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Download - Núcleo de Pesquisa em Economia Empresarial ...

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don<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>corre a ótica não muito intuitiva que qualquer <strong>em</strong>pregado po<strong>de</strong> a qualquer mo-<br />

mento "<strong>de</strong>mitir seu chefe." Em reforço ao argumento apresentado, l<strong>em</strong>os ainda (i<strong>de</strong>m, p.<br />

783-4):<br />

The <strong>em</strong>ployee 'or<strong>de</strong>rs' the owner of the team to pay him money in the same sense<br />

that the <strong>em</strong>ployer directs the team m<strong>em</strong>ber to perform certain acts. The <strong>em</strong>ployee<br />

can terminate the contract as readily as can the <strong>em</strong>ployer, and long-term contracts,<br />

therefore, are not an essential attribute of the firm. Nor are 'authoritarian',<br />

'dictational', or 'fiat' attributes relevant to the conception of the firm or its<br />

efficiency. [...] And it is not true that <strong>em</strong>ployees are generally <strong>em</strong>ployed on the<br />

basis of long-term contractual arrang<strong>em</strong>ents any more than on a series of short-term<br />

or in<strong>de</strong>finite length contracts.<br />

A única diferença entre mercados e firmas estaria no respectivo arranjo contratual,<br />

pois <strong>em</strong> lugar <strong>de</strong> uma multiplicida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> relações multilaterais entre os proprietários dos<br />

insumos existente nos primeiros, nestas últimas um único agente centraliza um conjunto <strong>de</strong><br />

contratos bilaterais, facilitando a organização eficiente dos respectivos insumos num<br />

processo conjunto <strong>de</strong> produção. Assim, a firma "serves as a highly specialized surrogate<br />

market" (ALCHIAN e DEMSETZ, 1972, p. 793). 204 Através da ação produtiva dos<br />

agentes, reunidos por seu interesse (maximizador) na maior produtivida<strong>de</strong> resultante do<br />

trabalho conjunto, obtém-se o equilíbrio do arranjo <strong>de</strong> contratos. Literalmente,<br />

EGGERTSSON (1990, p. 160) exprime: "The equilibrium contractual structure is an<br />

endogenous outcome of a maximizing process." On<strong>de</strong> COASE (1937, p. 336) enxerga<br />

redução dos custos <strong>de</strong> transação pela ação <strong>de</strong> uma autorida<strong>de</strong>, Alchian e D<strong>em</strong>setz vê<strong>em</strong><br />

eficiência organizacional e ganhos <strong>de</strong> produtivida<strong>de</strong> do trabalho <strong>em</strong> equipe. Nas palavras<br />

<strong>de</strong> DEMSETZ (1988, p. 168): "The reason for firm-like production is to be found in the<br />

204 MÉNARD (1996a, p. 152) comenta novamente a visão alternativa <strong>de</strong> Alchian e D<strong>em</strong>setz:<br />

"Some economists, such as Alchian and D<strong>em</strong>setz (1972), have challenged the i<strong>de</strong>a that the<br />

'superior-subordinate relationship' is at the core of firm as a governance structure. Among new<br />

institutional economists, however, there is an increasing consensus that what distinguishes formal<br />

organizations from markets in coordinating resources and monitoring transactions is the central<br />

importance of some agents, the 'entrepreneurs' or the managers, in directing <strong>de</strong>cisions [...]."<br />

Obviamente a NEI não po<strong>de</strong> clamar originalida<strong>de</strong> pela idéia, e po<strong>de</strong>rá extrair algum benefício <strong>de</strong><br />

alguns pensadores que já propuseram com notorieda<strong>de</strong> a importância do <strong>em</strong>presário capitalista,<br />

como por ex<strong>em</strong>plo Karl MARX (1848), Thorstein VEBLEN (1904), Joseph SCHUMPETER<br />

(1912) e John M. KEYNES (1936).<br />

114

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