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longo prazo, abrangendo ao menos no t<strong>em</strong>po e na natureza das obrigações contratuais o<br />
espectro das transações dimensionado por Williamson. Quando <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong> a transação como<br />
unida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> análise econômica, COMMONS (i<strong>de</strong>m, p. 52 - grifo no original) não <strong>de</strong>ixa <strong>de</strong><br />
ambientá-la na interação entre as três formas que fez distintas:<br />
Thus the unit of investigation in economics is not an individual, it is a transaction<br />
involving, in this bargaining transaction, five individuals. This complicated<br />
transaction is short-circuited by economists and laymen who call it an 'exchange'.<br />
The difference is between individualistic economics and institutional economics,<br />
and between static economics and dynamic economics. The individual is important<br />
enough, but economic science investigates what he is confronted with and what he<br />
does in getting a living and getting rich by transfers of ownership. He is confronted<br />
by sovereignty which does the creating and transferring of ownerships. Sovereignty<br />
imposes the duties of avoidance and forbearance which create ownership, and the<br />
duties of performance and payment which transfer ownerships. The individual is<br />
confronted by competitors who are trying to take from him his living or riches by<br />
fair or unfair methods. He is confronted by discriminations which may unfairly<br />
<strong>de</strong>prive him of equal opportunity with others in getting a living or getting rich. He<br />
is confronted by the bargaining power of others compared with his own bargaining<br />
power. He is tied into an expected repetition of transactions within which he must<br />
find as much liberty and property as he can.<br />
4.3.2 Eficiência <strong>em</strong> socorro à ortodoxia, po<strong>de</strong>r, competição e processo seletivo<br />
Outras contun<strong>de</strong>ntes críticas oriundas da OIE se dirig<strong>em</strong>, como já observado nas<br />
correntes não ortodoxas do pensamento econômico anteriormente apresentadas, à ausência<br />
<strong>de</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>rações sobre o po<strong>de</strong>r. 163 De acordo com Edythe MILLER (1993, p. 1044), a<br />
construção da TCT parece evi<strong>de</strong>nt<strong>em</strong>ente vir socorrer a ortodoxia na explicação da<br />
concentração <strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>r, ou melhor, na conglomeração ou integração vertical, já que o uso<br />
dos mercados era s<strong>em</strong>pre consi<strong>de</strong>rado o melhor dos mundos (<strong>em</strong>bora não existisse). Muito<br />
<strong>em</strong>bora WILLIAMSON (1983, p. 529, e 1995a, p. 32-3) admita a existência e certa<br />
relevância do po<strong>de</strong>r nas transações econômicas, argumenta ser um conceito difuso e<br />
vagamente <strong>de</strong>finido, sendo geralmente usado numa racionalização ex post. Ou seja, não é<br />
possível utilizá-lo analiticamente ou encontrar as dimensões <strong>de</strong>terminantes dos diferenciais<br />
92