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228 Anais do IHC’2001 - IV Workshop sobre Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais [6] COLLINS, D. Designing Object-Oriented User Interfaces Estados Unidos: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc 1995. [7] CONSTANTINE, L. Essential Modeling - Use Cases for User Interfaces. Interactions ACM, abril 1995, p. 34-46. [8] DAYTON, T. et al. Bridging User Needs to Object Oriented GUI Prototype via Task Object Design, User Interface Design – Bridging the Gap from User Requirements to Design, Estados Unidos: CRC Press LLC, 1998. [9] FELTRIM, V. D. et al. Uma modelagem do domínio de Engenharia Reversa de Software utilizando o método OOHDM. Notas do Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo – São Carlos, 1998. [10] GULLIKSEN, J. et al. User Centered Design - Problems and Possibilities: a summary of the 1998 PDC & CSCW workshop. SIGCHI Bulletin, v.31.n.2. abril/1999. [11] HORROCKS, I. Constructing the User Interface with Statecharts, Addison Wesley Longman Limited, England 1999. [12] IBM. Design Principles for Tomorrow. URL: http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ hci/designer/uiarch/prinpl3_noframes.html. Consultado em maio/2000. [13] IBM. OOUI Introduction. URL: http://www.ibm.com/ibm/hci/guidelines/ design/ooui_introduction.html. Consultado em maio/2000. [14] KUHN, S. & MULLER, M. J. Participatory Design. Communications of the ACM, v.36, n.4, p.25-28, junho/1993. [15] LUCENA, F. N. & LIESENBERG, H. K. E. Interfaces Homem-Computador: Uma Primeira Introdução. URL: http://www.dcc.unicamp.br/proj-xchart/start/welcome.html, 1997. Consultado em abril/1999. [16] MORAN, T. The Command Language Grammar: A Representation for the User Interface of Interactive Computer Systems, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, vol. 15, nro. 1, pg. 3-50, 1981. [17] NIELSEN, J. Usability Engineering. Estados Unidos: AP Professional, 1993. [18] PENTEADO, R. et al Improving the Quality of Legacy Code by Reverse Engineering . In Proceedings of ISAS’98 – 4th International Conference on Information Systems, Analysis and Synthesis. Orlando, Florida, pp 364-370 – Vol. I, julho/1998. [19] REISNER, P. Formal Grammar and Human Factors Design of na Interactive Graphics System, IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, vol. SE-7, nro. 2, pg. 229-240, 1981. [20] ROBERTS, Dave et al. Designing for the User with OVID: Bridging User Interface Design and Software Engineering, Estados Unidos: Macmillan Technical Publishing, 1998. [21] SILVA, J. C. A. A Realidade Virtual e a Qualidade de Interfaces. In: workshop de qualidade de software - XII Simpósio Brasileiro de Engenharia de Software , Maringá, 1998. Anais. Maringá, PR, 1998, p. 11-17. [22] SILVA, J. C. A. Development of Virtual Interfaces Using Configurable Templates. In: ICCIMA99 – 3RD International Conference on Computational Intelligence And Multimedia Applications, New Delhi, India, 23-26 September 1999. Proceedings. India, 1999, p.354-358. [23] SILVA, J. C. A & PENTEADO, R. A. D. A Study of the Integration of Reverse Engineering and Interfaces with Virtual Reality. In: SCI2000 and ISAS2000 – 4th World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics and the 6 th Int. Conf. on Information Systems Analysis and Synthesis, Orlando, USA, July 23-26, 2000 Proceedings. USA, 2000, p. 112-117. [24] VAN DAM, Adrian. Post-WIMP User Interfaces. Communications of the ACM, v.40, n.2, p.63-67, fevereiro/1997. [25] WASSERMAN, Anthony I. et al. Developing Interactive Information Systems with the User Software Engineering Methodology. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.12, n.2, p.326-345, fevereiro/1986. [26] WEISS, Patrice & JESSEL, Adam S. Virtual Reality Applications to Work, URL: http://www.infocommons.utoronto.ca/atrc/rd/library/ papers/weiss.html [27] WOOD, E. Larry, User Interface Design – Bridging the Gap from User Requirements to Design, Estados Unidos: CRC Press LLC, 1998.
Anais do IHC’2001 - IV Workshop sobre Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais 229 Semiotic Considerations on Direct Concept Manipulation as a Distinct Interface Style for Learnware Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza 1 , Kamran Sedig 2 1 Departamento de Informática, PUC-Rio Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 22453-900 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ – BRAZIL Information and Media Studies & Computer Science The University of Western Ontario Middlesex College, Rm 360 London, Ontario, CANADA, N6A 5B7 clarisse@inf.puc-rio.br, sedig@uwo.ca Abstract. Although direct manipulation (DM) has been considered a potentially inappropriate interface style for learnware, convincing indication that the problem with DM lies rather on “what is manipulated” than on the “manipulation” itself has been obtained from empirical studies in the domain of Euclidean geometry. A semiotic examination of such findings suggests that there may be theoretically-based constraints on the kinds of visualizations that yield appropriate direct concept manipulation interfaces for learnware. Introduction Previous research about interface styles for learnware has suggested that direct manipulation (DM) is a potentially inappropriate design choice in this case, because ease of use and low cognitive effort may not be effective for learning purposes [Golightly, 1996; Golightly et al., 1996; Golightly & Gilmore, 1997; Holst, 1996; Rappin et al. 1997]. Convincing indication that the problem with DM lies rather on what is manipulated than on the manipulation itself has appeared in empirical studies carried out with apprentices using Super Tangrams © [Sedig et al., 2001] to learn and retain the knowledge involved in translation, rotation, and reflection of geometric objects. Direct Object Manipulation (DOM) has been shown to lead to a faulty understanding of abstract general concepts in the domain of 2-dimensional transformations in Euclidean geometry, whereas Direct Concept Manipulation (DCM) has led apprentices to learn the targeted concepts. The reification of abstract concepts as visual manipulable forms hinges on important semiotic issues. When it comes to designing DCM interfaces for learnware, the availability of a general framework to guide choices among visual icons, indices or symbols would possibly increase the quality of such applications and their effectiveness as educational tools. Nevertheless, practical design guidelines and techniques can only emerge from a systematic and comprehensive analysis of visual communication codes and their impact on learning. This paper is a first step in this direction. It presents a semiotic analysis of the Super Tangrams © interface style, whose dimensions are used to reinterpret results reported in research about diagrammatic reasoning [Stenning & Inder, 1995; Stenning & Oberlander,
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314 Artigos Anais do IHC’2001 - I
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