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Protectii prin relee - principii si particularitati - Notiuni introductive (1)

Protectii prin relee - principii si particularitati - Notiuni introductive (1)

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

(1) _ NOTIUNI INTRODUCTIVE<br />

1


PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Evolutia protectiilor <strong>prin</strong> <strong>relee</strong><br />

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Dulapuri cla<strong>si</strong>ce de protectie,<br />

cu <strong>relee</strong> analogice <strong>si</strong> elemente de comanda<br />

traditionale<br />

PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Evolutia protectiilor <strong>prin</strong> <strong>relee</strong><br />

Dulapuri moderne de protectie,<br />

cu <strong>relee</strong> numerice multifunctionale<br />

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Definitie<br />

PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Parametri <strong>prin</strong>cipali<br />

Cerinte impuse<br />

Cla<strong>si</strong>ficare<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Schema bloc a unui <strong>si</strong>stem de protectii<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

<strong>Protectii</strong> numerice - schema bloc <strong>si</strong> <strong>prin</strong>cipiul de functionare<br />

(1)<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

<strong>Protectii</strong> numerice - schema bloc <strong>si</strong> <strong>prin</strong>cipiul de functionare<br />

(2)<br />

Fluxul de semnale in cazul <strong>relee</strong>lor numerice<br />

1/9 1/


• Rapiditate in functionare<br />

• Consum propriu redus<br />

• Gabarit redus<br />

• Cheltuieli reduse in exploatare<br />

• Sen<strong>si</strong>bilitate crescuta<br />

• Durata mai mare de viata<br />

• Siguranta in exploatare marita<br />

• Mentenanta redusa<br />

PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

<strong>Protectii</strong> rotectii numerice – definitii <strong>si</strong> avantaje<br />

• Existenta unei biblioteci de functii<br />

• Po<strong>si</strong>bilitatea integrarii intr-un intr un <strong>si</strong>stem<br />

ierarhizat de comanda-control<br />

comanda control<br />

• Existenta mai multor seturi de parametri<br />

• Functia de autotestare<br />

• Memorie de evenimente <strong>si</strong> valori masurate<br />

1/10 1/ 10


PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

<strong>Protectii</strong> rotectii numerice -„Intelligent Intelligent Electronic Device“ Device (IED)<br />

etc.<br />

etc.<br />

1/11 1/ 11


PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

<strong>Protectii</strong> rotectii numerice - Sistem integrat de comanda-control<br />

comanda control<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

<strong>Protectii</strong> rotectii numerice - Exemplu xemplu de echipament de protectie<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

<strong>Protectii</strong> rotectii numerice - Seturi eturi de parametri<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

<strong>Protectii</strong> rotectii numerice - Functia de autotestare<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Parametrii <strong>prin</strong>cipali ai protectiilor <strong>prin</strong> <strong>relee</strong><br />

• Valori nominale<br />

• Valoare de actionare<br />

• Valoare de revenire<br />

• Timp propriu de actionare<br />

• Coeficient de revenire<br />

• Consum propriu<br />

• Eroare de functionare<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Cla<strong>si</strong>ficarea protectiilor <strong>prin</strong> <strong>relee</strong><br />

Criterii de cla<strong>si</strong>ficare<br />

• Parametru monitorizat<br />

• Tehnologie de realizare<br />

• Functie<br />

• Numar parametri monitorizati<br />

1/17 1/ 17


PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Principalele cerinte impuse protectiilor <strong>prin</strong> <strong>relee</strong><br />

• Rapiditatea<br />

• Selectivitatea<br />

• Sen<strong>si</strong>bilitatea<br />

• Fiabilitatea<br />

• Independenta fata de conditiile de exploatare<br />

• Eficienta economica<br />

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CEA<br />

PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Functionarea selectiva a <strong>si</strong>stemelor de protectii <strong>prin</strong> <strong>relee</strong><br />

A<br />

I1<br />

K<br />

L1<br />

L2 L3<br />

I2 I3<br />

Consumatori<br />

I4<br />

C<br />

B<br />

CEB<br />

Functionarea selectiva a <strong>si</strong>stemelor de protectii <strong>prin</strong> <strong>relee</strong><br />

a) retele buclate b)grup transformator-redresor<br />

I1<br />

I2<br />

I4<br />

I3<br />

La SI<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Zone de protectie<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Protectie de baza <strong>si</strong> de rezerva<br />

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Nr.<br />

crt.<br />

PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Simboluri ANSI pentru functii de protectie (1)<br />

Cod ANSI Denumire functie de protectie Description<br />

1 21/21N Protectie de distanta faza/homopolara Distance protection<br />

phase/ground<br />

2 21FL Locator de defect Fault locator<br />

3 25 Control <strong>si</strong>ncronism Synchro-check<br />

4 27 Protectia de ten<strong>si</strong>une minima Undervoltage protection<br />

5 32 F/R Protectia directionala de putere (inainte/inapoi) Directional power<br />

(forward/reverse)<br />

6 46 Protectie de secventa inversa (ne<strong>si</strong>metrie) Load unbalance<br />

protection<br />

7 49 R/S Protectie la suprasarcina termica rotor/stator Thermal overload<br />

8 50 Protectie maximala de curent netemporizata<br />

(instantanee)<br />

9 50N Protectie maximala de curent homopolara<br />

netemporizata<br />

Instantaneous overcurrent<br />

(Definite time)<br />

Instantaneous ground<br />

fault overcurrent<br />

10 51 Protectie maximala de curent temporizata Overcurrent with time<br />

delay (Inverse time)<br />

11 51N Protectie maximala de curent homopolara<br />

temporizata<br />

Ground fault overcurrent<br />

with time delay<br />

1/22 1/ 22


Nr.<br />

crt.<br />

PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Simboluri ANSI pentru functii de protectie (2)<br />

Cod ANSI Denumire functie de protectie Description<br />

12 51V Protectie maximala de curent cu controlul<br />

ten<strong>si</strong>unii (blocaj voltmetric)<br />

13 50BF DRRI (Declansare de rezerva la refuz de<br />

intreruptor)<br />

14 50EZ Protectie maximala de curent impotriva<br />

scurtcircuitelor in zona cu<strong>prin</strong>sa intre intreruptor<br />

<strong>si</strong> TC adiacente<br />

Voltage dependant<br />

overcurrent-time<br />

protection<br />

Breaker failure<br />

End of zone<br />

15 59 Protectie maximala de ten<strong>si</strong>une Overvoltage<br />

16 67 Protectie maximala de curent directionala Directional overcurrent<br />

17 67N Protectie maximala de curent directionala<br />

homopolara<br />

Directional ground fault<br />

overcurrent<br />

18 68 Blocaj la pendulatii de putere Oscillation (power swing)<br />

detection<br />

19 81 Protectia de frecventa Frequency relay<br />

20 87L/T/G/B/M Protectie diferentiala longitudinala –<br />

linie/transformator/generator/bare/motor<br />

Differential protection<br />

1/23 1/ 23


PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Reprezentare (1)<br />

Reprezentare de <strong>prin</strong>cipiu a <strong>si</strong>stemului de protectii pentru<br />

un transformator<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Reprezentare (2)<br />

Schema electrica monofilara cu indicarea protectiilor<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Regimuri de functionare ale <strong>si</strong>stemelor electrice<br />

In <strong>si</strong>stemele electrice, pot sa apara patru regimuri de functionare diferite, in care<br />

solicitarile <strong>si</strong> comportarea elementelor componente ale acestora prezinta valori <strong>si</strong><br />

caracteristici deosebite:<br />

-regimul permanent normal<br />

-regimul tranzitoriu din timpul functionarii normale<br />

-regimul tranzitoriu de avarie <strong>si</strong> de functionare perturbata<br />

-regimul permanent de dupa avarie.<br />

i<br />

1/26 1/ 26


PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Defecte <strong>si</strong> regimuri anormale in <strong>si</strong>stemele electrice<br />

(din punctul de vedere al protectiilor <strong>prin</strong> <strong>relee</strong>)<br />

Defecte<br />

• Scurtcircuite polifazate sau monofazate in retele cu neutrul<br />

tratat<br />

• Simpla/dubla punere la pamant in retele cu neutrul izolat<br />

• Intreruperea unei faze<br />

Regimuri anormale<br />

• Suprainten<strong>si</strong>tati determinate de suprasarcini sau scurtcircuite<br />

exterioare<br />

• Scaderi de ten<strong>si</strong>une<br />

• Pendulari de energie<br />

Regimuri tranzitorii<br />

• Regim tranzitoriu de scurtcircuit<br />

• Regim de soc de magnetizare<br />

• Fenomenul de saturare a transformatoarelor de curent<br />

1/27 1/ 27


PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Defecte <strong>si</strong> regimuri anormale in <strong>si</strong>stemele electrice –<br />

Regimul Regimu tranzitoriu tranzitoriu<br />

de scurtcircuit<br />

Curentul urentul de scurtcircuit are forma:<br />

io = iop + ioa<br />

având componentele:<br />

componentele<br />

iop - curentul periodic de scurtcircuit<br />

ioa - curentul aperiodic (tranzitoriu tranzitoriu)<br />

Curentul de scurtcircuit are expre<strong>si</strong>a:<br />

<br />

i I cos<br />

tcose <br />

<br />

t<br />

<br />

T<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

1/28 1/ 28


PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Defecte <strong>si</strong> regimuri anormale – Regimul de soc de<br />

magnetizare<br />

Curentul urentul de magnetizare are forma:<br />

i o = i op + i oa<br />

având componentele:<br />

componentele<br />

i op - curentul periodic de magnetizare<br />

i oa - curentul aperiodic (tranzitoriu tranzitoriu)<br />

Factorii care influenteaza durata <strong>si</strong> amplitudinea curentului de magnetizare<br />

sunt:<br />

• -puterea transformatorului;<br />

• -rezistenta in <strong>si</strong>stemul electroenergetic de la sursa pina la transformatorul<br />

respectiv;<br />

• -caracteristicile fizice ale transformatorului;<br />

• -fluxulrezidual<strong>si</strong>momentulpuneriisub ten<strong>si</strong>une<br />

1/29 1/ 29


PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Defecte <strong>si</strong> regimuri anormale – Fenomenul de saturare a<br />

transformatoarelor de curent<br />

Curent in secundarul TC fara saturatie<br />

Curent de scurtcircuit<br />

(primar)<br />

Curent in secundarul TC cu saturatie<br />

1/30 1/ 30


PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Transformatoare de curent<br />

Caracteristica de magnetizare a unui TC<br />

1/31 1/ 31


PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Transformatoare de curent<br />

Parametri<br />

(a) Raport de transformare<br />

(b) Puterea in secundar<br />

(c) Clasa de precizie<br />

(d-1) (d 1) Factor limita de precizie (TC de protectie)<br />

(d-2) (d 2) Factor de <strong>si</strong>guranta (TC de masura)<br />

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PROTECTII PRIN RELEE<br />

Transformatoare de curent<br />

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