Practical_Antenna_Handbook_0071639586

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526 P a r t V I : A n t e n n a s f o r O t h e r F r e q u e n c i e s Figure 23.14 Wullenweber RDF array. Figure 23.15A Time difference of arrival (TDOA) RDF array.
C h a p t e r 2 3 : R a d i o D i r e c t i o n - F i n d i n g ( R D F ) A n t e n n a s 527 at an arbitrary angle to the line between two antennas. If the wavefront is parallel to the antenna axis, it will arrive at both antennas at the same time. But if the signal arrives at an angle, it will arrive at one antenna some time before it reaches the second. From the difference in the arrival times at the two antennas we can calculate the arrival angle. There is an ambiguity in the basic TDOA array in that the combined output will be the same for conjugate angles, i.e. at the same angle on opposite sides of a line bisecting the array. This problem can be resolved by adding the electronic system of Fig. 23.15B. Signals from ANT1 and ANT2 (designated V 1 and V 2 , respectively) are detected by separate receivers (RCVR1 and RCVR2) and then threshold detected in order to prevent signal-to-noise problems from interfering with the operation. The outputs of the threshold detectors are used to trigger a sawtooth generator that controls the horizontal sweep on an oscilloscope. The two signals are then delayed, and one is inverted so that the operator can distinguish between their traces on the CRT screen, thus eliminating the ambiguity. Example: If the antennas in Fig. 23.15A are arrayed east and west, the line perpendicular to the line drawn between them runs north and south. If we designate north as 0 degrees, the signal shown arrives at an angle of 330 degrees, and it will arrive at ANT1 before it arrives at ANT2. A signal arriving from a bearing of 30 degrees will produce the same output signal, even though it arrives at ANT2 before ANT1. All signals of bearing 0 ≤ q < 180° will arrive at ANT2 first, while all signals 180 ≤ q < 360° will arrive at ANT1 first. Yet both will produce the same blip on the oscilloscope screen. The solution to discerning which of the two conjugate angles is the true arrival angle is to invert the ANT1 signal. When this is done, the ANT1 signal falls below the baseline on the CRT screen, while the ANT2 signal is above the baseline. By noting the time difference between the pulses and their relative positions, we can determine the bearing of the arriving signal. Figure 23.15B Block diagram of typical TDOA circuit.
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Practical Antenna Handbook
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Practical Antenna Handbook Joseph J
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
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C o n t e n t s vii 12 The Yagi-Uda
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C o n t e n t s ix Switched-Pattern
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Preface My paternal grandfather was
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P r e f a c e xiii this book repres
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Acknowledgments As with other field
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Background and History Part I Chapt
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radio Com
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C h a p t e r 1 : I n t r o d u c t
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Fundamentals Part II Chapter 2 Radi
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CHAPTER 2 Radio-Wave Propagation To
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C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o - W a v
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R N-1 C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o -
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Figure 2.29C Monthly averaged sunsp
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CHAPTER 3 Antenna Basics An antenna
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C h a p t e r 3 : A n t e n n a B a
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CHAPTER 4 Transmission Lines and Im
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C h a p t e r 4 : T r a n s m i s s
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Chapter 5 Antenna Arrays and Array
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C h a p t e r 5 : a n t e n n a A r
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A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Figure 5.9
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B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Figure 5.10 Gr
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High-Frequency Building-Block Anten
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CHAPTER 6 Dipoles and Doublets A co
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C h a p t e r 6 : D i p o l e s a n
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CHAPTER 7 Large Wire Loop Antennas
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C h a p t e r 7 : L a r g e W i r e
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CHAPTER 8 Multiband and Tunable Wir
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C h a p t e r 8 : M u l t i b a n d
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CHAPTER 9 Vertically Polarized Ante
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C h a p t e r 9 : V e r t i c a l l
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Quarter-wave vertical radiator Insu
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Directional High-Frequency Antenna
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CHAPTER 10 Wire Arrays When a singl
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C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e A r r a
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Wire 2 C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e
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CHAPTER 11 Vertical Arrays Despite
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C h a p t e r 1 1 : V e r t i c a l
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CHAPTER 12 The Yagi-Uda Beam Antenn
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C h a p t e r 1 2 : T h e Y a g i -
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CHAPTER 13 Cubical Quads and Delta
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C h a p t e r 1 3 : C u b i c a l Q
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Figure 13.5 Multiband quad “spide
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High-Frequency Antennas for Special
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CHAPTER 14 Receiving Antennas for H
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C h a p t e r 1 4 : r e c e i v i n
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351 Figure 14.12 Remote tuning sche
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CHAPTER 15 Hidden and Limited-Space
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C h a p t e r 1 5 : H i d d e n a n
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CHAPTER 16 Mobile and Marine Antenn
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C h a p t e r 1 6 : M o b i l e a n
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CHAPTER 17 Emergency and Portable A
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C h a p t e r 1 7 : E m e r g e n c
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Antennas for Other Frequencies Part
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CHAPTER 18 Antennas for 160 Meters
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C h a p t e r 1 8 : a n t e n n a s
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CHAPTER 19 VHF and UHF Antennas The
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C h a p t e r 1 9 : V H F a n d U H
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CHAPTER 20 Microwave Waveguides and
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C h a p t e r 2 0 : M i c r o w a v
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λ o = c / f 8 3× 10 m / s = 9 C h
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Page 517 and 518: CHAPTER 22 Radio Astronomy Antennas
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Page 529 and 530: Figure 22.9 Interferometer pattern.
Page 531 and 532: CHAPTER 23 Radio Direction-Finding
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C h a p t e r 2 6 : T h e S m i t h
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0.165 Y ' 1.0 j1.1 G' 1.0 Y ' 0.2
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CHAPTER 27 Testing and Troubleshoot
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C h a p t e r 2 7 : T e s t i n g a
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Mechanical Construction and Install
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CHAPTER 28 Supports for Wires and V
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C h a p t e r 2 8 : S u p p o r t s
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CHAPTER 29 Towers At some point, th
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CHAPTER 30 Grounding for Safety and
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C h a p t e r 3 0 : G r o u n d i n
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CHAPTER 31 Zoning, Restrictive Cove
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C h a p t e r 3 1 : Z o n i n g , R
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C h a p t e r 3 1 : Z o n i n g , R
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Appendices
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APPENDIX A Useful Math The material
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A p p e n d i x A : U s e f u l M a
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Appendix B Suppliers and Other Reso
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A p p e n d i x B : S u p p l i e r
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B.1.6 Rotators and Controllers Alfa
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Index Note: Boldface numbers denote
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I n d e x 747 Binns, Jack, first ma
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I n d e x 749 dipole (Cont.): slopi
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I n d e x 751 grounding and ground
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I n d e x 753 ionospheric propagati
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I n d e x 755 maximum effective len
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I n d e x 757 noise (Cont.): sky no
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I n d e x 765 vertically polarized
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I n d e x 767 Yagi antennas (Cont.)
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