19.01.2015 Views

My title - Departamento de Matemática da Universidade do Minho

My title - Departamento de Matemática da Universidade do Minho

My title - Departamento de Matemática da Universidade do Minho

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

2 ITERATION/RECURSION 11<br />

If a is the greater part and b the less of a line of lenght a + b, Euclid’s requirement is<br />

a + b<br />

a<br />

There follows that the ratio φ = a/b satisfies 1 + 1/φ = φ. This division of an interval is used in<br />

Book IV of the Elements to construct a regular pentagon.<br />

= a b<br />

Exercícios.<br />

• Show that φ −1 is equal to φ − 1.<br />

Extreme and mean ratio, and regular pentagon.<br />

(from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol<strong>de</strong>n_ratio)<br />

• Show that φ is irrational using its geometric <strong>de</strong>finition (see Euclid’s Elements, or [HW59]<br />

4.6.)<br />

2.4 Newton method to find roots of polynomials<br />

Roots of polynomials. Finding √ a means solving the polynomial equation z 2 − a = 0. What<br />

about finding roots of a generic polynomial p(x) ∈ R[x] <br />

Newton-Raphson iterative scheme. O “méto<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> Newton” é um méto<strong>do</strong> proposto por<br />

Joseph Raphson em 1690 para aproximar raízes <strong>de</strong> um polinómio p(x) (o Newton só queria era<br />

resolver x 3 − 2x − 5 = 0). Consiste em “adivinhar” uma aproximação razoável x 0 <strong>de</strong> uma raiz, e<br />

<strong>de</strong>pois melhorar a conjectura usan<strong>do</strong> o zero <strong>da</strong> aproximação linear p(x 0 ) + p ′ (x 0 )(x − x 0 ).<br />

O méto<strong>do</strong>, portanto, consiste na recursão<br />

Search for a root of x 3 − 2x − 5 using Newton iterations.<br />

x n+1 = x n − p(x n)<br />

p ′ (x n ) .<br />

Se a sucessão converge, i.e. x n → x ∞ , e se p ′ (x ∞ ), então o limite x ∞ é uma raiz <strong>de</strong> p.

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!