Practical_Antenna_Handbook_0071639586

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C h a p t e r 6 : D i p o l e s a n d D o u b l e t s 179 Z 2500 (end) Figure 6.2 Graph of current, voltage, and impedance along half-wavelength dipole. E I 73 (center) /2 120 100 90 Radiation resistance R r 80 72 70 60 50 Free space R r Height above ground (wavelengths) 40 30 20 10 0 0 /4 /2 3/4 5/4 3/2 7/4 2 9/4 5/2 Figure 6.3 Radiation resistance versus height above ground.
180 p a r t I I I : h i g h - F r e q u e n c y B u i l d i n g - B l o c k A n t e n n a s is because some of the signal radiated by the dipole strikes the ground directly beneath the antenna and is reflected straight up, where it induces a second field within the dipole. Because of the time it takes the radiated field to reach the ground and return, the induced field is shifted in phase with respect to the original signal in the dipole. This causes the ratio of voltage to current at the feedpoint to vary with the height of the antenna, which is simply saying the feedpoint impedance varies with height. At heights of many wavelengths, this oscillation of the curve settles down to the free-space impedance (73 Ω) as the effect of the earth becomes negligible. At the higher frequencies (VHF and above), it becomes practical to install a dipole at a height of many wavelengths. In the 2-m amateur radio band (144 to 148 MHz), λ ≈ 6.5 ft (i.e., 2 m × 3.28 ft/m), so a height of “many wavelengths” is relatively easy to achieve. In the 80-m band (3.5 to 4.0 MHz), however, λ ≈ 262 ft, so “many wavelengths” is a virtual impossibility for most. Any of a number of alternative responses can be chosen: • Ignore the problem altogether. In many installations, the height above ground will be such that the radiation resistance will be close enough to represent only a slight impedance mismatch to a standard coaxial cable. For Z 0 > R RAD , the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is calculated (among other ways) as the ratio For Z 0 < R RAD , it is the ratio Z0 VSWR = (6.5) R RAD where Z 0 = coaxial cable characteristic impedance R RAD = radiation resistance of antenna RRAD VSWR = (6.6) Z • Consider mounting the antenna at a height somewhat below a quarterwavelength, such that the radiation resistance is around 60 Ω. What is the resulting VSWR when feeding a 60-Ω antenna with either 52- or 75-Ω standard coaxial cable? Some calculations reveal: For 75-Ω coaxial cable: Z VSWR = R 0 RAD 0 75 = 60 = 1.25 : 1
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Practical Antenna Handbook
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Practical Antenna Handbook Joseph J
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
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C o n t e n t s vii 12 The Yagi-Uda
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C o n t e n t s ix Switched-Pattern
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Preface My paternal grandfather was
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P r e f a c e xiii this book repres
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Acknowledgments As with other field
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Background and History Part I Chapt
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radio Com
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C h a p t e r 1 : I n t r o d u c t
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Fundamentals Part II Chapter 2 Radi
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CHAPTER 2 Radio-Wave Propagation To
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C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o - W a v
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R N-1 C h a p t e r 2 : r a d i o -
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Figure 2.29C Monthly averaged sunsp
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CHAPTER 3 Antenna Basics An antenna
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C h a p t e r 3 : A n t e n n a B a
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CHAPTER 4 Transmission Lines and Im
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C h a p t e r 4 : T r a n s m i s s
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CHAPTER 9 Vertically Polarized Ante
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C h a p t e r 9 : V e r t i c a l l
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Quarter-wave vertical radiator Insu
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Directional High-Frequency Antenna
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CHAPTER 10 Wire Arrays When a singl
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C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e A r r a
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Wire 2 C h a p t e r 1 0 : W i r e
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CHAPTER 11 Vertical Arrays Despite
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C h a p t e r 1 1 : V e r t i c a l
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CHAPTER 12 The Yagi-Uda Beam Antenn
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C h a p t e r 1 2 : T h e Y a g i -
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CHAPTER 13 Cubical Quads and Delta
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C h a p t e r 1 3 : C u b i c a l Q
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Figure 13.5 Multiband quad “spide
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High-Frequency Antennas for Special
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CHAPTER 14 Receiving Antennas for H
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C h a p t e r 1 4 : r e c e i v i n
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351 Figure 14.12 Remote tuning sche
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CHAPTER 15 Hidden and Limited-Space
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C h a p t e r 1 5 : H i d d e n a n
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CHAPTER 16 Mobile and Marine Antenn
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C h a p t e r 1 6 : M o b i l e a n
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CHAPTER 17 Emergency and Portable A
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C h a p t e r 1 7 : E m e r g e n c
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Antennas for Other Frequencies Part
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CHAPTER 18 Antennas for 160 Meters
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C h a p t e r 1 8 : a n t e n n a s
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CHAPTER 19 VHF and UHF Antennas The
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C h a p t e r 1 9 : V H F a n d U H
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CHAPTER 20 Microwave Waveguides and
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C h a p t e r 2 0 : M i c r o w a v
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λ o = c / f 8 3× 10 m / s = 9 C h
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CHAPTER 21 Antenna Noise Temperatur
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C h a p t e r 2 1 : A n t e n n a N
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C h a p t e r 2 1 : A n t e n n a N
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CHAPTER 22 Radio Astronomy Antennas
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C h a p t e r 2 2 : R a d i o A s t
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Figure 22.9 Interferometer pattern.
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CHAPTER 23 Radio Direction-Finding
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C h a p t e r 2 3 : R a d i o D i r
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Figure 23.9 Adcock array RDF antenn
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Figure 23.11 Watson-Watt Adcock arr
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Tuning, Troubleshooting, and Design
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CHAPTER 24 Antenna Tuners (ATUs) Th
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C h a p t e r 2 4 : a n t e n n a T
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CHAPTER 25 Antenna Modeling Softwar
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C h a p t e r 2 5 : A n t e n n a M
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Figure 25.3B Bent dipole wire and s
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CHAPTER 26 The Smith Chart The math
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Figure 26.2 Normalized impedance li
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A Figure 26.3 Constant resistance c
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A Figure 26.4A Constant inductive r
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C h a p t e r 2 6 : T h e S m i t h
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D C B A Figure 26.5 Radially scaled
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0.165 Y ' 1.0 j1.1 G' 1.0 Y ' 0.2
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CHAPTER 27 Testing and Troubleshoot
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C h a p t e r 2 7 : T e s t i n g a
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Mechanical Construction and Install
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CHAPTER 28 Supports for Wires and V
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C h a p t e r 2 8 : S u p p o r t s
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CHAPTER 29 Towers At some point, th
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CHAPTER 30 Grounding for Safety and
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C h a p t e r 3 0 : G r o u n d i n
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CHAPTER 31 Zoning, Restrictive Cove
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C h a p t e r 3 1 : Z o n i n g , R
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C h a p t e r 3 1 : Z o n i n g , R
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Appendices
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APPENDIX A Useful Math The material
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A p p e n d i x A : U s e f u l M a
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Appendix B Suppliers and Other Reso
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A p p e n d i x B : S u p p l i e r
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B.1.6 Rotators and Controllers Alfa
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Index Note: Boldface numbers denote
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I n d e x 747 Binns, Jack, first ma
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I n d e x 749 dipole (Cont.): slopi
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I n d e x 751 grounding and ground
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I n d e x 753 ionospheric propagati
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I n d e x 755 maximum effective len
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I n d e x 757 noise (Cont.): sky no
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I n d e x 759 reactance: cancellati
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I n d e x 761 standing waves: on an
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I n d e x 763 transmission lines, 1
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I n d e x 765 vertically polarized
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I n d e x 767 Yagi antennas (Cont.)
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