online-thrilokyavijaya-book-pdf-version-1
fojk fldgioyy;rjk mßÉfPaoh - úoHdj ngysrlrKhPdhdrEmlrKhjd¾;dlrKh ;j ÿrg;a w,xldr lsÍu iy i;HjdÈ lsÍu msKsi WmlrKhla ìyslsÍug kj ks¾udK lrejkag yels úh' th leurdj Camera kï úh' .fõIlhskaNdú; l< m%Odk WmlrKhla njg leurdj m;a úh'l%s'j' 1828ksfldàka ksiaidrKhYdluh wuqøjH ms<sn`o m¾fhaIK isÿ l< c¾uka cd;slhska fofokl= úiska jir1828 § ÿïfld< Ydl idrfha we;s l%shdldÍ uQ, mod¾:h fjkalr y`ÿkd .kakd ,§'th ksfldàka Nicotine f,i kï flßKs'l%s'j' 1829ú,shï nDDla ´-Ie.afkaiswh¾,ka;fha Wm; ,o ú,shï nDDla ´-Ie.afkaiS William Brooke O'Shaughnessykeue;s ;reKhd täkanfrda úYajúoHd,hg we;=`M ù ffjoH úoHdj" ridhkúoHdj" wêlrK ffjoH úoHdj iy ldhsl úoHdj wOHhkh lf<a h' jir 1829§ ffjoH Wmdêh ,nd .;a Tyq ,kavka kqjr ffjoH m¾fhaIKd.drhla wdrïNlr ridhksl l%ufõo Tiafia f,a" uQ;%d" wiqÑ iy mgl úYaf,aIKh lsÍu wdrïNlf<a h'hqfrdamfha frÈ úùufï ld,h jk úg wh¾,ka;h iy b;d,sh frÈ úùfï l¾udka;fha mqfrda.dókaúh' Tjqka lxid ;ka;= Ndú; lr b;d u fyd`o ;;a;ajfha ,skka frÈ iy w.kdwe`ÿï ksIamdokh l<y'l%s'j' 1830wm%sldkq lxid idys;HhiafldÜ,ka; cd;sl fâúâ ,súka.aiagka David Livingstone wm%sldkq uydoaùmh.fõIKh lsÍu wdrïN lf<a h' Tyq jD;a;sfhka ffjoHjrfhl= iy l%sia;shdkswd.u m;=rjkafkla úh' fâúâ ,súka.aiagka ,shk ,o jd¾;dj,g wkqj wms%ldfõúiQ Sotho fidf;da f.da;%slhska lxid y`ÿkajd § we;af;a ufgdalajfka matokwanefyda f,ndfla lebake f,i h'fidaf;da f.da;%slhska igkaj,g wj;S¾K ùug fmr lxid ÿï îug mqreÿ jisá w;r W.kavdfõ cSj;a jQ cd-f,da Ja-Luo f.da;%sl igkaldókag lxid ÿï îu;ykï lr ;snqKq nj;a i`oyka fõ'ksß; È. wm%sldfõ jdih l< n¾.ïud Bergamma f.da;%sl ck;dj lxidy`ÿkajd § we;af;a o.a.d Dagga f,i h' Tjqka lxid j.d l< w;r w;sßla;hfjk;a f.da;%sl lKavdhïj,g fj<`odï lr we;' idka Saan fyj;a f.da;%slkdhlhdg nÿ f.jd we;af;a lxid wiajekafkka nj o fâúâ ,súka.aiagkaf.ajd¾;dj, i`oyka fõ'185
jika; fiak je,swx.ff;%f,dalHúchdwkaùlaIfha kùlrKhtx.,ka; cd;sl jhska fjf<kafol= jQ fcdaIma celaika ,siag¾ Joshep JacksonLister úiska wkaùlaIh ;j ÿrg;a ÈhqKq lf<a h' ,siag¾f.a wkaùlaIh m%p,s; úh'TiafÜ%,shdj .fõIKh lsÍug .sh tx.,ka; kdúl lKavdhfï isá WoaNsoúoHd{hd jQ iafldÜ,ka; cd;sl frdn¾Ü n%jqka Robert Brown Ndú; lf<A o,siag¾ j¾.fha wkaùlaIh ls' jir 1830 § kej; tx.,ka;hg meñfKk úg/f.k wd Ydl kso¾Yl 3000la ,kavka kqjr lsõ Kew WoaNs; WoHdkfha me<lsÍug frdn¾Ü n%jqkag yels úh' TiafÜ%,shdfjka /f.k wd ´¾lsâ Ydlj,mrd.kh isÿjk wdldrh ms<sn`o Tyq wOHkh lf<a h' icSú Ydl fldgiaiE§ ;sfnk ´kE u ffi,hla ;=< ±lsh yels kHIaáh m%:u jrg ksÍlaIKhlf<a frdn¾Ü n%jqka h' ta i`oyd Tyqg Woõ jQfha ,siag¾ úiska f.dvk.k ,owkaùlaIh hs'mrd. iy ta wjg yeisfrk wxY= w;r we;s yeisÍu mokï lrf.k n%õkshkap,kh Brownian motion kï jQ kHdh y`ÿkajd §ug o Tyqg yels úh'pd¾,aia vdúkatx.,ka; rcqf.a wkq.%yfhka HMS Beigel keue;s rej,a kej f,dalh jgd.uka lsÍu werö h' tys isá iajNdj úoHd{hd jQfha pd¾,aia vdúka CharlesDarwin h'úoHq;a pqïnl;ajhúoHq;h iy pqïnl;ajh ms<sn`o wOHhk lsÍu tx.,ka;fhka weußldjg jHdma;úh' weußldkq cd;sl fcdaIma fykaß Joshep Henry úoHq;h Ndú;fhka pqïnl;ajhìys l< yels nj fmkajd ÿkafka h'fï w;r tx.,ka; cd;sl ú,shï iag¾cka William Sturgeon tla ÈYdjlgmuKla lerlefjk pqïnl n,hla we;s lsÍug WmlrKhla ks¾udKh lf<a h'th úÿ,s fudagrh Electric motor kï úh'186l%s'j' 1831fld,rd jix.;hg ms<shulafï ld,fha § bkaÈhdfõ hg;a úcs;j, fiajh l< ks<Odßka ;u ksjdvq ,nd.;af;a jir lsysmhlg j;djla h' Tjqka kej; ì%;dkHhg meñKsfha rej,akeõj,sks' fufia meñKs ks<Odßka cSj;a jQ m%foaYj, jix.;hla me;sfrkakgúh' jukh" mdpkh iy úc,kh ksid ñksia urK ixLHdj by< hkakg jQ w;rfrda.h me;sfrkafka fmdÿ c, iemhqï wdY%fhka nj wkdjrKh úh'ñh.sh mqoa.,hskaf.a isrerej, idïm, mßlaId l< ú,shï nDDla ´-Ie.afkaisúiska fuu kj wikSm ;;a;ajh ms<sn`o ,smshla ,shd The Lancet keue;s ffjoHm¾fhaIK i`oyd fjkajqKq fj¨fuys m< lrk ,§' mdpkh ksid isrer úc,khjk fyhska c,h iy ,jK kej; kyrj,g ,nd Èh hq;= nj Tyq fhdackd lr;snqKs' fuu kj l%uh yryd fld,rdj md,kh lsÍug Tjqkg yels úh'
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fojk fldgi
oyy;rjk mßÉfPaoh - úoHdj ngysrlrKh
PdhdrEmlrKh
jd¾;dlrKh ;j ÿrg;a w,xldr lsÍu iy i;HjdÈ lsÍu msKsi WmlrKhla ìys
lsÍug kj ks¾udK lrejkag yels úh' th leurdj Camera kï úh' .fõIlhska
Ndú; l< m%Odk WmlrKhla njg leurdj m;a úh'
l%s'j' 1828
ksfldàka ksiaidrKh
Ydluh wuqøjH ms<sn`o m¾fhaIK isÿ l< c¾uka cd;slhska fofokl= úiska jir
1828 § ÿïfld< Ydl idrfha we;s l%shdldÍ uQ, mod¾:h fjkalr y`ÿkd .kakd ,§'
th ksfldàka Nicotine f,i kï flßKs'
l%s'j' 1829
ú,shï nDDla ´-Ie.afkais
wh¾,ka;fha Wm; ,o ú,shï nDDla ´-Ie.afkaiS William Brooke O'Shaughnessy
keue;s ;reKhd täkanfrda úYajúoHd,hg we;=`M ù ffjoH úoHdj" ridhk
úoHdj" wêlrK ffjoH úoHdj iy ldhsl úoHdj wOHhkh lf<a h' jir 1829
§ ffjoH Wmdêh ,nd .;a Tyq ,kavka kqjr ffjoH m¾fhaIKd.drhla wdrïN
lr ridhksl l%ufõo Tiafia f,a" uQ;%d" wiqÑ iy mgl úYaf,aIKh lsÍu wdrïN
lf<a h'
hqfrdamfha frÈ úùu
fï ld,h jk úg wh¾,ka;h iy b;d,sh frÈ úùfï l¾udka;fha mqfrda.dóka
úh' Tjqka lxid ;ka;= Ndú; lr b;d u fyd`o ;;a;ajfha ,skka frÈ iy w.kd
we`ÿï ksIamdokh l<y'
l%s'j' 1830
wm%sldkq lxid idys;Hh
iafldÜ,ka; cd;sl fâúâ ,súka.aiagka David Livingstone wm%sldkq uydoaùmh
.fõIKh lsÍu wdrïN lf<a h' Tyq jD;a;sfhka ffjoHjrfhl= iy l%sia;shdks
wd.u m;=rjkafkla úh' fâúâ ,súka.aiagka ,shk ,o jd¾;dj,g wkqj wms%ldfõ
úiQ Sotho fidf;da f.da;%slhska lxid y`ÿkajd § we;af;a ufgdalajfka matokwane
fyda f,ndfla lebake f,i h'
fidaf;da f.da;%slhska igkaj,g wj;S¾K ùug fmr lxid ÿï îug mqreÿ j
isá w;r W.kavdfõ cSj;a jQ cd-f,da Ja-Luo f.da;%sl igkaldókag lxid ÿï îu
;ykï lr ;snqKq nj;a i`oyka fõ'
ksß; È. wm%sldfõ jdih l< n¾.ïud Bergamma f.da;%sl ck;dj lxid
y`ÿkajd § we;af;a o.a.d Dagga f,i h' Tjqka lxid j.d l< w;r w;sßla;h
fjk;a f.da;%sl lKavdhïj,g fj<`odï lr we;' idka Saan fyj;a f.da;%sl
kdhlhdg nÿ f.jd we;af;a lxid wiajekafkka nj o fâúâ ,súka.aiagkaf.a
jd¾;dj, i`oyka fõ'
185