Python Tutorial ( PDFDrive )

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Building and Installing Extensions: ......................................................... 423 Import Extensions: ................................................................................. 423 Passing Function Parameters: ............................................................... 424 The PyArg_ParseTuple Function: .......................................................... 424 Returning Values: ................................................................................... 425 The Py_BuildValue Function: ................................................................. 426 Python Tools/Utilities ............................................................. 428 The dis Module: ...................................................................................... 428 EXAMPLE: ............................................................................................. 428 The pdb Module ..................................................................................... 429 EXAMPLE: ............................................................................................. 429 The profile Module: ................................................................................ 430 EXAMPLE: ............................................................................................. 430 The tabnanny Module ............................................................................ 430 EXAMPLE: ............................................................................................. 430 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning
CHAPTER1Python OverviewPython is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python was designedto be highly readable which uses English keywords frequently where as other languages use punctuation and ithas fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.• Python is Interpreted: This means that it is processed at runtime by the interpreter and you do not need tocompile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.• Python is Interactive: This means that you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with theinterpreter directly to write your programs.• Python is Object-Oriented: This means that Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique ofprogramming that encapsulates code within objects.• Python is Beginner's Language: Python is a great language for the beginner programmers and supportsthe development of a wide range of applications from simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.History of Python: Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the National ResearchInstitute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-68, SmallTalk and Unixshell and other scripting languages.Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available under the GNU General Public License(GPL).Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although Guido van Rossum still holds avital role in directing its progress.Python Features: Python's feature highlights include:• Easy-to-learn: Python has relatively few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax. Thisallows the student to pick up the language in a relatively short period of time.• Easy-to-read: Python code is much more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.• Easy-to-maintain: Python's success is that its source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.• A broad standard library: One of Python's greatest strengths is the bulk of the library is very portable andcross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows and Macintosh.TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning
Page 1 and 2: Python Tutorial
Page 3 and 4: ABOUT THE TUTORIALPython TutorialPy
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Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER2Python EnvironmentBefore we
Page 45 and 46: • To use this installer python-XY
Page 47 and 48: -c cmd run Python script sent in as
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Page 51 and 52: file_name = raw_input("Enter filena
Page 53 and 54: $ python -husage: python [option] .
Page 55 and 56: print 'Input file is "', inputfilep
Page 57 and 58: Here, an integer object is created
Page 59 and 60: Python Lists: Lists are the most v
Page 61 and 62: FunctionDescriptionint(x [,base])Co
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER5Python Basic OperatorsWhat
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Page 67 and 68: Line 5 - a is greater than bLine 6
Page 69 and 70: | Binary OR Operator copies a bit i
Page 71 and 72: else:print "Line 3 - a and b are tr
Page 73 and 74: if ( id(a) == id(b) ):print "Line 2
Page 75 and 76: When you execute the above program,
Page 77 and 78: if statementsif...else statementsne
Page 79 and 80: Example: #!/usr/bin/pythonvar1 = 10
Page 81 and 82: else:print "Could not find true exp
Page 83 and 84: Loop Typewhile loopfor loopDescript
Page 85 and 86: num = raw_input("Enter a number :")
Page 87 and 88: Good bye!Iterating by Sequence I
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continue statement The continue st
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CHAPTER8Python NumbersNumber data t
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max(x1, x2,...)min(x1, x2,...)modf(
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Syntax Following is the syntax for
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import math# This will import math
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import mathmath.log10( x )Note: Thi
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modf(x) Description The method modf
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round( x [, n] )Parameters • x --
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Return Value This method returns a
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seed([x]) Description The method se
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asin(x)Note: This function is not a
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print "atan2(-10,10) : ", math.atan
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Note: This function is not accessib
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import mathprint "degrees(3) : ", m
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CHAPTER9Python StringsStrings are a
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+ Concatenation - Adds values on ei
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TAB ( \t ) and they will show up th
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str = "this is string example....wo
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Return Value This method returns a
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Description The method expandtabs()
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Traceback (most recent call last):F
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Let us compile and run the above pr
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str = "This is string example....wo
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str = "-";seq = ("a", "b", "c"); #
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lstrip() Description The method lst
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Max character: xmin(str) Descriptio
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str = "this is really a string exam
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Parameters • chars -- You can sup
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Parameters• str -- This is the st
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Parameters • NAReturn Value This
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Example The following example shows
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CHAPTER10Python ListsThe most basic
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Python Expression Results Descripti
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list( seq )Parameters • seq -- Th
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Return Value If elements are of th
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list.insert(index, obj)Parameters
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CHAPTER11Python TuplesAtuple is a s
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len((1, 2, 3)) 3 Length(1, 2, 3) +
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-11-1len(tuple) Description The met
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min value element : 200tuple(seq) D
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#!/usr/bin/pythondict = {'Name': 'Z
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34str(dict)Produces a printable str
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type(variable) Description The meth
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Return Value This method does not
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CHAPTER13Python Date & TimeApython
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#!/usr/bin/pythonimport time;localt
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import timeprint "time.altzone %d "
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Parameters • sec -- These are the
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• %w - day of the week as a decim
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time.time( ) Description The metho
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2time.tznameAttribute time.tzname i
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CHAPTER14Python FunctionAfunction i
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#!/usr/bin/python# Function definit
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return;# Now you can call printinfo
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Inside the function : 30Outside the
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A module is loaded only once, regar
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'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh']Here, the spe
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CHAPTER16Python Files I/OThis chapt
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rb+WWbw+wb+AAba+ab+Opens a file for
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fo.write( "Python is a great langua
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EXAMPLE: Following is the example t
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operations from the operating syste
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# Close opened filefo.close()Let us
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Parameters • NAReturn Value This
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Parameters • offset -- This is th
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Parameters • size -- If this opti
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Description The method writelines()
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53545556575859606162os.symlink(src,
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• stat.S_IRGRP: Read by group.•
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os.chroot("/tmp/usr")print "Changed
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Parameters • fd -- This is the or
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import os, sys# First go to the "/v
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Description The method fchown() cha
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Description The method fdopen() ret
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{'PC_MAX_INPUT': 2, 'PC_VDISABLE':
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# Open a filefd = os.open( "foo.txt
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print "Current working dir : %s" %
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path = "/var/www/html/foo.txt"fd =
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_vti_txtrobots.txtitemlistingresume
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# Close opened fileos.close( fd )#
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dev_num = os.makedev(major_dnum, mi
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-rw-------. 1 root root 0 Apr 30 02
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os.pathconf(path, name) Descriptio
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Description The method popen() open
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# !/usr/bin/pythonimport ossrc = '/
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# stat informationstatinfo = os.sta
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Description The method tcgetpgrp()
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os.tempnam(dir, prefix)Parameters
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Description The method ttyname() re
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Return Value This method returns t
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KeyErrorNameErrorUnboundLocalErrorE
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......................else:If there
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print "Error: can\'t find file or r
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self.args = argSo once you defined
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'Optional class documentation strin
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For the above class let's try to ac
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print 'Calling child method'c = Chi
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Data Hiding: An object's attribute
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groups()This method returns all mat
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SYNTAX: re.sub(pattern, repl, strin
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\s Matches whitespace. Equivalent t
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Backreferences: This matches a prev
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CHAPTER20Python CGI ProgrammingWhat
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If you click hello.py, then this pr
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Simple URL Example : Get Metho
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</form>The result of this code is t
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text_content = form.getvalue('textc
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Here is an example of how to retrie
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CHAPTER21Python Database AccessThe
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EXAMPLE: Following is the example o
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('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000)try:
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DELETE Operation: DELETE operation
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ProgrammingErrorSubclass of Databas
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The socket Module: To create a so
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Protocol Common function Port No Py
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Subject: SMTP e-mail testThis is a
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try:smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP('localho
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count = 0while count < 5:time.sleep
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Synchronizing Threads: The threadi
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thread = myThread(threadID, tName,
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<stars>10</stars><description>Talk
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print "Rating:", self.ratingelif se
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Format: DVDRating: PGDescription: T
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Tkinter Widgets Tkinter provides v
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fgfontheighthighlightcolorimagejust
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WidthXscrollincrementXscrollcommand
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pattern when it is over the checkbu
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The Entry widget is used to accept
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E1 = Entry(top, bd =5)E1.pack(side
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Optionanchorbgbitmapbdcursorfontfgh
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selectmodeDetermines how many items
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Syntax: Here is the simple syntax t
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Menu The goal of this widget is to
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filemenu.add_command(label="Exit",
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Example: Try the following example
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WidthWraplengthWidth of the label i
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label appears in the top left corne
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Parameters: • master: This repres
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Parameters: • master: This repres
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mark_gravity(mark [,gravity])Return
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Methods & Descriptiondeiconify()Dis
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disabledbackgrounddisabledforegroun
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bgbdThe color of the slider and arr
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fontheightlabelAnchorhighlightbackg
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Standard attributes:Let's take a l
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• family: The font family name as
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B2.pack()B3.pack()B4.pack()B5.pack(
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• "heart"• "heart"• "man"•
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The grid() Method This geometry m
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CHAPTERPython Further Extensions27A
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This table needs to be terminated w
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Passing Function Parameters: Beca
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return (a + b)You can return two va
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CHAPTER28Python Tools/UtilitiesThe
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The profile Module: The profile m
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