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126 Notes on the breeding ecology and seasonality of some Brazilian birdsGuy M. KirwanHooded Berryeater Carpornis cucullataOn 10 March 2006, at the Estrada da Graciosa,Paraná, I observed two fledged young accompanyingat least one adult, soliciting food. Unfortunately, thisintriguing observation was rather brief and it was impossibleto confirm whether two adults were definitelypresent or their sex, although I initially had suspectedthat a pair of adults was involved. The genus Carpornisis represented by two closely related species that areconfined to the forested belt of eastern and southeastBrazil. The predominance of black, green and yellowin the plumage points to their being ecological counterpartsof the Pipreola fruiteaters of the Andes, andthese two genera are amongst the very few cotingasknown or speculated to indulge in courtship feeding(Snow 1982). Furthermore, those data available indicatethat Pipreola are amongst the relatively few cotingasin which males also take some share of nestlingcare (Snow 2004a). Further observations are clearly desirableto prove or deny the possibility that Carpornismight be similar in this respect. The nest of this, thecommoner of the two berryeaters, is apparently unknown.Belton (2003) mentioned a male with enlargedtestes collected in Rio Grande do Sul in July, whilst theMuseu Nacional Rio de Janeiro has examples of bothsexes in breeding condition dated mid June (whichseems exceptional) to early February (pers. obs.). Moultdata suggest that birds lay in September-October. Thatmales (like most cotingas) moult slightly earlier thanfemales suggests that they take little part in nesting duties(Snow 1982). Ihering (1900) described the eggs ofthis species as being ashy-yellow with grey-brown spotsand blotches, but as at least some of his identificationshave proven erroneous with time, confirmation of thisis desirable.Flame-crested Manakin Heterocercus linteatusSnow (2004b) was unaware of any published informationon breeding, but there is a less than half-grownchick, collected from a nest by H. Sick, in the MuseuNacional, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ 1375). It was taken on2 August 1949, with the female tending it, at a localityknown as Diauarum, on the upper rio Xingu, in northernMato Grosso (11°12’S, 53°14’W). The chick still hadextensive downy feathers over the breast, head and upperparts,but the wing feathers were no longer in pin. Nofurther details are known.Green-backed Becard Pachyramphus viridisA pair of this distinctive becard was observed on 17November 2006 at a nest in a small patch of Atlantic Forest(mean canopy height c. 10 m), at the Reserva Particulardo Patrimônio Natural do Caraça, Minas Gerais. Theyrepeatedly chased an Orange-eyed Thornbird Phacellodomusferrugineigula that landed close to the nest, whichwas the typically untidy-looking globular structure constructedby Pachyramphus. It was sited c. 5 m above theground. I found another nest of P. viridis in the early stagesof construction, c. 4 m above the ground in a c. 20 m-high jatobá tree beside a seasonal-flowing stream, nearthe Rio das Velhas south of Pirapora, in northern MinasGerais, on 6 December 2008. Both adults were bringingmaterial (straw, dead leaves and other soft items) at regularintervals, and usually in tandem, although the maletypically arrived first. Several species of tyrannids werenesting in the same tree at the same season. The nestingof this species is well known in Argentina (Fitzpatricket al. 2004), but there seem to be remarkably few publishedbreeding data for Brazil since the detailed descriptionby Euler (1900), who mentioned a nest initiated inlate September that had two eggs by November, althoughMitchell (1957) discovered a nest in a Paraná Pine Araucariaangustifolia at Itatiaia National Park on 6 November1957.Black-capped Piprites Piprites pileataOn 24 February 2006, along the Agulhas Negrasroad, within the upper part of Itatiaia National Park, atthe boundary between Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, Iobserved a family party of four Piprites pileata. One of theyoung accompanied the male, and the other the greenbackedfemale, both within the same large mixed-speciesflock, and both juveniles solicited food from the relevantadult. Unfortunately, the observations were insufficientlyprolonged to note any salient plumage differences fromthe adults. The nest of this globally threatened speciesendemic to the Atlantic Forest biome was only recentlydescribed, from northeast Argentina (Cockle et al. 2008).Elsewhere, a male has been collected with much-enlargedtestes and courtship display (involving wing- and tailfanning)has also observed in September, in Rio Grandedo Sul, southernmost Brazil (Belton 2003), and subadultshave been collected in March and May.Serra do Mar Tyrannulet Phylloscartes difficilisI found a nest with an unknown number of youngin Itatiaia National Park, Rio de Janeiro, on 1 December2008, at c. 1,700 m, sited within a small wet ravinebeside the Agulhas Negras road, close to the border withMinas Gerais. It was placed c. 1.2 m above ground withina hanging ‘tail’ of moss, apparently naturally attached tothe trunk of an unidentified understorey tree with a dbhof c. 20 cm (Figure 4). Although the mossy covering extendedaround virtually the whole trunk at this point,the pronounced ‘tail’ was restricted to one side, out ofRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 17(2), 2009
Notes on the breeding ecology and seasonality of some Brazilian birdsGuy M. Kirwan127direct sunlight, and extended up to 7 cm directly awayfrom the tree, and some 12 cm downwards, forming aslight triangular shape. The surroundings of the tree werecharacterised by a dense understorey with many bamboos.The nest itself comprised a long tubular entrance,of c. 10 cm, and a ball-shaped domed cup, thus conformingto the closed/retort/pensile type described by Simonand Pacheco (2005). Other than the outer contents beingentirely of moss, it was only possible to ascertain that thesmall part of the interior that was just visible comprisedsome dark rootlets. Both adults brought food at frequentintervals, often within a short period (< 10 seconds) ofeach other, arriving at one of the same few perches withinc. 2 m of the nest, perching briefly then flying straight intothe nest, and exiting within usually < 5 seconds, flyingimmediately more than 5 m distant and typically utteringthe characteristic bill-snapping of this species in flight asthey departed. Most food items consisted of unidentified,small arthropods, but once a small white lepidopteranwas brought. The nests of many of this species’ congenersremain undescribed, and for this species Fitzpatrick et al.(2004) were able to state only that the season was likelyto be September to January. Mine are apparently the firstconcrete breeding data for this endemic to the highlandsof southeast Brazil.Drab-breasted Bamboo-Tyrant Hemitriccus diopsAt c. 800 m in Itatiaia National Park, Rio de Janeiro,I observed a fledged but dependent juvenile beingperiodically fed by an adult. The juvenile differed fromthe adult in slightly warmer-coloured underparts withmore mottling, and a less obvious supraloral. The firsttruly detailed nesting data for this species were presentedrecently (Kirwan and Whittaker 2009), but the juvenilewas undescribed.Fork-tailed Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus furcatusOn 22 September 2002, on a narrow trail atc. 900 m, in Itatiaia National Park, Rio de Janeiro, I observeda pair of this globally threatened species being followedby a single juvenile, which solicited food from theadults, high within a large area of bamboo. The speciesis locally common and regularly observed in this samearea (pers. obs.). The nest of this species has never beenfound and the only previously published breeding dataare my own, from Boa Nova, Bahia, where I also observeda fledged but dependent juvenile with a pair of adults on17 November 1998 (BirdLife International 2000, Fitzpatricket al. 2004). Compared to adults, juveniles lackan obvious tail fork or prominent pale tips to the rectrices,and the cinnamon-brown tones in the face are muchreduced.Yellow-browed Tody-FlycatcherTodirostrum poliocephalumOn 11‐12 July 2009, I observed a pair of this speciesconsistently visiting the same part, high, in a denselyleafed tall tree at the edge of second growth at Itaipuaçu,near Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. On at least some occasionsthe birds were observed carrying food, and it seemed thatthey had a nest, although I was unable to locate it. Fitzpatricket al. (2004) stated that the species’ nesting was effectivelyunknown, but in fact Mitchell (1957) describeda nest being built, by one member of a pair, in a gardenin Rio de Janeiro in September, and a young bird froma different nest being fed by an adult in mid October.Subsequently, Marini et al. (2007) presented additionalbreeding data, based on observations at a nest in MinasGerais, also from September to October. My datum appearssurprisingly early, and demands confirmation.Short-tailed Pygmy Tyrant Myiornis ecaudatusFigure 4: Nest of Serra do Mar Tyrannulet Phylloscartes difficilis,Itatiaia National Park, Rio de Janeiro, 1 December 2008 (Guy M.Kirwan).Together with C.G. Bradshaw, I found a nest (Figure5) of this species apparently in the later stages of constructionin the Serra dos Carajás, Pará, on 10 September2007, at a forest border beside a well-used dirt road in terrafirme forest. The nest was placed c. 7 m above groundand c. 1 m from the top of a rather open tree. Despite itsopen position, the nest was comparatively well camouflagedand only obvious when one of the adults flew to it,because all of the surrounding leaves were dust-coveredand hence concolorous. As far as could be ascertained, thenest’s constituent materials and structure rather closelymatched the description in McNeil and Martínez (1968;see also photograph in Fitzpatrick et al. 2004:246), andcould be categorised as closed/long/pensile, according tothe system proposed by Simon and Pacheco (2005). Becausethe adult was still bringing material, we assume thatRevista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 17(2), 2009
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