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Particularmente, FOURIE (1993, p. 44, grifo no original) insiste <strong>em</strong> que os merca-<br />

dos nada produz<strong>em</strong>, e por isso, no princípio não po<strong>de</strong>ria haver o mercado: "market<br />

relations can only link firms (producing units)." Recorrendo a Douglass North, Fourie<br />

l<strong>em</strong>bra que "the view of the firm as a substitute for the market 'ignores a crucial fact of<br />

history: hierarchical organization forms and contractual arrang<strong>em</strong>ents in exchange predate<br />

the price-making market' " (p. 46). 124 Para Fourie, a idéia <strong>de</strong> Coase a respeito da firma não<br />

po<strong>de</strong> ser consi<strong>de</strong>rada uma <strong>de</strong>finição geral ou uma explicação <strong>de</strong>finitiva da existência da<br />

mesma, mas po<strong>de</strong> apenas explicar características particulares <strong>de</strong> suas formas mais<br />

complexas ou <strong>de</strong>senvolvidas (p. 44-5 e 53, principalmente). Isso porque Coase (b<strong>em</strong> como<br />

o próprio Williamson) não consi<strong>de</strong>ra a possibilida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> uma firma individual. A linha do<br />

argumento começa por sugerir que mesmo a menor unida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> produção - um produtor<br />

individual ou um artesão - <strong>de</strong>ve ser consi<strong>de</strong>rada, a princípio, uma firma. 125 Isso serve <strong>de</strong><br />

sustentação para alegar que a firma não po<strong>de</strong> surgir como instituição substituta dos<br />

mercados. Muito <strong>em</strong>bora n<strong>em</strong> todos os indivíduos que <strong>de</strong> alguma forma produz<strong>em</strong> possam<br />

ser consi<strong>de</strong>rados uma firma, FOURIE (i<strong>de</strong>m, p. 43) afirma que "that does not eliminate the<br />

possibility of the one-person firm. One simply cannot <strong>de</strong>cree that upon reduction of its<br />

personnel to one (e.g. through automation or retrenchment) a firm ceases to be a firm (even<br />

a capitalist firm). One must accept the one-person firm as a conceptual possibility and<br />

in<strong>de</strong>ed as an often encountered <strong>em</strong>pirical reality (also historically)." 126<br />

124<br />

O trecho citado por Fourie é <strong>de</strong> NORTH (1981, p. 41, apud FOURIE, 1993, p. 46).<br />

125<br />

"Although there is no consensus on exactly what a firm is, the manag<strong>em</strong>ent of some<br />

production (and/or distribution) process appears - both intuitively and in most textbook <strong>de</strong>finitions<br />

of the firm - to be central to the nature of the firm" (FOURIE, 1993, p. 42, grifo no original).<br />

126<br />

Hodgson, no entanto, <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong> a posição <strong>de</strong> Coase e Williamson por interpretar a<br />

concepção <strong>de</strong> firma dos mesmos como uma entida<strong>de</strong> que abrange múltiplos agentes numa relação<br />

hierárquica; Fourie e Dietrich, ao contrário, enxergam o produtor self-<strong>em</strong>ployed como uma firma, o<br />

que não acontece com aqueles. Isso leva HODGSON (1993b, p. 80 - grifo no original) a afirmar:<br />

"Hence it is quite reasonable for Coase to advance the proposition that the market is an alternative<br />

way of organizing production to the firm. At least two alternatives are possible: there can be a<br />

community of self-<strong>em</strong>ployed producers organized by the market, or there can be a capitalist firm<br />

organizing the same segment of productive activity through an <strong>em</strong>ployment relationship". FOURIE<br />

(1993, p. 43) reconhece a <strong>de</strong>fesa: "Hodgson [...] argues that one must assume that Coase has in<br />

mind what Marx calls 'the capitalist firm', i.e. a firm in which the capitalist owners own the product<br />

of the property, and hire and control labour power un<strong>de</strong>r a contract of <strong>em</strong>ployment. According to<br />

Hodgson, this <strong>de</strong>finition of a (capitalist) firm would exclu<strong>de</strong> the one-person firm. That would se<strong>em</strong><br />

to protect Coase against the criticism voiced above". FOURIE (i<strong>de</strong>m, p. 62), no entanto, insiste no<br />

72

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