GUIA DE ESTUDOS / STUDY GUIDE / GUIA DE ESTUDIOS - Faap

GUIA DE ESTUDOS / STUDY GUIDE / GUIA DE ESTUDIOS - Faap GUIA DE ESTUDOS / STUDY GUIDE / GUIA DE ESTUDIOS - Faap

27.08.2013 Views

Previous judicial decisions are a good type of source as they show in which way a Tribunal tends do decide. Judicial decisions, also known as jurisprudence, contain the relation between the cases and decisions made by Tribunals. Teachings of qualified specialists are also called doctrine, and are the positions of people that understand the subject they are referring, in this case, international public law. The Statute named a few sources that can be applied to the cases submitted to the Court, but as mentioned before, the article is merely exemplificative, and therefore, other sources may be used to decide disputes between States, such as decisions of International Organizations. The Statue was written many years ago (1946), at a time when International Organizations were not as important as they are today. This is the main reason why this source of International Law is mot listed in the Statute. Nowadays, the decisions of International Organizations are extremely important. 32 There is a divergence on whether the decisions of International Organizations are truly valid to be adopted as an International Law source. 33 No rules or principles have been written to solve the matter, so it is up to each person, judge, Tribunal, International Courts to decide whether to use these decisions or not. Legal Precedents of the ICJ The International Court of Justice is the most important judicial organ of the United Nations and it has already ruled over important and controversial matters. States submit their cases and the Court has to reach a decision on such case. The ICJ may decide legal disputes between States (contentious cases) or give an opinion on a matter (advisory opinion). 34 Either so, the Court’s work is of great importance and always has the best intentions of the international community and international law when attempting to solve issues in a peaceful manner. One very interesting case in which an advisory opinion was requested was the “Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons”, 35 submitted to the Court by the United Nations General Assembly (GA). In 1996 the Court reached an opinion based on the question sub- 84 VIII Fórum FAAP de Discussão Estudantil – 2012 mitted and so, it handed down its advisory opinion towards that matter. The Court replied that: a. Unanimously, There is in neither customary nor conventional international law any specific authorization of the threat or use of nuclear weapons; b. By eleven votes to three, There is in neither customary nor conventional international law any comprehensive and universal prohibition of the threat or use of nuclear weapons as such; c. Unanimously, A threat or use of force by means of nuclear weapons that is contrary to Article 2, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Charter and that fails to meet al1 the requirements of Article 51, is unlawful; d. Unanimously, A threat or use of nuclear weapons should also be compatible with the requirements of the international law applicable in armed conflict, particularly those of the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, as well as with specific obligations under treaties and other undertakings which expressly deal with nuclear weapons; e. By seven votes to seven, by the President’s casting vote, It follows from the above-mentioned requirements that the threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, and in particular the principles and rules of humanitarian law; However, in view of the current state of international law, and of the elements of fact at its disposal, the Court cannot conclude definitively whether the threat or use of nuclear weapons would be lawful or unlawful in an extreme circumstance of self-defence, in which the very survival of a State would be at stake; f. Unanimously, There exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in al1 its aspects under strict and effective international control.” 36 A contentious case that has become quite known around the world is the “Avena and Other Mexican Nationals”, 37 a conflict matter between Mexico and the United States of America. The Mexican State instituted

Guia de Estudos / Study Guide / Guia de Estudios proceedings against the North American State, claiming that the USA had violated articles of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (1963) 38 and had sentenced to death a number of Mexican nationals. Mexico also asked the Court to order the USA to take measures to make sure that no other Mexican national would be sentenced to death without the Court’s agreement. 39 The ICJ acknowledged Mexico’s request and ordered the North Americans to follow such protective measures. In 2004 the Court reached a decision and gave the judgment. Requests: The Republic of New Zealand asks this Court to adjudge and declare that: a. By doing nuclear tests in islands which are neighbors of New Zealand and affecting New Zealand’s environment, France should be punished in U$ 3 billion b. By violating the 1986 agreement and having two agents returned to France, France should be condemned c. By ordering the sinking and bombing of the Rainbow Warrior, France should be punished. The Republic of France asks this Court to adjudge and declare that: a. By trying hard to mitigate the losses of New Zealand and investing on repairing the damages caused by the nuclear tests, France should not be punished in U$ 3 billion. b. By having the two agents returned to France on grounds of health issues, the 1986 agreement should not be considered violated. c. By the principle of State responsibility France should be pronounced not guilty for the sinking of the vessel Rainbow Warrior. ICJ judges 40 PRESIDENT PETER TOMKA The president has been a member of the Court since 6 February 2003, has occupied this position since 6 February 2009 and is from Slovakia. “LL.M. (summa cum laude), Faculty of Law, Charles University, Prague (1979). Doctor iuris (international law), Charles University, Prague (1981). Ph.D. in International Law, Charles University (1985). Faculty of International Law and International Relations, Kiev, Ukraine (1982). Institut du droit de la paix et du développement, Nice, France (1984-1985). Institute of International Public Law and International Relations, Thessaloniki, Greece (1985). Hague Academy of International Law (1988). Assistant Legal Adviser (1986-1990); Head of the Public International Law Division (1990-1991), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prague. Counsellor and Legal Adviser (1991-1992), Permanent Mission of Czechoslovakia to the United Nations. Ambassador, Deputy Permanent Representative (1993-1994) and Ambassador, Acting Permanent Representative of Slovakia to the United Nations (1994- 1997). Legal Adviser and Director of the International Law Department (1997-1998); Director General for International Legal and Consular Affairs and Legal Adviser (1998-1999), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bratislava, Slovakia. Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Slovakia to the United Nations (1999-2003). Chairman of the United Nations Committee on the Applications for Review of the Judgments of the Administrative Tribunal (1991). Vice-Chairman of the Sixth (Legal) Committee of the United Nations General Assembly (1992). Chairman of the Working Group on the United Nations Decade of International Law (1995). Chairman of the Meeting of the States Parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1996). Vice-President of the Sixth Meeting of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1996). Chairman of the Sixth (Legal) Committee of the Fifty-second Session of the United Nations General Assembly (1997). Vice- Chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the International Criminal Court (1998). President of the Ninth Meeting of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1999). Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee on the International Convention 85

Guia de Estudos / Study Guide / Guia de Estudios<br />

proceedings against the North American State, claiming<br />

that the USA had violated articles of the Vienna<br />

Convention on Consular Relations (1963) 38 and had<br />

sentenced to death a number of Mexican nationals.<br />

Mexico also asked the Court to order the USA to take<br />

measures to make sure that no other Mexican national<br />

would be sentenced to death without the Court’s<br />

agreement. 39 The ICJ acknowledged Mexico’s request<br />

and ordered the North Americans to follow such protective<br />

measures. In 2004 the Court reached a decision<br />

and gave the judgment.<br />

Requests:<br />

The Republic of New Zealand asks this Court to adjudge<br />

and declare that:<br />

a. By doing nuclear tests in islands which are neighbors<br />

of New Zealand and affecting New Zealand’s environment,<br />

France should be punished in U$ 3 billion<br />

b. By violating the 1986 agreement and having two<br />

agents returned to France, France should be condemned<br />

c. By ordering the sinking and bombing of the Rainbow<br />

Warrior, France should be punished.<br />

The Republic of France asks this Court to adjudge and<br />

declare that:<br />

a. By trying hard to mitigate the losses of New<br />

Zealand and investing on repairing the damages<br />

caused by the nuclear tests, France should not be<br />

punished in U$ 3 billion.<br />

b. By having the two agents returned to France<br />

on grounds of health issues, the 1986 agreement<br />

should not be considered violated.<br />

c. By the principle of State responsibility France<br />

should be pronounced not guilty for the sinking of<br />

the vessel Rainbow Warrior.<br />

ICJ judges 40<br />

PRESI<strong>DE</strong>NT PETER TOMKA<br />

The president has been a member of the Court since 6<br />

February 2003, has occupied this position since 6 February<br />

2009 and is from Slovakia.<br />

“LL.M. (summa cum laude), Faculty of Law, Charles University,<br />

Prague (1979). Doctor iuris (international law),<br />

Charles University, Prague (1981). Ph.D. in International<br />

Law, Charles University (1985). Faculty of International<br />

Law and International Relations, Kiev, Ukraine (1982).<br />

Institut du droit de la paix et du développement, Nice,<br />

France (1984-1985). Institute of International Public Law<br />

and International Relations, Thessaloniki, Greece (1985).<br />

Hague Academy of International Law (1988). Assistant<br />

Legal Adviser (1986-1990); Head of the Public International<br />

Law Division (1990-1991), Ministry of Foreign Affairs,<br />

Prague. Counsellor and Legal Adviser (1991-1992),<br />

Permanent Mission of Czechoslovakia to the United<br />

Nations. Ambassador, Deputy Permanent Representative<br />

(1993-1994) and Ambassador, Acting Permanent<br />

Representative of Slovakia to the United Nations (1994-<br />

1997). Legal Adviser and Director of the International<br />

Law Department (1997-1998); Director General for International<br />

Legal and Consular Affairs and Legal Adviser<br />

(1998-1999), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bratislava, Slovakia.<br />

Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Slovakia<br />

to the United Nations (1999-2003). Chairman of<br />

the United Nations Committee on the Applications for<br />

Review of the Judgments of the Administrative Tribunal<br />

(1991). Vice-Chairman of the Sixth (Legal) Committee of<br />

the United Nations General Assembly (1992). Chairman<br />

of the Working Group on the United Nations Decade of<br />

International Law (1995). Chairman of the Meeting of<br />

the States Parties to the International Covenant on Civil<br />

and Political Rights (1996). Vice-President of the Sixth<br />

Meeting of the States Parties to the United Nations<br />

Convention on the Law of the Sea (1996). Chairman of<br />

the Sixth (Legal) Committee of the Fifty-second Session<br />

of the United Nations General Assembly (1997). Vice-<br />

Chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the International<br />

Criminal Court (1998). President of the Ninth<br />

Meeting of the States Parties to the United Nations<br />

Convention on the Law of the Sea (1999). Chairman of<br />

the Ad Hoc Committee on the International Convention<br />

85

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