pentru dragostea lui de tara, nelasindu-si patria sa rämîie intro intune
pentru dragostea lui de tara, nelasindu-si patria sa rämîie intro intune
pentru dragostea lui de tara, nelasindu-si patria sa rämîie intro intune
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MIRON COSTIN<br />
Gr. Ureche a <strong>de</strong>schis un drum nou in literatura istorica romind, care,<br />
urmat <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> altii, avea <strong>sa</strong> contribuie la elaborarea unor opere dintre cele mai<br />
importante in literatura romineasca veche. Acest drum a fost continuat in<br />
primul rind <strong>de</strong> Miron Costin, care are cuvinte <strong>de</strong> lauda <strong>pentru</strong> pre<strong>de</strong>cesor,<br />
<strong>pentru</strong> <strong>dragostea</strong> <strong>lui</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>tara</strong>, <strong>nela<strong>si</strong>ndu</strong>-<strong>si</strong> <strong>patria</strong> <strong>sa</strong> <strong>rämîie</strong> <strong>intro</strong> <strong>intune</strong>recul<br />
nestiintei".<br />
Marche cronicar moldovean a invatat carte in conditii apropiate <strong>de</strong><br />
acelea in care s-a pregatit Ureche. Tata' sAu, Iancu Costin, a fost <strong>si</strong>lit <strong>sa</strong><br />
fuga in Polonia, cu familia ; acolo a capatat cetatenie polona <strong>si</strong> <strong>si</strong>-a dat copiii<br />
la invatatura. Costinii faceau parte dintr-o familie care se ridicase recent,<br />
politiceste, <strong>si</strong>-<strong>si</strong> adunase o avere insemnata in mo<strong>si</strong>i <strong>si</strong> <strong>sa</strong>te. In documentele<br />
istorice, intiia °ail apare tata! <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin, Ioan Costin, care a ajuns<br />
postelnic al doilea (1626), mare postelnic (1630-1632) sub Moise Movila<br />
<strong>si</strong> mai pe urma hatman (1633). loan <strong>sa</strong>u Iancu Costin a facut parte dintre<br />
boierii filopoloni. In 1627, in prima domnie a <strong>lui</strong> Miron Barnovschi cu care<br />
se inru<strong>de</strong>a prin ca<strong>sa</strong>torie, a fost trimis ca sol in Polonia. In 1633, cind Abaza<br />
pa<strong>sa</strong> inva<strong>de</strong>aza Polonia, avind cu el osti muntene <strong>si</strong> moldovene (impreuna<br />
Cu cei doi domni Matei Ba<strong>sa</strong>rab <strong>si</strong> Moise Movila), hatmanul Costin este<br />
printre cei care <strong>si</strong>muleaza apropierea unor armate cazacesti in sprijinul polonilor,<br />
<strong>pentru</strong> ca turcii <strong>sa</strong> paraseasca teritoriul polonez. Abaza pa<strong>sa</strong> a crezut <strong>si</strong><br />
s-a retras. Aflind in<strong>sa</strong> ulterior <strong>de</strong> stratagema, a hotarit sd prinda pe boieri<br />
<strong>si</strong> <strong>sa</strong>-i duca in obezi la Constantinopol. Un turc i-a comunicat <strong>lui</strong> Costin hatmanul<br />
gîndul <strong>lui</strong> Abaza i boierii filotpoloni s-au &scans la manastirea Pobrata,<br />
dind zvon ca au trecut in Polonia. Mai tirziu, in 1634, cind vine domn<br />
392
Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupu, omul <strong>lui</strong> Abaza, Moise Movild i hatmanul Costin tree, <strong>de</strong> teamA,<br />
In Polonia cu familiile lo, fiind bine primiti aici. La recomandarea seimu<strong>lui</strong><br />
regional al Poloniei ca lancu Costin marele hatman al Moldovei" adusese<br />
servicii Poldhiei, mai cu seama in timpul invaziei <strong>lui</strong> Abaza pa<strong>sa</strong>, regele<br />
polon insu<strong>si</strong>, Vladislav IV, in<strong>si</strong>std in mai multe rinduri, la seimul general,<br />
sA i se acor<strong>de</strong> boieru<strong>lui</strong> moldovean cotAtenia <strong>si</strong> tidal <strong>de</strong> nobil polon. Acest<br />
lucru i se recunoaste <strong>lui</strong> Iancu Costin <strong>si</strong> fiilor <strong>sa</strong>i Alexandru, Miron $i Potomir<br />
in 1638. Familia Costin se a<strong>sa</strong>zd in Polonia lino Bar <strong>si</strong> capata<br />
arendd mo<strong>si</strong>a Novo<strong>si</strong>lca Nova. Astfel, Miron Costin intrA in rindurile nobilimii<br />
polone <strong>de</strong> la virsta <strong>de</strong> cinci ani <strong>si</strong> se bucun <strong>de</strong> privilegiile acordate<br />
acesteia.<br />
Tate <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin nu invatase carte, nu stia nici mAcar <strong>sa</strong> se iscdleasca,<br />
dupd cum ne informeaza documentele, dar in Polonia <strong>si</strong>-a dat copiii<br />
la invatAtura. Intre ei s-a distins Miron Costin, care <strong>si</strong>-a inceput studiile<br />
la colegiul iezuit <strong>de</strong> la Bar, infiintat in 1636. Ca <strong>sa</strong>-<strong>si</strong> ascundd a<strong>de</strong>vdratele<br />
intentii, iezuitii adoptasera programul umanist al scolilor laice cu studiul<br />
limbii latine, istoriei antice, geografiei etc.<br />
Miron Costin se gasea la studii ad, cind Grigore Ureche se stingea din<br />
viatA (1647). In 1648, din cauza rdscoalei cazacilor sub Bogdan Hmelnitki,<br />
scoala se muta la Camenita, <strong>de</strong> al carei colegiu, mai bine organizat, <strong>de</strong>pin<strong>de</strong>a.<br />
Nu avem date, dar invdtdtura <strong>lui</strong> Minn Cosrtin fpresupune studii mai<br />
bogate <strong>si</strong> mai adincite <strong>de</strong>cit putea <strong>sa</strong> intreprindd numai la colegiul <strong>de</strong> la Bar.<br />
A studiat probabil in continuare la ,Camenita i 'cine stie dacd nu la Lwow.<br />
In 1650 tatal <strong>sa</strong>u moare i mo<strong>si</strong>a Novo<strong>si</strong>lca Nova infra in seama fiu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>sa</strong>u<br />
Miron. In 1651 Miron Costin se gdseste in rindurile oastei polone in lupta <strong>de</strong><br />
la Beresteczko, impotriva cazacilor i ntarilor, probabil ca nobil polon cu<br />
obligatii militare. Toate acestea ,<strong>si</strong>nt nmnai citeva indicii In legdtura cu<br />
viata $i activitatea tindru<strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin in Polonia, neexistind stiri amanuntite.<br />
Spre sfir<strong>si</strong>tul domniei <strong>lui</strong> Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupu, prin 1652-1653, Miron Costin<br />
impreund cu fratii <strong>sa</strong>l se intoarce In <strong>tara</strong>. Intre timp in<strong>sa</strong> voievodul Va<strong>si</strong>le<br />
Lupu, intrind in foarte bune legdturi cu polonii, boierii filopoloni puteau<br />
reveni in <strong>tara</strong>. Miron Costin s-a bucurat <strong>de</strong> incre<strong>de</strong>re pe lino. Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupu,<br />
care, in momentul traddrii <strong>lui</strong> Gheorghe Stefan (1653), II trimite dupd ajutor<br />
la starostele <strong>de</strong> Camenita, Piotr Potocki. Intors in <strong>tara</strong>, Miron Costin a ramas<br />
<strong>de</strong>votat polonilor <strong>si</strong> doar interesele personale <strong>si</strong> nevoia 1-au facut <strong>sa</strong> accepte<br />
din cind in cind politica filoturca. In Polonia a luat contact ca curtea <strong>si</strong> Cu<br />
dregdtorii curtii regale. Pre car<strong>de</strong> 1-am apucat <strong>si</strong> eu dvorean la craiul lesesc<br />
Vladislav", spune el, <strong>de</strong> exemplu, <strong>de</strong>spre Azamet Kantemir ajuns lefegiu al<br />
curtii. Regele Vladislav este cel care in<strong>si</strong>stase pe lingd seimul polon <strong>pentru</strong><br />
acordarea cetateniei <strong>si</strong> titlu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>de</strong> nobil familiei Costin <strong>si</strong> se ve<strong>de</strong> a tinarul<br />
moldovean ajunsese pina la curtea <strong>lui</strong>. In lupia <strong>de</strong> la Beresteczko (1651), la<br />
care a participat Miron Costin, era prezent <strong>si</strong> regele Ioan Cazimir (1649<br />
1668). A cunoscut, <strong>de</strong> asemenea, i alte personalinti polone, incit s-a tutors<br />
In <strong>tara</strong> ca om <strong>de</strong> incre<strong>de</strong>re al polonilor, <strong>pentru</strong> o politica filopolond a Moldovei.<br />
Invatatul cronicar a dus o asemenea politica, pe fata <strong>sa</strong>u in ascuns,<br />
convins ca <strong>tara</strong> putea scapa <strong>de</strong> asuprirea turceasca cu sprijin polon. Cind<br />
Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupu nu mai poate <strong>sa</strong>lva tronul, Miron Costin trece <strong>de</strong> partea <strong>lui</strong><br />
Gheorghe Stefan <strong>si</strong> median intre acesta <strong>si</strong> poloni. In 1657 Istratie Dabija<br />
(1661-1665) ail trimite In solie la regele loan Cazimir, hatmanul Ion So.<br />
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ieski li trimite <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin darmi prin soli (1670) <strong>si</strong>-i tine treaza con-<br />
$tiinta filopolona, Dumitrascu Cantacuzino il trimite apoi in doua rinduri,<br />
in 1674, in solie la Sobieski. Cu acest prilej cronicarul a curtoseut pe un mare<br />
<strong>de</strong>mnitar, Ian GniAski, pe care 11 [prime$te la Ia<strong>si</strong> In 1677, acesta fiind<br />
arum spre Poarta, i cu care prilej scrie Cronica idrilor Moldova $i Muntenia<br />
in limba, ipolona. Gnidski ii adreseaza din .drum nu anai putin <strong>de</strong> cinci<br />
scrisori, uncle inainte <strong>de</strong> a ajunge la Ia<strong>si</strong>, allele dupa aceea, in care it maguleste<br />
cu epitete <strong>de</strong> prieten <strong>si</strong> confratc" <strong>si</strong> in care il anunta ca va fi bucuros<br />
sà discute cu el probleme pa1iiice, <strong>pentru</strong> binele lumii crestine, i problem e<br />
<strong>de</strong> vtiinta. Ii inmineaza, <strong>de</strong> asemenea, daruri scumpe. Ulterior Miron Costin<br />
poarta corespon<strong>de</strong>nta cu regele Sobieski <strong>si</strong>-i cere impreuna cu Alexandru Bu-<br />
Juts <strong>sa</strong> se impace cu ru<strong>si</strong>i $i <strong>sa</strong> porneasca razboi impotriva turcilor, nadajuind<br />
ca astfel se va putca elibera Moldova <strong>de</strong> sub jugul otoman (1680).<br />
Nu incape <strong>de</strong>ei indoiala ea Miron Costin a fost consecvent pina la<br />
sfir<strong>si</strong>tul vietii in politica filopolona, nu dintr-un dcvotament orb, ci dintr-un<br />
cald sentiment patriotic lata <strong>de</strong> <strong>tara</strong> <strong>sa</strong>, sentiment manifestat sub diferite<br />
forme. Daca in<strong>sa</strong>, in 1673, nu urmeaza pe Stefan Petriceieu in Polonia, o face<br />
<strong>pentru</strong> ca socotea momentul inoportun <strong>pentru</strong> o asexnenea actiune, dupa cum<br />
va nota <strong>si</strong> mai tirziu : A<strong>sa</strong> cu soaptele, nu cu sfat, au facut <strong>si</strong> Petriceicu<br />
-voda, <strong>de</strong> au lepadat, fara <strong>de</strong> nici o nevoie, domnia tarii <strong>si</strong> s-au dus in Tara<br />
teseasca, <strong>de</strong>n care fapta <strong>sa</strong> stinge <strong>tara</strong> Moldovei astazi" (1675). Dintr-o<br />
atare refugiere nu avea <strong>de</strong> cistigat nici <strong>tara</strong>, nici el personal. Miron Costin<br />
ii intarise pozitia <strong>de</strong> boier <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> dregator. Prin zestrea adu<strong>sa</strong> <strong>de</strong> sotia <strong>sa</strong>,<br />
Ileana Movila, nepoata <strong>de</strong> fiu a <strong>lui</strong> Simion Movila <strong>si</strong> ncpoata <strong>de</strong> frate a <strong>lui</strong><br />
Petri' Movila, mitropolitul Kievu<strong>lui</strong>, prin mo<strong>si</strong>ile cumparate personal, M. Costin<br />
avea o avere con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>rabila, pe care nu se indura s-o lase <strong>de</strong>stramarii <strong>si</strong><br />
ritinei. De accea, ii spune el <strong>lui</strong> Petriceicu voda : Ori <strong>si</strong>l fie voia marii tale,<br />
ori <strong>sa</strong> nu fie, noi nu ne vom la<strong>sa</strong> ca$Lie <strong>sa</strong> Je ié caci nu era nimeni<br />
a lunci care <strong>sa</strong> se opuna, banuia el, navalitorilor. Pe <strong>de</strong> alta parte, trecut prin<br />
dregatoriile <strong>de</strong> sulger (1657), paharnic (1659), pirealab <strong>de</strong> Hotin (1660),<br />
mare comis (1664), mare vornic al Tarii <strong>de</strong> Sus (1667), se gasea acum ca<br />
mare vornic al Tarii <strong>de</strong> Jos (din 1669) $i nu ve<strong>de</strong>a <strong>pentru</strong> care folos ar<br />
schimba piinea tarii cu una <strong>de</strong> refugiu lu <strong>tara</strong> straina. In eurind avea <strong>sa</strong><br />
capete titlul eel mai inalt, <strong>de</strong> mare logofat (1675).<br />
In expeditia <strong>pentru</strong> asedierea Vienei din 1683, Miron ICostin se gasea<br />
in tabara turceasca. alaturi <strong>de</strong> Gheorghe Duca, <strong>de</strong> snit. Dar victoria <strong>lui</strong> Sobieski<br />
(ell care era, <strong>de</strong> fapt. in strinse legaturi) asupra turcilor i-a dat, dupit<br />
perioada <strong>de</strong> cumplite vremi", o mare incre<strong>de</strong>re in po<strong>si</strong>bilitatea <strong>de</strong> izbavire<br />
larii <strong>de</strong> sub opre<strong>si</strong>unea turceasca. Era momentul pe care insu<strong>si</strong> Dimitrie<br />
.Cantemir Il con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>ra inceputul <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>rii puterii otomane. In acest sens,<br />
se pare ca marele croniear nu este <strong>si</strong>ncer cu Gheorghe Duca, cind, intor<strong>si</strong><br />
lu <strong>tara</strong>, acesta se teme <strong>de</strong> tabara polona, iar Mircu Costin Ii spune: Ce<br />
pntere au ei MI vie asupra marii tale ?". Este o amagire a domnu<strong>lui</strong>, caci<br />
Miron Costin banuia cel putin ca tabara filopolona nu va sta ùt nepa<strong>sa</strong>re,<br />
-theft nu era chiar in curent cu intrarca in <strong>tara</strong> a tmor osti polone in sprijinul<br />
<strong>lui</strong> Stefan Petriceicu. Personal nu se temea <strong>de</strong> Petriceieu, fiin<strong>de</strong>a legaturile<br />
<strong>lui</strong> erau facute direct eu virfurile politicii polone. Intr-a<strong>de</strong>var, chiar in<br />
.noaptea Craciunu<strong>lui</strong> din 1683, Duca voda impreuna cu boierii, dntre ei $i<br />
Costin, <strong>si</strong>nt prin<strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> poloni i du<strong>si</strong> in Polonia. Lui Miron Costin i<br />
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se da ¡ma ca inchisoare" castelul regal <strong>de</strong> la Dasov. Aici va serie el in<br />
1684, drept omagiu <strong>si</strong> informatie <strong>pentru</strong> Sobieski, frumoa<strong>sa</strong> opera literard<br />
lstorie rn versuri po/one, In care expune pe scurt istoria Tanilor rominesti,<br />
exprimind nd<strong>de</strong>j<strong>de</strong>a ca poporul romin va fi <strong>sa</strong>lvat prin interventia rege<strong>lui</strong><br />
polon. impotriva turcilor. Faptele <strong>si</strong>nt elocvente. Exista un memoriu din<br />
1684 al boierilor mG1doveni refugiati, adre<strong>sa</strong>t <strong>lui</strong> Jan Sobieski, privind organizarea<br />
unui viitor stat moldovean sub protectoratul Poloniei, cu privilegii<br />
<strong>pentru</strong> boierimea moldoveana, <strong>si</strong>milare celor <strong>de</strong> care se bucura nobilimea<br />
polond, i cu o anumita legalitate interna. Sint indicii cä memoriul a fost<br />
redactat <strong>de</strong> Miron Costin. A<strong>sa</strong>dar, boierii refugiati in Polonia <strong>si</strong> Miron<br />
Costin pldnuiau organizarea unui stat moldovenesc cu o noud ordine legald,<br />
In eventualitatea eliberdrii <strong>de</strong> sub turci.<br />
In 1685 se urea pe tronul Moldovei Constantin Cantemir, care avusese<br />
personal relatii bune cu polonii, dar care, cu o minte <strong>de</strong>stul <strong>de</strong> treazd,<br />
con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>ra ca domnia <strong>si</strong> rosturile Moldovei stateau Inca in puterea Ponii<br />
turcesti. La curent cu legaturile i actiunile luí Miron Costin in Polonia,<br />
Cantemir Il con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>ra periculos <strong>pentru</strong> tron <strong>si</strong> pune pe fratele <strong>sa</strong>l]. Velicico<br />
Ccistin <strong>sa</strong>-1 cheme in <strong>tara</strong>. Miron Costin se intoarce in <strong>de</strong>cembrie 1685, socotind<br />
poate cA va putea <strong>sa</strong> <strong>de</strong>stdsoare politica <strong>sa</strong> abild <strong>de</strong> mai inainte. Constantin<br />
Cantemir il izoleazd fwà <strong>si</strong>-1 trimite cu rangul numai <strong>de</strong> staroste,<br />
la Putna. Era o prima izbire pe care marele boier romin <strong>si</strong> mobil polon<br />
n-o putea primi cu indiferentd. De f apt, se poate spune ca Miron Costin<br />
venea inainte, iar regele Sobieski cobora in urma <strong>lui</strong> cu ostile, spre Moldova<br />
(1686). Cantemir s-a retras din calea invadatoru<strong>lui</strong>, iar leahul a intrat<br />
in Ia<strong>si</strong> <strong>si</strong>, la ma<strong>sa</strong> cu boierii filopoloni, <strong>si</strong>-a ingdduit se spune gluma<br />
cu cintecul, zis In romineste, spre distractia celor <strong>de</strong> fatd. :<br />
Costandine<br />
Fugi bine<br />
Nici ai ca<strong>sa</strong>,<br />
Nici ai ma<strong>sa</strong>,<br />
Nice dragit<br />
Jupinea<strong>si</strong>t<br />
Mai mult In<strong>sa</strong> <strong>de</strong>cit un °spat cu ciocniri <strong>de</strong> pahare, eintece <strong>de</strong> ldutari<br />
<strong>si</strong> incingeri <strong>de</strong> hore", regele polon n-a realizat <strong>pentru</strong> Moldova. A trecut<br />
Prutul, dar, dind <strong>de</strong> rezistentd <strong>si</strong> primejaii, s-a intors repe<strong>de</strong>, a trecut din<br />
nou prin Ia<strong>si</strong>, a luat ce-a putut, apoi i-a pus foc <strong>si</strong> a plecat.<br />
In <strong>tara</strong> au ramas rivalii : Cantemir i Costinii. Se pin<strong>de</strong>au reciproc.<br />
Voievodul Constantin Cantemir se temea <strong>de</strong> fratii Miron i Velicico Costin,<br />
care pe f atd se opuneau politicii <strong>lui</strong> <strong>si</strong>-1 intepau rautacios cu vorba, <strong>pentru</strong><br />
nestiinta <strong>lui</strong> <strong>de</strong> carte <strong>si</strong> <strong>pentru</strong> nechiverni<strong>si</strong>rea /Aril ... Ai vré sd-ti dai<br />
maria ta <strong>sa</strong>ma odatá i na-i puté". Pentru a-i domoli poate, convenise Cantemir<br />
sd-<strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong>a fata dupa fiul <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin, Pdtrascu, <strong>si</strong> <strong>sa</strong> intre in relatii<br />
<strong>de</strong> ru<strong>de</strong>nie. Costinii insA treceau peste asemenea tacmeli. Miron Costin<br />
intretinea relatii politice secrete cu Sobieski, cu Andrei Potocki, cu hatmanul<br />
Stanil<strong>sa</strong>w Iablonowski <strong>si</strong>, <strong>de</strong><strong>si</strong>gur, nu in favoarea domnulud. Fratii Costin<br />
nu ve<strong>de</strong>au schimbarea, pe care o urmareau, <strong>de</strong>cit prin urcarea pe tron a<br />
unuia dintre ei. Complotul, <strong>de</strong> care vorbesc Neculce <strong>si</strong> Dimitrie Cantemir, organizat<br />
<strong>de</strong> Costini <strong>si</strong> divulgat <strong>de</strong> un Ilie Tifeseu Frige-Vacd, pare intru totul<br />
.a<strong>de</strong>vdrat. Pe urmele conspiratiei <strong>si</strong> instigat <strong>de</strong> Cupdresti, dusmanii Costi-<br />
397
nilor, Constantin Cantemir pune <strong>sa</strong> se taie capul <strong>lui</strong> Velicico Costin. Apoi,<br />
la in<strong>de</strong>muul acelora<strong>si</strong> vrajma<strong>si</strong>, trimite duo Miron Costin la mo<strong>si</strong>a <strong>sa</strong> la Barbo<strong>si</strong><br />
uncle ii murise sotia. Dar n-a mai apucat <strong>sa</strong> <strong>de</strong>a ochii cu domnul tarii,<br />
<strong>de</strong>i k cautat aceasta cu tot dinadinsul. In drum spre Ia<strong>si</strong>, capul <strong>lui</strong> Miron<br />
Costin a cdzut. Din Polonia nu s-a schitat nici un protest, nici o actiune. Nu<br />
Sc punea o <strong>tara</strong> <strong>pentru</strong> un cap <strong>de</strong> om, mai ales intr-o vreme eind capetele<br />
ca<strong>de</strong>au usor.<br />
A<strong>sa</strong> s-a stins mintea cea mai luminata din acea vreme a Moldovei.<br />
N. Iorga nota cutremurat ca in rnomentul ca<strong>de</strong>rii capu<strong>lui</strong>, <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costiu<br />
ntt-i mai trebuia nici o rugaciune, fiin<strong>de</strong>a i<strong>si</strong> mintuise sufletul cu opera<br />
pe care o la<strong>sa</strong> neamu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>sa</strong>u.<br />
Intr-a<strong>de</strong>var, Miron Costin, militar diplomat, om <strong>de</strong> actiune politica,<br />
a Vi<strong>si</strong>t totut,i, in cumplitele vremi" <strong>de</strong> care pomeneste mereu, timpul necoaar<br />
<strong>sa</strong> serie opere <strong>de</strong> N aloa re.<br />
Cu o bogata cultura, cu o experienta multipla <strong>de</strong> viata, aviad un orizont<br />
largit prin cunoasterea terenu<strong>lui</strong>" cu prilejul expeditiilor militare in Tran<strong>si</strong>lvania<br />
(1659-1660), in Muntenia <strong>si</strong> Oltenia (1663), cind a vazut pmgarlic"<br />
podu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>lui</strong> Traian, din nou in Tara Romineasca impotriva raiscoa<strong>de</strong>i<br />
seimenilor (1665), apoi la Viena (1683), in drumurile diferitelor solii, Miron<br />
Costin era in mdsurd sd lege viu <strong>si</strong> organic faptele, sd interipreteze &dine<br />
evenimentele istorice.<br />
Gr. Ureche emisese i<strong>de</strong>i In legAtura cu formarea poporu<strong>lui</strong> $i<br />
romine, ca rftdacini In colonizarea romanA, unitatea poporu<strong>lui</strong> romin din<br />
diferite provincii etc. fara sd stdruiascd, i<strong>de</strong>i <strong>de</strong>naturate <strong>de</strong> interpolatori,<br />
in special <strong>de</strong> amatorul <strong>de</strong> basne, Simian Dascalul.<br />
Miron Costin, <strong>lui</strong>nd cunostinta <strong>de</strong> asemenea nea<strong>de</strong>varuri $i ociiri" se<br />
revoltd, ca om luminat ce era, <strong>si</strong> se ho<strong>tara</strong>$te <strong>sa</strong> aicatuiascd un letopiset.<br />
integral al Moldovei, in care <strong>sa</strong> expuna, pe larg <strong>si</strong> pe intelesul tuturor,<br />
inceputur tarilor <strong>si</strong> al poporu<strong>lui</strong> rominesc. Urzise" spune el aceasta<br />
incepatura" a letopiselu<strong>lui</strong>, adica probabil partea <strong>de</strong>spre colonizarea<br />
Daciei, dar vremurile grele nu i-au dat ragazul i na<strong>de</strong>j<strong>de</strong>a continudrii unei<br />
literati, care cerca liniste <strong>si</strong> timp. De aceea, s-a oprit, <strong>de</strong> la planul conceput,<br />
<strong>si</strong> a trecut <strong>sa</strong> continue mai intii cronica <strong>lui</strong> Gr. Ureche, cu gindul cd va serie<br />
<strong>si</strong> letopiset intreg <strong>de</strong> va avea zile". Urzitura" a fost pusd la punct mai<br />
tirziu <strong>si</strong> din ea a rezultat De neamul Moldovenilor.<br />
Continuind pe Ureche, Miron Costin observa cd opera <strong>lui</strong> se intrerupe<br />
brusc <strong>si</strong> socoate ca, ori acolo l-a oprit moartea, ori izvoa<strong>de</strong>le (cqpiile) cronicii<br />
au <strong>sa</strong>rit (ait rA<strong>si</strong>lrit") ce va fi mai scris $i <strong>de</strong> la Aron voda incoace".<br />
Miron Costin reia astfel firul istoriei cu domnia <strong>lui</strong> Aron voda, <strong>de</strong>spre care<br />
rilmlisese doar un titlu <strong>de</strong> capitol in cronica <strong>lui</strong> Ureche, <strong>si</strong> duce naratiunea<br />
evenimentelor pina la domnia <strong>lui</strong> Stefanita voda Lupu inclu<strong>si</strong>v (1661).<br />
Cronica <strong>sa</strong>, Letopiseful Tarii Moldovei, contine <strong>de</strong>ci evenimente din vremea<br />
<strong>lui</strong> Stefan Razvan, din donntiile Movilestilor in competitie cu Mihai Viteazul<br />
Alexandru Ilias <strong>si</strong> Stefan Toma al II-lea, din epoca <strong>lui</strong> Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupu <strong>si</strong><br />
Gheorghe Stefan. A<strong>sa</strong>da'', autorul a ramas cu povestirea <strong>de</strong>parte <strong>de</strong> evenimentele<br />
traite personal in ultimii treizeci <strong>de</strong> ani.<br />
Costin avea dreptate <strong>si</strong>t serie c la acest fel <strong>de</strong> scrisoare gind slobod<br />
fan valuri (tulburari) trebuieste", iar vremurile agitate Kin care trecea<br />
puneau in cumpand." <strong>si</strong> <strong>tara</strong> <strong>si</strong> nata <strong>sa</strong>. A scris in luminisurik <strong>de</strong>selor pe-<br />
398
ioa<strong>de</strong> zbuciumate <strong>si</strong> n-a ajuns la implinirea intiiu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>sa</strong>u gind <strong>de</strong> a da un<br />
letopiset complet al Moldovei.<br />
Letopiseful Tarii Moldovei poarta, in titlul copiei pe curat, data <strong>de</strong> 1675.<br />
Cum la jumatatea cronicii <strong>intro</strong>duce <strong>de</strong>scricrea invaziei lacustelor mai tirzia<br />
(1653) <strong>de</strong>cit la anul in care avusese loc (1647), cu mentiunca ca era trecut<br />
rindul la izvodu cel curat", inseamnrt ca in anul treccrii pe curat (1675)<br />
Miron Costin continua <strong>sa</strong> redacteze cronica <strong>si</strong> lucrul a durat poate <strong>si</strong> mai pe<br />
urma. Negre<strong>si</strong>t in<strong>sa</strong> ca Miron Costin a inceput <strong>sa</strong> serie cronica mult mai <strong>de</strong>vreme<br />
<strong>de</strong> 1675 <strong>si</strong> munca, intre atitea ocupatii <strong>si</strong> griji, a inaintat greu.<br />
Gr. Ureche adusese povestirea evenimentelor istorice pina la sfir<strong>si</strong>tur<br />
sec. al XVI-lea, welt, <strong>pentru</strong> vremuri contemporane, M. Costin a folo<strong>si</strong>t din<br />
plin istoria orala i amintirile familiei <strong>pentru</strong> redactarea cronicii <strong>sa</strong>le. Ca <strong>si</strong><br />
opera <strong>lui</strong> Ion Neculce, letopisctul <strong>sa</strong>il are, in mare masura, caracter <strong>de</strong> memorii,<br />
<strong>si</strong> este <strong>de</strong> neinlocuit din punctul <strong>de</strong> ve<strong>de</strong>re al informatiei istorice, neexistind<br />
alte izvoare contemporane. Stirile pina la 1653 se datoresc, <strong>de</strong><strong>si</strong>gur,<br />
relatarilor parinte<strong>lui</strong> säu Iancu Costin <strong>si</strong>, dnpa intoarcerea in <strong>tara</strong>, unor<br />
boieri intre care Toma <strong>si</strong> Iordache Cantacuzino, pe care ii eiteaza<br />
in timpul naratiunii. De altfcl, Miron Costin i<strong>si</strong> facuse ucenicia <strong>de</strong> boier, duo<br />
obiceiul timpu<strong>lui</strong>, pe linga Iordache Cantacuzino. Dupa 1653, Miron Costia<br />
a participat personal la evenimentele interne <strong>si</strong>,idupa cum <strong>si</strong>ngur marturiseste,<br />
i-a venit mutt mai pre lesne a scrie <strong>de</strong> aceste vremi...". In aceasta parte<br />
avem <strong>de</strong>-a face cu memorii propriu-zise. De asemenea, povesteste fapte vazute<br />
personal in timpul se<strong>de</strong>rii in Polonia, ca batalia <strong>de</strong> la Beresteczko, invazia<br />
lacustelor etc.<br />
Totu<strong>si</strong>, ca om cu lecturi, Miron Costin nu s-a multumit, <strong>pentru</strong> partea<br />
mai veche a cronicii, numai cu istoria transmi<strong>sa</strong> <strong>de</strong> batrini. Pentru evenimcnte,<br />
in special polone <strong>si</strong> polono-romine, a intrebuintat izvoare serse. Intre<br />
aceste izvoare se numara cronica Parvel Plasecici Chronicon gestorum<br />
Europa <strong>si</strong>ngularium, aparutà intii la Cracovia Jn 1645, apoi in alte citeva<br />
editii in timpul cind cronicarul se gasea in Polonia. Piasecki traise in Podolia<br />
intre 1627-1640, ca episcop <strong>de</strong> Camenita. Fiind un aparator al ortodoc<strong>si</strong>lor<br />
impotriva propagan<strong>de</strong>i iezuite <strong>de</strong> convertirc la catolicism (la Kiev rezista<br />
iezuitilor Petri' Movila), cunostea bine evenimentcle din aceste parti, conflictul<br />
dintre Mihai Viteazul <strong>si</strong> poloni, expeditiile polone impotriva turcilor<br />
la Tutora in Moldova (1620), la Hotin (1621) <strong>si</strong> tocmai in legatura cu<br />
aceste evenimentc scoate Miron Costin stiri din Piasecki <strong>pentru</strong> cronica <strong>sa</strong>.<br />
Cronicaru<strong>lui</strong> i-au fost cunoscute <strong>si</strong> alte izvoare polone, multe citate<br />
la inceputul cronicii (in intentia unui letopiset intreg al Moldovei), dar urmele<br />
lor <strong>si</strong>nt slabe <strong>si</strong> ne<strong>si</strong>gure in cronica fata <strong>de</strong> Piasecki. M. Costin avea o<br />
bogata informatie <strong>si</strong> a cules stiri din diferite izvoare, contopindu-le intr-o expunere<br />
personalti. O serie <strong>de</strong> maxime, comparalli <strong>si</strong> u<strong>de</strong>oti merg intre altele<br />
pina la fondul Viefilor paralele serse <strong>de</strong> Plutarh din Heronea, ceea ce dove<strong>de</strong>ste<br />
la cronicar o cultura cla<strong>si</strong>ca. De asemenea, se dove<strong>de</strong>5te ca Miron Costin<br />
citise o serie <strong>de</strong> carti populare ca Alexandria, Esopia etc., la care face<br />
referinte. Pentru formularea unor ju<strong>de</strong>cati se foloseste a<strong>de</strong>seori <strong>de</strong> plasticitatea<br />
proverbelor populare.<br />
Miron Costin s-a apucat <strong>sa</strong> serie cronica <strong>sa</strong> pornind <strong>de</strong> la gindul <strong>de</strong> a<br />
lumina <strong>pentru</strong> contemporani istoria in<strong>de</strong>partata a poporu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>si</strong> a nu la<strong>sa</strong> <strong>sa</strong><br />
intre in umbra, <strong>pentru</strong> urma<strong>si</strong>, vremurile uoi bine cunoscute <strong>de</strong> el. Dragostea<br />
<strong>de</strong> patrie l-a animat mereu in actiunile <strong>sa</strong>le. Aceasta dragoste a <strong>de</strong>venit<br />
399
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Pagini din Cronica <strong>lui</strong> M. Costin (fila 74).<br />
ti
legendara, s-a perpetuat folcloric <strong>si</strong> a fost consemnati <strong>de</strong> Neculce mai tirziu,<br />
fie, <strong>de</strong> exemplu, in legatura cu ce i-a spus cronicaral viziru<strong>lui</strong> Chiuprudi la<br />
luarea Camenitei, in 1672: <strong>si</strong>ntem noi moldovenii bucuro<strong>si</strong> <strong>sa</strong> se liteasca<br />
ImpAritia In toate partile cit <strong>de</strong> mult, iar peste <strong>tara</strong> noastra nu ne pare bine<br />
<strong>sa</strong> se lateasca", fie In legiturd cu ce-i spunea <strong>lui</strong> Duca voda la 1683: Sa<br />
nu dam locul, cá pimintul acesta este framintat cu <strong>si</strong>ngele mo<strong>si</strong>lor <strong>si</strong> a<br />
stramo<strong>si</strong>lor nostri".<br />
Istoria, duo Miron Costin, nu insemna in<strong>sa</strong> numai consemnarea f aptelor<br />
trecute, ci i tragerea unor invitiminte din <strong>de</strong>sfasurarea evenimentelor,<br />
din zugrivirea unor drame sociale <strong>sa</strong>u omenesti, care puteau fi evitate : ca<br />
letopisetele nu <strong>si</strong>nt numai <strong>sa</strong> le citeasci omul, <strong>si</strong> stie ce au fost in vremi<br />
trecute, ce mai mult <strong>si</strong> fie <strong>de</strong> Invitituri ce este bine <strong>si</strong> ce este rill <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> ce<br />
<strong>si</strong> se fereasca...". De aceea M. Costin face observatii entice privind, <strong>de</strong> pilda,<br />
actiuni urmate impotriva unui sfat bun, ca in cazul boierilor <strong>lui</strong> Ieremia<br />
intor<strong>si</strong> in <strong>tara</strong> din Polonia, impotriva sfatu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>lui</strong> Nestor Ureche,<br />
<strong>si</strong> ma<strong>sa</strong>crati <strong>de</strong> Stefan Toma al II-lea, <strong>sa</strong>u privind nechibzuinta <strong>lui</strong> Va<strong>si</strong>le<br />
Lupu <strong>de</strong> a nu avea o garnizoana in cetatea Hotinu<strong>lui</strong>, un<strong>de</strong> putea <strong>sa</strong> se<br />
adaposteasca Impreuni cu familia <strong>si</strong> curtea domneasca, Suceava, <strong>de</strong>i apirati<br />
eroic <strong>de</strong> cazacii <strong>lui</strong> Timus Hmielnitki, nefiind in nasura sA reziste a<strong>sa</strong>lturilor<br />
date <strong>de</strong> Gheorghe Stefan <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> oastea polona.<br />
Reprezentant al clasei boieresti, Miron Costin sti In apirarea intereselor<br />
acestei clase in lupta cu domnia Este <strong>de</strong> notat In<strong>si</strong> ci, exact ca <strong>si</strong> Gr. Ureehe,<br />
nu intelege atit un stat in care boierii <strong>si</strong> aiba toate privilegiile <strong>si</strong> <strong>si</strong><br />
faca ce vor, cit un stat cu legi interne, in care domnul <strong>si</strong> consulte un sf at<br />
legal constituit din boieri. Paid <strong>de</strong> domnia cu puteri absolute, cu acte a<strong>de</strong>seori<br />
necugetate, cru<strong>de</strong> <strong>si</strong> absur<strong>de</strong>, efectuate la impulsul ambitiei <strong>sa</strong>u furiei<br />
personale, un stat feudal bazat pe o ordine interna legala, insemna, evi<strong>de</strong>nt,<br />
progres. Gindirea politica a <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin nu <strong>de</strong>paseste <strong>de</strong><strong>si</strong>gnr vremurile<br />
<strong>sa</strong>le, nu apara interesele maselor populare, dar nu este indiferent la<br />
viata <strong>si</strong> suferintele lor, noteaza cu propria lor vorba ca blestemul <strong>si</strong>racilor<br />
nu ca<strong>de</strong> pe copaci", varianti veche a proverbu<strong>lui</strong> nu <strong>de</strong> lemne (pietre)<br />
se leaga blestemul <strong>sa</strong>racilor" <strong>si</strong> con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>ra cA cei mari trebuie sA aiba grije<br />
<strong>de</strong> cei mici". Are o conceptie <strong>de</strong> intelegere <strong>si</strong> ocrotire a multimilor, mai ales<br />
ca existenta i puterea lor nu sánt <strong>de</strong> neglijat n istat : Adu4i aminte<br />
repeti el stapinu<strong>lui</strong> tirii ci pe multe gloate <strong>de</strong> oameni esti stipin". Cronicarul<br />
nu trece cu ve<strong>de</strong>rea revolta <strong>tara</strong>nilor sub domnia <strong>lui</strong> Alexandru Ilias<br />
(1633), cind se tineau ca o haita <strong>de</strong> lupi <strong>de</strong> convoiul domnu<strong>lui</strong> alungat <strong>si</strong><br />
cereau <strong>si</strong> li se <strong>de</strong>a in miini boierii exploatatmi ca <strong>si</strong> se razbune. Nespu<strong>sa</strong><br />
vrAjna<strong>si</strong>la ,prostimei !", exclama Miron Costin. Pe vomicul Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupa Ira<br />
rinit, iar pe omul voda, Batiste Veveli ,l-au ;facia farime", cu tofpoare<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Maltimile nu se putean stapuni. Suferintele dor erau <strong>de</strong> ne<strong>de</strong>scris. In timip ce<br />
boierimea imbuibata petrecea in chip <strong>de</strong>sfrinat (cronicarul noteaza <strong>si</strong> acest<br />
lucru), pe tirani Ii ripunea <strong>de</strong>seori foamea, <strong>de</strong> mincau papal micinati,<br />
ca <strong>de</strong> exemplu in 1659, sub domnia <strong>lui</strong> Stef Anita voda Lupu :<br />
...ci Ora Intvaccea foamete era intr-acela an, cit mInca oamenii papuri<br />
uscati In ice <strong>de</strong> piine, macinindu-o uscata. Si <strong>de</strong> pe aceea foamete parecli<br />
<strong>si</strong> pe Stef Anita voth, <strong>de</strong>-i zicea Papua<br />
Legenda veche, cu eireulatie europeani, cu un domn Papura voda,<br />
urmikrit <strong>si</strong> mincat, <strong>pentru</strong> nedreptati <strong>si</strong> suferinte, <strong>de</strong> sobolani, <strong>si</strong>-a gi<strong>si</strong>t o<br />
sur<strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> localizare <strong>si</strong> renastere istorica, in tragedia poporu<strong>lui</strong> infometat, hra-<br />
28 - 43. 1144 401
nit cu papurd. Suferintele maselor se repetau $i capdtau in istoria vie i<strong>de</strong>ntificari<br />
<strong>si</strong>mbolice.<br />
Cu toata pozitia <strong>si</strong> con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>ratiile <strong>de</strong> cla<strong>sa</strong>, Miron Costin se ridica peste<br />
micile patimi omenesti <strong>si</strong> stdruie <strong>sa</strong> ju<strong>de</strong>ce obiectiv pe eroii cronicii <strong>sa</strong>le,<br />
acliunilelor, evenimentele istorice. Cu o formatie <strong>de</strong> umanist, avind sensul<br />
realist istoric al vietii $i civilizatici umane, Miron Costin pune <strong>de</strong>asupra<br />
omul <strong>si</strong> umanitatea, caracterul <strong>lui</strong>, calitati <strong>sa</strong>u <strong>de</strong>fecte, indiferent daca i-a<br />
fost prieten <strong>sa</strong>u dusman. Astfel, <strong>de</strong>i cronicarul moldovean ura in general<br />
pe turci <strong>pentru</strong> cà exercitau jaful prin boierii romini <strong>de</strong>votati lor, totu$i<br />
nu se la<strong>sa</strong> orbit <strong>de</strong> urd <strong>pentru</strong> a nu recunoaste meritele unora dintre ei.<br />
Abaza pa<strong>sa</strong> fusese prigonitorul familiei <strong>sa</strong>le, dar cind este sugrumat la Constantinopol<br />
<strong>de</strong> sultan,. -<strong>pentru</strong> nerespectarea conditiilor <strong>de</strong> pace dintre turei<br />
<strong>si</strong> poloni, fixate in urma ciocnirii <strong>de</strong> la Hotin (1621), Miron Costin nu se<br />
bucura <strong>de</strong> ca<strong>de</strong>rea adver<strong>sa</strong>ru<strong>lui</strong>, ci noteazd impartial: Om Abaza pa<strong>sa</strong>, vestit<br />
cu razboaiele asupra persu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>si</strong> otean dirept". Acest lucru dove<strong>de</strong>ste ca<br />
autorul se intere<strong>sa</strong> <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> alte fapte ale celor asupra carora avea sd emità ju<strong>de</strong>cati<br />
istorice. El era <strong>de</strong> principiul, afirmat in De neamul Moldovenilor, ca<br />
istoricul da seama, in fata istoriei, <strong>de</strong> afirmatiile <strong>sa</strong>le. De asemenea, Miron<br />
Costin apreciaza pozitiv domnia <strong>lui</strong> Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupu, luau in general, cu toate ca<br />
tatal <strong>sa</strong>u, hatmanul Costini fugise in Polonia <strong>de</strong> teama acestuia <strong>si</strong> persona/<br />
nici nu este <strong>de</strong> acord cu toate actiunile voievodu<strong>lui</strong>. Lauda vitejia <strong>lui</strong> Va<strong>si</strong>le<br />
Lupu,.care se afla pururea In fruntea ostii <strong>sa</strong>le" <strong>si</strong> blameaza pe Gheorghe<br />
Stefan, care in oastea <strong>sa</strong> <strong>de</strong> fata n-au fost ci an statut <strong>de</strong>parte <strong>de</strong> la oaste<br />
inapoi, macar ca am hi datori cu pomenire laudata mai mult <strong>lui</strong> Stefan Voda,<br />
<strong>de</strong> la car<strong>de</strong> multa mila am avut, <strong>de</strong>cit <strong>lui</strong> Va<strong>si</strong>le voda, <strong>de</strong> la carele multa<br />
urgie parintii nostri au petrecut": Domnia <strong>lui</strong> Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupu a fost cu liniste<br />
<strong>si</strong> pace", cu buna ,stare i<strong>pentru</strong> boieri, idar zburdaciunea" acestora intrecea<br />
marginile <strong>si</strong> insu<strong>si</strong> voda Lupu lua fetele unor boieri, peste voia parintilor,<br />
la tietorie". Miron Costin se <strong>de</strong>clara impotriva puterii nelimitate a domnu<strong>lui</strong><br />
ca $i Grigore Urecbe.<br />
.Cronica <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin nu este numai o in<strong>si</strong>ruire <strong>de</strong> evenimente istorice,<br />
ci $i o galerie <strong>de</strong> portrete. Tablourile <strong>lui</strong> slut pline <strong>de</strong> nerv <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> emotie.<br />
Verbul <strong>lui</strong>s inspirat <strong>si</strong> colorat, exprima <strong>de</strong> cele mai multe ori plastic i<strong>de</strong>ea<br />
-sentiMentUl. Cronica are <strong>de</strong> la un capkt la altul o constructie <strong>si</strong> un stif<br />
caracteristic. Este <strong>de</strong> remarcat ed nu se <strong>si</strong>mte o diferenta intre modul <strong>de</strong> a<br />
nara evenimentele, acolo un<strong>de</strong> intrebuinteaza izvoare scrise <strong>sa</strong>u spusele 13atrinilor,<br />
5i intre modul <strong>de</strong> a prezenta faptele vazute <strong>de</strong> el insu<strong>si</strong>. Exista o<br />
unitate <strong>de</strong> stil <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> arta literara.<br />
Ca mi bun cunoscatoi al limbii latine .<strong>si</strong>. cititor <strong>de</strong>. carti latinesti, .Miron<br />
Costin a 'stiferit influenta topicii <strong>si</strong> vocabularu<strong>lui</strong> latin, cu elemente <strong>de</strong> stil<br />
retoric. Totu<strong>si</strong>, nu in aceasta inclinare sta .valoarea scrisu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>lui</strong><br />
Miron. Costin, ci in capacitatea <strong>de</strong> a facè vie o exprimare.mai <strong>sa</strong>vanta¡ plina<br />
<strong>de</strong> i<strong>de</strong>i <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> fapte. Separarea, duo modul latin, a unor Irani <strong>de</strong> propozitie<br />
organic legate inire ele (substantiv atribut <strong>sa</strong>u verb complement),<br />
precum 5i asezarea verbu<strong>lui</strong> la urma <strong>intune</strong>ca sensul frazei, incit editorii textu<strong>lui</strong><br />
au fost pu<strong>si</strong> nu o'data in incurcdturd <strong>pentru</strong> justa punctuatie a frazei,<br />
iar alteori au fost obligati sd schimbe ordinea elementelor in fraza.<br />
Expriman i ca <strong>si</strong> au picat acolea cdzaci, iard <strong>si</strong> supt ai nostn cai<br />
s-au anat rdniti cltiva $i morti..." (eai <strong>sa</strong>u oameni?) <strong>sa</strong>u ...5i mai virtos<br />
prirnejdia <strong>lui</strong> Matei voda, Cu rana ce i s-a'Prijelit, (intercalare disociativa)<br />
402
<strong>de</strong> care, Cu a<strong>de</strong>varat <strong>si</strong> batrin au fost, iara cit se hi mai putut trai, rana<br />
aceia i-au scurtat rama<strong>si</strong>ta zilelor, ca pina la anul, netamaduit <strong>de</strong> aceea rana,<br />
ait murit...", nu Mitt din cele mai limpezi. In schimb, cind cronicarul parase$te<br />
artificiul stilistic <strong>si</strong> se sprijina pe limba vorbita, fraza este fall intortochieri,<br />
<strong>si</strong>mpla $i poetica. Din acest punct <strong>de</strong> vedare, ipaginile <strong>de</strong>spre<br />
alungarea <strong>lui</strong> Alexandru Dias, cele <strong>de</strong>spre domnia <strong>lui</strong> Stefan Toma al II-lea,<br />
cele privind complotul impotriva <strong>lui</strong> Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupu, rascoalele cazacilor impotriva<br />
polonilor <strong>sa</strong>u rascoala seimenilor (1655), <strong>si</strong>nt memorabile. Alexandru<br />
dupa lini$tirea multimilor, care-1 petrecusera cu manifestari violente,<br />
fiind din nou ajuns din urma <strong>de</strong> boieri, pe drumul Bah<strong>lui</strong>u<strong>lui</strong>, a crezut<br />
ea vin <strong>sa</strong>-1 omoare. Si daca s-au apropiat boierii spune Costin le-au<br />
zis Alexandru voda cu lacrami : Ma rog <strong>pentru</strong> fiul ineu, Radul voda, <strong>sa</strong>-1<br />
la<strong>sa</strong>ti viu!". Au zis Buhns vistiernicul <strong>sa</strong> n-aiba nice o grije, nice <strong>sa</strong> se gin<strong>de</strong>asca<br />
mariia-<strong>sa</strong> c-au vinit ca vreun rau, numai poftevte <strong>tara</strong> pre maria <strong>sa</strong><br />
sA mearga pre Birlad spre Galati, <strong>sa</strong> nu aduca vreun rau asupra 'aril, cu<br />
wad. $i i-au jurat <strong>sa</strong> n-aiba nici o grije. Si a<strong>sa</strong> au priimit 5i Alexandru<br />
voda, pe un<strong>de</strong> va hi voia tarii, pe acolo <strong>sa</strong> mearga". Naratiunea curge shnplu<br />
ca intr-o poveste populara.<br />
Stefan Toma s-a facut celebru prin omoruri. Din rindurile boierilor<br />
filopoloni a omórit, f Ara alegere, $i mari $i mici. Miron Costin infati$eaza<br />
fara efort In vorba instinctul <strong>de</strong> ucigas al domnu<strong>lui</strong> : <strong>pentru</strong> un diac, care<br />
era foarte <strong>de</strong> treaba <strong>de</strong> scrisoare, s-au rugat boierii <strong>sa</strong>-1 ierte, ca este carturariu<br />
bun. Au raspuns : Ha, ha, ha! Alai carturar <strong>de</strong>an dracul nu este<br />
altul". Si totu<strong>si</strong> 1-au omorit <strong>si</strong> pre *acela".<br />
Omorurile <strong>de</strong>venisera <strong>pentru</strong> domn spectacole <strong>de</strong> senzatii tari, cu scene<br />
tragi-comice. Calaul era gi<strong>de</strong> <strong>si</strong> mascarici. Miron Costin prezinta excelent<br />
tragi-comedia vreinii Ave un <strong>si</strong>gan calo(cAlau), ce <strong>sa</strong> zice pierzatoriu<br />
oameni, <strong>si</strong>gan gros <strong>si</strong> mare <strong>de</strong> trup. Acela striga <strong>de</strong> multe ori inaintea <strong>lui</strong>,<br />
aratind pre boieri : S-au ingra$at, doamne, berbecii, buni slut <strong>de</strong> giunghiat".<br />
Stefan Voda ridè la caste cuvinte <strong>si</strong> daruia bani tiganu<strong>lui</strong>". Ri<strong>de</strong>au probabi/<br />
ii Wadi, *dar in <strong>si</strong>la, fiindca se stiau cu moartea in <strong>si</strong>n. Voda putea repe<strong>de</strong><br />
transforma comedia in drama <strong>si</strong>, cu o tinuta grava, pronuntind sentinta <strong>lui</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong> tot<strong>de</strong>auna Sa nu te ierte Dumnezeu cu cel cap mare al tau", sA porunceasea<br />
pe loc <strong>sa</strong>-i taie vreunuia capul <strong>de</strong> berbec". Pentru <strong>si</strong>ngerosul Toma<br />
oamenii nu valorau mai mult <strong>de</strong>alt oile. Tiganal calan stia <strong>de</strong> la el probabil<br />
vorba cu berbecii.<br />
Cu prilejul conspiratici impotriva <strong>lui</strong> Va<strong>si</strong>le tupu, Miron Costin zugraveste<br />
cu mare maiestrie'caractere diverse. Logofatul Gheorghe $tef an este<br />
tipul vieleanu<strong>lui</strong>, care joaca perfect <strong>si</strong> indraznet drama -omu<strong>lui</strong> lovit <strong>de</strong> mare<br />
necaz, Cu fata ca pamintul scornita <strong>de</strong> mare milmiciune", ca-i éste giupinea<strong>sa</strong><br />
pe "moarte" la <strong>tara</strong>, <strong>de</strong>-i tra<strong>de</strong> 0-1 codipatimege <strong>si</strong> Lupu voda, urindu-i<br />
<strong>sa</strong> afle lucru pre voia ,<strong>sa</strong>". Pre voia lid" era 1110 scaunul domniei $i<br />
curind avea <strong>sa</strong>-1 ocupe ca *sprijin ungure$c <strong>si</strong> muntenesc. Se zvonise ca urmare$te<br />
tronul, dar <strong>de</strong>votamentul <strong>lui</strong> 'parea neStrainUtat. In schimb, Ciogolestii<br />
<strong>si</strong>nt niste tradatori <strong>de</strong> bilci, care se lauda.la hetie. tu conspiratia, spre I<strong>de</strong>a<br />
<strong>lui</strong> Ghcorghe Stefan, dar nimeni nu le luas*e vorna in seamd: Cind in<strong>sa</strong> afla<br />
<strong>de</strong> plecarea inopinata a logofatu<strong>lui</strong> Stefan, in intimpinarea o$tilor <strong>de</strong> sprijin,<br />
ii prin<strong>de</strong> groaza <strong>de</strong> urmarile implicarii in complot <strong>si</strong> spatarul Ciogolea 1$i<br />
baga <strong>si</strong>ngar capul in lat cu o scrisoare anonima, <strong>de</strong> oredinta fata <strong>de</strong> domn<br />
$i <strong>de</strong> divulgare a intentiilor <strong>lui</strong> Gheorghe Stefan :<br />
403
Milostive doamne,<br />
Eu, unul <strong>de</strong>n slujitorii cei streini, mincind piinea <strong>si</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rea mariei tale<br />
<strong>de</strong>ntr-atitea ai, ferindu-ma <strong>de</strong> o<strong>si</strong>nda, <strong>sa</strong> nu-mi vie asuprd, <strong>pentru</strong> pinea<br />
<strong>si</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rea mariei tale, ¡ti fac stire <strong>pentru</strong> Stefan logafatul cel mare, ca-ti este<br />
a<strong>de</strong>varat hiclean <strong>si</strong> s-au agiunsu cu Racotii <strong>si</strong> cu domnul muntenesc,<br />
<strong>si</strong>nt gata ostile <strong>si</strong> a <strong>lui</strong> Racotii <strong>si</strong> a <strong>lui</strong> Matei voda, <strong>sa</strong> vie asupra mariei-tale.<br />
De care lucru a<strong>de</strong>varat, a<strong>de</strong>varat sA crezi mAria ta, ca nu este intr-alt chip.<br />
Scrisoarea a fost trimi<strong>sa</strong> printr-un calugar legat cu jurAmint sA nu<br />
spuna cine i-a dat-o. Totu<strong>si</strong> Ciogolestii au fost <strong>de</strong>scoperiti i adu<strong>si</strong> la curte.<br />
La<strong>si</strong>tatea amestecatd cu frica se ve<strong>de</strong> acum din faptul ea cer voie <strong>lui</strong> voda<br />
sft mearga <strong>sa</strong>-1 aduca <strong>de</strong> grumazi pre $tefan Gheorghe logafatul". Va<strong>si</strong>le<br />
Lupu a raspuns scurt : In zedar aceastd slujba acmu ; sA-mi hi spus acestea<br />
pina era in Ie<strong>si</strong> logofatul". Sub pana <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin, Ciogolestii <strong>de</strong>vin<br />
tradatori flecari <strong>si</strong> personaje <strong>de</strong> comedie.<br />
Dar Ciogolestii au fost <strong>si</strong>liti <strong>sa</strong> divulge <strong>si</strong> numele altor participanti la<br />
complot. Intre ei se numArA $i serdarul Stefan. Adus la curte <strong>si</strong> intrebat <strong>de</strong><br />
Lupu, daca stie ceva <strong>de</strong> uneltirile <strong>lui</strong> Gheorghe Stefan, serdarul pune mina<br />
In foc ca nu $tie nimic, fiindca nu aflase <strong>de</strong> prin<strong>de</strong>rea Ciogolestilor, <strong>si</strong> i<strong>si</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong>clara fi<strong>de</strong>litatea retoric<br />
Si cum sd fie el amestecat la unile ca acelea, spre rAul stapinu<strong>lui</strong><br />
zicind cu glas : Cine au fost, doamne, mai crezut la mAria ta $i mai cinstit<br />
ca mine ? Si m-ai scos <strong>de</strong>n obiele <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong>n <strong>sa</strong>rac m-ai imbogatit". I-au zis<br />
Va<strong>si</strong>lie voda : A<strong>sa</strong> stiu i eu". Si i-au zis <strong>sa</strong> mearga <strong>sa</strong> graiascA Cu Ciogolea,<br />
<strong>sa</strong> auza ce pune Ciogolea spatariul".<br />
Miron Costin are un dar <strong>de</strong>osebit <strong>de</strong> a percepe i apoi, <strong>de</strong> a fixa in<br />
cuvinte caracterul oamenilor i ipostazele in care se complac ei.<br />
Spre <strong>de</strong>osebire <strong>de</strong> firile ridicul semete <strong>de</strong> mai sus, Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupu apare<br />
ca un om stapin pe nervi in imprejurAri entice. Cunoscind bine realitatea,<br />
are totu<strong>si</strong> rabdarea <strong>sa</strong> asculte minciunile lor, i numai dupa aceea incheie<br />
discutia cu o fraza scurtA.<br />
Aistfel, Miron Co<strong>sa</strong>in nu riamaza ¡<strong>si</strong>mple evenimente istonice, ei prezinta,<br />
ca un literat, oameni vii in relatii istorice, politice <strong>si</strong> sociale, capabili <strong>de</strong><br />
actiune i atitudini felurite. Fiecare are firea, <strong>de</strong>prin<strong>de</strong>rile <strong>lui</strong> personale.<br />
Protagonistii cronicii nu Sint zugrAviti stereotip, In stil sec istoric. El <strong>intro</strong>duce<br />
in cronica fapte <strong>de</strong> amanunt, paranteze, <strong>de</strong>scrieri, comparatii, metafore.<br />
Cavaleria polona (in lupta cu Mihai Viteazul), tot in hier, numai ochii <strong>si</strong><br />
vergile gurii se vad"..., cu arepi tocmite <strong>de</strong> pene <strong>de</strong> hultur", cu sulite <strong>de</strong><br />
opt cog <strong>de</strong> lunge, pe cal mare gro<strong>si</strong>, nemtasti <strong>sa</strong>u turcesti", in frunte <strong>si</strong><br />
la piept cu cite o tabla <strong>de</strong> hier... <strong>pentru</strong> fereala <strong>de</strong> glonturi...", ...ca un<br />
zid sta la razboaie".<br />
Darabanii <strong>lui</strong> Stefan Toma erau mai bine imbracati <strong>de</strong>cit sub once<br />
domni cu haine tot <strong>de</strong> feleandres (postav <strong>de</strong> Flandra), cu nasturi <strong>si</strong> ceprage<br />
<strong>de</strong> argint, in pilda haiducilor (ostenilor) <strong>de</strong> Tara Leseasca, cu pene <strong>de</strong><br />
argint la cumanace <strong>si</strong> cu table <strong>de</strong> argint la solduri, pe ladunce" (cartu<strong>si</strong>ere).<br />
Se ve<strong>de</strong> in<strong>sa</strong> ca uniforma nu le-a ajutat prea mult, caci in batalia <strong>de</strong> la<br />
Tatareni (1615), imbulzindu-i le<strong>si</strong>i la o ripa, au intrat Cu <strong>sa</strong>biile intr-in<strong>si</strong>i<br />
<strong>si</strong> au perit toti acolea", incit le-au ramas oasele sub movilele ce se ve<strong>de</strong>au<br />
<strong>si</strong> pe vremea <strong>lui</strong> M. Costin <strong>de</strong>asupra <strong>sa</strong>tu<strong>lui</strong> Tautesti.<br />
Oastea seimenilor Tasculati .se comporta ca intr-o epopee eroi-comica,<br />
este neorganizata $i se miscA in <strong>de</strong>bandada : Mina bivolii care tragea<br />
404
puscile, tot in bici... care cum putea, buluc dupa buluc, mai tare". Dar. la<br />
valul Teleajenu<strong>lui</strong>, bivolii pre hirea <strong>sa</strong>, ngdu<strong>si</strong>ti $i <strong>de</strong> cadurg, ca era varg,<br />
$i <strong>de</strong> osteneala calla pripiti (incglziti), cum au vazut apa, cum au navalit<br />
intr.-Ewa peste oameni <strong>si</strong> au bggat pu$cile intr-apa dupg <strong>si</strong>ne". Le-a venit<br />
u$or <strong>de</strong>ci ungurilor <strong>lui</strong> Racoti <strong>sa</strong> se bata cu seimenii, incit nu era rgzboi<br />
<strong>sa</strong>u vreo aparare, ci dreaptg mesernitg (mAcelarie). Trupurile zacea polog<br />
pre sleah <strong>si</strong> spinii <strong>de</strong> pe laturi plini <strong>de</strong> trupuri omenesti. Si multe builucuri...<br />
a<strong>sa</strong> zacea... pina in Ploie$ti". Tablourile <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong>scalealle pe care le face<br />
M. Gostin ar putea figura intr-o opera literarg.<br />
Participase la expeditie $i relateazg fapte vgzute <strong>de</strong> el personal.<br />
Este <strong>de</strong>s citat tabloul invaziei lgcustelor vazut <strong>de</strong> Costin in Polonia.<br />
Peste cimp se fidica <strong>de</strong> la o margine o negura <strong>si</strong> se apropie vertiginos. Inso-<br />
WA <strong>de</strong> un vijiit puternic, acopera soarele $i la<strong>sa</strong> umbra <strong>de</strong>asg pe pamint.<br />
Pare ca vine o furtung, dar <strong>de</strong>-aproape se observa cd este o ngvalg <strong>de</strong><br />
lgcuste In convoi gros <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong>ns, zburind aproape <strong>de</strong> pamint, incovoindu-se <strong>de</strong>asupra<br />
omu<strong>lui</strong> intilnit in cale $i continttindu-$i drumul, negura dupg Deg lira<br />
<strong>de</strong> lgcuste, ore intregi. Un<strong>de</strong> poposeau ziva $i mi<strong>de</strong> se la<strong>sa</strong>u pecte noapte<br />
raminea pamintul ncgru, imputit. Nice frunze, nice pai, or <strong>de</strong> iarbg, ori<br />
<strong>de</strong> semanatura, nu raminea... Citeva zile au fost aceea urgie... <strong>de</strong>n pgrtile<br />
<strong>de</strong> gios in sus mergea".<br />
Spirit ascutit <strong>de</strong> observatie, sen<strong>si</strong>bil la frumusetile naturii, autorul<br />
face cu usurinta comparatii intre <strong>si</strong>tuatii din viata socialg $i fenomenele din<br />
natura : Ce, cum floarea $i pometii $i toata ver<strong>de</strong>ata pgunintu<strong>lui</strong> stau ovilite<br />
<strong>de</strong> bruma cazuta peste vreme <strong>si</strong> apoi, dupg lina egldura soare<strong>lui</strong>, vin<br />
la hirea i la frimsetele <strong>sa</strong>le cele impie<strong>de</strong>cate <strong>de</strong> rgeeala brumei, a$a <strong>si</strong> <strong>tara</strong>,<br />
dupg greutatile ce era la Radu vodg (Mihnea), au venit f ärä zabavg... la<br />
hirea <strong>sa</strong>, $i pina la anul s-au umplut <strong>de</strong> tot biv$ugul $i s-au umplut <strong>de</strong><br />
oameni" (sub domnia <strong>lui</strong> Miron Barn,ovschi). Cronicarul intrebuinteam <strong>si</strong><br />
comparatii cu efect acustic : Precum muntii cei inalti $i malurile cele inalte,<br />
cind se ngruiesc <strong>de</strong> vreo parte, pre cit <strong>si</strong>nt mai inalti, pre atita durgt ((Limit)<br />
fac mai mare, cind sä pornesc, <strong>si</strong> copacii cei inalti mai mare sunet fac, cind<br />
<strong>sa</strong> oboarg (doboarg), a$a <strong>si</strong> casele cele inalte <strong>si</strong> intemeiate cu in<strong>de</strong>lungate<br />
vremi, cu mare ripisg (prabu$ire) purceg la cg<strong>de</strong>re chid cad". Este vorba<br />
<strong>de</strong> cg<strong>de</strong>rea <strong>lui</strong> Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupu.<br />
Cultura bogatg, cunoa$terea cgrtilor pepulare, a<strong>si</strong>milarea formelor plastice<br />
din graiul popular, talentul in fine i-au dat po<strong>si</strong>bilitatea <strong>lui</strong> M. Costin<br />
<strong>sa</strong> gaseasca imaginile cele mai potrivite. Cind vorbeste <strong>de</strong> intelepciunea<br />
exceptionalg a pircglabu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>de</strong> Soroca, Stefan, se foloseste <strong>de</strong> portretul <strong>lui</strong><br />
Esop, aproape ca aceia$i termeni ca in Esopia : Iara la statul trupu<strong>lui</strong><br />
era girbov, ghebos <strong>si</strong> la cap cucuiat, cit puteai zice ea este a<strong>de</strong>vgrat Esop la<br />
chip". Intrebuinteazg <strong>de</strong> asemenea vorbirea directa a eroilor, dialogul <strong>sa</strong>u<br />
monologul. Nu lipsesc proverbele in variante vechi, ca mijloace plastice <strong>de</strong><br />
exprimare a unei i<strong>de</strong>i (unele slut polone) : lupul parul schirnba, iar nu<br />
hirea", cine piere <strong>de</strong> glont <strong>de</strong> tun tot era <strong>de</strong> fulger <strong>sa</strong> moard", eela ce se<br />
ineaca <strong>sa</strong> apucg <strong>de</strong> <strong>sa</strong>bie cu mina goalg", dupg pagubg leahul intelept" (ca<br />
transpunere a proverbu<strong>lui</strong> polon m4dry polak po szkodzie!") etc. Locutiuni<br />
din limba popularg : a sta ceva intr-un fir <strong>de</strong> par" (pe un par au<br />
statut atuncea viata <strong>lui</strong> Constantin vodit"), a se oplo<strong>si</strong> pe lingg cineva",<br />
a unge o<strong>si</strong>a", a cirpi o treabg" (Ca cirpea boierii cum putea trebile<br />
iar domniia mai mult 1$i petrecea en Bati;te Veveli"). In 'Ionia <strong>si</strong>nt<br />
405
folo<strong>si</strong>te elemente <strong>de</strong> folclor <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> etnografie. In solia ingimfatu<strong>lui</strong> Zbaraski<br />
care 1-a umilit pe Stefan Toma, incit acesta exclama : La<strong>sa</strong>, cline lese,<br />
ca te voi purta eu" (ceea ce a <strong>si</strong> facut), cad drept fala potcoavele <strong>de</strong> argint,<br />
<strong>de</strong> la copitele cailor soliei, pe ulitele Constantinopolu<strong>lui</strong>, ca in unele legen<strong>de</strong><br />
populare. La nunta fiicei <strong>lui</strong> Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupa, Maria, ca Janusz Radziwill (1645)<br />
in prezenta unor oaspeti straini s-au produs artisti populari cu zicaturi,<br />
giocuri <strong>de</strong> <strong>tara</strong>" etc. La petrecerea organizata <strong>de</strong> Rakoczi <strong>si</strong> Gheorghe<br />
$tefan, dupa infringerea rascoalei seimenilor, in Muntenia, <strong>si</strong>nt prezenti la<br />
fel cintareti populari : ciumpoiasul cu cimpoi <strong>de</strong> ur<strong>si</strong>nic, la dvorba <strong>de</strong> zicaturi"<br />
<strong>si</strong> surlarii".<br />
Din cronica <strong>lui</strong> Nikon Costin s-a inspirat IIas<strong>de</strong>u in Domnia Arndutu<strong>lui</strong><br />
(Va<strong>si</strong>le Lupa), M. Sadoveanu in Neamul $oinairestilor $i in Nunta<br />
Domnitei Ruxanda, N. Gane $i altii.<br />
Cronicarul n-a apucat <strong>sa</strong> duca Letopiseful mai <strong>de</strong>parte <strong>de</strong> anul 1661,<br />
<strong>de</strong><strong>si</strong> intenna <strong>lui</strong> n-a fost <strong>sa</strong> se opreasca aici. Copia a fost la<strong>sa</strong>ta cu unele<br />
ocuri albe (<strong>pentru</strong> uncle sume <strong>de</strong> bani, cantitati <strong>de</strong> materiale, precizarea<br />
umor ani), in intentia unei revenid ca completad <strong>si</strong> probabil continuare,<br />
Meru care n-a mai avut loc. Intre timp Miron Costin a scris alte opere.<br />
Printre acestea mentionam lucrarea in limba polona Chronika zient<br />
moldawskich j multatiskich (Cronica Tara Moldovei i Munteniei). Aceasta<br />
-cronica a fost scri<strong>sa</strong> in 1677, ca prilejul soliei la Nana a <strong>lui</strong> Jan Gnifiski.<br />
Sohn polon i-a cerut-o <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin <strong>pentru</strong> comisul Poloniei Marek<br />
Matezyriski, din ipartea canna i-a iinminat <strong>lui</strong> M. Costin o scrisoare. Craincarul<br />
a redactat probabil cronica pina la intoarcerea solu<strong>lui</strong> polon <strong>de</strong> la Constantinopol.<br />
Scri<strong>sa</strong> intr-o limba polona <strong>de</strong>stul <strong>de</strong> corecta, cronica este conceputa<br />
ca un glad <strong>pentru</strong> poloni, It legatura cu cea mai veche istorie a<br />
poporu<strong>lui</strong> rominesc <strong>si</strong> a celor doua prineipate rominesti, in legatura cu caracterul<br />
romanic al poporu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>si</strong> al limbii nomine, precum <strong>si</strong> cu geografia Tarilor<br />
rominesti : impartirea administrativa in tinuturi, riuri, orase. M. Kromer<br />
<strong>de</strong>zvoltase i<strong>de</strong>ea originii romane a poporu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>si</strong> a limbii romine. El base<br />
ehiar un act scris intr-o italiana corupta drept un document in limba romina.<br />
Stiri mai amanuntite <strong>de</strong>spre cucerireg <strong>si</strong> colonizarea Daciei, <strong>de</strong>spre urme ale<br />
ciiIizatiei romane in Tarile rominesti, nu existan in cronicile polone <strong>si</strong><br />
per<strong>si</strong>sta i<strong>de</strong>ea colonizarii Daciei cu expulzati, o dovada fiind urgi<strong>si</strong>rea poetu<strong>lui</strong><br />
Ovidiu.<br />
In cronicile polone nu se putean ga<strong>si</strong> date <strong>de</strong>spre inceputurile legendare<br />
ale Tarilor rominesti, ca Dragos Negra voda. Acestea tineau <strong>de</strong><br />
folclorul rominesc. In schimb, istoriografia polona continea <strong>de</strong>stul <strong>de</strong> multe<br />
stiri, mai ales <strong>pentru</strong> Moldova, incepind <strong>de</strong> la intemeierea statelor rominesti.<br />
M. Costin i<strong>si</strong> propune <strong>sa</strong> completeze aceste lacune adaugind o serie <strong>de</strong> date<br />
geografice indispen<strong>sa</strong>bile unui strain <strong>pentru</strong> o orientare asupra teritoriu<strong>lui</strong><br />
rominesc. Cronica are <strong>de</strong>ci tut caracter informativ <strong>si</strong> formulele <strong>de</strong> inceput<br />
<strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> sfir<strong>si</strong>t ale scrierii <strong>si</strong>nt ale unei scrisori. A fost realizata in vremea<br />
rind Miron Costin are o activitate politica in crestere (el pregatea o interveil*<br />
polona <strong>pentru</strong> scoaterea Moldovei <strong>de</strong> sub stapinirea turcilor). Scrierea<br />
urmarea <strong>sa</strong> atluca mai multa lumina <strong>si</strong> <strong>sa</strong> trezeasca mai mult interes <strong>pentru</strong><br />
poporul romin in rindurile <strong>de</strong>mnitarilor poloni, . cu influenta in politica<br />
externa.<br />
Nu i-a venit greu <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin <strong>sa</strong> redacteze aceasta opera, fiindca<br />
adunase in mare masurd datele colonizarii Daciei in legatura cu prima redac-<br />
406
tare a scrierii De neamul moldovenilor. Stirile se suprapun : razboaiele <strong>lui</strong><br />
Traian cu dacii, urmele romanilor in valul troian, in vechi cetati, versurile<br />
<strong>lui</strong> Ovidiu <strong>de</strong>spre Flaccus, numele date poporu<strong>lui</strong> etc. Cronica Tarii Moldovei<br />
4 Munteniei este conceputa, in spirit umanist, ca o opera <strong>de</strong> <strong>si</strong>nteza <strong>de</strong><br />
tip cosmografic, cu date istorice <strong>si</strong> geografice care <strong>sa</strong> lamureasca pe cititorul<br />
contemporan asupra poporu<strong>lui</strong> romin. Lipsesc doar hartile celor doua tari<br />
<strong>pentru</strong> a avea un aspect <strong>de</strong> lucrare pregatita mai <strong>de</strong>zvoltat <strong>pentru</strong> o costnogra<br />
fie.<br />
Din pullet <strong>de</strong> ve<strong>de</strong>re literar, intereseaza legenda intemeierii Moldovei<br />
prin vinatoarea unui hour <strong>de</strong> catre Dragos <strong>si</strong> legenda intemeierii Munteniei<br />
<strong>de</strong> Negru voda. In ultima kgenda, motivul inelu<strong>lui</strong> rapit din mina copilu<strong>lui</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong> un corb are o mare raspindire in literatura folclorica, <strong>de</strong> un<strong>de</strong> a<br />
intrat <strong>si</strong> in uncle romane populare medievale.<br />
M. Costin infatiseaza <strong>de</strong>zvoltat, intr-o <strong>si</strong>ngura lucrare, unitatea poporu<strong>lui</strong><br />
romin din diferite provincii, iar pe munteni ii con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>ra ru<strong>de</strong> <strong>si</strong><br />
frati". Afirma, <strong>de</strong> asemenea, <strong>pentru</strong> prima data in cultura romineasca, ca<br />
arominii pe care grecii ii numesc cutorvlaiii" provin din colonisti romani.<br />
M. Costin cauta $i da etimologia latina la un numar <strong>de</strong> 87 <strong>de</strong> elemente<br />
lexicale rominesti (substantive <strong>si</strong> verbe), fara <strong>sa</strong> fi fost cunoscute Inca<br />
legile fonetice <strong>de</strong> trecere din latina in romina : facies fata ; lingua<br />
limba ; anima mima; umbilicus buric ; herba iarba ; aqua apa ;<br />
manduco maninc ; scribo scriu ; occido ucid etc.<br />
Citeva etimologii <strong>si</strong>nt gre<strong>si</strong>te, lucru explicabil prin stadiul <strong>de</strong> atunci<br />
al $tiintei limbii. Lista alcatulta <strong>de</strong> autor este intiia eomparatie $tiintifica<br />
mai <strong>de</strong>zvoltata a limbii romine Cu limba latina. Cronicarul precizeaza cA<br />
limba romina are elemente lexicale <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> alta provenienta, in special slav6,<br />
apoi unguresti $i turcesti. Informatia <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin se ve<strong>de</strong> <strong>si</strong> din traducerea<br />
in limba polona a numclor <strong>de</strong> Dolj $i Gorj prin Jii <strong>de</strong> jos $i Jii <strong>de</strong><br />
.sus, $tiind <strong>de</strong>ci ca numele respective provin din forme slave : dolnii Jii"<br />
(Dolj) <strong>si</strong> gornii Jii" (Gorj).<br />
In 1684, in timpul refugiu<strong>lui</strong> In Polonia, M. Costin a compus<br />
castelul regal <strong>de</strong> la Dasov poemul istoric Historia polskind rytmami o Woloskiej<br />
ziemi i Multariskiej (Istoria in fversuri polone i<strong>de</strong>spre Tara Mo1dovei $i<br />
31Iunteniei). Scrierea este inchinata rege<strong>lui</strong> Jan Sobieski, ocrotitorul <strong>sa</strong>u.<br />
In sec. al XVII-lea, inir-o noua perioada literara, fala literaturii polone<br />
o constituie poemul istoric. Samuel Twardowski a creat citeva asemenea<br />
poeme, mult apreciate, dintre care unul inchinat soliei <strong>lui</strong> Krzysztof Zbaraski<br />
la Constantinopol (Przeu;a Ina /egacja Krzysztofa Zbaraskiego, 1633), altul<br />
expeditiei rege<strong>lui</strong> Vladislav IV impotriva ru<strong>si</strong>lor (Szaggliwa moskiewska<br />
tvyprawa Wlady<strong>si</strong>atva IV, 1634), al treilea <strong>si</strong> cel ai intere<strong>sa</strong>nt avind ca<br />
tema razboaiele purtate <strong>de</strong> poloni cu cazacii, cu tatarii, cu ru$ii, cu sue<strong>de</strong>zii<br />
$i ungurii intre 1648-1660 (F ojna domowa z kozaki i tatary, Mosktai,<br />
potym Szwedanii i z Irggry, flora fragmentar ..intre 1651-1681). Apoi<br />
Waclaw Potocki a scris in 1670 un poem lespre lupta <strong>de</strong> la Hotin din 1621:<br />
lVojna chocimska <strong>de</strong> o reala valoare literara. Atit in perioada prece<strong>de</strong>nta,<br />
a renasterii polone, cit <strong>si</strong> in noua perioada, literatura polona se ridica la<br />
un nivel remarcabil prin operele in versuri. M. Costin stie <strong>sa</strong> prezinte rege<strong>lui</strong><br />
polon un tablou al formarii poporu<strong>lui</strong> romin intr-o haina literara con<strong>sa</strong>cratA<br />
407
Inca din antichitate. Voia <strong>sa</strong> atraga atentia asupra neamu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>si</strong>tu printr-o<br />
opera care ski nu fie o <strong>si</strong>mpla cronica. Scrisese o cronica in limba polona.<br />
Acum dorea <strong>sa</strong> vinA cu o creatie In versuri.<br />
El a realizat un poem <strong>de</strong> aproximativ 750 <strong>de</strong> versuri. I<strong>de</strong>ile <strong>si</strong>nt aceleavi<br />
ca in cronica polona : colonizarea Daciei, retragerea stapinirii romane<br />
din cauza navalirii tatarilor (o inadvertent& a <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin) vi para<strong>si</strong>rea<br />
unei populatii <strong>de</strong> limba romanica (se dau citeva exemple numai, ca in De<br />
neamul Moldovenilor : meus al mieu, coelum cer, homo omul,<br />
frons frunte, barba barba, luna). 0 <strong>de</strong>zvoltare capata intemeierea<br />
Moldovei vi Munteniei, cu, legen<strong>de</strong>le <strong>lui</strong> Drago voda vi Negru voda. La<br />
urma poemu<strong>lui</strong> se da in proza un rezumat al i<strong>de</strong>ilor istorice continute in<br />
opera t<strong>si</strong> o prezentare a idregaftoriiior biseriee.vti i latic,e. Din elementele <strong>de</strong><br />
geografie cuprinse <strong>de</strong> cronica polona nu se mai dau aici <strong>de</strong>cit tinuturile<br />
Moldovei. Partea finala are un scop politic : <strong>de</strong> lamurire a polonilor asupra<br />
unor rosturi interne ale Moldovei.<br />
Autorul incepe poemul cu prezentarea provinciilor locuite <strong>de</strong> romini :<br />
Tran<strong>si</strong>lvania, Moldova, care se intin<strong>de</strong> din padinile Maramurevu<strong>lui</strong> pina la<br />
tarmurile marii, vi Muntenia. Pe fondul acesta concret povesteste, in versuri<br />
inspirate, razboaiele romanilor cu dacii vi trecerea Dunarii pe un pod <strong>de</strong><br />
piatra, construit ca o minune, ,cu praguri vizibiJe i azi in Tara Komineasca".<br />
Cu Decebal, in<strong>sa</strong>, Traian s-a ciocnit mai la nord, pe ridicaturile<br />
dintre Dacia Superioara vi Muntenia <strong>sa</strong>u Dacia Inferioara". Batalia a fost<br />
crincena i dacii n-au f ost scovi din hora <strong>lui</strong> Marte pin-ce n-a cazut in,<br />
mijlocul ei regele ion insuvi". Naratiunea se <strong>de</strong>sfavoara in continuare ca<br />
metafore i imagini. Capitolul al doilea este viata populatiei para<strong>si</strong>te <strong>de</strong><br />
administratia romana (in cele trei provincii). Are aceeavi structura : fapte<br />
istorice, geografice, lingvistice, in prezentare poetica.<br />
Capitolul al III-lea, ref eritor la infiintarea statelor moldovenesc vi<br />
rnuntenesc, cu <strong>intro</strong>ducerea elementelor <strong>de</strong> legen.da, este cel mai izbutit.<br />
Descrierea frumusetilor Moldovei constituie intiia panorama pei<strong>sa</strong>gista din<br />
literatura romineasca, creata <strong>de</strong> un bajenar care tinjea in momentul acela<br />
dupa <strong>tara</strong> <strong>sa</strong>.<br />
In poemul <strong>sa</strong>lt Miron Cogtin <strong>de</strong>scaleca" cu Dragov din Maramurev,.<br />
peste muntii Moldovei, spre väile i mima ei<br />
408<br />
Trei sute <strong>de</strong> tineri luptAton, cAliti In greutAti i<strong>si</strong> strInge,<br />
Pornestem urna zimbru<strong>lui</strong>-n adfinc <strong>de</strong> munti...<br />
Si goana-i duce lingtt-un piriu necunoscut.<br />
Pornesc din nou, cu indrAznealA, pe urme <strong>de</strong> bour,<br />
Oriun<strong>de</strong> ii cheamA Molds cAteaua, care le sporea<br />
Gustul <strong>de</strong> vinat ; oriunda zimbrul s-ascun<strong>de</strong>a,<br />
Fie-n hAttsuri fie chiar prin stinci,<br />
LA<strong>si</strong>nd gona<strong>si</strong>i s-apuce Inainte.<br />
Dar ea, <strong>si</strong>nitind In nAri mirosul fiarci,<br />
Cheuna <strong>si</strong> cu ecouri ca <strong>de</strong> trImbitA aduna<br />
UrmAritorti rAspInditi ; ca <strong>si</strong> un corn<br />
Da semn <strong>si</strong>-i indruma sprc fiara InfundatA.<br />
Tincrii cad chiar pe locul ei,<br />
Bourul obo<strong>si</strong>t, vAzindu-se <strong>de</strong>scoperit ad,<br />
Sc rupe iarli<strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> gona<strong>si</strong> <strong>si</strong>-acestia<br />
Din nou tau goana ca mai lnainte...".
Descrierea este plina <strong>de</strong> dinamism. Mi$carea din acest tablou alterneaza<br />
cu pei<strong>sa</strong>je statice, in care haita$ii, ajun$i pe culmile Carpatilor, uita<br />
<strong>de</strong> zimbru, prilej <strong>pentru</strong> poet <strong>de</strong> a admira frumusetile tarii :<br />
Sint sus pe creasta muntilor Carpati<br />
Si <strong>de</strong> pe coama muntilor Inalti privesc<br />
Spre viitoarea tarA a Moldovei, spre luncile <strong>de</strong>parte <strong>de</strong> pe Prut,<br />
Spre zimbitoarele efimpuri curate <strong>de</strong> la ra<strong>sa</strong>rit.<br />
Aluneca ochii (peste Ñnpii Intinse,<br />
Asemanatoare cu o pinza <strong>de</strong> fum,<br />
Sau chiar cu-ntin<strong>de</strong>rile <strong>de</strong> ocean...".<br />
Imaginea aceasta a cimpiilor <strong>de</strong>partate vazute <strong>de</strong> pe munti prin aburu/<br />
atmosferei este noua in literatura noastra. In continuare, dupa o serie <strong>de</strong><br />
comparatii cu alte regiuni $i tari, autorul zugrave$te un cimp moldovenesc<br />
bogat in lanuri <strong>de</strong> griu, <strong>de</strong> orz, ovaz $i <strong>de</strong> secara, animale :<br />
Ad se-rmimpla minji iapa ea fete,<br />
Si oaia <strong>si</strong>t <strong>de</strong>a din coap<strong>sa</strong> ei trei mielusei.<br />
iar se-ntImpla nu o data<br />
Ca junca <strong>de</strong> trer ani sA <strong>de</strong>a <strong>si</strong> ea vitelul...".<br />
Incarcat <strong>de</strong> amintiri, M. Costin la<strong>sa</strong> acum la o parte naratiunea <strong>de</strong>scriptiva<br />
$i scoate accente <strong>de</strong> poezie lirica, pline <strong>de</strong> amintirea duioa<strong>sa</strong> a priveNtilor<br />
tarii<br />
lar pe tine, Barladule, riu rodnic,<br />
Nu pot <strong>sa</strong> nu te chem In amintirc ;<br />
E greu sA uitt cum curgi Intre-atitea bogatii,<br />
'N placeri <strong>de</strong> paradis, cu faguri <strong>de</strong> miere i urcioare <strong>de</strong> lapte!"<br />
Mai <strong>de</strong>parte se la<strong>sa</strong> codrii, din care ies la vale riuri,<br />
Urmeaza vaile Intinse <strong>si</strong>-oriun<strong>de</strong> ochii le alearga<br />
VAd o pit ca o livadit Inflorita,<br />
Cu garduri cuprinsA <strong>de</strong> cele patru laturi.<br />
Ochii, aluneeind <strong>si</strong> anai la va<strong>de</strong>, se minunearzA t<strong>de</strong>-ai<strong>sa</strong> tarA<br />
Cu sesuri, ca-n rai, <strong>de</strong> flori pline.<br />
Uitind <strong>de</strong> bour, vinatorii iau seama la frumusetile locurilor, dar dupa<br />
un timp Molda li cheama din nou la locul un<strong>de</strong> se ascunsese zimbrul. Dupa<br />
ce 11 gasesc $i Il ucid, se ho<strong>tara</strong>sc sA rAmina locu<strong>lui</strong>. Cercetind imprejurimile<br />
dau <strong>de</strong> batrinul Talco pri<strong>sa</strong>carul, in<strong>de</strong>mn <strong>pentru</strong> autor <strong>de</strong> a zugravi un<br />
nou pei<strong>sa</strong>j rustic<br />
Iau seama locurilor dimprejur,<br />
Si vad cum se ridica-un fura In sus,<br />
In zorii diminetii linistite, ca o coloanA legindu-se <strong>de</strong> non.<br />
Ramin uirniti : 'n-asemenea pustiuri cmn-sA locuiascA ?<br />
FArA foc, nici chiar In grote nu se ve<strong>de</strong> fum.<br />
Spre furn <strong>de</strong>ci se indreapta, cu ochii atintiti <strong>de</strong> el,<br />
lar fumed ii aduce la o a &am awl,<br />
Si vad aci rotundo <strong>si</strong> frage<strong>de</strong> duanbravi.<br />
Indata ocolesc padurea, <strong>de</strong> un<strong>de</strong> fumul se ridica In sus<br />
Si tau <strong>de</strong>-un batrinel, scorojit <strong>de</strong> ani, linga-o pri<strong>sa</strong>ca.<br />
Acoperea uleie i se-nvIrtea-ntre ele<br />
Ca <strong>si</strong>t indrepte ceva <strong>sa</strong>u poate ca <strong>si</strong>r vada,<br />
Daca vreo mad( bine-albinele-<strong>si</strong> conduce,<br />
Sau le Indrepta tapuse, ori le lua ceara <strong>de</strong>-ambit<br />
Si le <strong>si</strong>lea la mama mai Sinuitocre...".<br />
Tabloul se datore$te unui bun cunoscdtor al ocupatiei apicole, intr-o<br />
faza veche, cu tiubeie din bu$teni, avind in interior citeva tapu$e in curmezi$,<br />
<strong>de</strong> care albinele i$i prin<strong>de</strong>au fagurii. M. Costin are <strong>si</strong>mtul amanuntu<strong>lui</strong><br />
409
poetic $i al culorii vii $i proaspete a termenilor poetici. Convorbirea, .in continuare<br />
a oamenilor <strong>lui</strong> Drago$ cu lateo, ei vorbind romine$te iar el in<br />
ueraineaind (M. Costin cuno$Itea limba ucraineanO) da $i mai multd viata<br />
culoare tablou<strong>lui</strong> zugrdvit <strong>de</strong> autor.<br />
Poemul acesta polon, <strong>de</strong> care face mentiune istoria literarft polono<br />
cu prezentarea Italiei din punct <strong>de</strong> ve<strong>de</strong>re geografic <strong>si</strong> etnografic, cautind<br />
apropien i intre italieni <strong>si</strong> romini, in baza unei vechi origini comune. Descrierea<br />
Italiei capita uneori caracterul unei cintari in tonari titmice : ...supt<br />
cer blind, voios <strong>si</strong> <strong>sa</strong>natos, nici cu caldura prea mare, nici ierni prea grele.<br />
De grin, vinuri (11116 <strong>si</strong> usoare, unt<strong>de</strong>lemn, mare bivsug <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> poame <strong>de</strong> tot<br />
felul chitre, naramze, lamii $i zahar... este <strong>tara</strong> Italiei plina".<br />
In capitolul al II-lea, <strong>de</strong>spre intemeierea <strong>si</strong> intin<strong>de</strong>rea imperiu<strong>lui</strong> roman,<br />
autorul face apel intre allele la legen<strong>de</strong> antice literare <strong>de</strong>spre razboiul Troiei<br />
<strong>sa</strong>u <strong>de</strong>spre Romulus <strong>si</strong> Remus, legen<strong>de</strong> narate dupa carti populare medievale<br />
<strong>si</strong> mai cu seama dupa opere cla<strong>si</strong>ce.<br />
Pentru cititorul romin nu poate <strong>sa</strong> treaca peste <strong>si</strong>tuatia Daciei, inf ati$ata<br />
intr-un scurt capitol. Urmeaza apoi capitolul razboaielor romane cu<br />
Raspunz<br />
La<strong>sa</strong>t-au puternicul Dumnezeu iscu<strong>si</strong>ta oglinda mintii omenesti,<br />
scrisoarea...".<br />
Alteori, naratiunea curge domol :<br />
Eu, iubite cititoriule, nicaierea n-am aflat nici un istoric, nici latin,<br />
nici leah, nici ungur, <strong>si</strong> viata mea, Dumnezeu stie cu ce dragoste pururea <strong>de</strong><br />
istorii (au fost), iata <strong>si</strong> pilla la aceasta virsta acum <strong>si</strong> slabita".<br />
Proce<strong>de</strong>ele stilistice <strong>si</strong>nt <strong>de</strong>ci variate, pline <strong>de</strong> culoare <strong>si</strong> cablurA. De<strong>si</strong>gur,<br />
in De neamul Moldovenilor, lucrare stiintifica, scrisul <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin<br />
nu are mereu aceea<strong>si</strong> invesmintare. Documentarea primeaza : stilt!' este uneori<br />
sobru. De neamul Moldorenilor este o opera stiintifica <strong>de</strong> prestigiu literar<br />
<strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> mare Insemnatate in istoria culturii rominesti.<br />
Daca talentul literar al <strong>lui</strong> Miron Costin s-a manifestat printre altele<br />
In versuri polone, trebuia <strong>sa</strong> ne asteptam ca el <strong>sa</strong> se verifice <strong>si</strong> in limba<br />
romina. Miron Costin a scris un numar <strong>de</strong> versuri rominesti. Unele au fost<br />
chiar tiparite la sfir<strong>si</strong>tul P<strong>sa</strong>ltirii in versuri (1673) a <strong>lui</strong> Dosoftei. Altele au<br />
ramas in manuscris. Dintre toate se <strong>de</strong>taseaza ca valoare literara poemul <strong>de</strong><br />
meditatie filozofica Viala lurnii. Este vorba <strong>de</strong> tema regretu<strong>lui</strong> ca viata<br />
omu<strong>lui</strong> trece cum trec toate pe lume, cunoscuta inca din antichitate <strong>si</strong> re,<br />
luata In evul mediu <strong>si</strong> mai tirziu, in diferite literaturi europene. Este <strong>de</strong><br />
remarcat in<strong>sa</strong> ca <strong>de</strong> la elegia <strong>lui</strong> Horatiu : Ehei, Postume, Postume, se<br />
spulbera anii in goal-a nebulae, <strong>de</strong> la versurile <strong>lui</strong> Ovidiu (Tristia), <strong>de</strong><br />
caracter laic, s-a ajuns in evul mediu la un poem macabru (De morte pologus),<br />
cu tendinta moralizatoare, In care moartea, Intr-o infati<strong>sa</strong>re hidoa<strong>sa</strong>,<br />
secera lara alogere, bogati i <strong>sa</strong>raci, filozaf i <strong>si</strong> teologi, medici i circiumari,<br />
ju<strong>de</strong>catori <strong>si</strong> <strong>sa</strong>rlatani etc. Poemul a intrat in literaturile slave <strong>de</strong> vest <strong>si</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong> ra<strong>sa</strong>rit. A fost prelucrat, intre altele, in versuri polone, <strong>si</strong> Se pare -ca<br />
Miron Costin a luat cunostinta <strong>de</strong> el, in timpul studiilor <strong>sa</strong>le In scolile<br />
iezuite, <strong>de</strong> vreme ce face unele con<strong>si</strong><strong>de</strong>rente caracteristice, privitoare la egalitatea<br />
oamexillor in fata mortii, ca <strong>de</strong> pilda<br />
Niel voi, hunii Intel0ptii, cu fitozothia<br />
Haladuiti <strong>de</strong> lu.me, niel tedlogia<br />
V-au scutit <strong>de</strong> primejdii, sfinti parinti ai<br />
Ce v-au adus la moarte amara pe unii...<br />
Moartca, vritjma<strong>sa</strong>, intr-un chip calca toate ca<strong>sa</strong>,<br />
Domnesti <strong>si</strong>-mparatesti, pe nimeni nu la<strong>sa</strong>,<br />
Pro bogati <strong>si</strong> <strong>sa</strong>nd, cei frumo<strong>si</strong> <strong>si</strong> tare,<br />
0, vrajma<strong>sa</strong>, pzieten ea pre nimeni n-are.<br />
Totu<strong>si</strong> poemul nu este dominat <strong>de</strong> teroarea mortii, ci <strong>de</strong> melancolia<br />
fragilitatii omu<strong>lui</strong>, a carui viala este ca floarea cimpu<strong>lui</strong> (viata este<br />
floare"), a<strong>de</strong>s rapu<strong>sa</strong> inainte <strong>de</strong> vreme (pe multi 5i fara <strong>de</strong> vreme duci la<br />
aceasta cale"). Poetul gaseste c6., In fond, toate slut trecatoare in lume,<br />
<strong>de</strong> la viata omu<strong>lui</strong> pina la viata corpurilor cosmice. In imagini sugestive<br />
prezinta acest tablou larg al viciii umane <strong>si</strong> al existentelor cosmice :<br />
412<br />
Tree zilele ca umbra, ca umbra <strong>de</strong> yarn,<br />
Cele ce tree nu mai vin, nici <strong>si</strong>i-ntoatca<br />
Ce nu petrcee lumea cc nu-i ca<strong>de</strong>re?<br />
Spuma mAr11 i nor supt cer trecatoriu,<br />
Ce c-n lume <strong>si</strong>t n-aibit numc muritoriu ?...<br />
Si voi, lumini <strong>de</strong> aur, soarile <strong>si</strong> luna<br />
Intuneca-veti lumii, yeti da jos cununa...
Sfir<strong>si</strong>t are <strong>de</strong>ci nu numai viata omu<strong>lui</strong> ci <strong>si</strong> lumina astrelor, astrele<br />
inse<strong>si</strong>. Atins <strong>de</strong> o unda <strong>de</strong> misticism evi<strong>de</strong>nt, cind preamareste in continuare<br />
dumnezeirea, poemul se ridica in<strong>sa</strong> <strong>de</strong> la tablourile grotesti ale mortii din<br />
versurile medievale <strong>de</strong>spre nimicnicia omu<strong>lui</strong>, in sfere senine, cu evocarea<br />
vietii <strong>de</strong> care omul cu greu se <strong>de</strong>sparte, cintind melancolic : Paianjeni <strong>si</strong>nt<br />
anii <strong>si</strong> zilele noastre". Aceasta ie<strong>si</strong>re <strong>de</strong> sub <strong>si</strong>mplul giulgiu al mortii, cu<br />
filozofare mai larga, cu imagini din natura, se datoreste cunoasterii <strong>de</strong><br />
catre scriitor a unor elegii antice (Horatiu, Ovidiu etc.) <strong>sa</strong>u medievale.<br />
Evocarea unor oameni mari din trecut <strong>sa</strong>u a unor fiinte gratioase, care<br />
se gaseste in diferite opere antice i medievale <strong>si</strong> care capata o frumoa<strong>si</strong>t<br />
realizare ;in poezia <strong>lui</strong> Francois Villon (circa 1460) : Balada doamnelor din<br />
alte vremi (Balla<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>s Dames du temps jadis), apare <strong>si</strong> la Miron Costin :<br />
...Un<strong>de</strong>-s cei din lume<br />
Mari impArati <strong>si</strong> vestiti ?<br />
Un<strong>de</strong>-s ai lumii impitrati, un<strong>de</strong> este Xerxes<br />
Alixandru Machidon, un<strong>de</strong>-i Artaxerxes,<br />
Avgust, Pompei i Che<strong>sa</strong>r ? Ei au luat lume,<br />
Pre toti i-au stins Cu vremea, ca pe niste spume...<br />
In poem exista pa<strong>sa</strong>je care dove<strong>de</strong>sc cunoasterea <strong>si</strong> intrebuintarea altor<br />
opere. Miron Costin avea o lectura bogata <strong>si</strong> in predoslavia poemu<strong>lui</strong> Viata<br />
lumii aminteste o serie <strong>de</strong> creatii, intre care vorbeste <strong>de</strong> Homer <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> Virgil.<br />
Viata lumii a luat <strong>de</strong>ci nastere dintr-o serie <strong>de</strong> lecturi. A fost conceputa <strong>si</strong><br />
scri<strong>sa</strong> printre primele <strong>sa</strong>le opere (inainte <strong>de</strong> 1673), dar probabil ca Miron<br />
Costin a efectuat uncle indreptari mai tirziu. Viata lumii constituie o incercare<br />
<strong>de</strong> impamintenire a genu<strong>lui</strong> poetic In literatura romineasca. In ultima<br />
vreme i s-au atribuit <strong>lui</strong> M. Costin noi versuri.<br />
Miron Costin este o personalitate compIexa om <strong>de</strong> actiune politica,<br />
istoric <strong>si</strong> poet, cu o larga cultura in stare <strong>sa</strong>-i <strong>de</strong>schida drumuri variate.<br />
Cunoseind bine limbile greaca $i latina, orientat in istoria antica <strong>si</strong><br />
in geografia univer<strong>sa</strong>la, el a adoptat conceptia umanista <strong>de</strong>spre lume <strong>si</strong><br />
viata. Nascut in Italia in eanditii economice, politice <strong>si</strong> sociale specif ice, pe<br />
baza <strong>de</strong>scoperirii culturii i civilizatiei antice, umanismul a fost receptat in<br />
alte tari <strong>si</strong> a imbracat aspecte variate. in Franta, Olanda, Anglia, Germania,<br />
Polonia etc. Cu o baza laica, in conditiile inceputurilor orinduirii burghezecapitaliste,<br />
i<strong>de</strong>ologia umanista a patruns apoi in rindurile clericilor (Poggio<br />
Bracciolini, Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Erasm <strong>de</strong> Rotterdam etc.) <strong>si</strong> ale nobilimii<br />
feudale, ca <strong>de</strong> pilda in Polonia, Jan Diugosz, N. Kopernik, Matei Miechowita,<br />
Martin Kromer etc. In esenta umanismul era o intoarcere <strong>de</strong> la<br />
cautarea continua a dumnezeirii la <strong>de</strong>scoperirea <strong>si</strong> valorificarea omu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>si</strong> a<br />
umanitatii. El la<strong>sa</strong> la o parte pa<strong>si</strong>unea oarba <strong>pentru</strong> imparatia ceru<strong>lui</strong> <strong>si</strong> se<br />
adreseaza realitatii vietii omenesti pe pamint, in diferite perioa<strong>de</strong> <strong>si</strong> loctui<br />
<strong>de</strong>osebite <strong>de</strong> pe glab. Orizontul uman se largeste enorm. Umanistii nu <strong>de</strong>vin<br />
atei, dar conceptia mistica slabeste <strong>si</strong>-i ja locul treptat o conceptie pozitivii<br />
<strong>de</strong>spre viata $i cultura. Dragostea <strong>si</strong> lauda ceru<strong>lui</strong> este inlocuita cu <strong>dragostea</strong><br />
<strong>si</strong> lauda patriei. Toate aceste caracteristici ale umanismu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>si</strong>nt evi<strong>de</strong>nte<br />
in conceptia <strong>lui</strong> Nikon Costin. El se manifesta in spirit umanist <strong>de</strong>stul<br />
<strong>de</strong> tirziu, dar se stie ca umanismul nu a aparut concomitent in toate<br />
ci are o anumita <strong>de</strong>sfasurare istorica, potrivit momentelor <strong>de</strong> receptare. De<br />
altf el, umanismul <strong>lui</strong> M. Costin are note proprii, care se potrivesc epocii<br />
<strong>lui</strong> avan<strong>sa</strong>te. I<strong>de</strong>ea crean ii unei limbi romine literare se leaga <strong>de</strong> conceptia<br />
413
enascenti$tilor italieni $i apoi poloni, care au sustinut $i urmarit acela<strong>si</strong><br />
lucru spre <strong>de</strong>osebire <strong>de</strong> umanistii puri, care au cultivat cu indaratnicie<br />
au scris in limba latina. A<strong>sa</strong>da'', cronicarul romin face parte dintre acei<br />
umani$ti care apartin unei alte epoci $i nu se la<strong>sa</strong> subjugati mecanic <strong>de</strong>trecut.<br />
In<strong>sa</strong><strong>si</strong> incercarea <strong>de</strong> a crea opere beletristice in Istoria In versuri<br />
polon j n Viata lumii dove<strong>de</strong>ste acest lucru.<br />
Lucrarile <strong>lui</strong> M. Costin in limba polona tind <strong>sa</strong> ridice pida <strong>de</strong> pe<br />
trecuitul Tarilor ominelti, perttru o integrare a lor in geografia Europei. De<br />
neamni Moldovenilor urmAre0e <strong>sa</strong> larnureasca pe compatriotii <strong>sa</strong>l in privinta<br />
trecutu<strong>lui</strong> neamu<strong>lui</strong> lor.<br />
BIBLIOGRAFIE<br />
§ G r. Urec h e, Letopisetul Tara Moldovei, editia P. P. Panaitescu, ed. II, Bucuresti,<br />
1958; Letopisetul Ttirii Moldovei pind la Aron Vochi (1359-1595), Intoemit.<br />
duptt Grigore Ureche, Istratie logoftitul i altii <strong>de</strong> Simion Dascalu, ed. Const_<br />
Giurescu, Bucuresti, 1916 (editie cu variantele manuscriselor) ;<br />
istoria fi¡ozofiei in Rominia, vol I. Bucuresti, 1955, P. 7<br />
urin.; Gr.. Scorpan, Reflectaren poziliei <strong>de</strong> cla<strong>sa</strong> a boierimii<br />
stilul cronicii <strong>lui</strong> Ilreche, În Comunicarile Acad. R.P.R., Fil. Ia<strong>si</strong> I (1950),<br />
fase. 2; Al. R os et ti, Studii lingvistice, Bucuresti, 1955, p. 17-32 ; AL<br />
Andriescu, Contributia marilor cronicari moldoveni <strong>si</strong> munteni la <strong>de</strong>zvoltarea<br />
lirnbii ¡iterare, fit Studii fi cercettiri viinlifice (Ia<strong>si</strong>), serie nouS, tom. III<br />
(1957), sect. III', fase. 1-2, P. 97-141.<br />
§ Mir on Cos ti n, Opere, ed. P. P. Panaitescu, Bucuresti, 1958 (aid i bibliegrafia<br />
completA In leglitura cu Miron Costin, rorninS i strdinh) ; Miron Costi n,<br />
Istoria ver<strong>sa</strong>n i Polone <strong>de</strong>spre Moldova <strong>si</strong> Tara Romineascd, ed. P. P. Panaitescii;<br />
P. P. Panaitescu, Influenfa polond in opera <strong>si</strong> personalitatea cronicurilor<br />
Grigore Ureche <strong>si</strong> Miren Cost in, Bucure4ti, 1925; Din<br />
istoria filozofiei in Rominiu, vol. I, Bucuresti, 1955, p. 16 --, 22;<br />
R. Cazacu, Influettla latind asupra' ¡imbu i stilu<strong>lui</strong> <strong>lui</strong> Miren Costin,<br />
Cercetiiri literare, publicate <strong>de</strong> N. Cartojan, V (1943), p. 61-63 (reproducere<br />
in Shia <strong>de</strong> limbd literard ale ace<strong>lui</strong>a<strong>si</strong>, Bueuresti, 1960, p. 81-110); Al. R os<br />
ett i, Observatii asupra limbii <strong>lui</strong> Miron Cos,tin, Bucuresti,) 1950; Al. A ndriescu,<br />
Contributia marilor cronicari moldoveni <strong>si</strong> munt'eni la <strong>de</strong>zvoltaren<br />
limbii ¡iterare, in Studii <strong>si</strong> cercetari stiintifice (Ia<strong>si</strong>), serie noun, tom. Ill<br />
(1957), se,ct. III, fase, 1-2, p. 97-141.