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116 Frugivory by birds in Myrsine coriacea (Myrsinaceae) inhabiting fragments of mixedAraucaria Forest in the Aparados da Serra National Park, RS, BrazilAparecida Brusamarello Basler; Eliara Solange Müller and; Maria Virginia PetryTable 1: Bird species guilds that visited Myrsine coriacea (FR: frugivorous, GR: granivorous, NC: nectarivorous, IN: insectivorous, ON: omnivorous).The systematic ordination is based on the Brazilian Committee of Ornithology (CBRO 2007).FR GR NC IN ONAPODIFORMES Peters, 1940TROCHILIDAE Vigors, 1825TROCHILINAE Vigors, 1825Leucochloris albicollis (Vieillot, 1818)XPICIFORMES Meyer e Wolf, 1810PICIDAE Leach, 1820Picumnus nebulosus Sundevall, 1866XVeniliornis spilogaster (Wagler, 1827)XPiculus aurulentus (Temminck, 1821)XColaptes campestris (Vieillot, 1818)XPASSERIFORMES Linné, 1758TYRANNI Wetmore e Miller, 1926FURNARIIDA Sibley, Ahlquist e Monroe, 1988FURNARIOIDEA Gray, 1840DENDROCOLAPTIDAE Gray, 1840Xiphorhynchus fuscus (Vieillot, 1818)XFURNARIIDAE Gray, 1840Leptasthenura setaria (Temminck, 1824)XXenops rutilans Temminck, 1821XTYRANNIDA Wetmore e Miller, 1926TYRANNIDAE Vigors, 1825ELAENINAE Cabanis e Heine, 1856Elaenia sp.XElaenia flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822)XElaenia parvirostris Pelzeln, 1868XElaenia mesoleuca (Deppe, 1830)XPhylloscartes ventralis (Temminck, 1824)XFLUVICOLINAE Swainson, 1832Knipolegus cyanirostris (Vieillot, 1818)XKnipolegus lophotes Boie, 1828XTYRANNINAE Vigors, 1825Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766)XMyiodynastes maculatus (Statius Muller, 1776)XEmpidonomus varius (Vieillot, 1818)XTyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819XPASSERI Linné, 1758CORVIDA Sibley, Ahlquist e Monroe, 1988VIREONIDAE Swainson, 1837Cyclarhis gujanensis (Gmelin, 1789)XVireo olivaceus (Linnaeus, 1766)XCORVIDAE Leach, 1820Cyanocorax caeruleus (Vieillot, 1818)XPASSERIDA Linné, 1758TURDIDAE Rafinesque, 1815Platycichla flavipes (Vieillot, 1818)XTurdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818XTurdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818XTHRAUPIDAE Cabanis, 1847Thraupis sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766)XStephanophorus diadematus (Temminck, 1823)XPipraeidea melanonota (Vieillot, 1819)XTangara preciosa (Cabanis, 1850)XEMBERIZIDAE Vigors, 1825Zonotrichia capensis (Statius Muller, 1776)XPARULIDAE Wetmore, Friedmann, Lincoln, Miller, Peters,Van Rossem, Van Tyne e Zimmer, 1947Basileuterus culicivorus (Deppe, 1830)XTotal 4 1 1 21 2Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 17(2), 2009
Frugivory by birds in Myrsine coriacea (Myrsinaceae) inhabiting fragments of mixedAraucaria Forest in the Aparados da Serra National Park, RS, BrazilAparecida Brusamarello Basler; Eliara Solange Müller and; Maria Virginia Petry117foraging along the trunk to capture invertebrates totalledsix visits (6%). For incomplete visits, fruit consumptionwas observed in 172 visits (81, 9%), perching in 38 visits(18, 1%) and no foraging was recorded.Elaenia flavogaster, Elaenia parvirostris, Elaenia mesoleucaand Elaenia sp. accounted for 64.3% (205) ofthe visits, followed by Turdus rufiventris and Vireo olivaceus,with 5.3% and 5% (17 and 16, respectively), andStephanophorus diadematus, with 3.8% (12). A total of1209 fruits were removed. T. rufiventris, Turdus albicollis,Myiodinastes maculatus and Veniliornis spilogaster were thespecies that consumed the largest amount of fruit per visitFIGuRE 4: Species richness of birds visiting Myrsine ferruginea fromNovember 2004 to February/2005 in different sizes of Araucaria Forestfragments.FIGuRE 5: Frequency of visits to Myrsine ferruginea according totime of day.FIGuRE 6: Duration of visits by birds to Myrsine ferruginea.(25 to 45). Among these species, V. spilogaster was theonly one to visit the tree just once.Elaenia were also the most representative species infruit consumption, accounting for approximately 53.9%(652) of the total, followed by T. rufiventris with 14.4%(174), V. olivaceus, M. maculatus and T. albicollis, whicheach consumed 4% of the fruits (48).Fruit collection and ingestion behaviour was recordedfor the 23 bird species that consumed M. coriaceafruits. The Picking (P) collection behaviour was commonto all species, followed by Hanging (Hg) by 52, 17% ofthese birds (12). Stalling (S) was performed by 39.13%(9), while Hovering (Hv) and Reaching (R) were performedby 21, 74% (five) these bird species.Piculus aurulentus, Knipolegus lophotes, Empidonomusvarius, Tyrannus melancholicus, Platycichla flavipes,Thraupis sayaca, Pipraeidea melanonota, Basileuterus culicivorusand C. caeruleus were the species of birds thathad only one way (Picking) to collect the fruits of M. coriacea.Already the species E. flavogaster and M. maculatuswere recorded collecting the fruits of all types in thestudy.Elaenia species and M. maculatus exhibited all fruitcollection and ingestion behaviours. The ingestion treatmentof swallowing the fruit whole was the only behaviourobserved among the birds (100%) that consumedM. coriaceae fruits. There was one observation recordedof S. diadematus and V. olivaceous arranging the fruit onthe beak before ingestion.Once, two fruits fell from the beak of a young individualof S. diadematus. Three birds (Elaenia sp., S. diadematusand T. albicollis) were seen defecating on themother plant while feeding on M. coriacea fruits and nobird was recorded regurgitating. Peak activity was from 7to 9 am and from 5 and 6 pm, with 47 visits.The periods of the day of increased activity of birdsin specimens of M. coriacea were between seven am and12:00, with approximately 32 visits, and between 17:00and 18:00 hours, with approximately 47 visits to the observationperiod of two hours per day (Figure 5).The residence time of birds in M. coriacea varied.Visits were recorded from birds with less than a minute,even with consumption of fruits, and visits with up tonine minutes in duration, with only the landing, for example(Figure 6).Agonistic behaviors were recorded 20 encountersbetween the birds (6.3%) in visits to individuals of M. coriacea.For complete visits, four intra-specific agonisticencounters were recorded for Elaenia sp.; three for E. flavogaster;and two for E. parvirostris. Only one interspecificagonistic encounter was recorded between Zonotrichiacapensis and S. diadematus, in which Z. capensis droveS. diadematus away from its perch. For incomplete visits,seven intra-specific agonistic encounters were recordedfor Elaenia sp. and three for E. flavogaster.Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 17(2), 2009
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