art01 - omena júnior.indd - Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia

Notes on the breeding ecology and seasonality of some Brazilian birdsGuy M. Kirwan133Red-billed Pied Tanager Lamprospiza melanoleucaAt Cristalino Jungle Lodge, northern Mato Grosso,on 18 August 2007, I observed a small flock of this speciesincluding two fledged but dependent young, in tallterra firme forest. The young resembled the female in havinga grey mantle, but were further distinguished by theirmuch paler (browner) black feather tracts and pale hornbill. Additionally, on 23‐24 September, H. Shirihai andI observed and photographed a pair of Lamprospiza withthree fledged young feeding in canopy-level Cecropia treesfrom the ZF2 tower north of Manaus, Amazonas. Nothingis apparently known about breeding (Isler and Isler1999).Azure-shouldered Tanager Thraupis cyanopteraDuring a short stay on ilha de Paquetá, in GuanabanaBay, Rio de Janeiro, on 25 September 2004,together with V. Nogueira Gama, I discovered a pair ofT. cyanoptera constructing a nest within a large epiphyticbromeliad. The birds were regularly bringing grassy andother fine materials to a large, c. 10 m tall, lone tree sitedin a very busy and noisy square within the main townon the island. The bromeliad (one of many) was on aheavy horizontal bough c. 2 m from the tree’s centraltrunk and c. 6 m above ground. Isler and Isler (1999)reported that T.A. Parker had witnessed breeding activityin October, in Espírito Santo. My observations suggestthat T. cyanoptera, like the other southeast Brazilianendemic Thraupis, Golden-chevroned Tanager T. ornata,might prefer to nest in epiphytic bromeliads, and that itat least occasionally selects nesting sites close to habitation(see summary of published and unpublished data inIsler and Isler 1999). I have also witnessed T. ornata nestingin bromeliads, having watched a pair bringing nestingmaterial to an epiphyte growing at 2.5 m above groundon the main trunk of an isolated tree, albeit much closerto undisturbed forest, at Serra dos Órgãos National Park,Rio de Janeiro, on 28 October 2006.Brassy-breasted Tanager Tangara desmarestiOn 24 February 2006, along the Agulhas Negrasroad, within the upper part of Itatiaia National Park, atthe boundary between Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais,I observed a family party of five T. desmaresti. The threeyoung appeared to have only just fledged, having stillevidentgape flanges and comparatively weak flying abilities,but were, together with the adults, associated with alarge mixed-species flock. Furthermore, on 1 December2008, in the same area I observed several obvious juvenilesof this species within a large mixed-species, of whichthe majority of constituents were this species. None of thejuveniles showed evidence of being dependent, but theirplumage was obviously different from the adults, havingscarcely any evidence of a breast-band, much paler centraland ventral underparts, and weaker face pattern. The firstbreeding data from the wild were presented by Gonzagaand Castiglioni (2006), who found three nests (two stillin the process of construction and the other with twoyoung), all in January and February. Three-egg clutchesare known in Tangara, including for the Red-necked TanagerT. cyanocephala and Green-headed Tanager T. seledonof southeast Brazil, and have also been observed in captivityfor T. desmaresti (Isler and Isler 1999).Black-legged Dacnis Dacnis nigripesTogether with several other observers, I was showntwo nests of this rare bird at Parque Estadual Intervales,São Paulo, on 26‐28 November 2008, within 200 m ofone another, and both close to the administration buildings(altitude 860 m) and a busy road, by G.T. Rodrigues.The first was sited c. 9 m above ground and was apparentlycomplete (insomuch as the birds were never seento bring material to it), although no eggs had apparentlybeen laid (none could be seen from below, despite theadult male being clearly visible inside the nest). This nestwas sited in the crown and outmost part of a narrowtrunkedRapanea ferruginea (Myrsinaceae) tree, close toa small marshy area, and was c. 6 m above the ground.It chiefly comprised live Usnea lichen of various shades,which ‘sprawled’ over, above and below the egg chamberobviously to disguise its true identity, was attached to atleast two different thin branches, and gave the nest theoverall dimensions of approximately 25 cm top to bottomand 8 cm wide. The egg chamber itself was a muchmore compact structure, constructed of the same material,which hung like a bag and was apparently entirelyenclosed other than a small entrance. However, becauseof the angle of view, it was not possible to identify preciselywhere the entrance was situated, or whether the eggchamber was definitely fully enclosed, rather than merelylargely so. The second was still under construction, byboth sexes, in a c. 5 m-tall, moss-clad Tipuana tipu (Leguminosae)tree, but clearly closely resembled the first instructure and materials, and was sited in a line of low treeson the edge of a different Typha marsh. This nest wasplaced c. 3 m above the ground on the lowest (horizontal)branch of the tree, and c. 1 m from the central trunk.In all other respects it resembled the first nest. At leasttwo other species had nests in very close proximity to thesecond nest, Swallow-tailed Cotinga Phibalura flavirostrisand Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet Phaeomyias murina. Itseems interesting that all these bird species should chooseto nest within such close proximity of one another, whichactivity one might speculate would increase the chancesof predation of one or more nests. Further details of thesetwo and five other nests will be presented by WhittakerRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 17(2), 2009