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sugrumase ultimele mari revolte ale clasei muncitoare occidentale. Pe cînd<br />

au dispærut avantajele relative de care s-a bucurat proletariatul occidental,<br />

obflinute în urma exploatærii „Lumii a Treia“ øi devenite în anii ’70 calul de<br />

bætaie al „teoriei“ publicistice anunflînd „sfîrøitul ideologiilor“, hegemonia ideologicæ<br />

a burgheziei se restabilise, chiar færæ a mai trebui sæ-øi sponsorizeze<br />

pentru asta adversarul cu o concepflie despre lume opusæ burgheziei, i.e.<br />

contracultura radicalæ ce parazitase statul bunæstærii, punînd serios la îndoialæ<br />

perspectivele burgheze – cf. Antonioni, „noul val“, free cinema, pictura nonfigurativæ,<br />

miøcærile studenfleøti etc.<br />

Contrarevoluflia neoconservatoare a distrus cu totul „ecosistemul“ statului<br />

bunæstærii. În cadrul acestei contrarevoluflii, hegemonia concepfliei despre<br />

lume a burgheziei devenise posibilæ prin referirea falsæ la realitatea deja dispærutæ<br />

a statului bunæstærii. Grupurile umane au ajuns sæ nu se mai deosebeascæ<br />

între ele numai prin stratificæri legate de venituri, prestigiu øi statut,<br />

ci (din nou) prin raporturi de clasæ „pure“. Dar pînæ ca asta sæ se întîmple,<br />

institufliile politice øi culturale ale clasei muncitoare au ajuns sæ fie deja „cooptate“<br />

(„înrolate“). De o bunæ bucatæ de vreme, pe rol nu mai e „crearea<br />

unei clase de mijloc“, ci proletarizarea (greutatea aøa-numitelor „afaceri<br />

mici“ scade, iar cei care se autoangajeazæ la firme create de ei înøiøi nu sînt<br />

întreprinzætori – în pofida ømecheriei statistice din Ungaria øi a falsei conøtiinfle<br />

a celor implicafli direct). Înfrîngerea e pur politicæ, dar asta ajunge.<br />

Din victoria capitalismului nu decurge însæ cæ el ar fi „raflional“. Ceea ce e<br />

real este øi raflional – spunea Hegel. Capitalismul contemporan e atît de inveterat<br />

iraflional, e sursa atîtor suferinfle inutile øi evitabile, încît din toate astea<br />

s-ar putea trage pînæ øi concluzia cæ el nu este real. Potenflialul emancipator<br />

de netægæduit de care a dispus cîndva pare sæ se fi epuizat. Mæreflia de<br />

odinioaræ a modernitæflii capitaliste fusese întreflinutæ de tensiunea dintre tragedia<br />

reificærii øi emanciparea progresivæ de dependenfla personalæ. Shakespeare,<br />

Goethe øi Marx væzuseræ pînæ øi emanciparea ca pe un lucru<br />

tragicomic. Tocmai din acest motiv e greu sæ-i înflelegem øi sæ-i acceptæm.<br />

Scrierile lor n-au nimic de-a face cu nararea iluministæ a istoriei moderne.<br />

În Europa de Est – care e astæzi centrul internaflional al reacfliunii –, capitalismul<br />

apare ca o realitate unicæ, absolutæ. Cum spusesem deja (La Nouvelle<br />

Alternative, 60–61, martie–iunie 2004; IDEA artæ + societate, #19, 2004),<br />

în Est sistemul „comunist“ („socialismul real øi existent“) a extirpat adversarii<br />

istorici ai capitalismului: la „dreapta“ elementul premodern („alianfla dintre<br />

tron øi altar“), iar la „stînga“ miøcarea muncitoreascæ revoluflionaræ. În republica<br />

sovietelor a lui Lenin øi Stalin nu existaseræ nici miøcæri muncitoreøti socialiste,<br />

nici consilii de muncitori, nici greve øi nici sindicate. Dar nici nobilime<br />

øi cler veritabile. Cultural øi politic vorbind, într-adevær, nu existæ aici decît<br />

statul øi capitalul. Asta e însæ pur øi simplu o neînflelegere localæ, provincialæ.<br />

Socialism?<br />

János Kis greøeøte atunci cînd îmi reproøeazæ cæ eu aø fi ræspuns numai observafliilor<br />

sale privitoare la stînga øi la vederile mele. Aceste ræspunsuri bat numai<br />

15 procente din scrierea mea. Dacæ însæ despre asta-i vorba (sau dacæ aici<br />

am ajuns), ei bine, sæ-i facem pe plac. Sæ începem prin a clarifica un lucru:<br />

„autodirijarea“ înseamnæ multe lucruri, dar categoric nu „socialism“. Existenfla<br />

unor unitæfli de producflie autodirijate, aflate în posesia muncitorilor poate<br />

fi un lucru bun în cadrul pieflei capitaliste, în felul acesta ar putea slæbi presiunea<br />

ierarhiei. E însæ o întrebare dacæ, în condifliile concurenflei din cadrul<br />

pieflei, aceste unitæfli organizate ca asociaflii, sau pe baza vreunui alt princiclass<br />

relations. In the meantime, the political and cultural institutions of the<br />

working class had been mostly “co-opted”. The process now in full bloom is<br />

not the consolidation of the middle class, but pure proletarianization (the role<br />

of so-called small enterprises diminished; despite the well-known trick in<br />

Hungarian statistics and the false conscience of the interested parties, selfemployed<br />

people are not entrepreneurs). The defeat is purely political, but<br />

this is more than enough.<br />

From capitalism’s victory we cannot deduce that it is also “rational”. The real<br />

is rational – Hegel says. Contemporary capitalism is so crookedly irrational<br />

and it causes so much needless suffering that we could conclude it is unreal.<br />

The undeniable potential for emancipation it once used to boast seems to<br />

have vanished. The past greatness of capitalist modernity was fuelled by the<br />

tension between the tragedy of reification and the progressive liberation from<br />

personal servitude. Shakespeare, Goethe and Marx considered even the latter<br />

to be tragicomic – this is why accepting and understanding their work is so<br />

difficult. They do not provide the usual narrative of Enlightenment on modern<br />

history.<br />

In Eastern Europe, which is today the center of international reaction, capitalism<br />

appears to be a monolithic and absolute reality. As I have already<br />

explained (La Nouvelle Alternative, 60–61, March–June, 2004), the “communist”<br />

system (“really existing socialism”) has eradicated the historical adversaries<br />

of capitalism here: the pre-modern element on the “right” (“the alliance<br />

of the throne and the altar”), and the revolutionary labor movements on the<br />

“left”. In the Soviet republic of Lenin and Stalin there were no socialist labor<br />

movements, workers’ councils, strikes and trade unions, just as there was no<br />

true aristocracy and no true clergy. In a cultural and political sense, the only<br />

actors here are, indeed, the capital and the state. Still, this is merely a provincial<br />

and local accident.<br />

Socialism?<br />

János Kis was wrong to say I only replied to his remarks concerning the left<br />

and my views. Such observations constitute approximately 15 percent of my<br />

reply. But if he has brought up the issue, let us examine it. First of all: the<br />

term “self-management” can denote multiple things, but not “socialism”.<br />

The existence in worker possession of self-managing economic units could be<br />

a good thing on the capitalist market, because it might reduce the pressure<br />

of hierarchy. But is still a question how these units or associations can avoid<br />

the negative consequences of market competition: the diminishment of real<br />

incomes; the “competitiveness” reached through technical development and<br />

increase of work intensity through extensions of work time, through rationalization<br />

and cut-backs; and finally the tensions arising from the opposition<br />

between the worker-owners of these units (who are thus still capitalist entrepreneurs)<br />

and the workers in other factories, whose position is then threatened<br />

because of the capitalist competition. Even if the position of workers at<br />

self-managing units were good, it would not much improve the general social<br />

situation – not to mention the damaging effect of the resulted illusions.<br />

Under the circumstances of the bureaucratic-dictatorial or “Thermidorian”<br />

state capitalism, “self-management” – as the sad example of Tito’s Yugoslavia<br />

illustrates – only creates confusion. Self-management is presumably the adequate<br />

political form of socialism – nevertheless, in the national-Bolshevik<br />

Yugoslavia, self-management could lead to nothing but a pale version<br />

of decentralization and “factory autonomy”. Laborers (and the ideologically<br />

184

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