Practical_Antenna_Handbook_0071639586

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344 p a r t V : h i g h - F r e q u e n c y A n t e n n a s f o r S p e c i a l i z e d U s e s Figure 14.6B Loopstick antenna. Radio direction-finding (RDF) has long been a major application for the small loop antenna, especially in the lower-frequency bands. Chapter 24 is devoted to the use of loops and other antenna types specifically for RDF purposes. Today, the use of these small loops has been extended into the general receiving arena, especially on the low frequencies (VLF through lower HF range). In this application they are often physically quite large (compared, for instance, to the receiver they are apt to be used with) and require many turns of wire to develop the necessary signal
C h a p t e r 1 4 : r e c e i v i n g A n t e n n a s f o r H i g h F r e q u e n c y 345 amplitudes and notch depth. Receiving loops have also been used as high as VHF and are commonly used in the 10-m ham band for hidden transmitter hunts. Let’s examine the basic theory of small loop antennas and then take a look at some practical construction methods. Grover’s Equation Grover’s equation (Grover, 1946) seems closer to the actual inductance measured in empirical tests than certain other equations that are in use. This equation is ⎧⎪ ⎡ K aN ⎤ ⎡ 2 2 K4 ( N + 1) b⎤⎫⎪ L = ( K1N a) × ⎨ln⎢ ⎥+ K3 + ⎢ ⎥⎬ ⎩⎪ ⎣( N + 1) b⎦ ⎣ aN ⎦⎭⎪ (14.2) where L = inductance, in microhenrys (mH) a = length of a loop side, in centimeters (cm) b = loop width, in centimeters (cm) n = number of turns in loop K 1 through K 4 are shape constants and are given in Table 14.1. ln is the natural logarithm of this portion of the equation; it is typically obtained from a table or scientific calculator. (See App. A for information on natural logarithms.) Shape K 1 K 2 K 3 K 4 Triangle 0.006 1.155 0.655 0.135 Square 0.008 1.414 0.379 0.33 Hexagon 0.012 2.00 0.655 0.135 Octagon 0.016 2.613 0.7514 0.0715 Table 14.1 Shape Constants Air Core Frame (“Box”) Loops A wire loop antenna is made by winding a large coil of wire, consisting of one or more turns, on some sort of frame. The shape of the loop can be circular, square, triangular, hexagonal, or octagonal, but for practical construction reasons the square loop is most popular. With one exception, the loops considered in this section will be square, so you can easily duplicate them. The basic form of the simplest loop, as shown in Fig. 14.7, is square, with sides of length A. The width of the loop (B) is the distance from the first turn to the last turn in the loop or, alternatively, the diameter of the wire if only one turn is used. The turns of the loop in Fig. 14.7 are depth-wound—meaning that each turn of the loop is spaced in a slightly different parallel plane—and spaced evenly across distance B. Alternatively, the loop can be wound such that the turns are in the same plane (known as planar winding). In either case, the sides of the loop (A) should be not less than five times the width (B). There seems to be little difference in performance between depth- and planar-wound loops: the far-field patterns of the different shape loops are nearly the same if the re-
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Practical Antenna Handbook
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Practical Antenna Handbook Joseph J
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
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C o n t e n t s vii 12 The Yagi-Uda
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C o n t e n t s ix Switched-Pattern
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Preface My paternal grandfather was
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P r e f a c e xiii this book repres
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Acknowledgments As with other field
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Background and History Part I Chapt
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radio Com
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C h a p t e r 1 : I n t r o d u c t
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Fundamentals Part II Chapter 2 Radi
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CHAPTER 2 Radio-Wave Propagation To
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C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o - W a v
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R N-1 C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o -
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Figure 2.29C Monthly averaged sunsp
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CHAPTER 3 Antenna Basics An antenna
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C h a p t e r 3 : A n t e n n a B a
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CHAPTER 4 Transmission Lines and Im
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C h a p t e r 4 : T r a n s m i s s
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Chapter 5 Antenna Arrays and Array
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C h a p t e r 5 : a n t e n n a A r
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A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Figure 5.9
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B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Figure 5.10 Gr
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High-Frequency Building-Block Anten
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CHAPTER 6 Dipoles and Doublets A co
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C h a p t e r 6 : D i p o l e s a n
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CHAPTER 7 Large Wire Loop Antennas
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C h a p t e r 7 : L a r g e W i r e
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CHAPTER 8 Multiband and Tunable Wir
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C h a p t e r 8 : M u l t i b a n d
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CHAPTER 9 Vertically Polarized Ante
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C h a p t e r 9 : V e r t i c a l l
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Quarter-wave vertical radiator Insu
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Directional High-Frequency Antenna
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CHAPTER 10 Wire Arrays When a singl
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C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e A r r a
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Wire 2 C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e
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CHAPTER 11 Vertical Arrays Despite
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C h a p t e r 1 1 : V e r t i c a l
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CHAPTER 12 The Yagi-Uda Beam Antenn
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C h a p t e r 1 2 : T h e Y a g i -
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Page 341 and 342: Figure 13.5 Multiband quad “spide
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Page 369: 351 Figure 14.12 Remote tuning sche
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C h a p t e r 1 7 : E m e r g e n c
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Antennas for Other Frequencies Part
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CHAPTER 18 Antennas for 160 Meters
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C h a p t e r 1 8 : a n t e n n a s
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CHAPTER 19 VHF and UHF Antennas The
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C h a p t e r 1 9 : V H F a n d U H
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CHAPTER 20 Microwave Waveguides and
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C h a p t e r 2 0 : M i c r o w a v
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λ o = c / f 8 3× 10 m / s = 9 C h
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CHAPTER 21 Antenna Noise Temperatur
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C h a p t e r 2 1 : A n t e n n a N
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C h a p t e r 2 1 : A n t e n n a N
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CHAPTER 22 Radio Astronomy Antennas
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C h a p t e r 2 2 : R a d i o A s t
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Figure 22.9 Interferometer pattern.
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CHAPTER 23 Radio Direction-Finding
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C h a p t e r 2 3 : R a d i o D i r
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Figure 23.9 Adcock array RDF antenn
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Figure 23.11 Watson-Watt Adcock arr
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Tuning, Troubleshooting, and Design
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CHAPTER 24 Antenna Tuners (ATUs) Th
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C h a p t e r 2 4 : a n t e n n a T
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CHAPTER 25 Antenna Modeling Softwar
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C h a p t e r 2 5 : A n t e n n a M
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Figure 25.3B Bent dipole wire and s
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CHAPTER 26 The Smith Chart The math
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Figure 26.2 Normalized impedance li
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A Figure 26.3 Constant resistance c
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A Figure 26.4A Constant inductive r
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C h a p t e r 2 6 : T h e S m i t h
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D C B A Figure 26.5 Radially scaled
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0.165 Y ' 1.0 j1.1 G' 1.0 Y ' 0.2
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CHAPTER 27 Testing and Troubleshoot
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C h a p t e r 2 7 : T e s t i n g a
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Mechanical Construction and Install
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CHAPTER 28 Supports for Wires and V
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C h a p t e r 2 8 : S u p p o r t s
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CHAPTER 29 Towers At some point, th
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C h a p t e r 2 9 : T o w e r s 667
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CHAPTER 30 Grounding for Safety and
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C h a p t e r 3 0 : G r o u n d i n
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CHAPTER 31 Zoning, Restrictive Cove
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C h a p t e r 3 1 : Z o n i n g , R
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C h a p t e r 3 1 : Z o n i n g , R
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Appendices
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APPENDIX A Useful Math The material
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A p p e n d i x A : U s e f u l M a
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Appendix B Suppliers and Other Reso
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A p p e n d i x B : S u p p l i e r
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B.1.6 Rotators and Controllers Alfa
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Index Note: Boldface numbers denote
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I n d e x 747 Binns, Jack, first ma
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I n d e x 749 dipole (Cont.): slopi
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I n d e x 751 grounding and ground
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I n d e x 753 ionospheric propagati
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I n d e x 755 maximum effective len
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I n d e x 757 noise (Cont.): sky no
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I n d e x 761 standing waves: on an
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I n d e x 763 transmission lines, 1
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I n d e x 765 vertically polarized
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I n d e x 767 Yagi antennas (Cont.)
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