Guia de Estudos - Faap

Guia de Estudos / Study Guide / Guia de Estudios
nomic integration which was done through the use of
macroeconomics politics, and also guided them to improve
the reciprocal relations among States through
unilateral concessions, in other words, it means that developed
countries should make more openings, commercial
concessions, to the least developed countries.
One of the results of this was the action of settling a
minimum price for commodities which was a strategy
to reach international stability when competing and in
comparison with the price of industrialized goods. An
easier access to more active markets was got trough the
extinction of protectionists policies once practiced by
the developed countries, besides the preferential tariff
concessions for importing manufactured goods and the
exportations of the least developed countries, technical
assistance to the countries that needed was provided.
This last one became a key to open a debate over financial
subjects, a weaker field which gained importance
on these debates and so, giving importance to the invisible
products as well.
The highest point of concern of Prebisch and the
other intellectuals was how to develop the least developed
countries through a strategy that used mechanisms
which would not create dependence with the
developed countries. Having this as an important issue,
the organism brought up a new discussion to the international
society. The North-South debate carried on the
discussion about the more developed countries, North
hemisphere, helping the countries located in the south,
the less developed. In conclusion, it is assumed that
North-south cooperation, takes financial, commercial
and economic help to the southern countries, which
got benefits from this special treatment.
This treatment was reflected in other organizations
as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Inter Américan
Development Bank (IADB), the World Trade Organization
(WTO) and in the organisms which belong to
the World Bank Group. The strongest influence over IMF
was the raise of compensatory financial facilities as a
consequence from the reduction of the commodities
exportations, which occurred due the fact that policies
over the stability of commodities prices were debated
together with the industrialized goods prices. Other evidence
that impact was suffered by IMF was the raise of
developing and financing programs being developed,
and most focused on the low income countries.
In comparison, The Pearson Commission (1969),
while reviewing World Bank assistance since World
War II, found that “technical assistance often develops
a life of its own, little related in either donor or recipient
countries, to national or global development objectives”.
Later evaluations have not found solid evidence
of the broader effect of technical assistance on sustainable
capacity development. The main contribution
of the report “ (…) is undoubtedly the comprehensive
view it takes of development as a complex of domestic
and external factors (trade, aid, private investment), as
well as the reasons it adduces in favor of enlarging present
aid programs.” This shows the importance and efficiency
from allying with international organizations in
a country’s domestic framework towards development.
The WTO is responsible for the regulamentation of
world trade; it created mechanisms to protect the countries
that were damaged by having no benefits and for
being low-income countries. Based on this, negotiation
rounds began to happen, for example the Uruguay
Round and the Doha Round, where countries could seek
to regulate the minimums and maximums of tariffs in
products of certain sectors. Textile, service, and agricultural
sectors were the ones that most suffered changes.
In the other hand, the World Bank has many “branches”
and each one of its branches is specialized in financing
certain types of projects. This expansion shows the
high demand for financing which comes from the lowincome
as much as from the developing and the developed
countries.
The 1960´s can be seen as an important moment
for development, once by this time developing countries
were well succeeded achieving benefits, and also
by the beginning of the North-South debate. In 1970´s,
the new international order was discussed and also having
in its course the North-South negotiation, its system
structure and the demand of common interests among
the countries. The North- South cooperation was settled
with the principle of assisting, in other words, with the
principle that more developed countries should aid less
developed ones.
In this environment, in 1974 was created the Charter
of Economic Rights and Duties of States , which established
the right of nationalizing sources, the submission
of multinationals companies to the country’s laws, the
control over capital flux, the right of development and
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