding and ground
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I n d e x 753 ionospheric propagati
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I n d e x 755 maximum effective len
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I n d e x 757 noise (Cont.): sky no
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I n d e x 763 transmission lines, 1
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I n d e x 765 vertically polarized
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I n d e x 767 Yagi antennas (Cont.)
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