Anais do IHC'2001 - Departamento de Informática e Estatística - UFSC

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46 Anais do IHC’2001 - IV Workshop sobre Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais limitation, and almost all of the available options are presented at once, providing an access structure that is shallow and wide shallow (maybe too wide). In natural conversation, people can always switch from talking about a topic to talking about the conversation itself, and then back to the topic. These inserted sequences may be used to reinforce or recall the current topic. None of the investigated systems allowed for inserted sequences, which would be represented by a help or explanation system. Table 1 summarizes some of the characteristics we found in analyzing the banking system in different environments. Natural Phone ATM Web dialogue style verbose terse terse verbose dialogue structure natural narrow & deep; compositional balanced shallow & wide sequencing single-track, linear single-track, linear single-track, bi- multi-track, dimensional multidimensional treatment of “object” may be “object” is implicit; “object” is explicit “object” is explicit anaphors and either implicit or must be memorized and has a physical references explicit; may be memorized or explicitly recalled manifestation turn-taking & natural exchanges “full-duplex” well-marked well-marked identification of (system may be (system displays (system displays current speaker interrupted at any info; user makes a info; user makes a time) selection, types in selection or types in data or inserts card) data) time/space temporal & temporal & physical, 2-D almost constraints cognitive cognitive spatial constraints unconstrained constraints constraints end-of-conversation user hangs up explicit user closes browser signaling button window (extraapplication) or clicks on explicit link initiative mixed mixed (if idle for long, the system automatically calls an attendant or hangs up) fixed fixed Table 1: Characteristics of conversation found in our case study. In this paper, we have seen that a high-level interaction model can be complemented with communication-related studies for enriching the analysis of HCI in multiple environments. An interaction model alone may not be sufficient for analyzing some subtle differences in interaction with distinct environments. This is so because it does not take into consideration each environment’s communicative characteristics. We suggest that further exploration of the communicative nature of each environment is required. A possible research goal is to devise a set of general pragmatic principles applied to interaction, and perhaps specialized to each particular environment.
Anais do IHC’2001 - IV Workshop sobre Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais 47 Acknowledgments Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza would like to thank CNPq for supporting her research. The authors would like to thank their colleagues at the Semiotic Engineering Research Group for providing valuable suggestions to this work. References Brennan, S. “Conversation as Direct Manipulation” in B. Laurel (ed.) The Art of Human- Computer Interaction. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. de Souza, C.S. The Semiotic Engineering of User Interface Languages. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies. No. 39. pp. 753-773. 1993. Brown, G. and Yule, G. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Dahis, G. Um Modelo Para a Especificação de Cenários de Interação (in Portuguese). Master Dissertation. Informatics Department, PUC-Rio, Brazil, 2001. Grice, H.P. “Logic and Conversation” in (eds.) P.Cole & J.Morgan Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1975. Gross, B.J. & Sidner, C.L. “Attention, Intentions and the Structure of Discourse”. In Computational Linguistics, vol.12, no.3, 1986. Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics. New York, NY: Longman Inc., 1983. Wachtel, T. “Pragmatic Sensitivity in NL Interfaces and the Structure of Conversation”. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1986.
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