Metode si tehnici de cercetare in psihologie Anul I ... - Lucian Trasa
Metode si tehnici de cercetare in psihologie Anul I ... - Lucian Trasa
Metode si tehnici de cercetare in psihologie Anul I ... - Lucian Trasa
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1. Metoda este legata <strong>de</strong> explicatie <strong>si</strong> reprez<strong>in</strong>ta un mijloc <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scoperire a unuiaspect al a<strong>de</strong>varului:a. dab. nu2. Metoda cauta sa raspunda la <strong>in</strong>trebari <strong>de</strong> tipul “cum?” :a. dab. nu3. Ambiguitatea termenului este data <strong>de</strong> :a. diferentele <strong>de</strong> nivel la care se <strong>si</strong>tueaza meto<strong>de</strong>le <strong>in</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong>b. amploarea explicatiilor pe care acestea le comportac. diversele momente ale procesului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> carora li se aplica4. Pr<strong>in</strong> metoda <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> se <strong>in</strong>telege calea, it<strong>in</strong>erariul, sau programul dupa care seregleaza actiunile <strong>in</strong>dividuale <strong>si</strong> practice <strong>in</strong> ve<strong>de</strong>rea at<strong>in</strong>gerii unui scop :a. dab. nu5. <strong>Meto<strong>de</strong></strong>le au <strong>in</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal un caracter :a. <strong>in</strong>strumental <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> actiuneb. <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>formare <strong>si</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretarec. <strong>de</strong> operationalizare <strong>si</strong> localizare8. <strong>Meto<strong>de</strong></strong>le sunt ghidate :a. <strong>de</strong> conceptia generala a cercetatoruluib. <strong>de</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipiile teoretice <strong>de</strong> la care porneste <strong>si</strong> pe care-<strong>si</strong> fundamenteaza <strong>de</strong>mersul<strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong>9. Metoda reprez<strong>in</strong>ta <strong>si</strong>stemul <strong>de</strong> reguli <strong>si</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipii <strong>de</strong> cunoastere <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> transformare arealitatii obiectivea. dab. nu
c. <strong>cercetare</strong>a la sfar<strong>si</strong>tul facultatii pentru ca rezultatele <strong>de</strong>mersului suntimportante16. Daca se cerceteaza performantele aca<strong>de</strong>mice ale unui grup <strong>de</strong> stu<strong>de</strong>nti se poatefolo<strong>si</strong> metoda transversala ceea ce <strong>in</strong>seamna:a. <strong>cercetare</strong>a <strong>si</strong>multana a mai multor grupuri – cate unul pentru fiecare an <strong>de</strong>studiub. <strong>cercetare</strong>a secventiala pe toata durata studiilorc. <strong>cercetare</strong>a <strong>in</strong>tregului grup pe toata durata facultatii17. Dupa criteriul functiei <strong>in</strong><strong>de</strong>pl<strong>in</strong>ite <strong>in</strong> procesul cercetarii putem vorbi <strong>de</strong>:a. meto<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> proiectare a cercetariib. meto<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> recoltare a datelorc. meto<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> reproducere a realitatiid. meto<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> analiza <strong>si</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretare18. Dupa criteriul credibilitatii datelor obt<strong>in</strong>ute <strong>in</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> se poate face dist<strong>in</strong>ctia<strong>in</strong>tre:a. meto<strong>de</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipaleb. meto<strong>de</strong> secundarec. meto<strong>de</strong> tertiare19. Conform criteriului credibilitatii datelor meto<strong>de</strong>le pr<strong>in</strong>cipale (observatia,experimentul, documentarea) ofera <strong>in</strong>formatii cu valoare <strong>de</strong> fapte <strong>si</strong> <strong>in</strong>lesnesc ocunoastere predom<strong>in</strong>ant sociologica:a. dab. nu20. Conform criteriului credibilitatii datelor meto<strong>de</strong>le secundare (<strong>in</strong>terviul,chestionarul, sondajul, tehnica scalelor, tehnica testelor, tehnica sociometrica) ofera<strong>in</strong>formatii cu valoare <strong>de</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ie <strong>si</strong> permit o cunoastere predom<strong>in</strong>ant p<strong>si</strong>hosociologicaa. dab. nu
21. Metoda sti<strong>in</strong>tifica presupune (conform lui J.Plano) urmatoarele momente:a. i<strong>de</strong>ntificarea clara a problemei ce trebuie cercetatab. verificarea problemei pr<strong>in</strong> aflarea parerii celorlalti <strong>de</strong>spre aceasta chestiunec. formularea unei ipoteze ce exprima o relatie <strong>in</strong>tre variabiled. rationare <strong>de</strong>ductiva atenta <strong>in</strong> ceea ce priveste ipoteza pentru a <strong>in</strong>vestigaimplicatiile problemei: stabilirea <strong>tehnici</strong>lor <strong>si</strong> proce<strong>de</strong>elor aferentee. culegerea <strong>de</strong> date pentru testarea empirica a ipotezeif. analiza cantitativa <strong>si</strong> calitativa a datelorg. acceptarea, resp<strong>in</strong>gerea sau reformularea ipotezei”22. Dupa criteriul temporal Septimiu Chelcea dist<strong>in</strong>ge <strong>in</strong>tre meto<strong>de</strong>le transversale <strong>si</strong>meto<strong>de</strong> longitud<strong>in</strong>ale. <strong>Meto<strong>de</strong></strong>le transversale sunt cele care urmaresc <strong>de</strong>scoperirearelatiilor <strong>in</strong>tre laturilor, aspectele, fenomenele <strong>si</strong> procesele social-umane la unmoment dat, cum ar fi, <strong>de</strong> exemplu, observatia, ancheta sociologica, etc.a. dab. nu23. Dupa criteriul temporal Septimiu Chelcea dist<strong>in</strong>ge <strong>in</strong>tre meto<strong>de</strong>le transversale <strong>si</strong>meto<strong>de</strong> longitud<strong>in</strong>ale. <strong>Meto<strong>de</strong></strong>le longitud<strong>in</strong>ale sunt cele care studiaza evolutiafenomenelor <strong>in</strong> timp: biografia, studiul <strong>de</strong> caz, anchete Panel:a. dab. nu24. Dupa criteriul reactivitatii (respectiv al gradului <strong>de</strong> implicare al cercetatoruluiasupra obiectului <strong>de</strong> studiu), Septimiu Chelcea dist<strong>in</strong>ge <strong>in</strong>tre:a. meto<strong>de</strong>le experimentaleb. meto<strong>de</strong> cva<strong>si</strong>experimentalec. meto<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> observatied. meto<strong>de</strong> nonexperimentale25. Dupa numarul unitatilor sociale luate <strong>in</strong> studiu, S. Chelcea dist<strong>in</strong>ge <strong>in</strong>tre:a. meto<strong>de</strong>le statistice ce presupun <strong>in</strong>vestigarea unui numar mare <strong>de</strong> unitatisociale
. meto<strong>de</strong>le cazuistice ce se refera la studiul <strong>in</strong>tegral al catorva unitati saufenomene socio-umanec. meto<strong>de</strong>le reproductibile care se refera la studiul partial al unor persoane26. Dupa locul ocupat <strong>in</strong> procesul <strong>in</strong>vestigatiei empirice S. Chelcea dist<strong>in</strong>ge <strong>in</strong>tre:a. meto<strong>de</strong>le <strong>de</strong> culegere a <strong>in</strong>formatiilorb. meto<strong>de</strong>le <strong>de</strong> prelucrare a <strong>in</strong>formatiilorc. meto<strong>de</strong>le <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretare a datelor cercetariid. meto<strong>de</strong>le <strong>de</strong> verificare a <strong>in</strong>formatiilor27. Dupa scopul lor, cercetarile socioumane concrete pot fi <strong>de</strong> mai multe tipuri. D<strong>in</strong>aceast perspectiva putem spune ca etnografia este o sti<strong>in</strong>ta prepon<strong>de</strong>rent:a. <strong>de</strong>scriptivab. explorativac. explicativa28. Dupa scopul lor, cercetarile socioumane concrete pot fi <strong>de</strong> mai multe tipuri. D<strong>in</strong>aceast perspectiva putem spune ca sociologia este o sti<strong>in</strong>ta prepon<strong>de</strong>rent:d. <strong>de</strong>scriptivae. explorativaf. explicativa29. Dupa scopul lor, cercetarile socioumane concrete pot fi <strong>de</strong> mai multe tipuri:cercetari <strong>de</strong>scriptive <strong>si</strong> cercetari explicative. Cercetarile explicative i<strong>si</strong> propun:a. sa testeze ipotezeleb. sa ofere <strong>in</strong>formatii pentru formularea ipotezelor30. Dupa scopul lor, cercetarile socioumane concrete pot fi <strong>de</strong> mai multe tipuri:cercetari <strong>de</strong>scriptive <strong>si</strong> cercetari explicative. Cercetarile explicative i<strong>si</strong> propun:a. sa testeze ipotezeleb. sa ofere <strong>in</strong>formatii pentru formularea ipotezelor31. In functie <strong>de</strong> nivelul <strong>de</strong> acces la <strong>in</strong>stantele <strong>si</strong>stemului p<strong>si</strong>hic putem vorbi <strong>de</strong>:a. meto<strong>de</strong> care vizeaza planul constient <strong>si</strong> care se adreseaza cu preca<strong>de</strong>re
<strong>in</strong>stantei Egouluib. meto<strong>de</strong> care vizeaza nivelul <strong>in</strong>constientului (personal <strong>si</strong> colectiv) <strong>si</strong> care seadreseaza cu preca<strong>de</strong>re <strong>in</strong>stantei S<strong>in</strong>elui personal <strong>si</strong> colectivc. meto<strong>de</strong> care vizeaza planul transpersonal <strong>si</strong> pr<strong>in</strong> care se urmareste obt<strong>in</strong>erea <strong>de</strong><strong>in</strong>formatii <strong>de</strong> la nivelul S<strong>in</strong>elui <strong>in</strong>tegral32. Tehnica este <strong>de</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ita drept ansamblu <strong>de</strong> prescriptii metodologice (reguli,proce<strong>de</strong>e) pentru o actiune eficienta, atat <strong>in</strong> sfera productiei materiale, cat <strong>si</strong> <strong>in</strong> sferaproductiei spirituale (<strong>tehnici</strong> <strong>de</strong> cunoastere, <strong>de</strong> calcul, <strong>de</strong> creatie), precum <strong>si</strong> <strong>in</strong> cadrulaltor actiuni umane (<strong>tehnici</strong> <strong>de</strong> lupta, sportive, etc.)”a. dab. nu33. Chelcea <strong>de</strong>f<strong>in</strong>este <strong>tehnici</strong>le <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> ca fi<strong>in</strong>d subsumate meto<strong>de</strong>lor <strong>si</strong>refer<strong>in</strong>du-se strict la <strong>de</strong>mersul operational al abordarii fenomenelor <strong>de</strong> studiu:a. dab. nu34. Se poate spune ca aceleia<strong>si</strong> meto<strong>de</strong> ii sunt subordonate mai multe <strong>tehnici</strong> <strong>de</strong><strong>cercetare</strong>, iar fiecare tehnica poate fi aplicata <strong>in</strong> modalitati diferite:a. dab. nu35. Proce<strong>de</strong>ul este <strong>de</strong>f<strong>in</strong>it drept “maniera <strong>de</strong> actiune”, <strong>de</strong> utilizare a <strong>in</strong>strumentelor <strong>de</strong><strong>in</strong>vestigare:a. dab. nu36. Instrumentele <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> sunt con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>rate unelte materiale <strong>de</strong> care se folosestecercetatorul pentru cunoasterea sti<strong>in</strong>tifica a fenomenelor:a. dab. nu37. A.Gid<strong>de</strong>ns schematizeaza etapele procesului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> astfel:
a. <strong>de</strong>f<strong>in</strong>irea problemeib. revizuirea dovezilor sau trecerea <strong>in</strong> revista a bibliografieic. clarificarea problemei pr<strong>in</strong> formularea ipotezeid. selectarea planului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> pr<strong>in</strong> alegerea uneia sau a mai multor meto<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><strong>cercetare</strong>e. efectuarea cercetariif. <strong>in</strong>terpretarea rezultatelorg. raportarea <strong>de</strong>scoperirilor pr<strong>in</strong> redactarea raportului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong>38. In schema lui Gid<strong>de</strong>ns referitoare la etapele procesului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> <strong>de</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ireaproblemei se refera la:a. alegerea temei <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong>b. aflarea <strong>si</strong> strangerea <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>formatii39. In schema lui Gid<strong>de</strong>ns referitoare la etapele procesului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> efectuareacercetarii se refera la:a. alegerea temei <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong>b. strangerea datelor <strong>si</strong> <strong>in</strong>registrarea <strong>in</strong>formatiilor40. Cu privire la etapelele procesului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> <strong>si</strong> citandu-l pe R.Mucchieli,S.Chelcea con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>ra ca <strong>in</strong>tr-o <strong>in</strong>vestigatie <strong>de</strong> tip sociouman trebuie urmateurmatoarele etape:a. Determ<strong>in</strong>area obiectului <strong>in</strong>vestigatieib. Preanchetac. Stabilirea obiectivelor <strong>si</strong> formularea explicita a ipotezelor cercetariid. Stabilirea universului ancheteie. Alcatuirea esantionului sau a lotuluif. Alegerea <strong>tehnici</strong>lor <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> <strong>in</strong> functie <strong>de</strong> metodologia cercetariig. Pretestarea <strong>in</strong>strumentelor <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> (ancheta-pilot)h. Def<strong>in</strong>itivarea <strong>in</strong>strumentelor <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong>i. Prelucrarea datelor <strong>si</strong> a <strong>in</strong>formatiilor obt<strong>in</strong>utej. Analiza rezultatelor obt<strong>in</strong>ute d<strong>in</strong> etapele anterioarek. Redactarea raportului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong>
41. Determ<strong>in</strong>area obiectului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> se face <strong>in</strong> raport cu i<strong>de</strong>ea <strong>si</strong> scopul <strong>de</strong>claratal <strong>in</strong>itiatorilor <strong>in</strong>vestigatiei <strong>si</strong> cu metodologia cercetarii:a. dab. nu42. Determ<strong>in</strong>area obiectului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> se face t<strong>in</strong>and cont totodata <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> factorii<strong>tehnici</strong> (nivelul <strong>de</strong> calificare al personalului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> <strong>si</strong> al personalului auxiliar,precum <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> termenul calendaristic al <strong>in</strong>vestigatiei – acordam o treime d<strong>in</strong> timpmuncii <strong>de</strong> teren, iar doua treimi muncii <strong>de</strong> prelucrare)a. dab. nu43. Def<strong>in</strong>irea operationala a conceptelor sociologice reprez<strong>in</strong>ta traducereaconceptelor <strong>in</strong> “evenimente observabile”:a. dab. nu44. Pr<strong>in</strong> articularea <strong>in</strong>dicatorilor <strong>in</strong>tr-un <strong>si</strong>stem pr<strong>in</strong>tr-o selectie atenta sunt ret<strong>in</strong>utidoar <strong>in</strong>dicatorii necesari <strong>si</strong> suficienti, stabil<strong>in</strong>du-se puterea lor <strong>de</strong> resp<strong>in</strong>gere, puterealor <strong>de</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ere <strong>si</strong>, respectiv, puterea lor <strong>de</strong> discrim<strong>in</strong>are:a. dab. nu45. Preancheta are ca scop fixarea obiectivelor <strong>si</strong> consta <strong>in</strong> analiza logica amanuntitaa ipotezelor po<strong>si</strong>bile, selectandu-se ipotezele verificabile:a. dab. nu46. In cadrul preanchetei se estimeaza costul <strong>in</strong>tregii <strong>in</strong>vestigatii; se stabilestetermenul calendaristic <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>cheiere a cercetarii; se prevad dificultatile d<strong>in</strong> teren legate<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sfasurarea <strong>in</strong>vestigatiei <strong>si</strong>, nu <strong>in</strong> ultimul rand, se studiaza bibliografia aferentaproblemei <strong>de</strong> cercetat:a. da
. nu47. Atunci cand se stabilesc obiectivele <strong>si</strong> se formuleaza explicit ipotezele cercetariitrebuie explicat scopul cercetarii precum <strong>si</strong> rezultatele ce se prevad a fi obt<strong>in</strong>ute:a. dab. nu48. Stabilirea universului anchetei reprez<strong>in</strong>ta stabilirea populatiei <strong>de</strong> refer<strong>in</strong>ta sau apersoanelor care vor fi <strong>in</strong>vestigate <strong>si</strong> asupra carora vor fi ext<strong>in</strong>se rezultatele<strong>in</strong>vestigatiei socioumane:a. dab. nu49. Metoda <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestigare este <strong>de</strong>term<strong>in</strong>ata atat <strong>de</strong> a<strong>de</strong>cvarea <strong>tehnici</strong>lor la scopulpropus (<strong>tehnici</strong>le trebuie corelate pentru ca fiecare d<strong>in</strong>tre ele are limite), cat <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong>acce<strong>si</strong>bilitate <strong>si</strong> costuri:a. dab. nu50. Pretestarea <strong>in</strong>strumentelor <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> (ancheta-pilot) este etapa standardizarii<strong>in</strong>strumentelor <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestigare (stabilirea lor exacta):a. dab. nu51. Def<strong>in</strong>itivarea <strong>in</strong>strumentelor <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> reprez<strong>in</strong>ta etapa <strong>de</strong> f<strong>in</strong>alizare a<strong>in</strong>strumentelor <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> (f<strong>in</strong>alizarea elementelor <strong>de</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ut, punerea <strong>in</strong> pag<strong>in</strong>a,multiplicarea lor etc):a. dab. nu52. Prelucrarea datelor <strong>si</strong> a <strong>in</strong>formatiilor obt<strong>in</strong>ute se refera la:a. Informatiile obt<strong>in</strong>ute d<strong>in</strong> aplicarea <strong>in</strong>strumentelor <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong> sunt cla<strong>si</strong>ficate,<strong>in</strong>seriate <strong>si</strong> pregatite pentru prelucrarea matematica.b. Prelucrarea datelor pr<strong>in</strong> codificare <strong>si</strong> tabulare
53. Codificarea datelor reprez<strong>in</strong>ta operatia <strong>de</strong> atribuire fiecarei categorii <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>formatiia unui numar sau litera;a. dab. nu54. In cadrul codificarii, <strong>in</strong>formatiile se con<strong>de</strong>nseaza, se <strong>si</strong>stematizeaza <strong>si</strong> senormalizeaza iar codificatorul face analiza <strong>si</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretarea <strong>in</strong>formatiilor cu scopul<strong>in</strong>cadrarii lor <strong>in</strong> categorii exclu<strong>si</strong>ve:a. dab. nu55. Un raport <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong>, corect <strong>in</strong>tocmit, trebuie sa cupr<strong>in</strong>da:a. o <strong>in</strong>troducere <strong>in</strong> problema studiatab. un scurt istoric al proiectului <strong>de</strong> <strong>cercetare</strong>c. un rezumat al cercetarilor anterioared. o reformulare clara a problemeie. redarea completa a proce<strong>de</strong>elor utilizate pentru culegerea <strong>si</strong> prelucrarea<strong>in</strong>formatiilorf. prezentarea <strong>de</strong>taliata a rezultatelorg. un rezumat al <strong>in</strong>terpretarii rezultatelor56. P. Pichot spune <strong>de</strong>spre chestionare ca "sunt teste compuse d<strong>in</strong>tr-un numar maimare sau mai mic <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trebari prezentate <strong>in</strong> scris subiectilor <strong>si</strong> se refera la op<strong>in</strong>iile,prefer<strong>in</strong>tele, sentimentele, <strong>in</strong>teresele <strong>si</strong> comportamentele lor <strong>in</strong> circumstante precise“:a. dab. nu57. Roger Mucchielli, spunea <strong>de</strong>spre chestionar ca „nu poate fi con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>rat <strong>de</strong>cat olista <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trebari“:a. dab. nu
58. Earl Babbie, spune ca pr<strong>in</strong> chestionar se <strong>in</strong>telege „o metoda <strong>de</strong> colectare adatelor pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>trebarile puse persoanelor sau pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>trebarea acestora daca sunt <strong>de</strong>acord sau <strong>in</strong> <strong>de</strong>zacord cu enunturile care reprez<strong>in</strong>ta diferite puncte <strong>de</strong> ve<strong>de</strong>re“a. dab. nu59. Chelcea <strong>de</strong>f<strong>in</strong>este chestionarul ca fi<strong>in</strong>d “o tehnica <strong>si</strong>, corespunzator, un<strong>in</strong>strument <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestigare constand d<strong>in</strong>tr-un ansamblu <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trebari scrise <strong>si</strong>, eventual,imag<strong>in</strong>i grafice, ordonate logic <strong>si</strong> p<strong>si</strong>hologic, care, pr<strong>in</strong> adm<strong>in</strong>istrarea <strong>de</strong> catreoperatorii <strong>de</strong> ancheta sau pr<strong>in</strong> autoadm<strong>in</strong>istrare, <strong>de</strong>term<strong>in</strong>a d<strong>in</strong> partea persoaneloranchetate raspunsuri ce urmeaza a fi <strong>in</strong>registrate <strong>in</strong> scris.”:a. dab. nu60. Chelcea sust<strong>in</strong>e ca <strong>in</strong>tr-un chestionar “comb<strong>in</strong>area <strong>si</strong> succe<strong>si</strong>unea stimulilortrebuie sa fie logica, dar <strong>si</strong> p<strong>si</strong>hologica”;a. dab. nu61. Partea <strong>in</strong>troductiva este <strong>de</strong>numita <strong>si</strong> scrisoare <strong>de</strong> explicatie <strong>si</strong> are rolul <strong>de</strong>a oferiexplicatii:a. cu privire la rolul ancheteib. cu privire la scopurile <strong>si</strong> obiectivele sale,c. cu privire la ce vor fi folo<strong>si</strong>te rezultatele studiului,d. referitoare la valentele sale pragmaticee. referitoare la faptul ca raspunsurile persoanei <strong>in</strong> cauza sunt foarte importantepentru reu<strong>si</strong>ta anchetei.62. In partea <strong>in</strong>troductiva trebuie sa se precizeze datele <strong>de</strong> contact ale operatorului<strong>de</strong> ancheta, ale <strong>in</strong>stitutiei care a comandat sau care realizeaza studiul, precum <strong>si</strong> alecoordonatorului proiectului, fie pentru <strong>de</strong>talii suplimentare, fie pentru solicitareamodificarii datelor personale d<strong>in</strong> bazele <strong>de</strong> date:
a. dab. nu63. Cum se numeste sectiunea d<strong>in</strong>tr-un chestionar <strong>in</strong> care se vor face precizarileconcrete referitoare la timp <strong>si</strong> la modalitatile concrete <strong>de</strong> raspuns la <strong>in</strong>trebarile d<strong>in</strong>chestionar;a. <strong>in</strong>structiuni <strong>de</strong> aplicareb. <strong>in</strong>troducerec. cont<strong>in</strong>ut propriu-zis64. Cum se numeste sectiunea d<strong>in</strong>tr-un chestionar care cont<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>trebari sau itemi:a. <strong>in</strong>structiuni <strong>de</strong> aplicareb. <strong>in</strong>troducerec. cont<strong>in</strong>utul propriu-zis al chestionarului65. Chestionarele care pornesc cu <strong>in</strong>trebari <strong>si</strong>mple a caror complexitate creste pemasura ce se avanseaza <strong>in</strong> <strong>de</strong>rularea lor se numesc:a. chestionare tip „palnie”b. chestionar tip „sacosa”c. chestionar tip ‚palnie <strong>in</strong>toarsa”66. Chestionarele care pornesc cu <strong>in</strong>trebari complexe care se <strong>si</strong>mplifica pe masurace se avanseaza <strong>in</strong> <strong>de</strong>rularea lor se numesc:a. chestionare tip „palnie”b. chestionar tip „sacosa”c. chestionar tip ‚palnie <strong>in</strong>toarsa”67. In <strong>de</strong>butul chestionarului se recomanda folo<strong>si</strong>rea uneia sau mai multor <strong>in</strong>trebari :a. care sa fie usoare <strong>si</strong> la care oamenii raspund cu placere, cu scopul <strong>de</strong> a antrenasubiectul <strong>in</strong> dialogb. care sa fie mai dificile pentru a motiva subiectul68. Dimen<strong>si</strong>unea chestionarului se refera la:
a. numarul <strong>de</strong> operationalizarib. numarul <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trebaric. numarul <strong>de</strong> ipoteze69. In general, se con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>ra ca un chestionar trebuie sa aiba:a. un numar cat mai mic <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trebarib. un numar cat mai mare <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trebari70. Regula referitoare la un numar cat mai mic <strong>in</strong>tr-un chestionar <strong>de</strong>numita <strong>si</strong> „regula<strong>de</strong> aur” nu trebuie sa impieteze asupra:a. calitatii cercetariib. capacitatii <strong>de</strong> acoperire a temei cercetatec. gradului <strong>de</strong> stres al cercetatorului