5, tipuri de culturi forestiere pentru fixarea $i ... - EdituraSilvica.ro
5, tipuri de culturi forestiere pentru fixarea $i ... - EdituraSilvica.ro
5, tipuri de culturi forestiere pentru fixarea $i ... - EdituraSilvica.ro
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5, TIPURI DE CULTURI FORESTIERE PENTRU FIXAREA<br />
$I .PUNEREA IN VALOARE A TERENURILOR AFECTATE<br />
DE PROCESE DE ALUNECARE $I EROZIUNE DE ADINCIME<br />
E. UNTARU, C. TRACI<br />
Aiutaare lehnice:<br />
I. ZI.OTA,<br />
DINU, P. APOSTU<br />
I. INTRODUCERE<br />
Alunecdrile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> teren Ei e<strong>ro</strong>ziunea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> adincime se manifesti pe suprafefe<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>stul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mari gi repr^ezintd un serios pericol <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sectorul agricol 9i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
economie in geieral. in ultimul timp, fenomenele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> e<strong>ro</strong>ziune Ei-cu-<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebire<br />
cele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> alundcare s-au agravat mult.'Printre regiunile cele mai afectate au<br />
fost Podigul central moldovenesc, in<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebi ju<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tele<br />
.Vaslui gi Iaqi .9i zona<br />
Subcarpafilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> curburi. in foarte multe situa{ii .distrugerea<br />
solului a luat<br />
u.er.n'.u'p<strong>ro</strong>porfii, inctt folosirea lui <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> agriclltu^rd nu mai este posibild.<br />
tnve'stigaliile efectuate ln pefioada [gZq'-tgZ1 au avut ca principale<br />
obiect"iv'e stabilirea celor niai indicate specii gi.<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tipuri</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
foiestiere <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> impddurirea terenurilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>gradate pr.in alunecdri Ei e<strong>ro</strong>ziune<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> adincime, inapt6 altor folosinfe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cit cea forestierd.<br />
2. MATERIAL $I METODA<br />
cercetdrile s-au efectuat in bazinele riurilcr S15nic, Cilndu, Rm. Sirat,<br />
tnlilcov, Putna ;i Birlad Ei se refer[ la:. experinentarea d.iferitelcr.<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tipuri</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
iutturi'forestieie prin foiosire a diferite prcce<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>e <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>.plantare, in diverse<br />
condi{ii sta{ionale, cu executarea prealabilS a unor lucrdri simple <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> arnenajare<br />
si consolidare a terenurilor alunecdtoare qi a celor cu e<strong>ro</strong>ziune <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> adincime;<br />
;;";d;il;; oioau"ii"itatea acestor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, in diferite condi{ii sta{ionale<br />
diri perimetreie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ameliorare reprezentative din teriioriile nen{ionate;.eficienta<br />
vegetatiei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiere</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> in coirbaterea p<strong>ro</strong>ceselor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> alunecare qi e<strong>ro</strong>ziune<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> - adincime. --Ltit<br />
in suprafelelexperimentale cit qi in perimetrele in care s-au efectuat<br />
cercetdri iri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> instalate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> unitd{ile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>-p<strong>ro</strong>ductie. s-a fdcut mai intii<br />
conditiilor sta{ionale care a constat in i<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ntificarea. qi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scrierea<br />
"ut."tui"u aminunlitd a formelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>gradare a terenului, a solului ;i substratului<br />
litologic. --'-'-T"<br />
lntreprinse s-a folcsit un mare numSr.<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> specii,(pilul<br />
sitvesiiu, "*perimentdrile<br />
prnul negru, salcimul, gorunul,.paltinul<br />
95 SiTp li <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mryt9-e-t9t)<br />
Si p<strong>ro</strong>ce<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>6 <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> impldurire variate (cu puiefi cu rddlcinile. nu<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sau crescull<br />
i;;;;ffi;1",-p"i&i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> talie micd qi d6 tatie mai mare, planta{ii in g<strong>ro</strong>pi 9i<br />
in cordon etc.i pe diverse categorii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> terenuri alunecdtoare qi cu e<strong>ro</strong>ziune <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
adincime.
Cercetirile asupra <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltirii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiere</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> gi eficienfei tehnice<br />
a acestora s-au efectuat pe suprafefe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 200-1 000 m2, cu condi{ii stationale<br />
omogene. S-a analizat cregterea diferitelor specii ln diametru, in inll{ime gi<br />
volum, modul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> acoperire gi fixare a terenului, eficien{a acestora ln diminuarea<br />
gi oprirea p<strong>ro</strong>ceselor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> alunecare sau <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> e<strong>ro</strong>ziune in adincime, eficicienfa<br />
diferitelor amestecuri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> specii, valoarea economici a diferitelor specii<br />
sau <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tipuri</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> etc.<br />
3. PRINCIPALELE REZULTATE ALE CERCETARILOR<br />
3.I. IMPADURIREA TERENURILOR ALUNEC.A,.<br />
3.1.1 Instalarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor<br />
_-Experimentdrile efectuate cu diferite specii qi formule <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> impddurire,<br />
in diferite.conditii staf ionale, au ,dus la constatarea cd prin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea gi menf inerea<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor sint influenfate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> particularitifile biologice ale speciilor<br />
folosite, vjrgta, gi calitatea puietilor, modalit6|ile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> manipulare gi tr-ansport<br />
ale materialului sdditor gi tehnica <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plantare.<br />
Dintre speciile folosite au manifestat o sensibilitate mai mare la pocul<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plantare pinul silvestru gi pinul negru, dintre rSginoase ;i aninul r"iegru<br />
gi alb, dintre foioase. Au prezentat o rezistenfl <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>stul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mare: sdlcioara,<br />
salcimul, mojdreanul, citina alb5, plopul alb Ei plopii euramericani. S-a<br />
constatat cd puie{ii vigu<strong>ro</strong>Ei care prezinti un sistem radicular bine <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltat<br />
{u9, in<br />
general, la o reugitd superioard a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor, comparativ cu puiefii<br />
slab <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltati sau care prezintd un raport disp<strong>ro</strong>portionat intre rddi-cini qi<br />
partea aeriani.<br />
ln cazul pinului silvestru gi a pinului negru, puiefii repicati au avut<br />
o comportare mult mai bund <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cit puiefii nerepica{i. Rezultate superioare<br />
au fos! obfinute Ei tn cazul folosirli <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> puie{i bine <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvolta{i, in<br />
virstd <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> patru ani.<br />
Ambalarea gi manipularea corectd a puietilor s-au reflectat in p<strong>ro</strong>cente<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> prin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re ;i menfinere'superioare, in<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>oiebi in cazul speciilor cu sbnsibilitate<br />
mai mare la qocul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plantgre: pinii gi aninii;i mai cu seami in condifiile.<br />
unor p.rimiveri secetoase. In mod asemdndtor a influenlat reusita <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor<br />
tehnica <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plantare. Executarea corectd a lucrrrilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plantare, precum<br />
gi folosirea unor meto<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> perfectionate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plantare a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>termihat sporuii calitative<br />
importante, in<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebi in anii secetoqi. Fnlosirea meto<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>i ile plantare<br />
cu puieli p<strong>ro</strong>dugi in_ pungi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> polietilend a'dus la realizarea unor spbruri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
peste_l0o% la prin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea -gi men{inerea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor experimentale diri perimetrul'<br />
Valea Caselor {tabel l).<br />
in functie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> conditiile sta{ionale, principalele constatiri la care s-a<br />
ajuns in urma experimentirilor efectuate sint urmitoarele:<br />
Pe terenurile cu cleplasare in bloc sau slab fragmentate, instalarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiere</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> nu ridici, in general, p<strong>ro</strong>bleme <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebite. In conditii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
precipitafii normale, prin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea gi men{inerea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor la fineie primului<br />
sezon <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> vegetafie se situeazd, in majoritatea cazurilor, la mai mult'<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 90%<br />
din numdrul puie{ilor planta{i (tabelele I Ei 2)<br />
54
Pe terenuri mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rat pind la puternic fragmentate, fdri exces <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> umiditate,<br />
diversitatea mai mare a conditiilor mic<strong>ro</strong>stationale a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>terminat unele<br />
variatii mai insemnate ale prin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rii qi mentinerii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor' comparativ cu<br />
terenurile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>plasate in bloc.-in anii cu condifii favorabile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> instalare a vegetatiei<br />
se r<strong>ro</strong>t 6btine;i in aceste situafii rezultate bune sau chiar foarte bune la<br />
initalarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor, dacd nu au loc reactiviri insemnate care sd afecteze<br />
plantatiile. in conditii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> seceti se inregistreazd insd variafii mai mari ale<br />
b<strong>ro</strong>centelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> prin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re qi menlinere ale <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor, comparativ cu terenurile<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>olasate ' in bloc.<br />
Plantafiile efectuate cu puiefi rcpica{i in pungi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> polietilend au <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>terminat,<br />
in cazul terenurilor fragmentate, oblinerea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rezultate superioare<br />
chiar in conditiile unor ani seceto;i. Culturile cu puiefi dq p!l silvestru repicafi<br />
in pungi au condus la oblinerea menfinerii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 930,,6 fafi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 33% cit s-a realizat<br />
in varianta martor, iar <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>le <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pin negru cu puiefi repicati in pungi au<br />
condus la mentinerea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 96% fa{d <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 43o/o cit s-a realizat in cazul variantei<br />
martor (tabelul l).<br />
Experimentdiile efectuate in condifiile. terenurilor cu exces periodic<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> umi{itate cu plopi euramericani, salcie qi anin, au condus la obfinerea<br />
unor p<strong>ro</strong>cente suierioare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> prin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re gi men{inere a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor, in general,<br />
mai mari <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 90.<br />
In cazul suprafefelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>sprin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltate in alternanfe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> nisipuri'<br />
luturi si pietriStrii, uneori cu straturi subfiri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> argile Ei marne, experimenterile<br />
efeituate in condi{ii normale <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> precipita}ii, au condus la obfinerea<br />
unor rezultate bune, referitoare la prin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea qi menfinerea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> salcim,<br />
sdlcioard, cdtind albd ;i anin alb. In anii secetoEi p<strong>ro</strong>centele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> men{inere<br />
in..giiii.uri insd valoii relativ coborite, a<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>seoii 3ub 5096<br />
P<strong>ro</strong>ce<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ele<br />
plantare care au dat satisfactie au fost: plantarea in g<strong>ro</strong>pi<br />
rle 30/30/30 cm, cu pilnii, in silvostepd <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> vetre in zona forestierd, in ca-zul<br />
f.t.*iiloi .u i"ptu'iui" in bloc, a frdmintate, cu.inclinare sub 25" Ei<br />
a suprafe{elor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>sprin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re stabilizate "ilor' gi_.intelenite Ei plantarea.in g<strong>ro</strong>pi<br />
simoie in cazul terenuiilor frimtntate cu inclinare mai mare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 25" si a suprafe{eior<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>sprin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re cu e<strong>ro</strong>ziune activd. In cazul puie{ilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> talie mare s-au<br />
oblinut rezuftate corespunzdtoare prin plantarea in g<strong>ro</strong>pi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 40/50/50 cm.<br />
3.1.2 Dezvoltarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiere</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pe terenurile alunecdtoare<br />
3. I .2. I Pind la realizarea stdrii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> masio.<br />
Din cercetdril efectuate referitor la compararea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor in primii<br />
ani dupd plantare au rezultat urmdtoarele:<br />
Pinul silvestru ;i pinul negru, se caracterizeazd prin realizarea unor<br />
cresteri reduse in priiruf 9i al doilea an <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> la plantare, dupd care urmeazd<br />
o d.iiuur. p<strong>ro</strong>gresivd a a'cestora, in condi{ii dtafionale echivalente, pin}j<br />
silvestru reatiri-nd cresteri mai mari <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cit pinul negru. Cregterea medie anual5<br />
ir inafti*"-se situeazd la cca l2 cm in priririi cinci ani <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> la plantare. In cazul<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ior cu 5 000-6 700 puieti la hectar, inchi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea masivului se realizeazi<br />
la virste iuprinse intre 6 gi 8 ani, in funcfie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> condi{iile sta}ionale.<br />
Salcimul a inregistrat, in condi{ii stationale favorabile, pe soluri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
tip cernoziom levigat-sau brune <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiere</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, mai mult sau. mai pu{in cruzite,<br />
cri texturi luto-nisfuoasd pini la lutoasS, cregteri foarte active inci din primul
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an dupe plantare, ritmul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cregtere mentinindu-se activ pe intreaga perioadd<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cirici'ani, analizatd. Creqteiea medie anualS in indl{ime se situeaz.d, in<br />
conditii favorabile,lap<strong>ro</strong>ximativun metru_pean. Creqterile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebit <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> active<br />
De carb le-a inregistrat aceastispecie, in condifii favorabile, audus lainchi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea<br />
masivului la vilsta <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 3-4 ani, in cazul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor cu 4 500-6 700 puiefi/ha.<br />
Paltinul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> munte, paltinul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cimp qi frasinul, utilizate ca specii principale<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> amestec, in asobiere cu pinul silirestru sau pinul negru Ei gorunul,<br />
ad orezentat un ritm relativ lent-<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> creqtere, mai slab chiar <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cit pinii, in<br />
primii ani dupI plantare. Mojdreanul, folosit ca specie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> amestec, in asociere<br />
iu pinul negru sdu cu salcimul, a prezentat ocompbrtare satisfdcdtoare pini la<br />
burid, pe teienurile mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rat pinl la puternic fragmentate, creqterile realizate<br />
fiind r'elativ active chiar din primii ani dupd plantare'<br />
Plopii euramericani, plopul alb- Ei plopul negru..au.inregistrat in. cazul<br />
terenurilor cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>plasare in'bl6c sau frag-mentare slabi pind. la mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ratd, cu<br />
soiuri u$oare pin'd la mijlocii, un ritm relativ lent <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> creqtere. in.primul 9i<br />
al doilei an dupl plantare, dar care s-a intensificat in urmdtorii doi ani,<br />
in unele situalii ajirngindu-se la o creqtere anrqll in iniltime <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>.peste un<br />
rnutru. Realizaiea iterli <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> masiv in cazirl <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plop alb Ei plop negru<br />
s-a D<strong>ro</strong>dus in al patrulea an <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> la plantare, in cazul plantafiilor cu2 500-3 300<br />
oui6tiiha. in statiuni favorabile.-salcia albd a prezentat pe terenuri cu exces<br />
i.ii,iai" <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> umiditate cregteri active chiar din primul an <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> la plantare. Aninul<br />
itn Si aninul negru au inregistrat, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>-asemenea, un ritm activ <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> creqtere in<br />
indlt'irne dupd plantare, cresJerea medie anuali din primii cinci ani liind <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
.., iiO .m. in 6onditii iavoiabile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> vegetatie, inllfimea aninului alb a fost<br />
oractic egald cu cea a plopului alb sau negru, in timp ce pe terenuri cu soluri<br />
truzite, dr texturd lut6-argiloasd pinl la argiloasd, aninii prezintd' o comport"i"<br />
*utt mai buni compaiativ cu speciile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plop. Datoritd creqterilor active<br />
De care le-au realizat, sieciile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> anin au reuqit sd inchidd masivul la virste<br />
intr" g Si B ani, in cazul plantafiilor cu 4 500-6 700 puietiiha, pe terenuri<br />
cu resim Ja<strong>ro</strong>rTtid:,lfiiltffi.<br />
terenurite fragmentate qi pe suprafete <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>sorin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re. preferin"d terenurils aflnate. A inregistrat o cregtere activi incl<br />
ild';;il;i'rfi^alpe'ir;;;;;:'N;-;-a;t;uf.iu.1T" insd pe te'renuri caracteri-<br />
;;i;';;i;i;-o- utgitoritate p<strong>ro</strong>nunfatd, un<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> a prezentat o. stare lincedX <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
singeiut qi lemnul giingsc a.u .inregiStrat o a.ctivare a ^cregter.ilor<br />
""i"tiii". oa?ti"u inain"tarea'in virsti. Cdtina albl a vegetat satisldcdtor, in conditii<br />
;ifi;il.;pe terenuri puternic frlmintate.gi suprafefe.<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>,<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>sprin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re<br />
formallunr<br />
maino-argiloas6, avind insl o cregtere relattv lentd (30...50 cm pe an)'<br />
3.1.2.2 Dupd realizarea sldrii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> masia.<br />
pe terenuri cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>plasare in bloc sau slab iragmentate, cercetdrile efectuate<br />
au dus la constatirea cd speciile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiere</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> prezinti o <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltare asemdniioutu<br />
cu cea realizal| in terenirri stabile, neafeclate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> alunecdri (tabelul 3)'<br />
ConOitiit. stafionale, in general fivorabile, permit instalarea qi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltarea<br />
corespunzdtoare<br />
-----'p"-_t.i.nuri a unui num[r relativ mare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> speci!'<br />
mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rat gi puternic fragmentat6, f[rd exces <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> umiditate,<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoitarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor lorestier este <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>teiminatd <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> gradul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mobilitate a<br />
i;A;ili qi grudut <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cruzire a solului,_ elemente condifionate, in primul<br />
iina a. naiuri substratului litologic. Pinul silvestru ;i pinul negru, in <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
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terenurile mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rat fragmentpte, stabilizate. Pe terenuri mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rit pind:la puternic<br />
fragmentate, cu reactivEri repetate, la intervale scurte, cufturile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pin<br />
silvestru gi pin negru au fost, in general, comp<strong>ro</strong>mise, datoritd sensibilitdfii<br />
ac_estor specii fafd <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> reactiridrile alunecdrilor. Salctmul a avut, tn statiuni .iu<br />
sol_qri ugoare, ,9 comportarf satisfdcdtoare, incadrindu-se frecvent in clasa<br />
a III-a sau a IV-a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> p<strong>ro</strong>d{cfie (tabelul 3). In comparatie cu pinul silvestru<br />
qi pinul negru, prezintl o rezisienfd mai' mare la'reaitivarei alunecdrilor.<br />
Silcioara a avut ln generall o comportare bund pe terenurile fragmentate,<br />
suportind prezenfa carhbna{ilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> calciu sau a marnelor dacd terenul in care<br />
s-a plantat a fost afinat pfiin alunecare. Prezinti insi ovaloare economici<br />
redusd, {apt <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> care cul{ura sa este indicatd atunci cind nu se poate folosi<br />
salcimul.tlojdreanul utiliz{t, fie tn <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pure, fie in amestec iu salcimul,<br />
a.prezentat o comportare shtisfdcitoare pini la bund pe terenurile mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rat<br />
pi1d. l.a puternic..fiagmentafe. Prin frun2igul bogat acista asigurd p<strong>ro</strong>tecfia<br />
solului Ei prin rdddcinile p[ternic <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvolthte consoli<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>azi terenul.'Paltiriul<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> munte, paltinul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> clmp pi frasinul au dat rezultate satisfdcitoare ca specii<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>_amestec cu pinul silvestfu, pe terenuri mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rat fragmentate cu mobilitate<br />
rgdusd, cu soluri slab pini la mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rat cruzite,,insd cel pulin mijlociu p<strong>ro</strong>fun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>,<br />
atit in silvostepd cit gi in zona forestier5. Plopii eirramericlni, piopul alb<br />
$t^ Plopul lggrg- a1 prezentat o comportare satisfdcdtoare pe solurr- u$oare<br />
pind la mijlocii. Pe terenuni cu texturi luto-argiloas <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltare aceitora<br />
a lost, in general nesatisfdcptoare, aninii avlnd o comportare mai bund. Remarcrm<br />
p<strong>ro</strong>ductivitatea ridicatd a plopilor euramericani pe suprafelele cu<br />
panti redusd, situate la pqale <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> vbrsant (tabelul 3).<br />
Aninul alb gi in misrfrd mai micd aninul negru au reuEit sI vegeteze<br />
cu rczultate satisiicdtoare pe soluri superficiale, iruzite, fohrte sdra"ce in<br />
,substanfe nutritive qi chiar pe terenuri cu <strong>ro</strong>ca la zi. Acesta prezintd o rezistenld<br />
mare in cazul reactivirii alunecdrilor, regenerindu-se u$or prin drajoni.<br />
Prin frunzigul bogat, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>le <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> anin asiguri o capacitate'<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ieten{ie"mai<br />
mare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cit cele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plop sa{ <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> salcie, in timp ce inrdddcinarea fasciculard<br />
foarte bogatd contribuie efdctiv la consolidareb terenului. Fiind specii acumulatbare<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> azot, aninii ffrtilizeazi solurile pe care sint cultivaii. ointre<br />
arbuEti, cdtina albd a dat lezultate bune pe t-erenuri puternic fragmentate,<br />
a<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>seori cu <strong>ro</strong>ca la zi (atil ih <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>le pure cit qi in asociere cu pinul negru),<br />
in timp ce singerul a vegetattcorespunzdtor pe soluri cruzite, p<strong>ro</strong>fdn<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>. Amorfa<br />
a. vegetat, in general, bine pp terenurile fragmentate, utilizarea sa fiind justificatd<br />
in<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebi pe terenufi] cu un confinul relativ ridicat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> carbonaii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
calciu, un<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> folosirea salcirhului nu este indicati.<br />
Pe terenuri mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rat gi puternic fragmentate, cu exces periodic <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> umiditate,<br />
au vegetat corespunz{tor plopii, sdlciile gi aninii. eloiii negri hibrizi,<br />
plopul negru, plopul alb, salcia albd gi salcia plesnitoare au inregistrat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
asemenea, rezultate satisfdldtoare pe soluri cu texturi nisipo-lutoasd, pind<br />
Ia lutoasd, dar s-au comport[t slab fre terenuri cu texturd luto-argiloasd. Aninul<br />
alb Ei aninul nggru du qvut o comportare satisfdcdtoare chilr Ei pe terenuri<br />
cu texturd luto-argiloasd, in condi{ii in care salciile sau piopii au<br />
inregistrat rezultate mult m{i slabe. Frasinul s-a comportat relativ bine pe terenuri<br />
cu exces periodic <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>' umiditate, cu soluri druzite Ei textur5<br />
-lutoargiloasd<br />
(la 17 ani a reali4at indlfimea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 5,10 m), in tiinp ce paltinul<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> munte s-a prezentat nesptisfdcdtor.<br />
64
Pe suprafetele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>sprin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re ale alunecdrilor, condi{iile excesive <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
vegetaf ie reiluc f6arte mult posibilitdfile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> instalare qi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltare a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor<br />
for-estiere. Un numdr mic <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> specii, foarte mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ste fafl <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> condifiile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sol<br />
g! cu mare rezistenfi la seceti reu$esc si se adapteze conditiilor oferite- <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
iceste terenuri. Pinul silvestru Si pinul negru, in <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pure sau in asociere<br />
cu cdtina albi, a dat rezultate datisfdcdtoare pe terenuri cu substrat litologic<br />
format din <strong>ro</strong>ci moi gi u9oare, lndmsebi in cazul planta{iilor cu puief i repica{i<br />
in pungi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> polietil6nd. Cultura acestor specii in.astfel.<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> condifii.necesitd<br />
insi co"nsolidirea terenului cu gdrdulete, fapt ce ridici <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>stul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mult costul<br />
lucrdrilor. Salclmul a prezentat o <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltare satisfdcdtoare pe terenuri cu<br />
texturd luto-nisipoasd irini la lutoasd, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltindu-se insi foarte slab. pe<br />
substraturi marnb-argil6ase. Amorfa a avut o <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltare buni pe suprafete<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>sprin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltate in substrate constituite predominant din <strong>ro</strong>ci moit<br />
suportind un continut ridicat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> carbonali <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> calciu gi reugind sd acopere foarte<br />
bine terenula ndmai cifiva ani dupi plantare. In condif ii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> substrat marnoargilos.<br />
pe terenuri cu dbficit <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> uririditate, singura specie care a avut o compo?tut"<br />
'satisfdcitoare a lost cdtina albd, care a reugit sd inchidi masivul<br />
in jurul virstei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> opt ani.<br />
3.2. IMPAD]TRIXH_:i|f-URILoR cu ERo'<br />
Cercetdrile referitoare la impddurirea terenurilor cu e<strong>ro</strong>ziune <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> adincime<br />
s-au fecut predominant<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> virstd mai tnaintatd, respectiv in <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
care au reilizal starea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> masiv, acestea furnizind date mai conclu<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>nte privind<br />
eficienfa diferitelor specii folosite.<br />
Pentru urmirirea unor aspecte legate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> instalarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor, in- anul<br />
1g75 au fost instalate in perim6trul Va-lea Caselor Vaslui <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> experiperiut"a"<br />
salcim, salcie, plop^ euramerican, plop alb, sdlcioard s,-i anin, in diferite<br />
variante <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> piantare, cu iolosirea mai niultbr formule <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> s.chem-q <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> impiduriie.<br />
Unele iate referitoare la prin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea, men{inerea qi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltarea acestor<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sint prezentate in tabelul 4.<br />
O parte din rezultatele referitoare -la creqterea 9i -p<strong>ro</strong>ducfiq d" T.q:1<br />
lemnoasi a principalelor specii care se Jolosesc la impddurirea terenurilor<br />
ih adtncime diri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>le mai vechi se prezinti in tabelul 5' La<br />
"u "i"riunJ ." adaugl diferite alte observafii culese pe teren care se referd, in prin'<br />
"."ii* cipal, la moduicum se realizeazi fixirea gi cohsolidarea terenurilor in urma<br />
lmpdduririi.<br />
Din analiza rezultatelor obtinute se <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>sprind urmitoarele:<br />
3.2.1. Pe taluzuri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ravena gi ogage, o influenld mare asupra_<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvol'<br />
t[rii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor a avut-o existenfa stratului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sol in partea s_uperioarl a talu'<br />
zurilor Si natura substratului litologic. In cazul ravenelor lormate ln Pl El<br />
i"trt*d titotogic alcdtuit din <strong>ro</strong>ci -moi, cu texturd uEoari (nisipuri, loess,<br />
pietriSuri cu nisip), condiliile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> instalare a vegetafiei lorestiere sint <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>stul<br />
[i-i"'J"iiul" p"niil *utti specii lemnoase. Cele mai bune rezultate le-a dat<br />
salcimul. La lnclinlri mai riici ale terenului, la un grad <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stabilitate mai<br />
iiai.ut, rezultate bune au dat plantafiile in grgp! dC30/30i30 cm. Pe taluilti;ii<br />
i*tin"t. ioarte mare (ieste +b) s-au-obiinut rezulta{e !u.ne,<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>.pTill<br />
plantare in <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>spiciturd. De mentionat faptul cd in cazul existentei stratulul<br />
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<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sol la baza taluzurilor, sfrrpirile parfiale care se p<strong>ro</strong>duc, dupi efectuarea<br />
plantafiilor, duc la imbun{tdfirea solului ln pdrfile mijlocii qi inferioare<br />
ale taluzurilor, prin rdminefea fragmentelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sol surpat printre exemplarele<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> salctm sau pe tera$ele susfinute <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> girdulefe. Salcimul realizeazd<br />
p<strong>ro</strong>ducfii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> masi lemnoas <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>stul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mari (5-8 m8/anlha). Pe taluzurile<br />
cu <strong>ro</strong>ca mai bogati in carbodrat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> calciu, rezultate mai bune a,dat sdlcioara,<br />
ln<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebin regiunile secetOase.<br />
In cazul taluzurilor forfnate in <strong>ro</strong>ci argiloase (marne, argile sau complexe<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> marne sau argile cu pufinte gresii sau nisipuri), condifiile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> vegetafie sint<br />
foarte grele. Pufine specii dau rezultate satisfdcdtoare in asemenea cazuri.<br />
Printre acestea se numdrd irl primul rind citina albd Ei in al doilea rind s5lcioara.<br />
Ambele specii pot fi int<strong>ro</strong>duse prin plantafii in cordon, in g<strong>ro</strong>pi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
30/30/30 cm, in <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>spicituri (pe taluzuri mai abrupte) sau pe terase susfinute<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> gdrdulefe.<br />
In cazul taluzurilor lorpate in flig (complexe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> gresii qi marne, calcare),<br />
rezultatele cele mai bune le-Bu dat cdtina albl qi aninul alb (ultimul in zone<br />
mai inalte, cu precipita{ii rnai abun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>nte).<br />
3.2.2. Pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozitele afuviale <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiere</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> compozitia granulometriqd a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozitului, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> accesibilitateapei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
plante <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stabilitatea maferialelor transportate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> apd.<br />
Pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozite fine, fiormdte predominant din nisip, rezultate bune au dat<br />
plopii euramericani, silciile gi aninii. Cind apa freaticd este accesibili sau<br />
solurile sint reave,ne qi bogdte, plopii euramericani cresc vigu<strong>ro</strong>qi, ajungind<br />
la 18 m3/anlha gi chiar mai mult. <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pe soluri ceva mai uscate plopii realizeazd<br />
9-12 m3lanl,ha.<br />
Pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pietriE pu nisip, condifiile stationale sint mai grele. In<br />
asemenea condifii plopii, sifciile Ei cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebire aninii dau rezultate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>stul<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> bune, mai ales dacd apa freaticd este accesibil5.<br />
Pe'<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozite formatd din bolovani, pietre qi pu{in nisip, condifiile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
vegetafie slnt foarte dificile. Singurele specii care dau rezultate mai bune sint<br />
aninii, pinul silyestru, pinll negru gi citina albd.<br />
Referitor la tehnica <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> impidurire, s-a constatat ci plantarea in g<strong>ro</strong>pi<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 40/40i30 cm, 50/50/40 cnl sau 60/60/50 cm (in cazul plopilor qi sdlciilor<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> talie mare) au dat, tn general, rezultate bune. Pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozitele predominant<br />
g<strong>ro</strong>siere, folosirea unei cantitflti <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 3-10 dqrs pdmint fertil la g<strong>ro</strong>apa <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plantare<br />
a avut efecte <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebit {e favorabile. In cazul pinilor, pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozite g<strong>ro</strong>siere<br />
sdrace, folosirea puie{ilor cresculi in pungi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> polietileni constituie<br />
solufia cea mai indicatd.<br />
De menfionat faptul q6, in cele mai multe can<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> instalarea<br />
vegetafiei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiere</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pofitele aluviale, sint necesare lucriri hid<strong>ro</strong>tehnice<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> consolidare a refelei hid{ografice torenfiale (cleionaje, baraje, praguri)<br />
qi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> scurgere a apei, tn<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebi lnzona conurilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>jectie (canal <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> scurgere).<br />
4. CONCLUZTT $r RECOMANDART PRACTTCE<br />
4.1 Fixarea terenurilorr alunecitoare, concomitent cu redarea lor in<br />
circuitul economic se poate rlaliza, in majoritatea situaf iilor prin impddurire,<br />
asociatd cu unele lucriri ajuldtoare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> corisolidare gi amenaiare a terenurilor.<br />
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4.2 Rezultatele obtinute recomandi utilizarea la impldurirea terenurilor<br />
alunecitoare a soluliilor prezentate ln tabelul 6.<br />
In alegerea variantei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> solufie optimi se va fine seama <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> condifiile<br />
stafionale ' ioncrete <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pe teren, avtndir-se in ve<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re urmdtoarele:<br />
- In zona <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stepd qi silvostepd, pe terenurile cu soluri uloare care nu<br />
au ajuns intr-un stadiri aitansat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>-tasare prin pdqunat'.se v^a ja prioritate<br />
salciinului. Pe terenurile bdtdtorite, cu soluri superficiale pind la mijlociu<br />
;;"ida; ie va acorda prioritate folosirii pinului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>gru, in tipl -ce pinul si.lvestru<br />
va fi utilizat nrimai tn cazul stafiunilor cu soluri p<strong>ro</strong>lun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sau loarte<br />
o<strong>ro</strong>fun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> din silvostepa intern5. Culturil6 <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stejar brumdriu sau steiar pedunlulai<br />
sint indicate ih silvostepd, iar cele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stejar <strong>ro</strong>Eu sau gorun' in zona<br />
iorestieie. Cutturite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> nuc qi 'plopi euramericani se vor preve<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>a numai in<br />
l,"niiiii--rtttlionate ."t" sn'pelrmitl -<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltarea corespunzitoare a acestor<br />
soecii. Steiaiii vor fi cultivaii pe soluri p<strong>ro</strong>fun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sau foarte p<strong>ro</strong>fun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, slab<br />
oini la mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rat e<strong>ro</strong>date. Nucul ie va cultiva in statiuni cu soluri loarte p<strong>ro</strong>iiiiO.,<br />
ut"*li mijlocii, ferite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> inghefuri. Plopii euramericani se vor cul'<br />
ii";iitiiatiuni cu iegim favorabil <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> umiditate,-pe terenuri cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>plasare tn<br />
bloc sau fragmentate, cu soluri p<strong>ro</strong>fun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sau loarte ploluld.g, u$oare Ptna 11<br />
miilocii. Diitre speciile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> anin se va da prioritate folosirii aninului negru<br />
i"'i""lt- a" iiepa <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> silvostepd qi aninului'alb in zona forestierd, acesta din<br />
ui*a fiina ma'i iriaicat pe'sotuii mai grele, vegetind uneori chiar pe marne<br />
la zi. - Pe terenurile nefragmentate sau slab fragmentate, ln condifii. <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
substrat mutno-atgilos, se rec6mandd utilizarea puief.ilor.<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pin negru p<strong>ro</strong>duqi<br />
in-pungi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> poliet"ileni cu diametre <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 6-10 cm qi lungimea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> l8 cm, avina;-if<br />
i;; u.ai,i. p<strong>ro</strong>centele superioare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> menfinere a.<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor.qi sporurile<br />
apreciabile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> creqtere, in condifiile.executdrii unui volum mai mlc <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> lucrarl<br />
d'e intretinere, comparativ cu plantafiile obiqnuite.<br />
- Plantaf iile in cordon cu citind albh se vor efectua nqmai- pe supraietele<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>spriir<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re, care prezinti un grad sporit -<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stabilitate. Nu se recotninOa-u.Jtile<br />
ioluti'e in cizul alternantelor nisipuri cu marne qi argile'<br />
- Amestecurile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rdginoase cu foioase se recomandd a fi realizate in<br />
biogrupe, care coresptlnd mai bine-condifii-lor oferite d.e.terenuri alunecdtoare,<br />
;tii-;;J" ptaniinau-se <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> preferinfd pe formele pozitive <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mic<strong>ro</strong>relief, iar<br />
foioasele in mic<strong>ro</strong><st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>Presiui.<br />
- La aplicarea solutiilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> impddurire se va avea in ve<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re ca, in<br />
cazul alunecdiilor mijlociu'p<strong>ro</strong>fun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> qi-p<strong>ro</strong>fun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, si.se a.cor<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> prioritate sp.eciilor<br />
cu inrdddcinare pivotantd, dintre care menlionam stelarll ;l plml.<br />
De aceea se va line cont he sensibilitatea pe care o- prezintd.pinii 9i rdqinoasele,<br />
in general, astfel incit folosire acestor specii seva facenumai incazul terenurllor<br />
;"?-;t.*arein Uto" sau cu frdmintare mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rati a masei alunecate, cu tendinfe<br />
a" iiinitirure. Dintre speciile cu rezistenti <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebiti la reactivarea maselor<br />
alunecdtoare se mention'eazd aninul alb si'aninul negru' pe terenuri 9u legip<br />
favorabil <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> umiditite qi cdtina albd pei terenuri cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ficit <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> umiditate, la<br />
care se va apela ln situafii extreme.<br />
- In stafiunile ln care se pune p<strong>ro</strong>blema instaldrii intr-un timp scurt<br />
a unei vegetatii relativ preten{ioase<br />
'acestoia pb -garduiete suprafefele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>sprin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re, se poate<br />
pto".iu ii cohsolidarea cu sau banchete din ziddrie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
piatr6.<br />
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. - In 3dop-tarea speciilor qi formurelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> impddurire se vor avea in<br />
ve<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re. p<strong>ro</strong>blemele speciale ridicate .<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> intrefinerea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor gi conducerea<br />
arboret'elor realizate-, evittridu-se obfinerea uhui mozaic <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> arbbrete care ii<br />
necesite lucrdri diferentiate. <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ingrijire gi conducere. cultuiil;-d; ,t.j;; i;<br />
ifitltfilu"trilte foiaseste indicaf si se iealizeze in blocuri ;."pr#i; e;<br />
4.3. Pentru lntrefiner$a-corespunzitoare a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor se recomandd: doud<br />
pind^la trei.pra.qile.in primul an qi una pind la aoua in uimitorii trei-cinci<br />
anr' rn cazul curturilor avind ca specii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>bazd pinii sau steiarii: doui prasile<br />
in,primul an gi.una pini.la doud- pragire in uimatorii doilirei;i, ]"";;i;i<br />
culrun<strong>ro</strong>r <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> salcim, plopi pau anini; una pind la doud revizuiri anuale in<br />
prjmii doi-trei ani in-cazul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sdli:ioard <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cdaint-;lbd <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pe.uoru_<br />
lefele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>sprin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re; intervenirea p<strong>ro</strong>mptd cu tucia'ii a.t*.aitrr.i'*ii'tii",<br />
oeso;all' ln cazuri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> necesitate, sau <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>spo-tmolirea acestora'dupd viitririle<br />
T:1,-L*pottante; spargerea crustei sau r6plantur"a pui4i1; a;;A"p;i;';;<br />
9l<strong>ro</strong>lrl.<br />
aolnclm_e Po.t li corectate prin lucrdri hid<strong>ro</strong>tehnice gi plantafii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiere</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>.<br />
4.5. Dintre speciile lefirnoase care dau rezultate rirai'bune sau manifestd<br />
o rezlstenla mai mar€ in cpndifiile terenurilor cu e<strong>ro</strong>ziune <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> adincime fac<br />
parte urmdtoarele: salcimul lpe tdluzuri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ravend formaie ln <strong>ro</strong>ci moi si usoare<br />
(nisipuri,,loess, pietriguri cq'nisip); sdlcioara pe taluzuri d;;;;;; fd;;fi;<br />
<strong>ro</strong>cl. Dogate ln calcar, indiferent <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> texturd,-dar in zone mai cal<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>; cdtina<br />
albd pe tal'rzuri formate dinpoci argiloase (mdrne,;*;i;;;<br />
d" 1nurn" si sresii)<br />
li ne d.englite aluviate- g<strong>ro</strong>siere; aiinul arn pe Liil;i-l;;;i;l;liir"ii#i<br />
ry:i :1",1:]icq), m.ai qtgr ili zong m3! bggate^in pre"ipitalii I pi;p;i ;;i";;;i_<br />
:un1.p9 <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozlte..aluviale-fipe gi mijlocii, cu soluri r6avene, 6ve'ntual cu aDa<br />
,Ire€ilcaccesibitd; sdlciile (albn qi plesnitoare) in conditii similare cu cdle<br />
aratate la plop; aninii pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozite aluviale <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> orice fel, inclusiv <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozite<br />
l_t:Ll1t=. glgsrerqj.pjnqt sitvestru qi pinul.,negru pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozite aluviale apa<br />
Ireatlca neaccesibild,<br />
-<br />
in<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebi pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozite g<strong>ro</strong>siere.<br />
"u<br />
- 4-8- Pentru instalare4 vegitali.; Iorestlere pe terenurile cu e<strong>ro</strong>ziune <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
adincime sint a<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>seori necesarJunele lucrdri a;ufatoare-;il a"h;i"i;i;i"l;<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> instalare a cultur.il.or<br />
, qi..anume-; efectuarea' gdrdule{elor pe taluzuri cu<br />
grad ridicat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> instabilitate. (la inclindri ae is_+'o;); pl-a'ni;;d in cordon pe<br />
taluzuri cu substrat litologip format din marne tctria Exiita o oarecare stabilitate<br />
a terenului); planta-rqa cu pdmint t.itii ,ie i"rpi,iiri"t. in cazul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>oo_<br />
zltelor g<strong>ro</strong>siere sdrace; plaqtarea cu puiefi crescutih pungi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> polietilbird,<br />
in,c,az.ul. pinului:regru gi silvestru <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ie ddpozite giosier6 iat?."; cbnsolidarea<br />
relerel nld<strong>ro</strong>gralice, respectiv a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozitelor cu cleionaje, baraje, praguri.<br />
. 4.7. Solufiile tehnice fndicate se folosi la impddurirea terenurilor cu<br />
e<strong>ro</strong>ziune in adincime se.dau in tabelul 7. <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> u""artr dati,-in *uit..ururi,<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>,acelagi tip.<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>.staliune sau_grupe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> iipuri ae.taliune,'se dau mai multe<br />
y3-.tgltu,du.,solulll tehnice, cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>osebire in ceea ce privegte speciile foresti-<br />
:T q.,l9t-o:it qi tehnica.4g.i.rppedurire. In alegerea vaiiantei opfir" <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> solulie<br />
se va lrne seama <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> condif iile stafionale concrete <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pe teren gi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> urmdtoarele<br />
indica{ii suplimentare :<br />
. ;<br />
In.cazul d.epozitelor aluviale, aninul negru se va folosi in zone mai<br />
J.oase dln srlvostepi qi subzona stejarului, iar aninul alb in zone mai inalte<br />
drn subzonele gorunului qi fagului.<br />
7t
Solufil tehnice indicate la impidurirea terenurilor cu e<strong>ro</strong>ziune in adincime<br />
Tabelul 7<br />
Tio<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stafiune<br />
Varianta<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
solutie<br />
Tehnlca<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plantare<br />
Numtrr<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> puieti<br />
la hectar<br />
Ral; Rbl<br />
Gr.s. Desp.<br />
21r...2,5114 000-5 000<br />
Cord<br />
210,5,...210.3 l0 000-13 300<br />
Silcioari<br />
Gr.s. Desp.<br />
2n...1,5n<br />
5 000- 6 700<br />
Cdtini albd<br />
Cord<br />
210,5...210,3 l0 000-13 300<br />
Ra3; Rb3<br />
Salclm<br />
5 000<br />
Aal; Abl<br />
^rt<br />
"t<br />
Plopi euram.<br />
rcl<br />
l<br />
2,510,8<br />
2,512,5<br />
5 000<br />
I 600<br />
Aa2:' Ab2<br />
+cl<br />
B<br />
212<br />
Aa3; Ab3<br />
Anin negru<br />
+cl<br />
B<br />
2,51r,5...2/22 500-3 300<br />
Anin (negru,<br />
Cr.o*P.f.<br />
Gr.o*P.f.<br />
Gr.o-FP.p.<br />
(P.f .)<br />
+cl<br />
B<br />
*cl<br />
B<br />
Noti explicativi: coloana I : semnificalia nota{iilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tipuri</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> statiune 9i dau ln tabelele 8 si 9 '<br />
coloana2:varianta<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>solutiesealegedupecaracteristicileterenuluigi<br />
duptr indicatiile suplimentare din tert (punctul 5'3)'<br />
Coloana4:Gr.s._g<strong>ro</strong>pi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s0XS0X30cmpeterasesprijinite<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>gardulele<br />
sau banchcte; Gr.o. : g<strong>ro</strong>pi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 40X40X30 cm; Gr'm' : g<strong>ro</strong>pi mari<br />
(50X50x40 ... 60X60x50 cm); Cord: plantatii tn cordon; Desp' :<br />
: plantatii in <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>spictrturll P.f.:plmlnt iertil la plantare (5- l0 dmr<br />
la g<strong>ro</strong>ape)i P.p-: puie{t crescu{i ln pungi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> polietileni sau ghiecve<br />
nu tritive.<br />
Coloana 6: GI : glrdulete liniare dispuse la distan{a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 2-4 m: Bn :<br />
: banchcte <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> zidi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> uscat| dispusc distanttr <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 2-5 m; Cl : clelona}e<br />
simple sau duble <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> consolidarearelelei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> oga+c li ravene tnici; B :<br />
:uarale<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>consolidarearetetelhtd<strong>ro</strong>graficegireten|iaa|uviunllor:<br />
,T.n.:40_terasencspfijinite'late<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>40cm,<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>efectuareap|antatiilor<br />
ln cordon.<br />
77
Tabelul I<br />
Stafiunlle <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> terenuri cu e<strong>ro</strong>piune in adincime (ravene 9i ogage) p<strong>ro</strong>dusi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> apn (R)<br />
Caracteriruea gefemti<br />
a grupelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tipuri</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stftiune<br />
Ravene gi ogage cu taluzuri formate ln sol <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>:<br />
<strong>ro</strong>ci moi ii mijlocii I <strong>ro</strong>cl dure<br />
S€riile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tipuri</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> staliune<br />
(loess,<br />
luturi,<br />
nisip uri,<br />
pietriiuri<br />
rulate<br />
cu nisip)<br />
| ,,o<br />
marne | (alternantr<br />
9i I <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> marne<br />
argile I cu gresit<br />
catcare<br />
lsau<br />
calcare<br />
si<br />
dolomite<br />
eruptive,<br />
gisturi<br />
cristaline<br />
Sl gresii<br />
a. Statiuni din stepd <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> silvostepd<br />
(repiuni <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cimpie si coline) - Ral Ra2 Ra3 Ra4 Ra5<br />
b. Staliuni din subzonele stejarului<br />
gi gorunului (regiuni <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>qluri) Rbl Rb2 Rb3 Rb4 Rb5<br />
c. Stafiuni din subzonele fagului si<br />
molidului (regiuni montaie) Rcl Rc2 Rc3 Rc4 Rc5<br />
d. Staliuni din .subalpin<br />
monlane supefloare) Rdl Rdl<br />
Statlunile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> aluviuql, rezultate in urma p<strong>ro</strong>ceselor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> e<strong>ro</strong>zlune (A)<br />
Tabelul g<br />
Scriile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tipuri</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> statiunc<br />
Caracterizarea generalC<br />
a grupelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tipuri</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> staiiune<br />
a. Stafiuni din stepd 9i<br />
silvostepd (regiuni <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
clmpie si coline)<br />
b. Stafiuni din subzonele<br />
steiarului qi gorunului<br />
(regiuni <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ahiri)<br />
c. Statiuni din subzonele<br />
fagului Si molidului<br />
predomlnat<br />
Ni$lpuri sau mlluri<br />
- <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozlte <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> nisip<br />
sau mll. uneorl cu<br />
putlin pietrl$ m{runt<br />
(ni<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>$i</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pul sau milul ln<br />
prFportle <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> peste<br />
50%), ftrri sarr crr<br />
lncpput <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> solificare<br />
(solluri aluvlale stratificate<br />
cu nivelul<br />
medlu al apei freatice<br />
ln timpul verll la:<br />
ml<br />
Aluviuni predominant g<strong>ro</strong>sime (prundiguri)<br />
Pietrisuri<br />
- <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pletris<br />
si nisip (ln o<strong>ro</strong>nortie<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 25-50%i, fErI 3au<br />
cu inceout <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> solificare<br />
(soluri -aluviale strati -<br />
ficate), cu nivelul<br />
mediu al aDei freatice freati(<br />
in timpul - verli la:<br />
( 0,75 m<br />
75ml<br />
- <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> bolova<br />
gi pletre, cu putin<br />
material fin (nlsipu (nlsiDul<br />
?n p<strong>ro</strong>portie srib 2ri%),<br />
rarcori cu lneeDut dc<br />
formare a solulul. cu<br />
nivelul mediu al aoei<br />
freatice tn timou-l -<br />
verii la:<br />
(0,5 m<br />
>0,5m<br />
d. Stafiuni din subalpin<br />
(regiuni montane supe.<br />
78
- Pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozitele aluviale fine qi mijlocii variantele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sglufii sint.daie<br />
ln ordinea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>dcrescindl a lertilitbfii solului, respectiv plopii euramericant<br />
se vor folosi pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozitele cele mai bogate 9i aninii pe cele mai sdrace.<br />
- Pe d-epozifele aluviale sdrace, indiferent <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> compozifia 1or,. se pot<br />
folosi Si amest6curi in buchete mari <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> peste 100 m2 sau benzi late <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> peste<br />
6-7 m, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> anini cu plopi euramericani, fe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tipuri</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>le Aal; Abl; Aa2; Ab2; Aa3;<br />
Ab3) sau <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> anin cri pin (tip statiune Ab6). Aninul, in asemenea canti are<br />
<strong>ro</strong>lui <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> fertilizator ai soluliri gi'<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stimulator in cregterea cel,orlalte specii.<br />
- Gdrdulefele se pot facb numai daci gradul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> instabilitate a terenului<br />
este mare gi dacd consolidarea terenului necesitd urgenfd.<br />
- Banchetele din ziddrie uscatd se recomandl a sb executa numai cind<br />
existd piatrd pe loc, respectiv in zonele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> fliq. In situafiile cind piatra este<br />
insuficientd, ianchetele'pot fi combinate cu girdulete din nuiele.<br />
- Plantafiile in cordon se indicd a se eiecuta pe terenurile cu anumit<br />
grad <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stabilitate.<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cite ori acesteapi. ca absolut necesare, atit <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> consolidarea retelei cit<br />
gi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> instalarea vegetafiei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiere</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> (mai_alei cleionajele cu <strong>ro</strong>l <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> consoliilaie<br />
temporari a refe6i hid<strong>ro</strong>grafice), plni la insialarea vegetafiei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiere</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>.<br />
4.8; Pentru intretinerea corespunzdtoare a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor se recomandi:<br />
doud pragile in primul dn qi una piie la doud ln urmdtorii doi, trei ani<br />
cazul culiurilor he salcim ii una btne ta doud revizuiri ale planta{ilior in<br />
fiecare an, ln primii trei arii, in cizul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sdlcioard gi cdt^ind albd'<br />
pe taluzuii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ravene qi ogaqe; una pin[ la doud revizuiri anuale.in primii<br />
trei ani, in cazul cultririlol <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> aninf, sdlcii gi plopi, pe funduri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ravene,<br />
aterisamen[e gi conuri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>jeclie; lu.crdri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> incd(are a.puiefilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>soqafi'<br />
ln cazurile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>'necesitate gi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>spbtmolirea acestora dupi viiturile mai importante,<br />
spargerea crustei sau replantarea puiefilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zg<strong>ro</strong>pafi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> gi<strong>ro</strong>iri'<br />
BIBLIOGRAFIE<br />
l. Ballv. R. J.. Stinescu, P.-Alunecirile 9i stabilitatea versanfilor agricoli'<br />
"'<br />
Editura CERES, BucureSti, 1977.<br />
2. Cior tuz, I. -Cercetari privind geneza 9i ti.pologia.terenurilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>gradate din valea<br />
prat<strong>ro</strong>vei.l;-niieirit.il"'ti"---si"9ov (iezumatul lucrdrii dJ doctorat), 1971.<br />
3.Morariu T., Velcea, V.-Principiigimeto<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cercetarelngeografia fizicd'<br />
cap. VI Editura Aca<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>miei R.S'R.' Bucureqti, l97l'<br />
4. Munteanu, - - S. A.-Premize fundamentale in p<strong>ro</strong>blemaamenajdrii bazinelor hid<strong>ro</strong>'<br />
erafile torentiate n.". paa. ind. tumn, celirlozi gi hirtie. silviculturd 9i exploatarea<br />
Pddurilot nr. 411975.<br />
5. Tr aci, c., cos t i n, E.-:Tipuri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><st<strong>ro</strong>ng>culturi</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>forestiele.<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lmpidurireaterenurilor<br />
e<strong>ro</strong>date Ainiiivoiiepa Ei'stept li eficienfa lor teh-nico-economici. M.E.F.M.C.-<br />
I.C.A.S. Bucuresti, 1975.<br />
6. T r a c i, c. - Normativ,<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pentru</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> l<strong>ro</strong>ie^qllarea lucrdrilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> tmpddurire a terenurilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>gra'<br />
- date, LC'A.S. Bucuregti, 1977.<br />
Z, T r aci, C., Cos t i n, E. -- ierenurile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>gradate gi valorificare lor pe cale forestierd.<br />
E.A.S. Bucuregti, 1966.<br />
g. U n t a r u, E. - Contribufii la prevenirea_ gi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>fixarea</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> alunecirilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> teren prin mijloace<br />
iilvotehnice. Rev. pdd.- nr. 2/1974'<br />
9. U n t ar u, E. -Meto<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> gi iucriri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> combatere a alunecdrilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> teren, I.C'A'S. Bucure;ti,<br />
1975.<br />
79
TYPES DE CULTURFS TORESTIDRES POUR LA FIXATION<br />
ET LA MISE EN VALEUR DES TERRAINS PRESENTANT DES<br />
PROCESSUS DE GLISSAMENT ET D'EROSION EN PROFONDEUR<br />
RCsumd<br />
L'ouvrage se r6fdre aux experimentations i I'ai<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> diff6rents tvpes <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cultures forestidres<br />
et,.aux investigations_dans les cultures install6es ant6rieurement, iur <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s terrains glissants<br />
et d €<strong>ro</strong>sion.er p<strong>ro</strong>fon<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ur,-dans les p6rimdtres repr6sentatifs d'am6lioration du plaleau<br />
central <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> la Moldavie et <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s Sqbcarpates <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> courbuie.<br />
. A la suite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s recherches effectu6es on a pr6cis6 les particularites <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> c<strong>ro</strong>issance <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s<br />
principales essences analys6es: le pin sylvestre, le pin noir, le r6binier, le ch6ne <strong>ro</strong>uwe, I'erable<br />
cham*tre et l'6rable sycomore, Ie fr€ne, le fr€ne-orne, le peuplier noir, le peuplier blanc, le<br />
saule blanc, I'aulne noir, I'aulnq blanc, la myrtille <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s marais. I'hiooop{ra6-ou arpousier.<br />
etc., dans les conditions-sp6cifiqpes <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s terrains presentant <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s'p<strong>ro</strong>crllul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> glissefrent ef<br />
djf.rgsio.n en p<strong>ro</strong>fon<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ur <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s r6gioiis mentionn6es. Cjn a 6tabli egaldment les p<strong>ro</strong>&<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s les plus<br />
efficients.pour la pr6paration du terrain, la plantation et I'enTretien <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s cirltures au c6urs<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s premidres ann6es.