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cional (ou <strong>de</strong> Pareto), mas estaria <strong>em</strong> acordo com o exercício <strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>r. Se assim o foi,<br />
"both costs and benefits of resource allocation will have increased with the shift from<br />
putting-out to factory, but the latter to a greater extent than the former. [...] Transaction<br />
cost reasoning, by itself, is only relevant to the ex post situation when the <strong>em</strong>bezzl<strong>em</strong>ent<br />
probl<strong>em</strong> (the previously stolen materials) has been r<strong>em</strong>oved" (ibid.). 139<br />
Não obstante, vale notar que Dietrich, na maior parte <strong>de</strong> seu trabalho, parece<br />
preocupar-se com o uso do po<strong>de</strong>r principalmente numa instância <strong>de</strong> troca, ou seja, po<strong>de</strong>r<br />
monopólico nas relações entre firmas (DIETRICH, 1993, p. 184, e 1994, p. 42). 140 Já<br />
WILLIAMSON (1994) parece voltar-se para as instâncias <strong>de</strong> produção e distribuição ao<br />
rechaçar o conhecido argumento <strong>de</strong> ALCHIAN e DEMSETZ (1972) 141 pelo qual as<br />
relações <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> uma hierarquia não são diferentes daquelas presentes no mercado.<br />
Williamson afirma (p. 325): "The argument that the firm 'has no power of fiat, no<br />
authority, no disciplinary action any different in the slightest <strong>de</strong>gree from ordinary market<br />
contracting' (A. Alchian and H. D<strong>em</strong>setz, 1972, p. 777) is exactly wrong: firms can and do<br />
exercise fiat that markets cannot." 142 Isso, entretanto, não exime Williamson das críticas<br />
quanto à <strong>de</strong>sconsi<strong>de</strong>ração do po<strong>de</strong>r <strong>em</strong> qualquer instância por motivos "operacionais."<br />
139 Vale também apresentar o que diz MARGLIN (1974, p. 29 - grifo no original):<br />
"discipline and supervision could and did reduce costs without being technologicaly superior." Isso<br />
é obtido da seguinte forma (p. 36): "Disciplining the work force meant a larger output in return for<br />
a greater input of labour, not more output for the same input. Supervising - insofar as it meant<br />
something different from disciplining - the work force simply reduced the real wage; an end to<br />
<strong>em</strong>bezzl<strong>em</strong>ent and like <strong>de</strong>ceits changed the division of the pie in favour of capitalist".<br />
140 Embora não seja sinônimo <strong>de</strong> relações <strong>de</strong> autorida<strong>de</strong>, hierarquia ou influência, e sim, no<br />
aspecto econômico, uma certa habilida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> um indivíduo ou grupo <strong>em</strong> dirigir recursos <strong>de</strong> uma<br />
certa forma, mesmo diante <strong>de</strong> interesses contrários ou mesmo oposição <strong>de</strong> outros (DIETRICH,<br />
1994, p. 184).<br />
141 "Telling an <strong>em</strong>ployee to type this letter rather than to file that document is like my telling<br />
a grocer to sell me this brand of tuna rather than that brand of bread" (ALCHIAN e DEMSETZ,<br />
1972, p. 777).<br />
142 Neste ponto é interessante notar que HODGSON (1988, p. 199) vê <strong>em</strong> tal afirmação um<br />
avanço da TCT com relação à idéia do nexo <strong>de</strong> contratos: "One reason why the work of Oliver<br />
Williamson and his followers is superior do that of Alchian and D<strong>em</strong>setz is that a distinction<br />
between market and non-market institutions is firmly upheld. Instead of the firm being, in essence,<br />
a market, there is a 'creative tension' between markets and hierarchic organizations such as the<br />
capitalist firm [...]. The <strong>em</strong>ployment relation is said to be different from the grocer-consumer<br />
relation because <strong>em</strong>ployees have unique personal skills which are not completely known in<br />
advance".<br />
79