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educating potential licensees and franchisees, of teaching suppliers what it is one needs<br />

from th<strong>em</strong>, etc. become very real factors behind firms choosing their efficient boundaries"<br />

(FOSS, N., 1996c, p. 15) 85 . A propósito, LANGLOIS e ROBERTSON (1995, p. 18 -<br />

grifos no original) alertam para a necessida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>rarmos <strong>de</strong> forma mais nítida o que<br />

a firma po<strong>de</strong> tentar fazer a respeito <strong>de</strong> seu futuro, ou melhor, admitir uma distinção das<br />

surpresas do t<strong>em</strong>po à la Knight:<br />

Because of uncertainty, markets, where they exist, may function imperfectly, and<br />

those firms that cope best with uncertain conditions will be in the best position to<br />

impl<strong>em</strong>ent their strategies. In this context, however, uncertainty has two separate<br />

meanings that need to be distinguished. The first, which we can call structural<br />

uncertainty, arises when a firm needs to base its <strong>de</strong>cision on judg<strong>em</strong>ents about<br />

future outcomes that are as yet unknowable. The second type of uncertainty, which<br />

we term parametric uncertainty, arises from the possibility of a range of market<br />

imperfections including boun<strong>de</strong>d rationality and opportunism. Whereas it is<br />

possible to adopt strategies to insure against parametric uncertainty, or at least to<br />

mitigate its effects, structural uncertainty cannot be eliminated strategically. 86<br />

De tal maneira, as competências ou rotinas garant<strong>em</strong> o funcionamento da firma,<br />

sendo, <strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong>corrência, <strong>de</strong>terminantes da organização econômica e, particularmente, dos<br />

limites da firma 87 . Para que possa absorver ou assumir novas ativida<strong>de</strong>s, é preciso que a<br />

firma confronte os "dynamic transaction costs", que são os custos <strong>de</strong> não possuir as<br />

competências necessárias quando se precisa <strong>de</strong>las (LANGLOIS e ROBERTSON, 1995,<br />

cap. 3), ou, <strong>de</strong> outra forma, os custos que surg<strong>em</strong> <strong>em</strong> t<strong>em</strong>po real no processo <strong>de</strong> aquisição e<br />

coor<strong>de</strong>nação do conhecimento produtivo (LANGLOIS, 1992, apud FOSS, N., 1996c, p.<br />

fim, afirmar que "un<strong>de</strong>rstanding and trust [...] are valued human assets which, once <strong>de</strong>veloped, will<br />

be sacrificed with reluctance" (i<strong>de</strong>m, p. 244).<br />

85<br />

O escopo das competências po<strong>de</strong> categorizar <strong>em</strong> "similares" (ou "compl<strong>em</strong>entares") ou, ao<br />

contrário, "díspares" as ativida<strong>de</strong>s contextualizadas numa dada situação <strong>de</strong> escolha dos limites da<br />

firma e sugere que ativida<strong>de</strong>s similares ou compl<strong>em</strong>entares próximas po<strong>de</strong>m ser melhor dirigidas<br />

sob uma gestão unificada, cf. RICHARDSON (1972, citado por FOSS, N., 1996c, p. 15) e também<br />

FOSS, N. (1996a, p. 16).<br />

86<br />

A questão voltará a ser comentada na seção seguinte, mas <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> já po<strong>de</strong>mos levantar um<br />

ponto fundamentado na noção <strong>de</strong> incerteza radical: como seria possível aos agentes, no nível do<br />

processo <strong>de</strong>cisório que prece<strong>de</strong> e acompanha toda transação, distinguir os fatos imprevisíveis<br />

daqueles que não lhes são sequer conhecidos?<br />

87<br />

Vale apresentar a opinião <strong>de</strong> DUGGER (1993, p. 196): "[...] routine is a powerful<br />

transaction cost economizer".<br />

51

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