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Download - Núcleo de Pesquisa em Economia Empresarial ...

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produção, mas submetendo-o a uma dicotomia, qual seja (p. 161-162): "[...] I use<br />

transaction cost and manag<strong>em</strong>ent cost to refer to the costs of organizing resource,<br />

respectively, across markets and within firms". Isso <strong>de</strong> alguma forma po<strong>de</strong> ser interpretado<br />

como uma admissão da existência da firma, <strong>de</strong>finitivamente distinta dos mercados (ou dos<br />

contratos spot que o caracterizariam), e, por extensão, a admissão da ótica <strong>de</strong> Coase, <strong>em</strong><br />

seu artigo <strong>de</strong> 1937, pela qual a firma se caracterizaria pelos contratos <strong>de</strong> trabalho <strong>de</strong> longo<br />

prazo e pelas relações <strong>de</strong> autorida<strong>de</strong> que <strong>de</strong>les <strong>de</strong>rivam para a coor<strong>de</strong>nação da produção e<br />

das transações. No entanto, não parece possível enxergar tal conciliação <strong>de</strong> forma tão<br />

direta, já que D<strong>em</strong>setz, ao longo do restante do artigo, não aborda nenhuma situação ou<br />

exercita qualquer raciocínio nos quais relações <strong>de</strong> autorida<strong>de</strong> apareçam. Ao contrário,<br />

parece reafirmar <strong>em</strong> algumas passagens toda a lógica do nexo <strong>de</strong> contratos, voluntários,<br />

cooperativos e entre iguais, como por ex<strong>em</strong>plo na seguinte afirmação (DEMSETZ, 1988,<br />

p. 166):<br />

Consi<strong>de</strong>r the long-term contract that Coase i<strong>de</strong>ntifies with the <strong>em</strong>ployment<br />

relationship. From Coase's perspective, costly transactions lead to greater reliance<br />

on longer-term contracts. The firm hires an <strong>em</strong>ployee for a duration rather than for<br />

each day or for each instant. There is much truth to this but, in principle at least,<br />

since <strong>em</strong>ployees can quit at any instant, or be fired, we have a long-term<br />

arrang<strong>em</strong>ent only because it is in the interest of both parties to continue in<br />

association. The avoidance of costly transacting is part of the motivation for this<br />

interest, but our focus on this has led us to ignore other, possibly more important,<br />

reasons for continued association. If these other reasons exist [...], then a durable<br />

association replicating that achievable through a long-term contract would be<br />

sought even if transaction cost were zero. A series of costless transitory market<br />

negotiations would bring the same <strong>em</strong>ployers and <strong>em</strong>ployees together, so that, <strong>de</strong><br />

facto, the firm that is characterized in terms of <strong>em</strong>ployment contracts would be<br />

achieved through repeated market negotiations. 210<br />

210 Mais ainda, ao explicar os diferentes arranjos contratuais <strong>em</strong> função da alocação <strong>de</strong><br />

incentivos e melhor aproveitamento do conhecimento <strong>de</strong> cada agente (a partir <strong>de</strong> seus variados<br />

graus <strong>de</strong> volatilida<strong>de</strong> ou flexibilida<strong>de</strong>), DEMSETZ (1988, p. 167) comenta: "[...] the role of<br />

transaction cost in explaining the manner in which organization responds to these probl<strong>em</strong>s<br />

(incentive compatibility) is like the role of gravity in explaining ch<strong>em</strong>ical reactions; gravity<br />

influences ch<strong>em</strong>ical reactions, but seldom is it the key variable whose behavior importantly<br />

explains variations in the reactions observed". Talvez D<strong>em</strong>setz não recorra à mesma analogia hoje<br />

<strong>em</strong> dia, após missões espaciais prestar<strong>em</strong> serviços à elaboração <strong>de</strong> novos materiais no espaço.<br />

118

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