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estranha <strong>de</strong> Williamson para o caso da indústria <strong>de</strong> aço norte-americana: "Given [...] the<br />

large efficiency gains that Stone reports the efficiency hypothesis or a combined<br />

efficiency-power hypothesis cannot be rejected! (WILLIAMSON, 1985, p. 236, apud<br />

PITELIS, 1996, p. 277 - grifo e exclamação <strong>de</strong> Pitelis). Por isso PITELIS (i<strong>de</strong>m)<br />

questiona: "can we distinguish between authority (the sine qua non of the Coasean firm)<br />

and power (which Coase and Williamson reject)? One answer could be that market power<br />

is acceptable, but not Marglinian-type power." 131<br />

Em outra oportunida<strong>de</strong>, WILLIAMSON (1996a, p. 238-9) alega:<br />

Among the ways in which the term power is used are the following: the power of<br />

capital over labor (Bowles and Gintis, 1993); strategic power exercised by<br />

established firms in relation to extant and prospective rivals (Shapiro, 1989);<br />

special interest power over the political process (Moed, 1990a); and resource<br />

<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ncy. Although all are relevant to economic organization, the last is<br />

distinctive to organization theory.<br />

Isso porque consi<strong>de</strong>ra difuso o conceito <strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>r, afirmando (i<strong>de</strong>m): "Unable to <strong>de</strong>fine<br />

power, some specialists report that they know it when they see it. That has led others to<br />

conclu<strong>de</strong> that power is a 'disappointing concept. It tends to become a tautological label for<br />

the unexplained variance' (March, 1988, p. 6)". Ainda mais (1996b, p. 23): "Most<br />

discussions of power never i<strong>de</strong>ntify the critical dimensions which power differentials<br />

work. Instead, it becomes an exercise in ex post rationalization: power is ascribed to that<br />

party which, after the fact, appears to enjoy the advantage." 132<br />

A rejeição do conceito <strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>r por Williamson a partir da incapacida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

operacionalização por qu<strong>em</strong> o <strong>de</strong>seja incluir na análise das instituições econômicas,<br />

particularmente da firma, é duramente criticada por PITELIS (1996, p. 280). Primeiro<br />

porque observar que hoje o conceito não foi ainda operacionalizado não quer dizer que não<br />

seja operacionalizável; e segundo porque Williamson ainda não percebeu que na área da<br />

130<br />

Dietrich não faz referência à transformação fundamental como passível <strong>de</strong><br />

compatibilida<strong>de</strong> com a situação sugerida, como anteriormente cogitado neste trabalho.<br />

131<br />

Vi<strong>de</strong> nossa nota <strong>de</strong> rodapé 131.<br />

132<br />

É uma sombria coincidência que JOSKOW (1991, p. 81) aponte justamente para críticas<br />

aos trabalhos <strong>em</strong>píricos que vêm sendo feitos utilizando e, mais importante, alegando ratificar<strong>em</strong> o<br />

instrumental da TCT: ao se concentrar<strong>em</strong> <strong>em</strong> casos particulares <strong>de</strong> organizações ou <strong>de</strong> contratos<br />

75

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