abril de 2004 - CCHLA - Universidade Federal da ParaÃba

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Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.to insult and rejection, for example, are often hidden byanger or completely suppressed. Men, particularly,frequently feel either angry, on the one hand, or blank,empty, or hollow, on the other, instead of experiencingshame. Nor is there room for what has been calleddiscretion shame (a sense of shame; see the comment onmodesty, below).Most popular and expert writing on shame uses thevernacular meaning without discussion. John Bradshaw’s(1988) bestseller, Healing the Shame that Binds You,explicitly endorses it. According Bradshaw, all shame is"toxic," a poison. Most self-help books in psychologyassume the same.The meaning of shame in orthodox psychoanalysisis similar. Freud took the stance that guilt is theappropriate emotion for male adults, reserving shame forchildren, women, and natives in traditional societies.Although by no means a follower of Freud, June Tangney,the leading shame researcher in psychology, takesposition parallel to Freud’s. She sees guilt positively, andshame as merely painful. (For a complete review of herframework and her extensive research on shame, seeTangney and Dearing 2002).But languages other than English, to varyingdegrees, define shame more broadly. They include aneveryday shame, such as "pudeur" in French (modesty),and in many languages, the emotion of embarrassment.For this latter reason it is not surprising that severalexperiments in social psychology have shown thatEnglish-speaking subjects consider embarrassment andshame to be separate emotions. The mistake is that theseresearchers concluded that they ARE separate emotions,because they had not done the same study with speakersof French, or other languages [3] .The vast differences in the size of the class namesfor love and shame between English and other languagessuggest a conjecture about modernization and culture. Itis possible that since England has had the longestexperience with industrialization and urbanization,alienation is most advanced in Anglophone countries likeEngland and the US. If this is the case, the broadness ofthe class name for love, and the narrowness of thevernacular class name for shame, serve to disguise120
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.alienation and separation. Love, a positive term, can beapplied even to dysfunctional relationships such aspathological dependency ("My husband beats me andmolests the kids, but I can’t leave because I love him toomuch"). Similarly, there are literally hundreds of wordsthat hide shame/embarrassment. ("It was an awardmoment for me"). Retzinger (1991; 1995), drawing uponthe sizeable research literatures on anger and onshame/embarrassment, has established classes ofvernacular words ("cue words") that are used to refer to(and mask) the two emotions.The English language version of the shame tropehas produced chaos in emotion research. Katz’s volume(1999) on emotions is extraordinarily insightful in itstreatment of anger and grief (crying), but his original,elaborate definition of shame lies well within thevernacular idea of shame as a conscious, painful emotionof crisis (Scheff 2002).Another instance can be found in Jasper’s (2003)division of feelings into four categories: reflex emotions,affects, moods, and complex moral emotions. There is noproblem with the first three classes, but the fourth isprobably gratuitous. Jasper includes anger, fear, joy,sadness (grief), disgust, and surprise as universal,genetically based reflex emotions. Following Ekman’searly work, Jasper excludes shame. But Ekman hasrecanted, including shame as a universal emotion(1998) [4] . The complex moral feelings that Jasper refers toinclude shame as a component, but also have cognitiveand social components.Finally, it’s worthwhile to note that Oatley andJenkins’ (1995) broad approach to the psychology ofemotions, the industry standard, includes manydiscussions of shame, but offers no definition. It’s tooearly to say which version of the meaning of shame willbe most helpful in advancing knowledge. But it is at leastclear that in this early stage of human science research onemotions, we are in a state bordering on anarchy.Self-esteem as a TropeThe enormous corpus of studies based on selfesteemscales suggests a consequence of the narrownessof the shame trope in English (Scheff and Fearon, 2004).121
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