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da firma e ignorando sua existência no processo <strong>de</strong> produção, como se as características da<br />

organização foss<strong>em</strong> imutáveis, as mudanças tecnológicas integralmente entendidas e<br />

absorvidas, e não existiss<strong>em</strong> fricções internas. Nessa ótica, po<strong>de</strong>-se continuar vendo a<br />

firma como sendo representada pela velha conhecida função <strong>de</strong> produção. 120 Por isso, <strong>de</strong><br />

forma muito particular, DIETRICH (1993, 1994 e 1996) alega que a TCT é incompleta por<br />

consi<strong>de</strong>rar apenas a proprieda<strong>de</strong> das organizações <strong>em</strong> reduzir os custos <strong>de</strong> transação, mas<br />

não sua capacida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> gerar benefícios ou receitas diferenciados: "In general terms [the]<br />

the difference between Bf [firms benefits] and Bm [market benefits] will be a function of<br />

two factors: skill idiosyncracy and the exploitation of monopoly advantages" (DIETRICH,<br />

1993, p. 174). Embora concor<strong>de</strong> com o <strong>de</strong>scuido da TCT para com as funções <strong>de</strong> produção<br />

e distribuição da firma, HODGSON (1993b, p. 95-6) adverte para o seguinte:<br />

Dietrich (1991) argues that the 'transaction benefits' of each governance structure<br />

must be taken into account as well as the 'costs'. While this point is valid, it points<br />

to another ambiguity in the <strong>de</strong>finition of transaction costs. The term could be<br />

<strong>de</strong>fined net (by <strong>de</strong>ducting transaction benefits from costs), or gross (exclusive of<br />

transaction benefits). Clearly, the net <strong>de</strong>finition of transaction costs is the one that<br />

is relevant to the Coase-Williamson theory of the firm. 121<br />

120 FOURIE (1993) ao longo <strong>de</strong> seu artigo, também faz várias referências ao <strong>de</strong>scuido da<br />

TCT para com a instância da produção, quer na forma explícita dos seus custos, quer na dinâmica<br />

operacional que neles resulta. MÉNARD (1996, p. 166, nota <strong>de</strong> rodapé 5 - grifo no original) contra<br />

argumenta: "it se<strong>em</strong> to me a <strong>de</strong>ep misun<strong>de</strong>rstanding of transaction cost economics to argue, as in<br />

Fourie (1993), that this approach ignores production costs. True, this aspect has not been high on<br />

our research agenda so far; most of the attention has been focused on the tra<strong>de</strong>-off between 'make'<br />

or 'buy', because this was crucial to legitimize, among economists, the necessity of consi<strong>de</strong>ring<br />

alternatives to markets. However, both Williamson and Coase have been very explicit on the<br />

importance in the research program of transaction cost economics of un<strong>de</strong>rstanding 'the factors<br />

which govern what a firm does and how it does it' (Coase, 1991)". DEMSETZ (1988, p. 176, nota<br />

<strong>de</strong> rodapé 4) também ameniza a crítica: "It would be wrong to claim that he [Williamson] has<br />

completely ignored production cost"; no entanto, ainda adverte (p. 164): "Although information is<br />

treated as being coslty for transaction or manag<strong>em</strong>ent control purposes, it is implicitly presumed to<br />

be free for production purposes. What one firm can produce, another can produce equally well, so<br />

the make-or-buy <strong>de</strong>cision is not allowed to turn on differences in production cost". O próprio<br />

WILLIAMSON (1996a, p. 8, nr. 3) comenta: "firms are not concerned with transaction costs to the<br />

exclusion of revenues and production costs."<br />

121 O artigo <strong>de</strong> Dietrich a que Hodgson se refere é "Firms, markets, and transaction cost<br />

economics", publicado no Scottish Journal of Political Economy, volume 38, n. 1.<br />

70

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