Limb regeneration

FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Limb
REGENERATION
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Gabriela Ramírez Moreno.
Carlos Aldair Vázquez Rodríguez.
Astrid Rodríguez Mora.
Elianne Vásquez Lamas.
Carolina Evangelista Jasso.
Erika Fernanda Carranza Barboza.
TEAM: #6 GROUP: 414
TEACHER: CRISTINA ARACELY
RAMÍREZ DE LA GARZA.

What is
limb regeneration ?
Limb regeneration is the formation of the limbs; is
the result of a series of epithelial - mesenchymal
inductions between the mesenchymal cells of the
extremity sketch and the ectodermal cells that
are located on them.
It is all about regrowing lost limbs in organisms
who have had such life changing injuries.
An example is the salamander limb regeneration
is a classical model of tissue morphogenesis and
patterning. Through recent advances in cell
labeling and molecular analysis, a more precise,
mechanistic understanding of this process has
started to emerge. But long-standing questions
include to what extent limb regeneration
recapitulates the events observed in mammalian
limb development, and to what extent are adultor
salamander- specific aspects deployed.

What is limb
regeneration ?
Historically, researchers studying limb
development and limb regeneration have
proposed different models of pattern
formation. Here we discuss recent data
on limb regeneration and limb
development to argue that although
patterning mechanisms are likely to be
similar, cell plasticity and signaling from
nerves play regeneration-specific roles.
But, in the process of limb salvaging
techniques in regenerative medicine
allows options in saving and repairing a
damaged limb, when a person loses a
finger, toe, arm or leg, there is no cure at
the moment for such a traumatic injury so
even with technological advances, the
best option in the meantime is advanced
prosthetics which will allow the patient to
continue with their lives with some
regained function.

What's its function?
Limb regeneration is an enviable trait which function
is to autonomously replace lost or damaged
appendage. It is shared by many animal species,
though unfortunately not by homo sapiens.
For example, salamander limb regeneration is
dependent upon tissue interactions that are local to
the amputation site. Communication among limb
epidermis, peripheral nerves, and mesenchyme
coordinate cell migration, cell proliferation, and
tissue patterning to generate a blastema, which will
form missing limb structures.
LARISSA
Some animals such as lobsters, catfish, and lizards
replace missing parts by first growing a blastema.
The Group blastema Leader cells rapidly divide to form the skin,
scales, muscle, bone, or cartilage needed for
creating the lost limb, fin, or tail.

Where does it takes
place?
Currently, there are still some mysteries behind limb
regeneration. The areas where humans can have regenerate
capacity are one of those mysteries.
“Humans and other mammals have extremely limited
regenerative capacity in many key areas, including limbs,” said
Dr. Whited, Ph.D., at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital
(BWH) Regenerative Medicine Center. “Axolotl salamanders
exhibit remarkable regenerative abilities and are genetically
similar to humans with limbs that are anatomically similar to
human limbs as well.” Salamanders not only regenerate limbs,
but also can regenerate the heart, brain, spine, and other
tissue.
Humans already regenerate some organs, including skin when
cuts aren’t deep and fingertips if the cells remain intact.
However, limb regeneration implies more than just replacing
tissue. For a limb to regenerate, you need bone, muscle, blood
vessels, and nerves. There are adult stem cells, a kind of
undifferentiated cell that can become specialized, that
regenerate muscle, but they don't seem to activate.

Ethical
“Regenerative medicine” describes a set of innovative
approaches to the treatment of illness, injury, and
disability, focusing on the growth, replacement, and
repair of cells, organs, and tissues specific to the
health needs of particular individuals.
The 'componentation' of the human body, regardless of
the degree of regenerative medicine's contribution to
it, is considered as a challenge to the traditional view
of human bodies and the abstract value of "Human
Dignity" in the same way or alongside the
'resourcialization' and commodification. However, in
the future, a new perspective of human bodies that
means "a perspective whereby human bodies, organs,
tissues, and even the bodies themselves are perceived
as disposable tools like disposable cameras, syringes,
or contact lens" and therefore a new ethical view,
suitable for a new reality, may emerge.
POINT OF VIEW

Relation with
biotechnology...
Nearly 240 years have passed since the first
scientific treatise addressing limb
regeneration, Spallanzani's 'Reproduction of
the Legs in the Aquatic Salamander' within his
An Essay on Animal Reproductions.
Changes in gene expression accompanying
regenerative events can now be profiled by
microarrays. Recent projects by Monaghan et
al. published in BMC Biology and by Pearl et
al. in BMC Developmental Biology have
provided thousands of cDNA sequences of
transcripts expressed during limb
regeneration in amphibians. Moreover, the
newly developed application of transgenesis
to axolotl salamanders suggests that
functional roles for specific genes are likely to
be elucidated in the near future.

RELATION WITH
Biotechnology...
SCIENCE FOR REGENERATING A
FROG LIMB
Scientists at Tufts University and
Harvard University’s Wyss Institute
report on their use of a novel multidrug
treatment (MDT), delivered through a
wearable device, which allowed adult
African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)
—which can’t naturally regenerate
limbs—to regrow amputated hind legs.
The regrown limbs enabled the animals
to move around in a manner similar to
normal frogs, and even responded to
touch.
LIMB REGENERATION
IS A FRONTIER IN
BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE.
Identifying triggers of
innate morphogenetic
responses in vivo to induce
the growth of healthy
patterned tissue would
address the needs of
millions of patients, from
diabetics to victims of
trauma.

Conclusion
Definitely, this topic is something that is not commonly
talked about, as it is something more biological and
that only occurs in several species, it influences
bioethics a little, but only in human practices that
have not yet been successfully achieved.
Limb regeneration is usually something that is seen as
good if it can be achieved for human practices, even
though there may be a minority that opposes it, the
majority of the population would like this to be
possible for humanity, since there are many people
with different needs that have lost limbs due to
different situations.
Likewise, what there is now as a replacement for this
practice in humans would be the fitting of prostheses
for the body parts that people may be missing.

Thank You
DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR US?

References
McKeon, A. (2020, November 20). Scientists Are Cracking the Mysteries Behind Limb Regeneration –.
Now. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://now.northropgrumman.com/scientists-are-cracking-themysteries-behind-human-regeneratioEmspak,
J. (2017, May 22). Could Humans Ever Regenerate a Limb?
Livescience. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.livescience.com/59194-could-humans-everregeneratelimbs.html#:%7E:text=Growing%20an%20entire%20limb&text=For%20a%20limb%20to%20regenerate,even
%20nerves%2C%22%20Gardiner%20said.
Limb Regeneration Research - Brigham and Women’s Hospital. (n.d.). Brigham and Women’s Hospital.
https://www.brighamandwomens.org/orthopaedic-surgery/advances-newsletter/researchers-use-advancedtechniques-to-understand-limb-regeneration
NCBI - WWW Error Blocked Diagnostic. (2019, 7 december). NIH NLM. Geraadpleegd op may 07 2022,
van https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4882123/
A. Tsonis, P. (1996). Limb Regeneration (First Published 1996 ed., Vol. 1). Cambridge University Press.
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