ERĂ CLIMATICĂ" (Octavia Bogdan) 7 2. HAZARD ŞI RISC DE MEDIU.
ERĂ CLIMATICĂ" (Octavia Bogdan) 7 2. HAZARD ŞI RISC DE MEDIU.
ERĂ CLIMATICĂ" (Octavia Bogdan) 7 2. HAZARD ŞI RISC DE MEDIU.
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CUPRINS<br />
PREFAŢĂ. l<br />
PREFACE 4<br />
1. ÎN DRUM SPRE O NOUĂ „<strong>ERĂ</strong> CLIMATICĂ" (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 7<br />
<strong>2.</strong> <strong>HAZARD</strong> <strong>ŞI</strong> <strong>RISC</strong> <strong>DE</strong> <strong>MEDIU</strong>. DISCUŢII (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 10<br />
<strong>2.</strong>1. SCURT ISTORIC. 10<br />
<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> TERMINOLOGIE. 17<br />
<strong>2.</strong>3. CLASIFICAREA <strong>HAZARD</strong>ELOR /<strong>RISC</strong>URILOR <strong>DE</strong> <strong>MEDIU</strong>. 21<br />
3. <strong>HAZARD</strong>ELE <strong>ŞI</strong> <strong>RISC</strong>URILE METEO-CLIMATICE<br />
ÎN CONTEXTUL <strong>HAZARD</strong>ELOR <strong>ŞI</strong> <strong>RISC</strong>URILOR <strong>DE</strong> <strong>MEDIU</strong><br />
(<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) ..... 27<br />
4. CLASIFICAREA <strong>HAZARD</strong>ELOR l <strong>RISC</strong>URILOR METEO-CLIMATICE<br />
r (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 33<br />
5. <strong>HAZARD</strong>ELE <strong>ŞI</strong> <strong>RISC</strong>URILE METEO-CLIMATICE<br />
DIN ZONA TEMPERATĂ (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 42<br />
6. FACTORII GENETICI AI HAZ ARD EL OR/<strong>RISC</strong>URILOR<br />
METEO-CLIMATICE 46<br />
6.1. ACTIVITATEA SOLARĂ (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>, Ion Marinică) 46<br />
6.1.1. Aspecte introductive 46<br />
6.1.<strong>2.</strong> Corelaţii între numărul petelor solare<br />
şi hazardele meteo-climatice. 46<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong> CIRCULAŢIA GENERALĂ A ATMOSFEREI - PRINCIPALA CAUZĂ<br />
<strong>HAZARD</strong>ELOR <strong>ŞI</strong> <strong>RISC</strong>URILOR METEO-CLIMATICE<br />
CU EFECT IMEDIAT 58<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong>1. Caracteristicile de bază ale circulaţiei generale a atmosferei<br />
(<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 58<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> Fenomene neteorologice caracteristice ZFPI (Ion Marinică) 67<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>1. Caracteristicile ZFPÎ. 67<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>2 Centrii de acţiune ai atmosferei care influenţează<br />
vremea pe emisfera nordică şi în special în Europa 70<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>3. Tipurile de circulaţie atmosferică şi hazardele/riscurile<br />
meteo- climatice induse. 78<br />
• Circulaţia vestică (V) 78<br />
• Circulaţia polară (P) 87<br />
• Circulaţia tropicală (T) 105<br />
• Circulaţia de blocare (B) 114<br />
• Circulaţia estică (E) 120<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>4. Tipuri de circulaţii atmosferice şi situaţii sinoptice<br />
care produc fenomenul de viscol în România 121<br />
• Studii de caz: 127<br />
• Viscolul din 1-4.IIJ954 127<br />
• Viscolul din 20-21.XI.1993 130<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong>3. Concluzii (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 131<br />
6.3. CARACTERISTICILE STRUCTURII SVPRAFEŢEI ACTIVE. 132<br />
6.3.1 Aspecte generale (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 132
6.3.<strong>2.</strong> Interacţiunea reliefului cu circulaţia generală a atmosferei<br />
şi dinamica producerii şi evoluţiei unor hazarde şi<br />
riscuri meteo-climatice (Ion Marinică) 137<br />
6.3,<strong>2.</strong> l Interacţiunea reliefului cu un cuplaj anticiclon-ciclon 138<br />
• Viscolul, un jet atmosferic de nivel jos 138<br />
• Jetul carpato-pontic şi frontogeneza de coastă<br />
a Mării Negre 146<br />
6.3.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> Interacţiunea reliefului cu un câmp anticiclonic 155<br />
• Fenomenele de uscăciune şi secetă 155<br />
6.3.<strong>2.</strong>3. Interacţiunea reliefului cu un câmp depresionar 161<br />
• Fenomenele de uscăciune şi secetă 163<br />
• Fenomenele pluviale 164<br />
6.3.3. Transformările tipurilor de circulaţie atmosferică din zona<br />
temperată (Ion Marinică) 166<br />
6.3.4. Alţi factori care concură la producerea hazardelor/riscurilor<br />
meteo-climatice (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>, Ion Marinică) 167<br />
6.3.5 Cauze determinate de activitatea umană (Ion Marinică J 169<br />
$.4. IMPACTUL ANTROPIC (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 169<br />
6.4.1. Modificări directe şi indirecte ale calităţii aerului 169<br />
6.4.<strong>2.</strong> Compoziţia aerului 173<br />
6.4.<strong>2.</strong>1. Principalele caracteristici ale aerului atmosferic pur 173<br />
6.4.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> Gazele cu efect de seră 177<br />
6.4.3. Poluarea aerului 179<br />
6.4.3.1. Definiţie 179<br />
6.4.3.<strong>2.</strong> Tipuri şi surse de poluare 182<br />
6.4.3.3. Tipuri de poluanţi 184<br />
6.4.3.4. Distribuţia poluanţilor 187<br />
6.4.3.5. Impactul antropic al poluării asupra atmosferei 188<br />
6.4.3.6. Monitorîngul şi gestiunea riscului poluării în vederea<br />
păstrării calităţii geosistemelor şi asigurării<br />
unei dezvoltări durabile 199<br />
7. CARACTERISTICI ALE <strong>HAZARD</strong>ELOR / <strong>RISC</strong>URILOR<br />
METEO-CLIMATICE <strong>DE</strong> PE TERITORIUL ROMÂNIEI 201<br />
7.1. CARACTERISTICI GENERALE (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 201<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong> CÂTEVA RECORDURI METEO-CLIMATICE DIN ROMÂNIA<br />
CU CARACTER <strong>DE</strong> <strong>HAZARD</strong> (Ocîavia <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 214<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong>1. Recorduri singulare 215<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong>1. L Recordul temperaturilor negative 215<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong>1.<strong>2.</strong> Recordul temperaturilor pozitive. 218<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong>1.3. Recordul celor mai timpurii brume 223<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong>1.4. Recordul celor mai târzii brume 227<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> Recorduri asociate (multiple sau complexe) 233<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>1. Recordul secetelor 233<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> Recordul precipitaţiilor excedentare 241<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>3,Recordul tornadelor 248<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>4. Recordul iernilor severe 257<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>5. Recordul iernilor calde (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>, Ion Marinică} 269<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>6. Recordul primăverilor timpurii (Ocîavia <strong>Bogdan</strong>, Ion Marinică)...<br />
278<br />
7.3. CARACTERISTICI REGIONALE ALE<br />
<strong>HAZARD</strong>ELOR/<strong>RISC</strong>URILOR METEO-CLIMATICE (Ion Marinică) 283
7.3.1. Câteva recorduri meteo-climatice regionale (Ion Mărimea) 285<br />
7.3. L L Recorduri termice 285<br />
7.3.1.<strong>2.</strong> Recorduri pluviometrice 286<br />
7.3.1.3. Alte recorduri 287<br />
8. VULNERABILITATEA TERITORIILOR ROMÂNIEI<br />
FAŢĂ <strong>DE</strong> <strong>HAZARD</strong>ELE <strong>ŞI</strong> <strong>RISC</strong>URILE METEO-CUMATICE (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 289<br />
8.1. ARII VULNERABILE LA INVERSIUNILE <strong>DE</strong> TEMPERATURĂ 289<br />
8.<strong>2.</strong> ARII VULNERABILE LA ÎNGHEŢ <strong>ŞI</strong> BRUMĂ 291<br />
8.3. ARII VULNERABILE LA LAPOVIŢĂ <strong>ŞI</strong> ZĂPADĂ UMEDĂ 292<br />
8.4. ARII VULNERABILE LA CHICIURĂ. 293<br />
8.5. ARII VULNERABILE LA <strong>DE</strong>PUNERILE <strong>DE</strong> GHEAŢĂ 295<br />
8.6. ARII VULNERABILE LA VISCOL , '. 297<br />
8.7. ARH VULNERABILE LA VÂNTURILE TARI 298<br />
8.8. ARII VULNERABILE LA INTENSITATEA PLOILOR <strong>DE</strong> VARĂ 300<br />
8.9. ARIILE VULNERABILE LA GRINDINĂ 302<br />
8. IO. ARII VULNERABILE LA CEAŢĂ <strong>ŞI</strong> PLOI ACI<strong>DE</strong> 303<br />
8.11. ARII VULNERABILE LA FENOMENELE<br />
<strong>DE</strong> USCĂCIUNE SI SECETA 305<br />
9. GESTIONAREA <strong>RISC</strong>ULUI <strong>DE</strong> <strong>MEDIU</strong> (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 307<br />
9.1. POLITICILE <strong>DE</strong> <strong>MEDIU</strong> PE PLAN MONDIAL 307<br />
9.<strong>2.</strong>POLITICILE <strong>DE</strong> <strong>MEDIU</strong>PE PLANNAŢIONAL 310<br />
9.3. METODOLOGIA <strong>DE</strong> STUDIEREA HÂZAR<strong>DE</strong>LOR /<br />
<strong>RISC</strong>URILOR METEO-CLIMATICE PE PLAN ŞTIINŢIFIC. 316<br />
10. VARIABILITATEA SISTEMULUI CLIMATIC (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>, Ion Marinică) 322<br />
10.1 MODIFICARE, SCHIMBARE SAU VARIABILITATE CLIMATICĂ. 322<br />
10.2 CAUZELE VARJABILITĂŢII SISTEMULUI CLIMATIC AL TERREI 324<br />
10.<strong>2.</strong>1. Cauzele naturale, 324<br />
10.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> Cauzele antropice 330<br />
11. ÎNCĂLZIREA GLOBALĂ A CLIMEI (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 333<br />
l LI. ANOMALII TERMICE. 333<br />
11.1.1. Anomalii termice pozitive 333<br />
11.1.<strong>2.</strong> Anomalii termice negative. 336<br />
11.<strong>2.</strong> ANOMALII PLUVIALE. 336<br />
11.<strong>2.</strong>1. Anomalii pluviale pozitive 336<br />
11.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> Anomalii pluviale negative 339<br />
11.3. DATE CERTE GEOLOGICE <strong>ŞI</strong> ISTORICE<br />
PRIVIND SCHIMBĂRILE CLIMATICE 339<br />
11.4. CARACTERISTICILE ÎNCĂLZIRII GLOBALE A CLIMEI 340<br />
11.5. ÎNCĂLZIREA CLIMEI ÎN ROMÂNIA 345<br />
11.6.EVOLUŢIA CLIMEI ÎN PERSPECTIVĂ 349<br />
1<strong>2.</strong> CONSECINŢELE ÎNCĂLZIRII GLOBALE A CLIMEI (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 351<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>1. ASUPRA CRIOSFEREI 351<br />
1<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> ASUPRA HIDROSFEREI 353<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>3. ASUPRA LITOSFEREI (RELIEFULUI) 355<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>4. ASUPRA BIOSFEREI. 355<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>5. ASUPRA SOCIOSFEREI 357<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>6. ASUPRA ECONOMIEI. 358<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>7. ASUPRA ECOSFEREL... ...359
1<strong>2.</strong>8. ASUPRA SĂNĂTĂŢII POPULAŢIEI. 360<br />
13. SOLUŢII <strong>DE</strong> PERSPECTIVĂ (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 362<br />
13.1. CĂI <strong>DE</strong> ABORDARE 362<br />
13.<strong>2.</strong> CONCLUZII 363<br />
14. OPINII ŞTIINŢIFICE MONDIALE ASUPRA<br />
SCHIMBĂRILOR CLIMATICE (Ion Mărimea) 364<br />
14.1. CONTROVERSE. 364<br />
14.<strong>2.</strong> DOVEZI ALE SCHIMBĂRILOR CLIMATICE ACTUALE 365<br />
14.3. FENOMENE CLIMATICE EXTREME DIN ULTIMII ANI 367<br />
14.4. ASUPRA CAUZELOR SCHIMBĂRILOR CLIMATICE. 373<br />
14.5. OPINIE PERSONALĂ. 378<br />
14.6. ASUPRA CONSECINŢELOR SCHIMBĂRILOR CLIMATICE. 379<br />
14.7. SOLUŢII TEHNICE ŞTIINŢIFICE PENTRU<br />
» ATENUAREA ÎNCĂLZIRII'GLOBALE 384<br />
15. POSTFAŢĂ. 386<br />
ABREVIERI 388<br />
BIBLIOGRAFIE 390<br />
LISTA FIGURILOR 412<br />
LISTA TABELELOR... ...422
CONTENTS<br />
PREFACE 4<br />
1. TOWARDS A NEW „CLIMATIC ERA" (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 7<br />
<strong>2.</strong> ENVIRONMENTAL <strong>HAZARD</strong> AND RISK. DISCUSSIONS (Odavia <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 10<br />
<strong>2.</strong>LBRIEFHISTORICAL OVERVIEW, 10<br />
<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>TERMINLOGY. 17<br />
<strong>2.</strong>3.CLASSIFICATIONOFENVIRONMENTAL <strong>HAZARD</strong>S 21<br />
3. METEO-CLIMATIC <strong>HAZARD</strong>S AND RISKS,<br />
A PART OF ENVJRONMENTAL RISK (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 27<br />
4. CLASSIFICATION OF METEO-CLIMATIC <strong>HAZARD</strong>S/RISKS (<strong>Octavia</strong><strong>Bogdan</strong>) 33<br />
5. METEO-CLIMATIC HAYARDS AND RISKS IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE 42<br />
6. GENETIC FACTORS OF METEO-CLIMATIC <strong>HAZARD</strong>S/RISKS 46<br />
6.1. SOLAR ACTIVITY (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>, Ion Marinică) 46<br />
6.1.1. Introduction 46<br />
6.1.<strong>2.</strong> Correlation between number of solar spots and meteo-climatic risks<br />
46<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong> GENERAL ATMOSPHERICCIRCULATION 58<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong>1.Major characteristics of the general atmospheric circulation<br />
(<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 58<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>Meteorological phenomena characteristic of the higher planetary front<br />
(HPF) (Ion Marinică) 67<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>1, H.P.F. characteristics 67<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>Centers ofAction of the Atmosphere which Influence the Weather<br />
in theNorth Emisphere and Especially in Europe. 70<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>3. Types of atmospheric circulation andrelated risks 78<br />
• Western circulation (V) 78<br />
• Polar circulation (P) 87<br />
• Tropical circulation (T) 105<br />
• Barrage circulation (B) 114<br />
• Eastern circulation (E) 120<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>4. Types of atmospheric circulation and snowstorms triggenng<br />
synoptic conditions in România 121<br />
• Case studies 127<br />
• ThesnowstormofFebruary 1-4, 1954 127<br />
• The snow storm ofNovember,20-21, 1993 130<br />
6.<strong>2.</strong>3.ConcIusions (<strong>Octavia</strong><strong>Bogdan</strong>) 131<br />
6.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE SURFACE 132<br />
6.3.1.Genera\itie$(<strong>Octavia</strong><strong>Bogdan</strong>) 132<br />
6.3.<strong>2.</strong>Relief/general atmospheric circulation înteraction and dynamics of<br />
meteo-climatic hazards/risks onset and evolution (Ion Marinică) 137<br />
6.3.<strong>2.</strong>1.ReHef/anticyclonic-cyclonic interface 138<br />
• The snowstorm, a low level atmospheric jet 138<br />
• The Carpatho-Pontic jet and îhe format ion of Black Şea coasîal<br />
fronts 146<br />
6.3.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> Relief/anticyclonic field interference 155
• Dryness and drought 155<br />
6.3.<strong>2.</strong>3.Relief/depressionaryfieldinterference 161<br />
• Dryness and drought 163<br />
• Rains 164<br />
6.3.3.Changes in the types of atmospheric circulation in the temperate zone<br />
(Ion Marin ică) 166<br />
6.3.4.Other factors which determine meteo-climatic hazards/risks occurrence<br />
(Ocîavia <strong>Bogdan</strong>, Ion Marinică) 167<br />
6.3.5.Anthropogenic causes (Ion Marinică) 169<br />
6.4. ANTHROPIC IMPACT (<strong>Octavia</strong><strong>Bogdan</strong>) 169<br />
6.4.1.Direct andindirectair quality changes 169<br />
6.4.<strong>2.</strong> Air composition 173<br />
6.4.<strong>2.</strong>1. Main characteristicsoftheatmosphere 173<br />
6.4.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>Green-house gases 177<br />
6.4.3. Atmospheric pollution 179<br />
6.4.3.1. Defînition 179<br />
6.4.3.<strong>2.</strong> Pollution type sandsources 182<br />
6.4.3.3. Types of pollutants 184<br />
6.4.3.4.Distribittion of pollutants 187<br />
6.4.3.S.Impact of human-înduced pollution on the dtmosphere<br />
188<br />
6.4.3.6. Monitoring andcontrollingpollution risk andsecuring<br />
sustainable development 199<br />
7. CHARACTERISTICS METEO-CLIMATIC <strong>HAZARD</strong>S AND RISKS IN ROMÂNIA<br />
(<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 201<br />
7. LGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (<strong>Octavia</strong><strong>Bogdan</strong>) 201<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong> A FEW METEO-CLIMATIC RECORDS IN ROMÂNIA 214<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong>1. Individual meteo-climatic records (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 215<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong>1.1. Negative thermal records 215<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong>1.<strong>2.</strong> Positive thermal records 218<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong>1.3. Earliest record of hoarfrost onset 223<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong>1.4. Latest record of hoarfrost onset 227<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> Associated records (multiple or complex) (<strong>Octavia</strong><strong>Bogdan</strong>) 233<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>1. Drought record 233<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> Excesprecipitation record 241<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>3. Tornado record 248<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>4. Severe winter record 257<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>5. Warm winters record (Ocîavia <strong>Bogdan</strong>, Ion Marinică) 269<br />
7.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>6. Early springs record (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>, Ion Marinică) 278<br />
7.3.REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF METEO-CLIMATIC <strong>HAZARD</strong>S/RISKS<br />
(Ion Marinică) 283<br />
7.3.1. A few regional meteo-climatic records 285<br />
7.3.L1. Temperature records 285<br />
7.3.1.<strong>2.</strong> Rainfall records 286<br />
7.3.1.3. Other records. 287<br />
8. VULNERABIHTY OF THE ROMANIAN TERRITORY TO METEO-CLIMATIC<br />
<strong>HAZARD</strong>S/RISKS (<strong>Octavia</strong><strong>Bogdan</strong>) 289<br />
8.1. AREAS VULNERABLE TO TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS 289<br />
8.<strong>2.</strong> AREAS VULNERABLE TO FREEZING AND HOAR-FROST 291<br />
8.3. AREAS VULNERABLE TO SLEETAND WET SNOW. 292<br />
8.4. AREAS VULNERABLE TO WHITE-FROST.. ,..293
8.5. AREAS VULNERABLE TO <strong>DE</strong>POSITION OFICE 295<br />
8.6. AREAS VULNERABLE TO SNOWSTORMS 297<br />
8.7. AREAS VULNERABLE TOHIGH WINDS 298<br />
8.8. AREAS VULNERABLE TOHEAVYSUMMERRAINS 300<br />
8.9. AREAS VULNERABLE TOHAIL 302<br />
8.10. AREAS VULNERABLE TO FOGANDACIDRAINS 303<br />
8.11. AREAS VULNERABLE TO DRYNESS AND DROUGHT 305<br />
9. CONTROLLINGENVIRONMENTALRISK (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 307<br />
9.<strong>2.</strong>ENVIRONMENTAL.POLICIES.WORLD WI<strong>DE</strong> 307<br />
9.3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES INROMÂNIA 310<br />
9.4. ON THE ELABORATION OF METEO-CLIMATIC <strong>HAZARD</strong>S/RISKS STUDY<br />
METHODS 316<br />
10. CLIMATIC SYSTEM VARIABILITY (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>, Ion Mărimea) 322<br />
10.LCHANGE OR CLIMATIC VARIABILITY 322<br />
10.<strong>2.</strong>CAUSES OF THE EARTH'S CLIMATIC SYSTEM VARIABILITY 324<br />
10.<strong>2.</strong>1.Naturalcauses 324<br />
10.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong>Anthropic causes 330<br />
11. GLOBAL CLIMATE WARMING (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 333<br />
11.1. THERMAL ANOMALIES 333<br />
11.1.1. Positive thermal anomalies 333<br />
11.1.<strong>2.</strong> Negative thermal anomalies 336<br />
11.<strong>2.</strong> RAINANOMALIES 336<br />
11.<strong>2.</strong>1. Positive rain anomalies 336<br />
11.<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> Negative rain anomalies 339<br />
11.3. RELIABLE GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL DATE ON CLIMATE<br />
CHANGE 339<br />
11.4. CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL WARMING 340<br />
11.4. GLOKAL WARMING IN ROMÂNIA 345<br />
11.5. PROSPECTIVE CLIMATE EVOLUTIONS 349<br />
1<strong>2.</strong> EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE WARMING (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 351<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>1. ON THE CRYOSPHERE 351<br />
1<strong>2.</strong><strong>2.</strong> ON THE HYDROSPHERE 353<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>3. ON THE LITHOSPHERE 355<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>4. ON THE BIOSPHERE 355<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>5. ON THE SOCIOSPHERE 355<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>6. ON THE ECONOMIC SPHERE 358<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>7. ON THE ECOSPHERE 359<br />
1<strong>2.</strong>8. ON PUBLIC HEALTH 360<br />
13. PROSPECTIVE SOLUTIONS (<strong>Octavia</strong> <strong>Bogdan</strong>) 362<br />
13.1. APPROACHES 362<br />
13.<strong>2.</strong>CONCLUSIONS 363<br />
14. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC VIEWS ON CLIMATE CHANGE<br />
(Ion Marinică) 364<br />
14.1. CONTROVERSIES 364<br />
14.<strong>2.</strong> EVI<strong>DE</strong>NCEOFCURRENTCLIMATECHANGE 365<br />
14.3. EXTREMECLIMATICPHENOMENAOVERTHELASTYEARS 367<br />
14.4. CAUSESOFCLIMATECHANGE 373<br />
7
14.5. APERSONALVIEW 378<br />
14.6. CLIMATECHANGEANDJTSCONSEQVENCES 379<br />
14.7. SCJENTIF1C-TEBNICAL SOLUTION TO ATTENUATE IN GLOBAL<br />
WARMING 384<br />
15. POSTFACE 386<br />
ABBREVIATIONS 388<br />
BIBLIOGRAPHY 390<br />
FIGURE CAPTION 412<br />
TABLE CAPTION... ...422