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Guia de Estudos / Study Guide / Guia de Estudios The advantage of South-South cooperation, when comparing it to North-South cooperation is a greater capacity of the receiving country to generate an appropriation sense; it promotes initiatives that are closer to the conditions and needs of the receiving country, and it allows a greater sensibility to some contexts, due to the familiarity with the reality and the problems of development; it creates a ”win win” scenario, since it improves technical and institutional abilities to both parties. It allows a larger flexibility and adaptation of changing conditions of the benefited country; for not being connected to conditions or obligations of assisted purchases, it is concluded faster, and it is cheaper. Frequently it is given to countries that are “abandoned” by the traditional donators and tends to preserve the cultural diversity and identity of the benefited countries. These are some reasons, along with contributing to the innovations of some sectors, the increase of the diversity of actors, along with the opening of new channels of communication and ways of learning, made the countries and the OCDE give more space to South –South cooperation. The transformation itself is the result of the increasing weight of emerging countries, the opportunities created by the international crisis, the search for solutions among developing countries and the tendency to ‘retreat from traditional donors’ which has open space for the offer of cooperative CSS, reducing monopolies in the provision of aid. As said before, the financial crisis shook the financial system damaging the flux of resources destined to international cooperation. However, some of these countries, developing countries, did well in comparison with others during the crisis. This happened due to their internal structure, like in the case of Brazil, that has very strict bank and financial systems. According to the report, MDG after the crisis, a key lesson from the financial crisis is that the economic and social impact of the downturn would have been far worse if not for the effective – and often extraordinary – policy response adopted by many advanced, emerging, and developing countries, as well as the swift and sizable assistance provided by international financial institutions and multilateral development bank. Policy responses and international cooperation have been better than previous crises. According to the same report, the crisis hit two critical drivers of the progress toward the MDGs, faster growth and better service delivery. The impact was negative be- cause of the gravity of the recession and the indicators of human development started to decline much in bad times then growing in good times. But comparing to the other crises many countries have maintained social safety net in the face of income decline, and this is why the impact on the MDGs are not so hard. The international community responded strongly to the crises, trough the use of the multilateral development banks that protect core development programs, strengthen the privet sector, and support poor households. However even with a good crises recover, the MDG´s are still in a bad situation, and to get recovered from this situation it is necessary that the developing countries maintain good polices and effective service delivery with the global community support. The fact that countries like Brazil, lower income and upper middle income that had suffered with economic crisis throughout their histories to receive financial aid of the IMF, had to follow some strict rules, demanding structural changes, allowed the country to mold a structure capable of creating a system relatively immune to future crisis. Another point that must be mentioned is that with a bigger presence of International Organizations, focusing financial development, such as the IMF, the World Bank Group and the UNDP, low income countries and lower middle income, to continue receiving aid from the financial, technical and know how cooperation, had to adjust themselves and follow a mold to develop correctly, thus going from low income to lower middle income for example. The fact that the MDGs have 15 years to be achieved, and even if it is not, made poor countries start creating solid structures so that they could reach an adequate development pattern in the future. This allows these countries to form a structure capable of receiving investments, financial resources and to go from receptors to donors in the international cooperation. This process makes global partnership solidify itself, ever expanding the possibility to reach the MDGs (the report says that “the financial conditions are improving, but financial flows remains below the needs”. Proving that the structures are being built correctly, through financial cooperation and programs of development banks, showing that to overcome the crisis it is necessary that there is trust in the markets and the strengthening of the international cooperation policy. 121
This policy needs to develop two areas: 1)avoiding protectionism where the restrictions on international trade and service, government subsidies for domestic industries, distortions to foreign direct investment, informal pressures on banks to give preference to domestic barrowers. 2) Increasing aid levels and aid effectiveness, where its necessary to increase the aid budges. Is essential to allow developing countries to generate resources for higher growth, improve social protection for most vulnerable, and enhance food security. For these solutions proposed by international organisms to be concluded, it is necessary that the international cooperation happens in a coordinated way, so that countries can trust the market, recovering the economy. The governments and the private institutions need to solidify the global partnership, in order to expand their experiences and successfully implement policies in the countries that find barriers to develop. So that these policies are formulated correctly, it is necessary to gather data and information, in which the cooperation between the government, the private sector, the IOs, and the NGOs is possible. An International Organ of great help is the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) established in 1961 with the objective to spread economic development along with cooperation. Only a few countries are part of the OECD, most of them are developed and developing countries, where they share experiences and seek solutions for development. The OECD has the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), where the Official Development Assistance (ODA) 12, acts in a crucial way for the development of public policies that must be followed by OECD countries. The ODA has a huge role in the data gathering along with the NGOs, private sector and multilateral organization to form policies, assist the other countries in the cooperation, report the world demand and show the weaknesses and needs for development. The gathered information are used both by the ones who helped collecting the data and the UN agencies and the government to form new strategies for development. The UNDP works with the ODA constantly, monitoring the MDGs. 122 VII Fórum FAAP de Discussão Estudantil - 2011 The 8 MDG, looks for better quality in international cooperation seeking development. As it was discussed, it is necessary that the countries have a consolidated financial system and a good economical situation to finance and provide for the development programs. Thus, reaching this objective, the other MDGs will have more means and support to be achieved. BIBLIOGRAPHy AYLLON, Bruno. La Cooperación Internacional para El Desarrollo: fundamentos u justificaciones em la perspectiva de La Teoría de las Relaciones Internacionales. Carta Internacional, v. 2, 2007. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. Annual report September 2010 Middle east regional technical assistance center (METAC). p.9 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.Intependent external evaluation June 2009 Pacific Financial Techinal Assistence Center (PFTAC), p.9 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. Program document, November 2009 africa regional technical assistance center east (AFE) AFRITAC. p. 43 RITTBERGER, Volker. Global Governance and the United Nations System. United Nations University Press. Tokyo/New York/Paris: 2001. UNITED NATIONS. Global Monitoring Report 2010 MDGs after Crisis. Ed. The World Bank. 2010 CONSULTED wEBSITES Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. Available at: http:// www.mdgafrica.org/pdf/MDG%20Africa%20Steering%20Group%20Recomendations%20-%20English%20-%20LowRes.pdf ALVEZ VILAS BOAS, Maíza Daniel. Globalized States and economic self-determination: The regulation of economic concentration of financial institutions on international market p.4297. Available at http://www.publicadireito.com. br/conpedi/manaus/arquivos/Anais/sao_paulo/2909.pdf BRAGA, Márcio Braga. Integração Econômica Regional na América Latina: Uma Interpretação das Contribuições da CEPAL. p.10-12 Available at http:// www.anpec.org.br/encontro2001/artigos/200101161.pdf China’s Progress Towards the Millennium Development Goals. 2008 Report Published Jointly by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. United Nations. Available at: http://www.undp.org.cn/downloads/ mdgs/mdg2008en.pdf CNI. Mercosul: As Dificuldades da Agenda Interna e o Avanço do Comércio. Available at:www.cni.org.br/portal/lumis/portal/file/fileDownload.jsp?fileId= 8A9015D01445CD8E0144C7D0F3903A1 Commonwelth Of Independent States (CIS). Available at: http://www.nti. org/e_research/official_docs/inventory/pdfs/cis.pdf ECLAC. Cooperação Sul Sul. Available at http://www.eclac.org/brasil/noticias/paginas/2/38422/Cooperação_SUL-SUL.pdf FERNANDO e ALMEIDA. Comércio Internacional. G77. About the Group of 77. Available at: http://www.g77.org/doc/ HEGOA. Instituto de Estudios sobre Desarrollo y Cooperación Internacional. Available at: http://www.lawinter.com/42008cidfalawinter.htm
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BUSCANDO SOLUÇÕES PARA A QUESTÃO
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AMéRICA LATINA: COOPERAR PARA DESE
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